Individual protection means. "Personal protective equipment for skin, medical protective equipment and their application

Means of skin protection are intended to protect open areas of skin, clothing, equipment and footwear from the ingress of droplet-liquid agents and SDYAV, pathogens of infectious diseases, radioactive substances, and also partially from exposure to light radiation. They are subdivided into service (OZK, L-1) and improvised (household clothing). According to the principle of operation, service agents are divided into filtering (air-permeable) and insulating (air-tight).

Skin protection filtering agents.

Filtering means of skin protection include a set of filtering clothes from the Western Federal District. It consists of a special cut cotton overalls impregnated with a solution of a special paste - chemicals that trap OM vapors (adsorption type), as well as men's underwear (shirt and underpants), a cotton comforter and two pairs of footcloths (one of which is impregnated with the same composition, as the jumpsuit). Underwear, a comforter and an untreated pair of footcloths are used in order to prevent the overalls from scuffing the skin and irritating them from the impregnating composition.

The sizes of overalls included in the ZFO set: 1st - for people up to 160 cm in height, 2nd - from 160 to 170 cm and 3rd - over 170cm.

Isolating Skin Protectors

Insulating skin protection, made of airtight materials, can be airtight (suits, overalls that cover the entire human body and protect against drops and vapors of organic matter) or leaky (raincoats, capes, aprons, etc.) which mainly protect against dripping - liquid OV (SDYAV): OZK set, light protective suit L-1, protective overalls or suit.

The protective effect of insulating materials is based on the property of protective films to retain OM for a certain time, i.e. prevent them from penetrating the inner surface of these materials. The following requirements are imposed on protective materials: they must be elastic, frost-resistant, moisture-proof, as well as resistant to degassing, disinfection and withstand long-term storage.

The protective properties of insulating materials are determined by the following values: protective power and water absorption.

Protective power is the time from the moment the droplet or vaporous agent is exposed to the front side of the material until vapors appear on the inside, causing minimal damage.

The soakability is the time from the moment the droplet-liquid agent is exposed to the front side of the material until it appears on the wrong side in a liquid state.

Protective power and water absorption are expressed in hours or minutes. The value of the protective power and soakability is significantly influenced by the temperature, the thickness of the protective film and its nature, the nature of the OM.

As the temperature rises, the rate of penetration of OM increases. In this regard, in winter conditions, the protective power of skin protection products is much higher than in summer.

Materials based on butyl rubber, polyisobutylene and some synthetic resins have the greatest protective power.

Combined Arms Protective Kit (OZK).

A combined-arms protective kit together with a gas mask is used to protect against OV, SDYAV, as well as to protect the skin, uniforms, shoes and equipment from contamination with radioactive substances, BS, light radiation and incendiary mixtures.

The combined arms kit includes a protective raincoat, protective stockings and protective gloves. Combined-arms protective kit, as a rule, is used in combination with impregnated uniforms and underwear.

The protective raincoat is available in five sizes, depending on its length:

I- up to 165 cm;

NS- 165 - 170 cm.

NS- 170 - 175 cm.

IV- 175-180 cm.

V- more than 180 cm.

Safety boots - stockings in three sizes depending on the size of the boots:

Ithe size 37 - 40

IIthe size 41 - 42

IIIthe size 43 and more

Protective gloves are of 2 types: summer - five-fingered, winter - three-fingered. Kit weight - 3 kg.

OZK completely provides protection against radioactive substances and BS, prevents the damage of OM through the skin - drops and aerosols of OM for 1 hour, OM vapors for 6 hours, and also protects against burns with a light pulse of 14 cal / sq. cm. Instead of OZK, KZP can be used for the same purposes - a protective film suit with similar protective properties and consisting of protective fabric gloves, a jacket and polyethylene trousers. In case of infection with OS, KZP is used once, and in case of infection with RV, BS, it is used many times. OZK can be used in the form of a cape, worn in sleeves and in the form of a jumpsuit.

In the form of a cape, a protective raincoat is used in case of the sudden use of toxic substances and biological agents or in the case of the fallout of radioactive substances. When worn in sleeves, a protective raincoat is used: when crossing areas contaminated with agents or biological agents in open vehicles; when overcoming zones radioactive contamination on open machines in dusty conditions, when performing degassing, decontamination and disinfection works.

A combined-arms protective kit in the form of a jumpsuit is worn on non-contaminated terrain. It is used on an area contaminated with OV or BS in the following cases:

When operating on foot in areas with tall grass, crops, bushes or covered with deep snow;

When carrying out rescue and evacuation work, engineering work and equipment repair.

Protective stockings are made of special fabric and are designed to protect against droplets of OM, RV and BS when overcoming infected areas. The soles of the stockings are reinforced with a tarpaulin or rubber vamp. The stockings have two or three straps for attaching to the leg and a strap for attaching to the waist belt. The weight of the stockings is 1 - 1.5 kg, the protective capacity is not less than 1 hour.

Special protective clothing.

There are the following types of special protective clothing;

Light protective suit L-1;

Protective overalls;

Protective suit consisting of a jacket and trousers.

Lightweight protective suit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of a shirt with a hood, trousers with stockings, two-fingered gloves and a comforter. In addition, there is a suit bag and a spare pair of gloves.

Protective jumpsuit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of trousers, jacket and hood sewn into one piece. The set includes rubber boots, protective gloves and a comforter.

The liner is the same for all types of protective clothing, has a throat flap and a button for fastening.

The protective suit consists of a jacket and trousers, made of rubberized fabric. The protective suit jacket and trousers, as well as the light protective suits, are available in three sizes.

For protection from RV, the population can also adapt ordinary clothing. To ensure its tightness, you need to have additional devices: bibs, hood, side fasteners of trousers. To protect against RV, you can also use available means of skin protection (items of personal, household, sports, industrial and other clothing and footwear with additional means of sealing).

Sanitary and hygienic assessment of skin protection products.

Of greatest interest and practical importance from the point of view of influence on a person is protective clothing of an insulating type.

The essence of its influence is mainly reduced to a violation of the thermoregulation of the human body.

An adult weighing 60-70 kg produces up to 1900-2100 calories per day. With significant physical exertion, heat generation can increase by 4-6 times. All generated heat is removed to the external environment with the help of adaptive mechanisms, as a result of which a constant body temperature is maintained - 36-37 degrees.

If more heat is removed into the external environment than it is formed, hypothermia of the human body occurs, if less heat is removed, overheating occurs.

Heat transfer occurs mainly through the surface of the skin and lungs (respiratory organs).

As a percentage (to the total heat transfer) - heat transfer through the skin is 80% (in hot conditions 90%) and occurs by heat conduction and convection, heat radiation and evaporation of liquid (sweat) from the skin surface.

In insulating clothing, a violation of heat transfer can take place along all these paths of heat loss.

The most powerful mechanism of physical thermoregulation in the hot season is heat transfer by evaporation of sweat from the surface of the skin, which in percentage terms is almost 80%.

In insulating protective equipment, as soon as the air of the sub-suit space is saturated with moisture, heat transfer is completely excluded. However, the function of sweating is not impaired. On the contrary, there is an excessive separation of sweat, which in the hot season can be released up to 5 liters or more per day.

Cessation of sweat evaporation under these conditions leads to overheating of the body and the development of heatstroke.

Violation of thermoregulation in insulating protective equipment is especially pronounced at significant physical exertion and high external temperatures. In these cases, a sharp dehydration of the body occurs, which is accompanied by a violation of oxidative processes, blood circulation, the development of oxygen starvation, depletion of the nervous-regulatory apparatus, which is manifested by an increase in heart rate, respiratory failure, fever and vasodilation.

To avoid overheating of the human body "Instructions for use by individual means protection "provides for maximum permissible periods of work in protective clothing insulating type (including in a combined-arms protective kit used in the form of an overalls):

at a temperature of +30 and above - 15-20 minutes;

from 25 to 29 degrees - 20-35 minutes;

from 20 to 24 degrees - 40-60 minutes;

from 15 to 19 degrees - 1.5-2 hours;

below +15 degrees - more than 3 hours.

At a temperature of 10 degrees and below, overheating is not observed. At the same time, in order to maintain the greatest efficiency when using protective clothing in conditions of various outside temperatures, it should be worn at a temperature of +15 degrees and above, as a rule, on linen, from 0 to +15 degrees over summer uniforms, from 0 to - 10 degrees over winter uniforms and below -10 degrees over a padded jacket worn on uniforms.

In all cases, light protective suits are worn over uniforms, and rubber boots, as a rule, are worn on footcloths or socks, and at low temperatures - on warm footcloths. In winter conditions, a warm comforter is worn under the hood.

All work related to prolonged exposure to isolating protective equipment must be monitored by a medical service.

In the system of measures to protect the population from the damaging factors of technological disasters, natural Disasters, mass diseases, a significant place is given to personal protective equipment. They are designed to prevent and provide the first medical care the population exposed to radiation, chemical and other damaging factors of technological and natural disasters. With their help, it is possible to prevent or significantly weaken the damaging effect of these factors on the human body and increase its resistance to them.

TOPIC №8.3. Funds individual protection

Chemical weapons were first used during World War I in 1915. To protect servicemen from gases (in particular, chlorine), they began to use multi-layer gauze dressings soaked in special solutions, but all these actions turned out to be ineffective. In the same year, the Russian scientist organic chemist N.D. Zelinsky (1861-1953) first created a gas mask - a device that protects against the effects of gas. It consisted of a rubber mask with goggles and a box in which contaminated air was filtered. Such a device has already reliably protected the face, eyes and respiratory organs of a person from poisonous gases. A year later, the Russian army received about 5 million Zelinsky's gas masks.

At present, it is important for the population protection system to provide the entire population with the necessary personal protective equipment(hereinafter - PPE) and training in their use. One of the important ways to protect the population in emergencies of peace and war is the use of PPE. The successful use of PPE largely depends on the knowledge and ability to use them. PPE is designed to protect against the ingestion of radioactive (RW), poisonous (OM), chemically hazardous (AHOV) substances and bacterial agents against the ingestion of radioactive substances (RW), poisonous substances (ОВ), into the body, on the skin and clothing. Personal protective equipment is classified into respiratory protection and skin protection.

Respiratory protective equipment includes:

Gas masks (filtering and insulating);

Respirators;

Anti-dust cloth masks;

Cotton-gauze bandages.

Skin protection products include:

Protective kits;

Overalls and suits made of special rubberized fabric;

Capes;

Rubber boots and gloves;

Various improvised means.

According to the principle of protection, personal protective equipment is divided into:

Filtering;

Insulating.

The principle of filtration is that the air necessary to maintain the vital functions of the human body is cleared of harmful impurities when passing through protective equipment. The principle of filtration is that the air necessary to maintain the vital functions of the human body is cleared of harmful impurities when passing through protective equipment. Insulating-type protective equipment completely isolates the human body from the environment using materials that are impervious to air and harmful impurities. In insulating PPE, a person breathes with a mixture of oxygen in a special cylinder and exhaled air purified from moisture and carbon dioxide.

According to the manufacturing method, personal protective equipment is divided into means:

Manufactured by industry;

The simplest, made from scrap materials.

Personal protective equipment can be service equipment, the provision of which is provided for by the timesheets (norms) of equipment, depending on the structure of the formations, and non-service equipment, designed to provide civil defense units in addition to service equipment or in order to replace them. Of the respiratory protection equipment, the most widely used are filtering gas masks (combined arms RSh-4, PMG, PG-2): - civil and industrial. Their action is based on the principle of cleaning contaminated air in the inner layers of the filtering-absorbing box, which consists of a gas mask and an anti-aerosol filter. The protection of the human respiratory system from carbon monoxide (CO) by the non-retained charge of the gas mask is provided by the hopcalite cartridge.

To protect the respiratory organs of the adult population, civil filtering gas masks GP-5 and GP-7 are used. For personnel of GO formations, gas masks with intercoms (such as GP-5M and GP-7v) are used. Civilian gas mask GP-5 is designed to protect a person from getting into the respiratory system, eyes and face of radioactive, poisonous, potent poisonous substances and bacterial agents.

Rice. 9.2.1. Civilian gas mask GP-7

To select the required height of the GP-5 helmet-mask (0,1,2,3,4), you need to measure the head along a closed line passing through the crown, cheeks and chin. Measurements are rounded to the nearest 0.5 cm.

Determining the size of the GP-5 gas mask Table 9.2.1.

Before use, the gas mask must be checked for serviceability and tightness. The gas mask is worn enclosed in a bag. The shoulder strap is thrown over the right shoulder. The bag itself is on the left side, with the flap away from you. The gas mask can be in the "marching", "ready", "combat" position. In the "stowed" position - when there is no threat of infection. The top of the bag should be at waist level, the flap should be closed. In the "ready" position, the gas mask is transferred when there is a threat of infection, after information on the radio or by the command "Prepare gas masks!" In this case, the bag is fastened with a belt tape, slightly pushing it forward, the valve is unfastened so that you can quickly use the gas mask. In the "combat" position - the front part is worn. This is done at the command "Gases!"

When transferring a gas mask to a "combat" position, you must:

Hold your breath and close your eyes;

Take off the hat and pinch it between your knees or put it next to it;

Remove the helmet-mask from the bag, take it with both hands by the thickened edges at the bottom so that the thumbs are on the outside, and the rest are inside. Bring the helmet-mask to the chin and with a sharp movement of the hands up and back, pull it over the head so that there are no folds at the top;

Exhale fully, open your eyes and resume breathing;

Put on a hat, button up the bag and fasten it to the torso, if this has not been done before.

A gas mask is considered to be worn correctly if the glasses of the front part of the glasses are against the eyes, the helmet-mask fits snugly to the face. The need to exhale strongly before opening the eyes and resuming breathing after putting on the gas mask is explained by the fact that it is necessary to remove the contaminated air from under the mask if it got there at the time of putting it on. When wearing a gas mask, breathe deeply and evenly. No need to make sudden movements. If there is a need to run, then you need to start jogging, gradually increasing the pace. The gas mask is removed by the command "Take off the gas mask!" To do this, you need to raise the hat, take the valve box with the other hand, slightly pull the helmet-mask down and remove it with a forward and upward movement, put on the hat, unscrew the helmet-mask, wipe it thoroughly and put it in the bag. When using a gas mask in winter to prevent the rubber from hardening, periodically heat the front part by placing it over the side of a coat, jacket, etc. When wearing a gas mask, periodically you need to heat the valves with your hands, while blowing them out with a sharp exhalation.

Currently, there are several types of children's gas masks: 1). DP-6m - for young children (from 1.5 years old). 2). DP-6 - for older children. 3). PDF-7 - for children, both younger and older. As the front part, MD-1 masks of five sizes are used. 4). PDF-Sh - for children from 7 to 17 years old, equipped with a mask MD-3 of two heights - 3 and 4. 5). PDF-D - for children from 1.5 to 7 years old, equipped with a mask MD-3 of four heights. For children under 1.5 years old, there is a children's protective camera KZD-4, KZD-6. More advanced gas masks PDF-2D (for preschool children) and PDF-2Sh (for school children) are being prepared for production.

The growth of the gas mask should match the size of the face. A mask of a larger than necessary growth will allow untreated air to pass through, which can lead to injury to a person. A small mask will compress your head a lot and make it difficult to wear a gas mask. Each student should be able to select the desired mask height and always remember it. The growth of the mask is indicated by a number on the chin. Children's gas masks have masks of five sizes.

To select the height of the mask, measure the height of the face with a drawing ruler. schoolchild, - the distance between the point of the greatest deepening of the nose bridge and the lowest point of the chin, as well as the width of the face - the distance between the most prominent points of the zygomatic arches.

Then, according to the table to determine the heights of the masks of children's gas masks (see Table 6.1.), The teacher finds the corresponding height of the gas mask (for example, for a student with a face height of 95 mm, width - 120 mm, a fourth growth of a gas mask is needed). To roughly determine the height of the mask, you can limit yourself to measuring only the height of the face.

Determining the size of the mask of children's gas masks Table 9.2.2.

If the sum of the horizontal and vertical head circumferences exceeds 1305 mm, then such a child needs not a child's, but an adult GP-7 gas mask.

At enterprises using AHOV technology: ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, etc., industrial gas masks are used to protect the respiratory organs and eyes of the personnel during the production process and in case of accidents. These gas masks are only designed to protect against certain poisonous substances.

Industrial gas masks reliably protect the respiratory organs, eyes, face from injury. It must be remembered that they are designed to protect against specific toxic substances.

Isolating gas masks are used in conditions where filtering does not provide protection and when there is a lack of oxygen in the air. In conditions associated with the production, use or transportation of hazardous chemicals, in case of accidents, natural disasters, sabotage contributing to the infection of large areas with high concentrations of harmful substances and for a long time, use such gas masks as IP-4, IP-5, which provide respiratory protection, eyes and skin of the face from any hazardous substances, regardless of properties and concentration. They allow you to work even where oxygen is completely absent.

With the help of the IP-5 gas mask, you can perform light work under water at a depth of 7 m. The gas mask consists of a front part, a regenerative cartridge, a breathing bag, a frame and a bag. In addition, the set includes anti-fog films and insulated cuffs. Since the front part does not have sufficient thermal protective properties, it is recommended to work in it with the hood of a protective suit worn on the head.

Rice. 9.2.2. Isolating gas mask IP-5

The supply of oxygen in the regenerative cartridge allows you to perform work with heavy physical exertion for 45 minutes, with medium - 70 minutes, and with light or at rest - 3 hours. It is permissible to work continuously in a gas mask with a change of cartridge for 8 hours. Re-staying in it only after 12 hours of rest. Periodic use of a gas mask - 3-4 hours daily for two weeks. Gas masks work reliably in the temperature range from -40 0 С to +40 0 С.

Helmet-masks of gas masks for adults are made in 5 sizes (0,1,2,3,4). To select a helmet-mask, you need to take two measurements of the head. First, determine the length of the circular line passing along the chin, cheeks and through the highest point of the head (crown). Then measure the length of the semicircle from the opening of one ear to the opening of the other along the forehead through the brow ridges. Summarize the results and round to the nearest 1 cm.

According to the principle of providing oxygen, insulating gas masks are divided into two groups - with chemically bonded (IP-4, IP-5, IP-5M, IP-6) and with compressed oxygen (KIP-8). Isolating gas masks are usually used to form GO when conducting ASDNR in lesions, when there are toxic substances in the air that are poorly retained by filtering gas masks, as well as when working under water.

Respirators can be used by the population to protect the respiratory system from radioactive and harmful aerosols. The R-2 and R-2D respirators are used to equip the civil defense emergency rescue teams. Respirator R-2 is a filtering half mask that provides the possibility of repeated use. Respirator R-2D is designed to protect children aged 7 years and older. The industry produces a number of samples of respirators for use in industrial conditions (respirators Sh-B-1, "Lepestok", F-62ShM, "Astra", etc.). They can be used for respiratory protection.

Rice. 9.2.3. Isolating gas mask IP-6

Respirators are divided into types:

Respirators in which a half mask and a filter element simultaneously serve as a front part;

Respirators that purify the inhaled air in filter cartridges attached to a half mask.

Respirators are subdivided into:

Anti-dust;

Gas mask;

Gas and dust protection.

Anti-dust protects the respiratory system from aerosols of various types, gas masks - from harmful vapors and gases, gas and dust protectors - from gases, vapors and aerosols when they are simultaneously present in the air.

Depending on the service life, respirators can be disposable (ShB-1 "Petal", "Kama", U-2K, R-2), which after working out are unsuitable for further use. In reusable respirators (RPG-67, RU-60m), filters can be replaced.

The simplest respiratory protection means anti-dust fabric masks (PTM-1) and cotton-gauze dressings (VMP) are the simplest in their design, therefore they are recommended as a mass product manufactured by the population. Each person should have these funds at the place of residence and place of work.

Rice. 9.2.4. Protective hood "Phoenix".

According to the principle of action, skin protection products are divided into filtering (breathable) and insulating (airtight). In conditions of radiation and bacteriological contamination, in accidents associated with the storage and transportation of hazardous chemicals, natural disasters, sabotage that contribute to the infection of large areas with high concentrations of harmful substances and for a long time, there is a need to protect the skin of the human body.

According to their purpose, skin protection products are divided into:

Special (service);

The assistants.

Special (standard) skin protection means are intended to protect the personnel of the formations during rescue and emergency recovery operations in the centers of destruction (destruction, accidents and disasters).

According to the principle of protective action, they are:

Insulating (airtight);

Filtering (breathable).

Structurally, these protective equipment, as a rule, are made in the form of jackets with hoods, semi-overalls and overalls. When put on, they provide significant overlapping areas of the articulation points of various elements. To protect against hazardous substances in the accident zone, they mainly use insulating type protection means.

Isolating Skin Protectors. Insulating type overalls are made of materials that do not allow a drop or a vapor of toxic substances to pass through, provide the necessary tightness and, thanks to this, protect a person. The isolating means of protection include: a light protective suit L-1, protective overalls and a suit, a combined-arms protective kit.

Light protective suit L-1... Provides protection of the skin from OM, RV and BS during various works.

The suit is made in three sizes:

The second is from 165 to 172 cm;

The third is above 172 cm.

Protective overalls Consists of trousers, jacket and hood sewn into one piece. It is made of rubberized fabric. It is used to protect the skin when working in conditions of severe infection. The suit is also available in three sizes.

Rice. 9.2.5. Protective overalls

Protective suit... His set includes a jacket, trousers, rubber gloves, boots and a comforter.

Combined arms protective kit. Consists of a protective raincoat, rubber boots and protective gloves. To protect against vapors, special uniforms are put on under the set.

The protective cloak is available in five sizes:

The first one is for people up to 165 cm tall;

The second is from 165 to 170 cm;

The third - from 170 to 175 cm;

The fourth - from 175 to 180 cm;

Fifth - above 180 cm.

The raincoat can be worn as a jumpsuit or cape.

Filtering means of protection skin are made from cotton fabric impregnated with special chemicals... A thin layer of impregnation envelops the threads of the fabric, and the space between them remains free. As a result, the air permeability of the material is mainly maintained, and vapors of poisonous and toxic substances are retained when passing through the fabric. In some cases, neutralization occurs, and in others, sorption (absorption).

Filtering means include a set of protective filtering clothing (ZFO). The main purpose of this kit is to protect human skin from the action of OM vapors. The kit also provides protection against aerosolized substances.

Protective clothing made of filter materials is intended for continuous or intermittent wear. The basis of this garment is cotton fabric treated with a special chemical composition. In terms of sanitary and hygienic properties, it is suitable for everyday wear. The following standard equipment can be used: - a set of clothing for the Western Federal District (protective and filtering clothing); - combined arms complex protective suit (OKZK).

Insulating skin protection products made of airtight materials can be airtight (suits, overalls that cover the entire human body and protect against drops and vapors (OM) and partially or completely leaky (raincoats, capes, aprons, etc.), which, in basically, they only protect against droplet liquid agents.

As the simplest means of skin protection, personal, household, sports, industrial and other clothing and footwear can be used, i.e. ordinary daily wear with additional sealing means. Skin protection products must be used in combination with respiratory protection. Prevention of the defeat of the population, the provision of first aid to people in the foci of injury, and then medical assistance with the use of medical means of protection are assigned to the formations and institutions of the medical service of the civil defense. In a difficult situation, it is necessary to provide first aid in the lesions, as a rule, in the shortest possible time, calculated in minutes. This can be achieved only with the participation of the population in the form of self-help and mutual assistance. For this, the population is trained in appropriate techniques. The planning and organization of the accumulation of the fund of medical protective equipment, control over their maintenance in constant readiness and issuance during the threat of an attack to the personnel of the emergency rescue units of the civil defense and the urban population is entrusted to the headquarters and medical service of the civil defense of the object and district.

Medical protective equipment (hereinafter - MRZ) are intended for prevention and assistance to victims; prevention or significant reduction in the degree of damage in them; increasing the resistance of the human body to the damaging effects of radioactive substances, chemicals, hazardous chemicals. The incineration plant includes radiation protective drugs, means of protection against the effects of toxic substances (antidotes), antibacterial agents - sulfonamides, antibiotics, vaccines, serums, etc.

Radioprotective drugs are intended for the prevention of damage by ionizing radiation, weakening the manifestations of radiation sickness. Antidotes - specific antidotes, are used for the prevention and treatment of injuries to people with toxic substances. In the case of their early use, a high effect of exposure to toxic doses of OM is achieved.

For the provision of first aid, special kits are used, procured in advance, in particular, sanitary bags and first-aid kits of a medical post, individual first-aid kits (AI-2), individual anti-chemical packages (IPP-8, IPP-10), individual dressing package. Each person should have an individual first aid kit, a dressing bag and an individual chemistry bag.

The timely provision and use of PPE is an important way to protect the population in extreme peacetime and wartime conditions.

All non-standard emergency rescue units of the civil defense are provided with personal protective equipment for the respiratory organs and skin of industrial production in accordance with the states and established standards (timesheets) of equipment. The population is provided only with respiratory protection as soon as they are available. Industrial gas masks and respirators are a reserve for replenishing a possible shortage of serviceable means. The missing amount of skin protection products is replenished by adapting industrial and household clothing.

GOU VPO Saratov State medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky

Department of mobilization training

health care and disaster medicine

Head Chair of Candidate of Medical Sciences S.A. Sidelnikov

Lecturer assistant of the department

Danilov V.S.

DISCIPLINE SUPERVISION

"Military and extreme medicine"

OPTION # 3

PERSONAL SKIN PROTECTION

Performed by a 5th year student of ISO

Volkova Valentina Nikolaevna

Group No. 6

Saratov 2010

SUMMARY

1. Introduction.

2.

3. Skin protection products and their purpose. Work mode in protective clothing.

4.

5. Conclusion.

Introduction.

As a result of his activities, a person uses chemicals that, by their properties, have a harmful effect on the body. Despite the constant improvement of technology, the potential danger of situations associated with the release of highly active toxic substances, leaks, etc. increases.

To protect the population from the effects of highly active toxic substances, as well as to localize the consequences, the timely and correct use of personal protective equipment is required. And to detect danger, it is necessary to use means of radiation and chemical reconnaissance.

Classification of personal protective equipment.

Personal protective equipment is subdivided by protected areas:

Respiratory Personal Protective Equipment (RPE);

Personal Eye Protection Equipment (PPE);

Personal Skin Protection Equipment (PPE).

The RPD includes gas masks, respirators, self-contained breathing apparatus, a set of an additional cartridge, a hopcalite cartridge.

SIZH includes protective glasses from a light pulse of a nuclear explosion.

PPE includes protective clothing.

By appointment personal protective equipment is divided into general and special. Combined arms personal protective equipment is intended for use by personnel of all or several types of armed forces and combat arms. Special personal protective equipment is intended for use by military personnel of certain specialties or for performing special work.

By the principle of protective action RPE and SIZK are subdivided into filtering and isolating ones.

Filtering SIZK are clothes made of material that is impregnated with a special technical composition to neutralize or adsorb SDYAV vapors.);

Skin protection products and their purpose.

Designed to protect people from the effects of potent poisonous, toxic, radioactive substances and bacterial agents. All of them are divided into special and improvised. In turn, special ones are subdivided into insulating (airtight) and filtering (breathable).

Insulating type overalls are made of materials that do not allow a drop or vapor of toxic substances to pass through, provide the necessary tightness and, thanks to this, protect a person.

The filter media are made from cotton fabrics impregnated with special chemicals. A thin layer of impregnation envelops the threads of the fabric, and the space between them remains free. As a result, the air permeability of the material is mainly preserved, and the vapors of poisonous and toxic substances are retained when passing through the tissue. In some cases, neutralization occurs, and in others, sorption (absorption).

Structurally, these protective equipment, as a rule, are made in the form of jackets with hoods, semi-overalls and overalls. When put on, they provide significant overlapping areas of the articulation points of various elements.

For protection against SDYAV in the accident zone, mainly insulating-type protection means are used.

In non-military formations of the civil defense at the objects of the national economy, in units and formations of the civil defense, in the chemical troops and other special. For a long time, units of the Armed Forces have been equipped with such insulating skin protection equipment as a combined-arms protective kit, a light protective suit L-1, protective overalls

According to the principle of protective action, like respiratory protection, skin protection can be insulating or filtering.

The simplest means of skin protection.

As the simplest means of protecting human skin can be used primarily industrial clothing: jackets, trousers, overalls, robes with hoods, sewn in most cases from tarpaulin, fire-retardant or rubberized fabric, rough cloth. They are able not only to protect against contact with the skin of radioactive substances in accidents at nuclear power plants and other radiation hazardous facilities, but also from drops, vapors and aerosols of many SDYAV. Tarpaulin products, for example, protect against droplets of organic matter and SDYAV in winter up to 1 hour, in summer - up to 30 minutes.

Of the items of household clothing, raincoats and capes made of rubberized fabric or fabric covered with PVC film are most suitable for this purpose.

Winter things can also provide protection: coats made of coarse cloth or drape, quilted jackets, sheepskin coats, leather coats. These items can protect up to 2 hours. It all depends on the specific weather and other conditions, the concentration and state of aggregation of potent poisonous or toxic substances.

After appropriate training, other types of protection can also be provided. outerwear: tracksuits, jackets, especially leather, denim, raincoats made of waterproof fabric.

To protect your feet, it is best to use rubber boots for industrial or household use, rubber boots, galoshes. Rubber products are capable of not allowing droplet liquid agents and SDYAV to pass through for up to 3 - 6 hours.

You should wear rubber or leather gloves on your hands, you can use tarpaulin mittens.

In order for ordinary clothing to better protect against vapors and aerosols of SDYAV and OM, it must be soaked in a special solution. How is it done when preparing protective filter clothing (FFA). Only fabrics are to be impregnated. To impregnate one set of clothing and accessories to it (chest flap, hood, gloves, socks), 2.5 liters of solution is enough.

The impregnating solution can be prepared on the basis of aqueous synthetic detergents (OP-7, OP-10, "Novost", "Don", "Astra", etc.) used for washing clothes.

Insulating skin protection.

Insulating skin protection products are made of rubberized fabric and are used when people are staying for a long time in the contaminated area, when performing degassing and disinfection works in lesions and zones of infection

Designed to protect soldiers of gas rescue teams, emergency rescue teams and civil defense troops when performing work under conditions of exposure to high concentrations of gaseous SDYAV, nitric and sulfuric acids, as well as liquid ammonia.

Insulating chemical kit КИХ-4 (КИХ-5)

Appointment

Designed to protect rescuers of gas rescue teams, emergency rescue teams and civil defense troops when performing work in conditions of exposure to hazardous chemicals (chlorine, ammonia, nitric and sulfuric acids) with high concentrations.

Composition

The set includes: protective suit, rubber and cotton gloves. Protective suit of a sealed overalls with a hood, in the front part of which panoramic glass is glued. The trousers of the overalls are finished with stitched stockings made of rubberized material. Rubber boots are worn over them. The suit is put on and off through the hole on the back of the overalls, which is sealed by twisting the suit fabric. On the front side, the seams are sealed with adhesive tape.

Specifications

KIH-4 is used with one of the respiratory systems such as ASV-2, KIP-8, installed in the space under the suit.

KIH-5 is used with the IP-4MK insulating gas mask placed inside the suit. The exhausted air from under the suit flows into the atmosphere through the overpressure relief valve, which is located on the back of the hood. The kit is used by professional rescuers. It is worn over a service winter or summer clothes... At the end of the work, it is degassed by pouring water, followed by ventilation and air drying.

Specifications

Operational temperature range + (-) 400C;

Protective action time:

a) for gaseous chlorine and ammonia at a concentration of 1-2 g / m3 not more than 1 hour;

b) for liquid ammonia - no more than 2 minutes;

c) for nitric and sulfuric acids at a high concentration for about 10 minutes.

Resistance to degassing solutions - resistant;

Time of continuous execution of work of medium severity at temperatures below 250C - at least 40 minutes, above 250C - at least 20 minutes;

Multiplicity of application - at least 5 times;

Sizes - 49.53, 57th;

Weight without breathing apparatus - 5 kg.

Combined arms protective kit.

Consists of a shirt with a hood, trousers, stockings, gloves. The dimensions of the OZK are similar to those of the FIR. Weight is 5 kilograms. It is usually used for conducting radiation chemical and bacteriological reconnaissance, as well as for protecting personnel in conditions of chemical and bacteriological attack.

Light protective suit L-1.

Appointment

A lightweight protective suit is designed to protect against radioactive dust, chemical and bacteriological effects on humans.

Composition

Suit L-1 consists of:

Pants with galoshes, jackets with a hood;

Two pairs of three-fingered gloves;

Bags for storage and transportation.

Specifications

Suit L-1 is made of rubberized fabric T-15 or UNKL-3. On the sleeves of the jacket there are cuffs that securely fit the wrist both with and without gloves. L-1 is manufactured in three heights.

The suit does not protect against liquid chlorine and ammonia.

The dimensions of the L-1 are similar to those of the FIR. The mass of the L-1 is 3 kilograms.

Protective suit "Phoenix"

Appointment

Designed for the evacuation of personnel and visitors to organizations in the event of a fire, when the air is polluted with gaseous combustion products and to protect the respiratory system from 40 different hazardous chemicals.

Composition

The hood with the mask is worn on the head, has a built-in mouthpiece for breathing, and carbon dioxide does not accumulate under the mask, which allows to increase the time of using the hood.

Specifications

The hood is very lightweight, easy to handle and small in size. The time of guaranteed protection of the hood is 15-20 minutes. With a reserve "Phoenix" this time can be increased up to 40 minutes. It can be beneficial to electricians, plumbers. They can also be equipped with emergency gangs, fire services and facility formation.

The design of "Phoenix" is such that people of any age can freely use it, regardless of gender, hair length and even with glasses (without taking them off). The hood is very easy to use, you can unpack and put it on in a matter of seconds.

Protective suit "Korund"

Appointment

Protective suit "Korund" is designed to protect against radioactive dust, chemical and bacteriological effects on humans.

Composition

The protective suit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of:

Hooded jackets;

Semi-overalls with boots;

Two pairs of gloves.

Specifications

The fabric of the Korund suit has a higher mechanical strength and protective ability than fabrics such as T-15, beech, NMF. Despite being thinner, the overall suit weight and permeability is less than the L-1.

There is a rubber seal on the hood that allows you to put on and take off the gas mask without removing the hood. Due to the reliable fit of the gas mask obturator (GP-7V, GP-7VM, PFM-1) to the hood obturator, reliable sealing of the entire suit space is achieved. The bright blue color of the suit makes the rescuer working in it more visible against the background of the terrain, which makes it easier to monitor and locate him if necessary.

The suit is available in three heights: up to 166 cm, from 166-176 cm and over 176 cm.

Anti-plague suit "Quartz"

Appointment

The set of personal protective equipment is designed to protect the respiratory organs and skin of employees of laboratories and institutions engaged in the study and treatment of especially dangerous infectious diseases, as well as medical and sanitary personnel of anti-plague services.

Composition

The kit includes:

Helmet with panoramic glass

Half mask with speaking diaphragm and valve system

Overalls made of dustproof viscose-polyester fabric

Rubber shoe covers with rubberized fabric shaft

Filter box FSU-MB.

Specifications

The set can be used as a protective filtering clothing and in the formations of GO (taking into account the fact that instead of the standard FSU, the GP-5 or GP-7k box will be used). It is easy to use, reliable in operation, provides a high degree of protection of the respiratory system and skin, which is confirmed by the practice of use in infectious diseases clinics. Suit retains protective properties after repeated disinfection (decontamination, disinfection).

Respiratory protection degree: microbial aerosol permeability coefficient - Кпр = 1 * 10-50%.

Skin protection degree: microbial aerosol permeability coefficient - Кпр = 1 * 10-2%.

The set is available in two types - male and female, the sizes correspond to the sizes of the clothes.

Protective filter clothing - ZFO

Appointment

Protective filtering clothing is designed to protect human skin from exposure to light radiation from nuclear

explosion, radioactive dust and bacterial aerosols.

Composition

She is a jumpsuit made of thick fabric with a hood and elastic bands on the sleeves and pants. The ends of the sleeves and legs are double - for dressing in gloves (mittens) and high shoes.

Specifications

To protect against AHOV, the jumpsuit is impregnated with a special paste, but at the same time it provides lesser degree protection than L-1 and "Corundum". It is much more convenient to work in it due to the fact that it “breathes”, i.e. the heated excess humid air is removed from the undersuit space. Complete with a respirator R-2 (U-2K), the suit is ideal for work in conditions of radioactive contamination. In addition, it is much cheaper than other similar products. A suit is made according to the size of ordinary clothes.

Gas and smoke protection kit (GDZK)

Appointment

The gas and smoke protection kit (GDZK) is designed to protect the respiratory organs, skin of the face and eyes of a person from smoke, carbon monoxide and other toxic gases generated during a fire.

Composition

The GDZK set consists of a fire-resistant hood with a transparent viewing film. It has an elastic, stretchable cuff at the bottom. The hood is hermetically connected to the half-mask, in the cuff of which the filter-sorbing cartridge is fixed. The headband, adjustable in two points, ensures a snug fit of the half mask to the face.

Specifications

The gas and smoke protection suit can be used in all climatic zones of Russia. It retains its protective properties at t 60 C, as well as with a short-term (up to 2 minutes) exposure to t 100 C. The available filter-sorbing cartridge reduces the concentration within 15 minutes: mg / m

Carbon monoxide - from 12800 to 620;

Hydrogen cyanide - from 482 to 3.5;

Hydrogen chloride - from 1610 to 6.5.

After passing through the filtering and sorbing cartridge, the content of these gases in the inhaled air decreases by at least 20 times. In addition, it is able to protect against the following hazardous chemicals at their concentration, mg / m:

Ammonia - not more than 380;

Nitric oxide - not more than 410;

Sulfur dioxide - not higher than 286;

Hydrogen fluoride - not more than 890;

Hydrogen bromide - not more than 3620;

Inlet resistance at constant air flow and its consumption - no more than 149 Pa (15mm water column). It is necessary to store GDZK in dry rooms at temperatures from -20 to +40 C.

The guaranteed shelf life is 3 years.

Weight - 800 g.

Skin protection filtering agents.

Filtration means are made of material impregnated with special compounds that ensure the neutralization or sorption of hazardous chemicals.

These include:

Filtering protective clothing FZO -MP;

Protective filtering clothing ZFO-58;

Anti-alkaline acid suits (PDA);

Combined arms protective suit (OZK), etc.

All of them are used in combination with filtering gas masks.

FZO-MP set

Appointment

Designed to protect the skin from various AHOV and prevents the penetration of their vapors to the skin of a person (rescuer).

Composition

The FZO-MP set includes:

Two-layer hooded jacket and trousers;

Coarse calico linen (jacket and trousers);

Combined gloves;

Rubber boots.

The upper layer of the jacket and trousers is made of cotton-polyester fabric with acid-proof impregnation. The lower (inner, chemical protective) is made of cotton fabric with a protective impregnation, which binds the vapors of the active chemical hazard.

Specifications

Kit weight - 4 kg.

Operating temperature range - + (minus) 300 С.

The permissible number of washes is 12.

The time of protective action at a concentration of toxic substances of 0.1 mg / l is 150 minutes.

Clothing sizes - 49.53.57.

A set of protective filtering clothing ZFO-58.

Appointment

Designed to protect the skin from vapors of various hazardous chemicals.

Composition

The FZO - 58 set includes underwear, a comforter, two pairs of footcloths.

Specifications

ZFO-58 can be used for rescue operations in the accident cordon zones. Used with a filtering gas mask. Available in three sizes:

The first one for people up to 160 cm tall;

The second is 160 - 170 cm;

The third is above 170 cm.

Protection of human skin from the effects of toxic substances in a vapor state. The kit also provides protection against radioactive dust and aerosolized bacterial agents.

Protective suit KZS (suit KZS)

Designed to increase the level of protection of the skin, from burns of SIYAV when worn over OKZK (OKZK-M, OKZK-D), uniforms, special clothing made of fire-retardant and ordinary fabrics, as well as to protect them from thermal destruction.

The KZS suit can also be used as a camouflage device. The KZS suit is a means of protection for occasional wear. GLC suits contaminated with droplet-liquid 0V, as a rule, do not degas, but are destroyed (buried in the ground).

The jacket with a hood and trousers of the KZS suit are made of mesh fabric treated with a fire-retardant formulation with a camouflage coloring. The hood of the jacket has increased dimensions and allows you to put it on in a "combat" position over hats, a steel helmet of all types of gas masks and, if necessary, cover your face. To fix the hood on the head, there is a front braid. The sleeves of the jacket allow you to completely cover the hands and protect them from direct exposure to SIYAV. Straight-cut trousers are worn over boots. To fasten the trousers on the belt and tops of the boots, the bottom and top of them are pulled together with an elastic cord. The trousers have slots for using the pockets of the trousers under them.

Protection up to a certain level of OKZK (OKZK-M, OKZK-D), uniforms and special clothing from thermal destruction is achieved by shielding them with a KZS suit from the direct impact of SIYAV. After that, the KZS suit is destroyed (charred) and is not suitable for further use.

The jacket with a hood and trousers of the KZS suit are marked on the sewn-in fabric labels: the first line - the name of the manufacturer; the second line is height; the third line is the batch number; the fourth line is the year of manufacture; the fifth line is the product grade. The labels are sewn in at the bottom of the left side of the jacket and in the waist of the trousers.

The selection of suits for the KZS is carried out according to the height of the soldier: the first height is for military personnel up to 166 cm in height; the second is from 166 to 178 cm; the third is from 179 cm and above.

Upon receipt of the KZS suit, it is necessary to check its completeness, the integrity of the material, seams and elastic cord. If the suit is found to be faulty, repair or replace it. A properly selected suit should not hinder movement.

Medical remedies.

In the complex of protective measures carried out by GO, it is of great importance to provide the population with means of special prophylaxis and first honey. help, as well as training in the rules for using them. The use of medical personal protective equipment in combination with respiratory and skin PPE is one of the main ways to protect people in conditions of the enemy's use of weapons mass destruction, as well as in an emergency in peacetime. Considering that in a difficult environment it is necessary to provide prevention and the first honey. help in the shortest possible time, the use of medical devices in the form of self-help and mutual assistance is of particular importance.

Personal protective equipment is medications, materials and special means, intended for use in emergency situations in order to prevent damage or reduce the effect of exposure to damaging factors and prevent complications.

The role of training in the use of personal protective equipment.

The severity of physical activity when using the SIZK depends on the type of hostilities:

• rest - rest, sleep;

Light - march on moving weapons and military equipment, radio communications, the work of operators, computers, headquarters specialists, etc.;

· Medium - march on foot (speed 4–5 km / h), operations of rocketry calculations in combat positions, repair of weapons and military equipment, driving military equipment over rough terrain, carrying out special processing of weapons and military equipment and property;

· Moderately heavy - attack with shooting, rolling guns manually, actions of artillery crews, carrying out rescue operations;

Very heavy - march, engineering equipment of terrain and crossings, laying of cable communication lines (manually), walking in wooded and swampy terrain, etc.

The maximum operating time at elevated temperatures is the time when exceeding which 80% of servicemen can develop heatstrokes, incapacitating personnel for a long time (up to 5 days) and, in some cases, leading to death.

Motor activity in protective clothing and a gas mask is significantly hampered, mainly due to the complication of the heat transfer process, as a result of which, at a high external temperature, conditions are created for overheating of the body. Thus, muscle work in protective clothing and a gas mask under unfavorable environmental conditions may be accompanied by a violation of the processes of heat regulation and, consequently, a disorder of other body functions, which causes a sharp decrease in motor capacity.

Special studies have established that under the action of personnel in protective clothing and a gas mask at an air temperature above + 35 ° C, a sharp decrease in endurance is observed, as a result of a severe violation of the most important functions of the body.

Without special training, even servicemen well acclimatized to the hot climate in protective clothing and a gas mask are not able to cover a distance of more than 2 km under these conditions. Further movement in protective clothing and a gas mask may cause severe fainting.

Particularly noteworthy is the fact that in the process of a march in protective clothing and a gas mask at high air temperatures, running has an extremely adverse effect on the body. Already after the first attempt at running at the beginning of the march, a sharp deterioration in the state of the organism sets in, and soon the further implementation of motor activity in these conditions becomes impossible.

Moving in protective clothing and a gas mask at moderate air temperatures is more favorable than in high air temperatures. Studies have shown that at an outside air temperature of minus 7 ° - plus 10 ° C, most of the participants in the movement in protective clothing and a gas mask finish the 5 km march in a satisfactory condition.

However, even at moderate external temperatures, movement in protective clothing and a gas mask, carried out without special training, is accompanied by significant shifts in motor ability.

Conducting a special marching training in protective clothing and a gas mask in a hot climate showed that in a relatively short time (7-9 lessons) it is possible to achieve high level endurance "to movement in protective clothing and a gas mask at a high external temperature. If at the beginning of the training period, participants in movement in protective clothing and a gas mask in a desert climate with an air temperature higher than + 34 C could walk only 2 km, then after 7-9 training sessions they traveled 4-5 km, with a significant improvement in many functions of the body.

Significant improvement in higher nervous activity at the end of the training period is indicative, which manifested itself in an adequate assessment of the surrounding reality, the absence of memory disorders and the presence of a greater balance of excitatory and inhibitory processes.

After a 5 km march in protective clothing and a gas mask at an air temperature of + 10 ° C and a 5-kilometer ski run in protective clothing and a gas mask at an air temperature of minus 5-7 ° C, less pronounced changes in various body functions are observed than when operating in protective clothing and a gas mask in conditions of high external temperature.

The nature of functional shifts in this case largely depends on the degree of training of the personnel to perform long-term muscular work of moderate intensity.

Based on the high requirements for the human body during actions and protective clothing and a gas mask, it should be considered necessary "" to conduct a special training before the start of training sessions in protective clothing and a gas mask in making accelerated movements at a distance of 5 to 30 km in normal uniforms and with the use of running in a gas mask. Training in accelerated movement using running in a gas mask will allow in a short time to achieve a high level of endurance for intense and prolonged physical activity.

The most important feature movement in protective clothing and a gas mask is the difficulty of running in conditions of high external temperature. Therefore, when training personnel to move in protective clothing and a gas mask at an air temperature of more than plus 30 ° C at the beginning of the training period, running should be completely excluded. The possibility of using at the same time running in more later periods training requires special study.

The main means of training for movement in protective clothing and a gas mask in conditions of high external temperatures is walking. Great importance when walking in protective clothing and a gas mask, has a walking pace and duration.

The optimal cadence in the first days of training is walking at a pace of no more than 60 steps per minute.

The determination of the duration of movement in protective clothing and a gas mask at the initial stage of training should be strictly coordinated with the well-being of the trainees. At the first training sessions, the walking distance in protective clothing and a gas mask at an air temperature of plus 30 ° C should not exceed 1000 m.

When training in accelerated movements in protective clothing and a gas mask in conditions of moderate external temperature, along with walking, it is possible to use jogging, and in the first stages of training, more space should be given to walking. At the same time, the mode with frequent changes of running and walking is most easily transferred. High efficiency is observed when alternating walking and running every 50-100 m.Apparently, the relative ease of movement with frequent changes in walking and running in protective clothing and a gas mask is due to the prevention of overheating of the body and the possibility of some restoration of altered functions during periods of decreased intensity of motor activity. that is, while walking.

The increase in the load in the process of training personnel to move in protective clothing and a gas mask should be strictly gradual.

The dosage of the load during training for actions in protective clothing and a gas mask in conditions of high external temperatures is achieved by changing the cadence and distance of movement.

The pace of movement in the final period of training in a high external temperature should not exceed 100 steps per minute. The optimal cadence, according to our data, is in the range of 80-100 steps per minute.

Faster walking in protective clothing and a gas mask in conditions of high external temperature leads to significant overheating of the body and a sharp decrease in motor ability.

With a rational organization of the training process, it is possible in a relatively short time (7-9 sessions) to achieve a significant increase in endurance for movement in protective clothing and a gas mask under adverse external conditions. At the same time, in persons who have reached a high level of endurance for movement in protective clothing and a gas mask at a high external temperature, significant shifts in various functions can be found during this period (increased atrioventricular conduction, accelerated ROE, pronounced process of leukocytolysis, etc.). This indicates that the body has not yet fully adapted to this load. Therefore, the period of special training of personnel for movement in protective clothing and a gas mask can be longer than the time of preparation for accelerated movement in ordinary uniforms.

It is advisable to carry out training sessions in protective clothing and a gas mask as part of small units (department, calculation, etc.). This makes it easier for the leader (commander) to closely monitor the condition of the trainees.

conclusions

Provision of personnel and population with PPE and practical training in the correct use and use of these means is an important milestone in a complex of protective measures. The whole complex of these measures is aimed at minimizing the likelihood of losses and damage in possible accidents and emergencies in peace and wartime. Not knowing the basics of civil defense does not exempt from the consequences of an accident, and knowledge of them helps to prevent it or minimize the unpleasant consequences of such. Task federal bodies executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities Russian Federation, local government, civil defense and emergency situations management bodies to ensure the accumulation of the required amount of personal protective equipment and the timeliness of their issuance to the population in the event of an emergency.

TEST PROBLEMS

1. To prevent thermal shock when using OZK, the following is applied:

Answer - 1. Protection by time;

2. Insulating-type skin protection includes:

Answer - 1. OZK;

3. A means of protection for the skin of constant wear in war time applies:

Answer - 3.OKZK - M;

4. Protective mesh kit (KZS) - protects against:

Answer - 4. Light emission;

5. Filter-type skin protection products include:

The answer is 2. OKZK-M

Bibliography:

1.Emelyanov V.M., Kokhanov V.N., Nekrasov P.A. Protection of the population and territories in emergency situations. - M .: Academic project, 2003.

2.A. I. Yarotsky, lecture "Peculiarities of movement in protective clothing and gas mask."

3. Emergency situations: protection of the population and territory. Tutorial, S.A. Bobok, V.I. Yurtushkin. Moscow, 2000.

4. Protection of objects of the national economy from weapons of mass destruction. Directory, / G.P. Demidenko, E.P. Kuzmenko, P.P. Orlov et al., Kiev, 1989.

5.Atamanyuk V.G. civil defense, Moscow, 1986.

6. Manual for the operation of personal protective equipment, part 3, Moscow 1988.

7.Zyuzin V.S. Protection of personnel and population from SDYAV at a chemically hazardous facility.

8. Emergency situations and protection from them. Compiled by A. Bondarenko. Moscow, 1998.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)- these are various devices and devices, special clothing and medicines intended to prevent or reduce the harmful effects on humans of radioactive, poisonous and bacterial agents, some harmful environmental factors and production conditions. PPE includes respiratory protection, skin protection and medical supplies personal protection.

RESPIRATORY AND SKIN PROTECTORS according to the principle of protective action, they are divided into filtering and insulating. Filtering protective equipment helps to remove harmful impurities from the outside air and makes it breathable. Insulating protection means completely eliminate the use of outside air and protect against harmful impurities contained in it.

Respiratory protection means are designed to protect a person from the ingestion of harmful substances (RV, OV, BS). These include: filtering civil and industrial gas masks, isolating gas masks and apparatus, respirators and simple devices.

ANTI-GASES are designed to protect the respiratory system, face and eyes of a person from harmful impurities in the air. Filtering civilian gas masks: GP-5, GP-5M, GP-7, GP-7V - for adults, PDF-Sh, PDF-2Sh - for children from 7 to 17 years old, PDF-D, PDF-2D - for children from 1.5 to 7 years old and protective cameras for children KZD-4, KZD-6 - for children up to 1.5 years old. The protective effect of the filter element depends on the type of OM, its concentration in the air and the intensity of respiration. The longest protective action against mustard gas (tens of hours), the least in relation to hydrocyanic acid. Gas masks equipped with a GP-7K box can be used to protect against radioactive iodine and its organic compounds.

In order to expand the protective capabilities of civilian gas masks, additional cartridges DPG-1 and DPG-3. DPG-3 increases the effectiveness of protection against ammonia, chlorine, dimethylaminonitrobenzene, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, hydrocyanic acid, tetraethyl lead, phenol, furfural, hydrogen chloride, cyanogen chloride and ethyl mercaptan. DPG-1, in addition, protects against nitrogen dioxide, methyl chloride, carbon monoxide and ethylene oxide. The hopcalite loading of the DPG-1 cartridge oxidizes carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The protective effect of the cartridge is 2 hours on average. If the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air is higher than 12%, the protective effect is reduced.

Isolating gas masks IP-4, IP-5 are used in cases where filtering masks do not provide protection (very high concentrations of SDYAV), with a lack of oxygen in the air (less than 16%) and when working underwater at a depth of 7 m. Their most important parts are a chamber filled with clean air and a special regenerative cartridge. The latter allows you to enrich the exhaled air with oxygen and use it for breathing many times. Insulating gas masks include oxygen insulating devices KIP-7 and KIP-8, in which a supply of compressed air or oxygen is used for breathing. In this case, the exhaled air is not reused, but is released through the valve into the atmosphere.

RESPIRATORS designed to protect the respiratory system from radioactive and other harmful dust (R-2, ShB-1 ("Petal") - for adults, R-2D - for children). Special types of respirators ("Astra-2", RP-K, RPG-67) also protect against some slightly toxic industrial gases and volatile liquids: ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, gasoline, acetone. For this purpose, they have a replaceable filter cartridge.

TO THE SIMPLEST RESPIRATORY PROTECTION include an anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1 and a cotton-gauze bandage. Designed to protect the respiratory system from radioactive and other harmful dust. Poisonous substances are not protected from vapors and gases. Produced by the population independently.

SKIN PROTECTORS are divided into special (service) and henchmen. Special ones protect against toxic and radioactive substances, bacterial agents. According to the principle of operation, they are divided into isolating and filtering.

Insulating means of skin protection (protective suit L-1, protective overalls and general protective kit) are made of airtight materials, usually elastic and frost-resistant rubberized fabric. They are used when people are staying for a long time in contaminated areas, when performing work on decontamination, degassing and disinfection.

Skin protection filtering means are clothing (overalls) impregnated with special chemical compositions... A set of protective filter clothing ( sport suit, working overalls, hood, gloves, socks) protects the skin of a person from radioactive dust and exposure to OM, which are in a vaporous and aerosol state. A means of protection can be ordinary clothing made of fabric materials, if it is soaked in a soap-oil emulsion (2.5 liters per set) or a synthetic detergent used for washing clothes.

The simplest means of skin protection include raincoats and capes made of PVC and rubberized fabrics, coats of drape, leather, rough cloth. They protect well from radioactive dust and bacterial agents, they can protect against droplets of organic matter within 5-10 minutes, with humidification - 40-50 minutes. To protect your feet, rubber boots, felt boots and leather shoes with galoshes are recommended. If they are absent, the shoes should be wrapped in thick paper, and on top with a cloth. You can use rubber, leather, canvas gloves or mittens to protect your hands, and a hood to protect your head and neck.

It should be remembered that all these funds are used in conjunction with gas masks and are worn in a non-contaminated area.

MEDICAL DEVICES FOR PERSONAL PROTECTION are designed to provide first aid in emergencies. These include an individual dressing package, an individual first-aid kit AI-2, an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8, IPP-9, IPP-10).

PACKAGE BANDAGING INDIVIDUAL It is used to apply primary dressings to wounds.

FIRST AID KIT AI-2 is designed to provide assistance in case of injuries and burns, to prevent and weaken the effect of agents, bacterial agents and ionizing radiation. The first-aid kit is a plastic box with dimensions 90 * 100 * 20 mm, in which various medical supplies are distributed over the nests.

The rules for using AI-2 and the norms for taking medications are set out in the instructions accompanying the first-aid kit.

The dosage of drugs for children under 8 years old is 1/4, from 8 to 15 years, 1/2 the dose of an adult. This applies to all of the listed medicines, except radioprotective agent N2 and pain relievers given in full.

INDIVIDUAL CHEMICAL PACKAGE (IPP) is intended for disinfection of droplet-liquid substances that have fallen on open areas of the body, clothing, personal protective equipment and tools.

In the absence of PPIs, ordinary gauze, cotton wool and homemade degassing solutions of the following composition are used: a mixture of a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with a 3% solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), taken in equal volumes; a mixture of a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 150 g of silicate office glue per 1 liter of the mixture. You can also use ammonia for this purpose.

If all of the above means are not available, the OM drops can be removed with paper or cloth swabs. Then treat parts of the body or clothing with plain soap and water. The greatest effect in this case is achieved if no more than 15 minutes have elapsed since the OM drops hit the skin or clothing.