Where and when was Turgenev born. Brief biography of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev And with Turgenev his

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a famous Russian writer, poet, publicist and translator. He created his own artistic system, which influenced the poetics of the novel in the second half of the 19th century.

Brief biography of Turgenev

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on November 9, 1818 in Orel. He was brought up in an old noble family and was the second son of his parents.

His father, Sergei Nikolaevich, served in the army and retired with the rank of colonel of the cuirassier regiment. Mother, Varvara Petrovna, came from a wealthy noble family.

It is worth noting that this marriage was not happy, since Turgenev's father married for convenience, and not for love.

Childhood and youth

When Ivan was 12 years old, his father decided to leave the family, leaving his wife and three children. By that time, the youngest son, Seryozha, had died of epilepsy.

Ivan Turgenev in his youth, 1838

As a result, the upbringing of both boys, Nikolai and Ivan, fell on the shoulders of the mother. By nature, she was an overly strict woman with a bad character.

This is largely due to the fact that in childhood she was mistreated, both by her mother and her stepfather, who often beat her. As a result, the girl had to run away from home to her uncle.

Soon, Turgenev's mother married a second time. Despite the fact that she was strict with her sons, she managed to instill in them good qualities and manners.

She was a literate woman and spoke with all family members exclusively in French.

She also maintained friendly relations with writers and Mikhail Zagoskin. Not surprisingly, she wanted to give her sons a good education.

Both boys were taught by some of the best teachers in Europe, for whom she spared no expense.

Turgenev's education

During the winter holidays, he went to Italy, which fascinated the future writer with its beauty and unique architecture.

Returning to Russia in 1841, Ivan Sergeevich successfully passed the exams and received a master's degree in philosophy from St. Petersburg University.

After 2 years, he was entrusted with a position in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which could completely change his biography.

However, interest in writing prevailed over the benefits of a bureaucratic position.

Biography of Turgenev

When a well-known critic read it (see), he appreciated the talent of the novice writer and even wanted to meet him. As a result, they became good friends.

Later, Ivan Sergeevich had the honor to meet Nikolai Nekrasov (see), with whom he also developed a good relationship.

The next works of Turgenev were "Andrei Kolosov", "Three portraits" and "Brether".

He argued that his name was not worthy of mention in society, and also called him "a lackey writer." Musin-Pushkin immediately wrote a report to Tsar Nicholas 1, describing the incident in detail.

Due to frequent trips abroad, Turgenev was under suspicion, because there he communicated with the disgraced Belinsky and. And now, because of the obituary, his situation worsened even more.

It was then that problems begin in Turgenev's biography. He was detained and imprisoned for a month, after which he was under house arrest for another 3 years without the right to travel abroad.

Turgenev's works

Upon completion of his imprisonment, he published the book "Notes of a Hunter", which contained such stories as "Bezhin Meadow", "Biryuk" and "Singers". Censorship saw serfdom in the works, but this did not lead to any serious consequences.

Turgenev wrote for both adults and children. Once, having spent some time in the village, he composed the famous story "Mumu", which gained wide popularity in society.

There, from under his pen came out such novels as "The Noble Nest", "On the Eve" and "Fathers and Sons". The last work caused a real sensation in society, since Ivan Sergeevich was able to masterfully convey the problem of the relationship between fathers and children.

In the late 1950s, he visited several European countries, where he continued his writing career. In 1857 he wrote the famous story "Asya", which was later translated into many languages.

According to some biographers, his illegitimate daughter Pauline Brewer became the prototype of the main character.

Turgenev's lifestyle drew criticism from many of his colleagues. They condemned him for spending most of his time abroad, while considering himself a patriot of Russia.

Employees of the Sovremennik magazine. Top row L. N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich; bottom row, I. S. Turgenev, A. V. Druzhinin,. Photo by S. L. Levitsky, February 15, 1856

So, for example, he was in serious confrontation with, and. Despite this, Ivan Sergeevich's talent as a novelist was recognized by many famous writers.

Among them were the Goncourt brothers, Émile Zola and Gustave Flaubert, who later became his close friend.

In 1879, 61-year-old Turgenev arrived in St. Petersburg. He was very warmly received by the younger generation, although the authorities continued to regard him with suspicion.

In the same year, the prose writer went to Britain, where he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford.

When Ivan Sergeevich learned that the opening of the monument to Alexander Pushkin would take place in Moscow, he also attended this solemn event.

Personal life

The only love in the biography of Turgenev was the singer Pauline Viardot. The girl did not possess beauty, but rather, on the contrary, disgusted many men.

She was stooped and had rough features. Her mouth was disproportionately large and her eyes bulged out of their sockets. Heinrich Heine even compared it to a landscape that was "both monstrous and exotic".

Turgenev and Viardot

But when Viardot began to sing, she immediately captivated the audience. It was in this image that Turgenev saw Polina, and immediately fell in love with her. All the girls with whom he had close relationships before meeting the singer immediately ceased to interest him.

However, there was a problem - the beloved of the writer was married. Nevertheless, Turgenev did not retreat from the goal and did everything possible to see Viardot more often.

As a result, he managed to settle in the house where Pauline and her husband Louis lived. The singer's husband turned a blind eye to the relationship of the "guest" with his wife.

A number of biographers believe that the reason for this was the considerable sums that the Russian master left in the house of his mistress. Also, some researchers believe that the real father of Paul, the child of Pauline and Louis, is Ivan Turgenev.

The writer's mother was against her son's relationship with Viardot. She hoped that Ivan would leave her and finally find a suitable match for himself.

It is interesting that in his youth, Turgenev had a fleeting affair with the seamstress Avdotya. As a result of their relationship, the daughter of Pelageya was born, whom he recognized only 15 years later.

Varvara Petrovna (Turgenev's mother) treated her granddaughter very coldly because of her peasant origin. But Ivan Sergeevich himself was very fond of the girl, and even agreed to take her into his house, after living together with Viardot.

The idyll of love with Polina did not last long. This was largely due to Turgenev's three-year house arrest, because of which the lovers could not see each other.

After parting, the writer began to meet with young Olga, who was 18 years younger than him. However, Viardot still did not leave his heart.

Not wanting to spoil the life of a young girl, he confessed to her that he still loves only Polina.

Portrait of Turgenev performed

The next hobby of Ivan Sergeevich was the 30-year-old actress Maria Savina. At that time, Turgenev was 61 years old.

When the couple went to, Savina saw a large number of Viardot's things in the writer's house and guessed that she would never be able to achieve the same love for herself.

As a result, they never got married, although they maintained friendly relations until the writer's death.

Death

In 1882 Turgenev fell seriously ill. After examination, doctors diagnosed him with cancer of the bones of the spine. The disease was very difficult and was accompanied by constant pain.

In 1883 he underwent surgery in Paris, but this did not give any results. The only joy for him was that in the last days of his life, his beloved woman, Viardot, was next to him.

After his death, she inherited all of Turgenev's property.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died on August 22, 1883 at the age of 64. His body was taken from Paris to St. Petersburg, where he was buried at the Volkov cemetery.

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Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, the future world famous writer, was born on November 9, 1818. Place of birth - the city of Oryol, parents - nobles. He began his literary career not with prose, but with lyric works and poems. Poetic notes are also felt in many of his subsequent stories and novels.

It is very difficult to briefly present the work of Turgenev, the influence of his creations on all Russian literature of that time was too great. He is a prominent representative of the golden age in the history of Russian literature, and his fame extended far beyond the borders of Russia - abroad, in Europe the name of Turgenev was also familiar to many.

Peru Turgenev owns the typical images of new literary heroes, created by him - serfs, superfluous people, fragile and strong women and commoners. Some of the topics he touched upon more than 150 years ago are relevant to this day.

If we briefly characterize the work of Turgenev, then the researchers of his works conditionally distinguish three stages in it:

1. 1836 – 1847.
2. 1848 – 1861.
3. 1862 – 1883.

Each of these stages has its own characteristics.

1) Stage one is the beginning of the creative path, writing romantic poems, finding yourself as a writer and your style in different genres - poetry, prose, drama. At the beginning of this stage, Turgenev was influenced by the philosophical school of Hegel, and his work was of a romantic and philosophical nature. In 1843, he met the famous critic Belinsky, who became his creative mentor and teacher. A little earlier, Turgenev wrote his first poem called "Parasha".

Turgenev's work was greatly influenced by his love for the singer Pauline Viardot, after which he left for France for several years. It is this feeling that explains the subsequent emotionality and romanticism of his works. Also, during his life in France, Turgenev met many talented masters of the word of this country.

The following works belong to the creative achievements of this period:

1. Poems, lyrics - "Andrey", "Conversation", "Landowner", "Pop".
2. Dramatic art - plays "Carelessness" and "Lack of money".
3. Prose - stories and stories "Petushkov", "Andrey Kolosov", "Three portraits", "Breter", "Mumu".

The future direction of his work - works in prose - is becoming increasingly clear.

2) The second stage is the most successful and fruitful in the work of Turgenev. He enjoys the well-deserved fame that arose after the publication of the first story from "Notes of a Hunter" - the essay story "Khor and Kalinich" published in 1847 in the Sovremennik magazine. His success was the beginning of five years of work on the rest of the stories in this series. In the same 1847, when Turgenev was abroad, the following 13 stories were written.

The creation of "Notes of a Hunter" carries an important meaning in the writer's activities:

- firstly, Turgenev was one of the first Russian writers to touch upon a new topic - the topic of the peasantry, and revealed their image more deeply; he portrayed the landlords in real life, trying not to embellish or criticize without reason;

- secondly, the stories are imbued with a deep psychological meaning, the writer does not just portray a hero of a certain class, he tries to penetrate his soul, to understand his way of thinking;

- thirdly, the authorities did not like these works, and for their creation Turgenev was first arrested and then sent into exile in his family estate.

Creative heritage:

1. Novels - "Rud", "On the Eve" and "Noble Nest". The first novel was written in 1855 and was a great success with readers, and the next two further strengthened the fame of the writer.
2. Stories - "Asya" and "Faust".
3. Several dozen stories from the Hunter's Notes.

3) Stage three - the time of mature and serious works of the writer, in which the writer raises deeper issues. It was in the sixties that Turgenev's most famous novel, Fathers and Sons, was written. This novel raised the topical issues of the relationship of different generations to this day and gave rise to many literary discussions.

An interesting fact is also that at the dawn of his creative activity, Turgenev returned to where he began - to the lyrics, poetry. He was carried away by a special kind of poems - writing prose fragments and miniatures, in lyrical form. For four years he wrote more than 50 such works. The writer believed that such a literary form could fully express the most secret feelings, emotions and thoughts.

Works from this period:

1. Novels - "Fathers and Sons", "Smoke", "New".
2. Stories - "Punin and Baburin", "Steppe King Lear", "Brigadier".
3. Mystical works - "Ghosts", "After Death", "The Story of Lieutenant Ergunov".

In the last years of his life, Turgenev was mainly abroad, not forgetting his homeland. His work influenced many other writers, opened many new questions and images of heroes in Russian literature, therefore Turgenev is rightfully considered one of the most outstanding classics of Russian prose.

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Literary critics argue that the artistic system created by the classic changed the poetics of the novel in the second half of the 19th century. Ivan Turgenev was the first to feel the appearance of the "new man" - the sixties - and showed him in his work "Fathers and Sons". Thanks to the realist writer, the term "nihilist" was born in the Russian language. Ivan Sergeevich introduced the image of a compatriot into everyday life, which received the definition of "Turgenev girl".

Childhood and youth

One of the pillars of classical Russian literature was born in Orel, in an old noble family. Ivan Sergeevich's childhood was spent on his mother's estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo not far from Mtsensk. He became the second son of three born to Varvara Lutovinova and Sergei Turgenev.

The family life of the parents did not work out. The father, who had missed the fortune of a handsome cavalry guard, by calculation married not a beautiful woman, but a wealthy girl, Varvara, who was 6 years older than him. When Ivan Turgenev turned 12, his father left the family, leaving three children in the care of his wife. After 4 years, Sergei Nikolaevich died. Soon the youngest son Sergei died of epilepsy.

Nikolai and Ivan had a hard time - their mother had a despotic character. An intelligent and educated woman had a lot of grief in her childhood and youth. Varvara Lutovinova's father died when her daughter was a child. Mother, an absurd and oppressive lady, whose image the readers saw in Turgenev's story "Death", remarried. The stepfather drank and did not hesitate to beat and humiliate his stepdaughter. She did not treat her daughter and mother in the best way. Due to the cruelty of her mother and the beatings of her stepfather, the girl fled to her uncle, who left her niece after her death as an inheritance of 5 thousand serfs.

The mother, who did not know affection in childhood, although she loved children, especially Vanya, but treated them the same way as her parents treated her in childhood - the sons will forever remember mother's heavy hand. Despite her absurd disposition, Varvara Petrovna was an educated woman. With her family, she spoke exclusively in French, demanding the same from Ivan and Nikolai. A rich library was kept in Spasskoye, consisting mainly of French books.

Ivan Turgenev at the age of 7

When Ivan Turgenev turned 9, the family moved to the capital, to a house on Neglinka. Mom read a lot and instilled in children a love of literature. Preferring French writers, Lutovinova-Turgeneva followed literary novelties, and was friends with Mikhail Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna thoroughly knew the work, and quoted them in her correspondence with her son.

The education of Ivan Turgenev was carried out by tutors from Germany and France, on whom the landowner spared no money. The wealth of Russian literature was discovered by the serf valet Fyodor Lobanov, who became the prototype of the hero of the story "Punin and Baburin".

After moving to Moscow, Ivan Turgenev was assigned to the boarding house of Ivan Krause. At home and in private boarding houses, the young master completed a high school course, at the age of 15 he became a student at the Moscow University. At the Faculty of Literature, Ivan Turgenev studied the course, then transferred to St. Petersburg, where he received a university education at the Faculty of History and Philosophy.

In his student years, Turgenev translated poetry and the lord and dreamed of becoming a poet.

After receiving his diploma in 1838, Ivan Turgenev continued his education in Germany. In Berlin he attended a course of university lectures on philosophy and philology, wrote poetry. After the Christmas holidays in Russia, Turgenev went to Italy for six months, from where he returned to Berlin.

In the spring of 1841, Ivan Turgenev arrived in Russia and a year later passed the exams, receiving a master's degree in philosophy at St. Petersburg University. In 1843 he entered the Ministry of the Interior, but his love for writing and literature outweighed.

Literature

For the first time Ivan Turgenev appeared in print in 1836, having published a review of Andrei Muravyov's book "A Journey to the Holy Places". A year later he wrote and published the poems "Calm at Sea", "Phantasmagoria on a Moonlit Night" and "Dream".

Fame came in 1843, when Ivan Sergeevich composed the poem "Parasha", approved by Vissarion Belinsky. Soon, Turgenev and Belinsky became so close that the young writer became the godfather of the famous critic's son. Rapprochement with Belinsky and Nikolai Nekrasov influenced the creative biography of Ivan Turgenev: the writer finally said goodbye to the genre of romanticism, which became obvious after the publication of the poem "Landowner" and the stories "Andrei Kolosov", "Three portraits" and "Breter".

Ivan Turgenev returned to Russia in 1850. He lived first in the family estate, then in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg, where he wrote plays that were successfully performed in theaters in the two capitals.

In 1852 Nikolai Gogol passed away. Ivan Turgenev responded to the tragic event with an obituary, but in St. Petersburg, at the behest of the chairman of the censorship committee, Alexei Musin-Pushkin, they refused to publish it. The newspaper "Moskovskie vedomosti" dared to publish Turgenev's note. The censor did not forgive disobedience. Musin-Pushkin called Gogol a "lackey writer" not worthy of mention in society, moreover, he saw in the obituary a hint of violation of the unspoken prohibition - not to recall in the open press those who died in a duel, Alexander Pushkin and.

The censor wrote a report to the emperor. Ivan Sergeevich, who was under suspicion because of his frequent trips abroad, communication with Belinsky and Herzen, radical views on serfdom, incurred even greater anger of the authorities.

Ivan Turgenev with his colleagues at Sovremennik

In April of the same year, the writer was imprisoned for a month, and then sent under house arrest on the estate. For a year and a half, Ivan Turgenev stayed in Spasskoye without a break, for 3 years he had no right to leave the country.

Turgenev's fears about the prohibition of censorship on the publication of "Notes of a Hunter" as a separate book were not justified: a collection of stories, previously published in "Sovremennik", came out. For permission to publish the book, the official Vladimir Lvov, who served in the censorship department, was fired. The cycle includes stories "Bezhin Meadow", "Biryuk", "Singers", "Uyezdny Healer". Separately, the novels did not pose a danger, but, put together, they were anti-serfdom in nature.

Collection of short stories by Ivan Turgenev "Notes of a Hunter"

Ivan Turgenev wrote for both adults and children. The prose writer presented the young readers with fairy tales and observation stories "Sparrow", "Dog" and "Doves", written in a rich language.

In rural solitude, the classic wrote the story "Mumu", as well as the novels "Noble Nest", "On the Eve", "Fathers and Sons", "Smoke", which have become an event in the cultural life of Russia.

Ivan Turgenev went abroad in the summer of 1856. In the winter in Paris, he completed the dark story "A Trip to Polesie". In Germany in 1857 he wrote "Asya" - a story translated into European languages ​​during the writer's lifetime. The prototype of Asya, the out-of-wedlock daughter of a landowner and a peasant, is considered by critics to be Turgenev's daughter Pauline Brewer and the illegitimate half-sister Varvara Zhitova.

Ivan Turgenev's novel "Rudin"

Abroad, Ivan Turgenev closely followed the cultural life of Russia, corresponded with writers who remained in the country, communicated with emigrants. Colleagues considered the prose writer a controversial personality. After an ideological disagreement with the editors of Sovremennik, which became the mouthpiece of revolutionary democracy, Turgenev broke with the magazine. But, having learned about the temporary ban of Sovremennik, he spoke out in his defense.

During his life in the West, Ivan Sergeevich entered into long conflicts with Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolai Nekrasov. After the release of the novel "Fathers and Sons", he fell out with the literary community, which was called progressive.

Ivan Turgenev was the first Russian writer to be recognized in Europe as a novelist. In France, he became close to the realist writers, the Goncourt brothers, and Gustave Flaubert, who became a close friend to him.

In the spring of 1879, Turgenev arrived in St. Petersburg, where young people met him as an idol. The authorities did not share the enthusiasm for the visit of the famous writer, making Ivan Sergeyevich understand that a long stay of the writer in the city was undesirable.

In the summer of the same year, Ivan Turgenev visited Britain - the Russian prose writer was given the title of honorary doctor at Oxford University.

The penultimate time Turgenev came to Russia in 1880. In Moscow, he attended the unveiling of a monument to Alexander Pushkin, whom he considered a great teacher. The classic called the Russian language support and support "in the days of painful thoughts" about the fate of the motherland.

Personal life

Heinrich Heine compared the femme fatale, who became the love of the writer's entire life, to a landscape “both monstrous and exotic”. The Spanish-French singer Pauline Viardot, a short and stooped woman, had large masculine features, a large mouth and bulging eyes. But when Polina sang, she was fabulously transformed. At such a moment, Turgenev saw the singer and fell in love for the rest of his life, for the remaining 40 years.

The personal life of the prose writer before meeting Viardot was like a roller coaster. The first love, about which Ivan Turgenev sadly told in the story of the same name, painfully wounded a 15-year-old boy. He fell in love with his neighbor Katenka, the daughter of Princess Shakhovskoy. What a disappointment befell Ivan when he learned that his "pure and immaculate" Katya, captivated by her childlike spontaneity and girlish blush, was the mistress of his father, Sergei Nikolayevich, a hardened womanizer.

The young man became disillusioned with the "noble" girls and turned his eyes to ordinary girls - serfs. One of the undemanding beauties - seamstress Avdotya Ivanova - gave birth to Ivan Turgenev's daughter Pelageya. But while traveling across Europe, the writer met Viardot, and Avdotya remained in the past.

Ivan Sergeevich met the singer's husband, Louis, and became a part of their house. Turgenev's contemporaries, friends of the writer and biographers disagreed about this union. Some call it sublime and platonic, others talk about the considerable sums that the Russian landowner left in the house of Pauline and Louis. Viardot's husband turned a blind eye to Turgenev's relationship with his wife and allowed him to live in their house for months. It is believed that the biological father of Paul, the son of Pauline and Louis, is Ivan Turgenev.

The writer's mother did not approve of the connection and dreamed that her beloved offspring would settle down, marry a young noblewoman and give legal grandchildren. Varvara Petrovna did not favor Pelageya, she saw her as a serf. Ivan Sergeevich loved and pitied his daughter.

Pauline Viardot, hearing about the bullying of a tyrannical grandmother, was imbued with sympathy for the girl and took her into her house. Pelageya became Polynette and grew up with Viardot's children. In fairness, it is worth noting that Pelageya-Polinet Turgeneva did not share her father's love for Viardot, believing that the woman stole the attention of a loved one from her.

The chill in the relationship between Turgenev and Viardot came after a three-year separation, which happened due to the writer's house arrest. Ivan Turgenev made two attempts to forget the fatal passion. In 1854, the 36-year-old writer met a young beauty Olga, the daughter of a cousin. But when a wedding dawned on the horizon, Ivan Sergeevich yearned for Polina. Not wanting to ruin the life of an 18-year-old girl, Turgenev confessed his love for Viardot.

The last attempt to break free from the embrace of a Frenchwoman happened in 1879, when Ivan Turgenev was 61 years old. Actress Maria Savina was not frightened by the age difference - her lover was twice as old. But when the couple went to Paris in 1882, Masha saw many things and trinkets that reminded of her rival in the home of her future spouse, and realized that she was superfluous.

Death

In 1882, after parting with Savinova, Ivan Turgenev fell ill. The doctors made a disappointing diagnosis - cancer of the bones of the spine. The writer died in a foreign land for a long time and painfully.

In 1883, Turgenev was operated on in Paris. The last months of his life, Ivan Turgenev was happy, how happy a person tormented by pain can be - next to him was his beloved woman. After her death, she inherited Turgenev's property.

The classic died on August 22, 1883. His body was delivered to St. Petersburg on September 27. From France to Russia, Ivan Turgenev was accompanied by Pauline's daughter, Claudia Viardot. The writer was buried at the St. Petersburg Volkov cemetery.

Those who called Turgenev "a thorn in his own eye" reacted to the death of the "nihilist" with relief.

Bibliography

• 1855 - Rudin
• 1858 - "Nest of Nobility"
• 1860 - "The Eve"
• 1862 - Fathers and Sons
• 1867 - "Smoke"
• 1877 - "New"
• 1851-73 - "Notes of a Hunter"
• 1858 - "Asya"
• 1860 - "First Love"
• 1872 - "Spring Waters"

TURGENEV, Ivan Sergeevich(1818 - 1883), Russian writer, corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1860). In the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" (1847-52) he showed high spiritual qualities and giftedness of the Russian peasant, the poetry of nature. In the socio-psychological novels "Rudin" (1856), "Noble Nest" (1859), "On the Eve" (1860), "Fathers and Sons" (1862), the stories "Asya" (1858), "Spring Waters" (1872 ) created images of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era of commoners and democrats, images of selfless Russian women. In the novels "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877) he depicted the life of Russians abroad, the populist movement in Russia. At the end of his life he created the lyric and philosophical "Poems in Prose" (1882). A master of language and psychological analysis, Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.

TURGENEV Ivan Sergeevich, Russian writer.

According to his father, Turgenev belonged to an old noble family; his mother, nee Lutovinova, was a wealthy landowner; in her estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo (Mtsensk district of the Oryol province) spent the childhood of the future writer, who early learned to subtly feel nature and hate serfdom. In 1827 the family moved to Moscow; first, Turgenev studied in private boarding schools and with good home teachers, then, in 1833, entered the verbal department of Moscow University, in 1834 transferred to the history and philology faculty of St. Petersburg University. One of the strongest impressions of early youth (1833), falling in love with Princess E. L. Shakhovskaya, who was having an affair with Turgenev's father at that time, was reflected in the story "First Love" (1860).

In 1836, Turgenev showed his poetic experiments in a romantic spirit to the writer of Pushkin's circle, university professor PA Pletnev; he invites the student to a literary evening (at the doorway Turgenev ran into A.S. Pushkin), and in 1838 in Sovremennik he published Turgenev's poems "Evening" and "Towards the Venus of Meditation" (by this time Turgenev had written about a hundred poems, mostly not preserved, and the dramatic poem "Steno").

In May 1838, Turgenev went to Germany (the desire to replenish his education combined with rejection of the Russian way of life, based on serfdom). The catastrophe of the steamer Nicholas I, on which Turgenev sailed, will be described by him in his essay "Fire at Sea" (1883; in French). Until August 1839, Turgenev lived in Berlin, attending lectures at the university, studying classical languages, writing poetry, communicating with T.N. Granovsky, N.V. Stankevich. After a short stay in Russia in January 1840 he went to Italy, but from May 1840 to May 1841 he was again in Berlin, where he met M. A. Bakunin. Arriving in Russia, he visits the Bakunins' estate Premukhino, converges with this family: soon an affair with T.A. Bakunina begins, which does not interfere with the connection with the seamstress A.E. Ivanova (in 1842 she will give birth to Turgenev's daughter Pelageya). In January 1843 Turgenev entered the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In 1843, a poem based on modern material "Parasha" appeared, highly appreciated by VG Belinsky. Acquaintance with the critic, which turned into friendship (in 1846 Turgenev became the godfather of his son), rapprochement with his entourage (in particular, with N.A. , "Andrey", both 1845) and prose, close to the principles of the "natural school" and not alien to the influence of M. Yu. Lermontov ("Andrey Kolosov", 1844; "Three portraits", 1846; "Breter", 1847).

November 1, 1843 Turgenev meets the singer Pauline Viardot (Viardot-Garcia), whose love will largely determine the external course of his life. In May 1845, Turgenev retired. From the beginning of 1847 to June 1850 he lived abroad (in Germany, France; Turgenev was a witness of the French Revolution of 1848): he took care of the sick Belinsky during his travels; closely communicates with P. V. Annenkov, A. I. Herzen, meets J. Sand, P. Merimet, A. de Musset, F. Chopin, C. Gounod; writes the novels "Petushkov" (1848), "Diary of an Extra Man" (1850), the comedy "Bachelor" (1849), "Where it is thin, there it breaks", "Provincial" (both 1851), the psychological drama "A Month in the Country" (1855).

The main work of this period is "Notes of a Hunter", a cycle of lyrical sketches and stories that began with the story "Khor and Kalinych" (1847; the subtitle "From the Notes of a Hunter" was invented by I. I. Panaev for publication in the "Mix" section of the "Contemporary" magazine ); a separate two-volume edition of the cycle was published in 1852, later the stories “The End of Tchertop-Khanov” (1872), “Living Power”, “Knocks” (1874) were added. The fundamental diversity of human types, first distinguished from the previously unnoticed or idealized masses of the people, testified to the infinite value of every unique and free human personality; serfdom appeared as an ominous and dead force, alien to natural harmony (detailed specifics of heterogeneous landscapes), hostile to man, but unable to destroy the soul, love, creative gift. Having discovered Russia and the Russian people, having laid the foundation for a "peasant theme" in Russian literature, "Notes of a Hunter" became the semantic foundation of all further work of Turgenev: from here the threads stretch to the study of the phenomenon of "an extra person" (the problem outlined in "Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district") , and to the comprehension of the mysterious ("Bezhin Meadow"), and to the problem of the conflict between the artist and the mundane that suffocates him ("The Singers").

In April 1852, for his response to the death of N. V. Gogol, banned in St. Petersburg and published in Moscow, Turgenev, by imperial command, was put on a driveway (the story "Mumu" was written there). In May he was exiled to Spasskoye, where he lives until December 1853 (work on an unfinished novel, the story "Two Friends", acquaintance with A. A. Fet, active correspondence with S. T. Aksakov and writers from the circle of Sovremennik); A. K. Tolstoy played an important role in the efforts to free Turgenev.

Until July 1856, Turgenev lived in Russia: in winter, mainly in St. Petersburg, in the summer in Spassky. His next Wednesday edition of "Contemporary"; the acquaintances with I. A. Goncharov, L. N. Tolstoy and A. N. Ostrovsky took place; Turgenev takes part in the publication of "Poems" by F. I. Tyutchev (1854) and provides him with a preface. Mutual cooling with the distant Viardot leads to a short, but almost ended in marriage, romance with a distant relative OA Turgeneva. The novels "Lull" (1854), "Yakov Pasynkov" (1855), "Correspondence", "Faust" (both 1856) are published.

"Rudin" (1856) opens a series of Turgenev novels, compact in volume, unfolding around the hero-ideologist, journalistically accurately fixing the current socio-political problems and, ultimately, putting "modernity" in the face of the invariable and mysterious forces of love, art, nature ... Rudin, the “superfluous person” that inflames the audience, but is incapable of action; Lavretsky, dreaming of happiness in vain and coming to humble selflessness and hope for happiness for the people of modern times ("Noble Nest", 1859; events take place in the atmosphere of the impending "great reform"); The “iron” Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov, becoming the chosen one of the heroine (that is, Russia), but “alien” and doomed to death (“On the Eve”, 1860); The “new man” Bazarov, hiding a romantic rebellion behind nihilism (“Fathers and Sons”, 1862; post-reform Russia is not free from eternal problems, and the “new” people remain people: the “dozen” will live, and those captured by passion or an idea will perish); sandwiched between "reactionary" and "revolutionary" vulgarity, the characters in Smoke (1867); the revolutionary populist Nezhdanov, an even more "new" person, but still unable to respond to the challenge of the changed Russia ("Nov", 1877); all of them, together with minor characters (with individual dissimilarity, differences in moral and political orientations and spiritual experience, different degrees of closeness to the author), are closely related, combining in different proportions the features of two eternal psychological types of the heroic enthusiast, Don Quixote, and the absorbed a reflector, Hamlet (cf. the programmatic article "Hamlet and Don Quixote", 1860).

After leaving abroad in July 1856, Turgenev finds himself in a painful whirlpool of ambiguous relations with Viardot and his daughter, who was brought up in Paris. After the difficult Parisian winter of 1856-57 (the gloomy "Trip to Polesie" was completed), he went to England, then to Germany, where he wrote "Asya", one of the most poetic stories, which, however, lends itself to interpretation in a public vein (article by N.G. Chernyshevsky "Russian man on rendez-vous", 1858), and spends autumn and winter in Italy. By the summer of 1858 he was in Spassky; in the future, Turgenev's year will often be divided into "European, winter" and "Russian, summer" seasons.

After "On the Eve" and the article devoted to the novel by N. A. Dobrolyubov "When Will the Present Day Come?" (1860) Turgenev broke with the radicalized Sovremennik (in particular, with N. A. Nekrasov; their mutual hostility persisted to the end). The conflict with the “younger generation” was aggravated by the novel “Fathers and Sons” (pamphlet article by M. A. Antonovich “Asmodeus of Our Time” in Sovremennik, 1862; the so-called “split in nihilists” largely motivated the positive assessment of the novel in the article by D. I. Pisarev "Bazarov", 1862). In the summer of 1861, there was a quarrel with Leo Tolstoy, which almost turned into a duel (reconciliation in 1878). In the story "Ghosts" (1864), Turgenev condenses the mystical motives outlined in "Notes of a Hunter" and "Faust"; this line will be developed in The Dog (1865), The Stories of Lieutenant Ergunov (1868), The Dream, The Story of Father Alexei (both 1877), Songs of Triumphant Love (1881), After Death (Klara Milich ) "(1883). The theme of the weakness of a person who turns out to be a plaything of unknown forces and doomed to non-existence, to a greater or lesser extent, colors all of Turgenev's later prose; it is expressed most directly in the lyric story "Enough!" (1865), perceived by his contemporaries as evidence (sincere or coquettishly hypocritical) of Turgenev's situational crisis (cf. Dostoevsky's parody in the novel The Demons, 1871).

In 1863, a new rapprochement between Turgenev and Pauline Viardot took place; until 1871 they live in Baden, then (at the end of the Franco-Prussian war) in Paris. Turgenev closely converges with G. Flaubert and through him with E. and J. Goncourt, A. Daudet, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant; he assumes the function of an intermediary between Russian and Western literature. His pan-European fame is growing: in 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president; in 1879 he is an honorary doctor of the University of Oxford. Turgenev maintains contacts with Russian revolutionaries (P. L. Lavrov, G. A. Lopatin) and provides material support to emigrants. In 1880, Turgenev took part in the celebrations in honor of the opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow. In 1879-81, the old writer experienced a stormy passion for the actress M.G. Savina, which colored his last visits to his homeland.

Along with stories about the past ("King Lear of the Steppe", 1870; "Punin and Baburin", 1874) and the above-mentioned "mysterious" stories in the last years of his life, Turgenev turns to memoirs ("Literary and Life Memories", 1869-80) and "Poems in Prose" (1877-82), which presents almost all the main themes of his work, and the summing up takes place as if in the presence of impending death. Death was preceded by more than a year and a half of a painful illness (spinal cord cancer).

Biography of I.S. Turgenev

The film “The Great Singer of Great Russia. I.S.Turgenev "

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - was born in 1818 and died in 1883.

Representative of the noble class. Born in the small town of Oryol, but later moved to live in the capital. Turgenev was an innovator of realism. The writer was a philosopher by profession. On his account there were many universities in which he entered, but not many managed to graduate. He also traveled abroad and studied there.

At the beginning of his career, Ivan Sergeevich tried his hand at writing dramatic, epic and lyrical works. As a romantic, Turgenev wrote with particular care in the above directions. His characters feel like strangers in the crowd of people, alone. The hero is even ready to admit his insignificance in front of the opinions of others.

Also, Ivan Sergeevich was an outstanding translator and it was thanks to him that many Russian works were translated into a foreign way.

He spent the last years of his life in Germany, where he actively initiated foreigners into Russian culture, in particular, literature. During his lifetime, he achieved high popularity both in Russia and abroad. The poet died in Paris from a painful sarcoma. His body was brought home, where the writer was buried.

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