Personal protective equipment for skin. Skin protection means, special skin protection means - personal protective equipment

Means of skin protection, along with protection from vapors and droplets of organic substances, protect exposed areas of the body, clothing, shoes and equipment from contamination with radioactive substances and biological agents. In addition, they completely trap the a-particles and significantly weaken the effect of the b-particles.

According to the principle of protective action, skin protection products are divided into isolating and filtering.

Insulating skin protectors are made from airtight materials, usually from a special elastic and frost-resistant rubberized fabric. They can be airtight and leaky. Hermetic means cover the whole body and protect from vapors and droplets of organic matter, leaking means protect only from droplets of organic matter.

Insulating skin protection includes a general protective kit and special protective clothing.

Filtering means of skin protection are made in the form of cotton uniforms and linen, impregnated with special chemicals... Impregnation with a thin layer envelops the threads of the fabric, and the gaps between the threads remain free; as a result, the air permeability of the material is mainly preserved, and the OM vapors are absorbed when the infected air passes through the tissue.

The filtering means for protecting the skin can be ordinary clothes and linen, if they are soaked, for example, with a soap-oil emulsion.

Isolating skin protection - general protective gear and special protective clothing - are intended primarily for protection personnel formations of GO when working on contaminated areas.

The combined arms protective kit consists of a protective raincoat, protective stockings and protective gloves.

The protective raincoat of the set has two floors, sides, sleeves, a hood, as well as straps, ribbons and fasteners, allowing the raincoat to be used in different options... The fabric of the raincoat provides protection from poisonous, radioactive substances and bacterial agents, as well as from light radiation. The weight of the protective coat is about 1.6 kg.

Protective raincoats are made in five sizes: the first is for people up to 165 cm in height, the second is from 165 to 170 cm, the third is from 170 to 175 cm, the fourth is from 175 to 180 cm and the fifth is over 180 cm.

Protective gloves - rubber, with seals made of impregnated fabric (fabric impregnated with special compounds that increase its protective ability from OM vapors) are of two types: summer and winter. Summer gloves are five-fingered, winter gloves are two-fingered, have a warmed insert fastened with buttons. Protective gloves weight approx. 350 g.

Protective stockings are made of rubberized fabric. Their soles are reinforced with tarpaulin or rubber osoyuzka. Stockings with tarpaulin stitching have two or three straps for attaching to the leg and one strap for attaching to the waist belt; stockings with a rubber osoyuzka are attached to the legs with straps, and to the waist belt - with a ribbon. The weight of the protective stockings is 0.8-1.2 kg. When operating in contaminated areas, a protective raincoat is used in the form of an overalls.

To the special protective clothing include: a lightweight protective suit, a protective overalls, a protective suit consisting of a jacket and trousers, and a protective apron.

Lightweight protective suit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of a shirt with a hood 1, trousers 2, sewn together with stockings, two-fingered gloves 3 and a comforter 4. In addition, the suit set includes a bag 5 and a spare pair of gloves. The weight of the protective suit is about 3 kg.

The suits are made in three sizes: the first is for people up to 165 cm in height, the second is from 165 to 172 cm, and the third is above 172 cm.

Protective overalls are made of rubberized fabric. It consists of trousers, jacket and hood sewn into one piece. The coveralls are made in three sizes, corresponding to the sizes indicated for the lightweight protective suit.

The overalls are used together with a comforter, gloves and rubber boots. Rubber boots are made from 41 to 46 sizes. The rubber gloves are all the same size with five fingers.

The weight of a protective overalls complete with boots, gloves and a comforter is about 6 kg.

A protective suit, consisting of a jacket and trousers, differs from a protective overalls only in that its component parts are made separately. The set of the suit includes rubber gloves, boots and a comforter.

Filtering means of skin protection include a set of filtering clothes from the Western Federal District, consisting of a cotton overalls, men's underwear, a cotton comforter and two pairs of cotton footcloths.

Along with filtering and isolating skin protection products, available skin protection products are also used.

Questions for self-test:

1. Basic principles and methods of protecting the population in the event of emergencies.

2. Individual and collective funds protection.

3. Classification of protective structures.

Literature:

1. Yu.G. Afanasyev, A.G. Ovcharenko, S.L. Rusko, L.I. Trutneva. civil defense.

LITERATURE

1. Denisov V.V., Denisova I.A., Gutenev V.V., Montvila O.I. Life safety. Protection of the population and territories during emergency situations: Textbook. allowance. - Moscow: ICC "Mart", Rostov n / a: Publishing center "Mart", 2003. - 608 p.

2. Kruglov V.A. Protection of the population and economic facilities in emergency situations. Radiation safety / V.A. Kruglov, S.P. Babovoz, V.N. Pilipchuk and others / Ed. V.A. Kruglov. - Minsk: Amalfeya, 2003 .-- 368 p.

3. Ecology and life safety: Textbook. manual for universities / D.A. Krivoshein, L.A. Ant, N.N. Roeva and others; Ed. L.A. Ant. - M .: UNITI-DANA, 2000 .-- 447 s

4. For the preparation of this work were used materials from the site bti.secna.ru/

5. Yu.G. Afanasyev, A.G. Ovcharenko, S.L. Rasko, L.I. Trutneva

6. Arustamov E. A. Life safety. - M., 1998

7. Steblyuk M.I. Civil defense. - K .: 1994.

8. Meshkov N. M. Fundamentals of naval training civil courts- M .: 1989

9. Law on Civil Defense of Ukraine, 1993

© Viktor Ivanovich Bereznev, Senior Lecturer, SEU Departments

Lecture notes on the discipline "Civil Defense" for full-time students and part-time students of the direction 6.070104 "Sea and river transport" of the specialty "Operation of ship power plants"

Circulation ______ copies. Signed to print ___________

Order No. _______ Volume 4.7 pp.

Publisher: "Kerch State Marine Technological University"

98309, Kerch, st. Ordzhonikidze 82.

Purpose of the lesson

1. Get an idea of ​​the purpose and use of funds individual protection skin (SIZK).

2. Get acquainted with the main types of personal skin protection.

Duration of the lesson - 2 hours

Lesson plan and methodology

1. Introductory speech of the teacher - 10 min.

2. Getting to know modern means personal skin protection, medical personal protective equipment - 60 min.

3. Solving situational tasks - 10 min.

4. Control of the acquired material in the form of an interview -10 min.

Equipment of the lesson

1. GOST SSBT 12.4.011-85 "Protective equipment for workers. General requirements and classification ".

2. GN 2.2.5.686-98 "Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area."

3. Samples of personal protective equipment.

4. A centimeter ruler.

5. Stacked "".

Target questions

1. List the main damaging factors of hazardous chemicals that can affect the skin of the rescuer (worker) in an accident at chemically hazardous objects.

2. What groups (types) are subdivided (according to the principle of action) means of individual skin protection? Give examples.

3. What are protective ointments, pastes, creams, cleaners used for? How many groups of these protective equipment(drugs) Do you know? What are the features of the use of each of the groups?

4. List the main medical personal protective equipment. What are they for?

Tentative basics when studying the topic

Justification of the need for the use of PPE in the conditions of action of hazardous chemicals Most of AHOV possesses resorptive (complex) properties of damage to the human body, acting by inhalation (through the respiratory system) and through the skin. The main damage to the skin of people in accidents at chemically hazardous facilities (COO) can occur as a result of exposure to the liquid phase of hazardous chemicals and thermal radiation during fires.

According to the levels of damaging factors in the conditions of the release (strait) of hazardous chemicals, the territory around the object can be conditionally represented in the form of three hazard zones. Each of them is characterized by striking concentrations of toxic substances, the duration of their exposure, the presence of a liquid phase and an open fire flame.

The first zone is the most dangerous in terms of high concentrations of hazardous chemicals. Here, they can be doused in a liquid phase, the effect of an open flame and thermal radiation. The zone has a radius of up to 250 m from the source of infection.

The second zone is less dangerous, the concentration of hazardous chemicals is approximately two to three orders of magnitude lower than the maximum possible, the effect of the liquid phase, fire and heat radiation is unlikely. But toxic substances can be in a droplet-liquid state (due to the condensation of their vapors and emissions over long distances). It is also possible to spray with a jet of liquid. This zone covers the previous one and has a radius of 1000 m and more from the source of infection.

In the third zone, the concentration of hazardous chemicals is four to five orders of magnitude lower than the maximum possible. It can be removed at a distance of 1000 m or more from the source of infection.

Thus, in case of accidents at HOO in the first and second zones, it is necessary to protect the human skin from the damaging effects of hazardous chemicals. It is in them that work is carried out to eliminate the source and the consequences of accidents.

Personal protective equipment for the skin, depending on their protective properties, are divided, like gas masks, into filtering and insulating.

Filtering means are made of material impregnated with special compounds that neutralize or sorb AHOV vapors. These include:

Filtering protective clothing FZO-MP;

Protective filtering clothing ZFO-58;

Anti-alkaline acid suits (PDA);

Combined Arms Protective Kit (OZK).

All of them are used in combination with filtering gas masks.

FZO-MP kit - used to protect the skin from various AHOV. It protects against the penetration of their vapors to the skin of a person (rescuer) and includes: a two-layer jacket with a hood and trousers, a coarse calico linen layer (jacket and trousers); combined gloves; rubber-textile boots.

The upper layer of the jacket and trousers is made of cotton and lavsan fabric with acid-proof impregnation. The lower (inner - chemical protective) is made of cotton fabric with a protective impregnation that binds the vapors of the acting AHOV.

Technical characteristics of FZO-MP:

Kit weight - 4 kg;

Operating temperature range - ± 30 "С;

The permissible number of washes - 12;

The time of protective action at a concentration of toxic substances of 0.1 mg / l - 150 min;

Sizes - 49, 53.57th.

ZFO-58 set - is used to protect the skin from vapors of various hazardous chemicals. It includes underwear, a comforter, two pairs of footcloths. It can be used when carrying out rescue operations in the accident cordon zones. Used in combination with a filtering gas mask. Available in three sizes: the first is for people up to 160 cm in height, the second is from 160 to 170 cm, and the third is above 170 cm.

KPK set - designed to work with sodium hydroxide (with a concentration of up to 35%) and acid solutions (with a concentration of up to 22%). It can be used to protect against high concentrations of hazardous chemicals vapor. It includes: a jacket with trousers, a helmet-mask, a hat, boots, gloves. PDA elements are made of one-sided rubberized fabric. Available in two sizes - small and large.

OZK set - can be used to protect rescuers, personnel of troops and civil defense formations leading rescue work... It includes: a jacket with trousers, a comforter, a cap with a visor, a protective shirt and underpants, protective stockings and gloves, a protective raincoat. Its weight is 3 kg.

Insulating skin protection. Their material is covered with special films that do not allow liquid and gaseous hazardous chemicals to pass through. These funds are widely used in the conduct of rescue and other urgent work in the outbreaks of chi-

in the event of liquidation of the consequences of the release of toxic substances.

The domestic industry produces the following kits:

Insulating chemical КИХ-4 (КИХ-5);

Protective emergency KZA;

Ventilated under suit space 4-20;

Protective ointments, pastes, creams, cleaners.

The KIH-4 (KIH-5) set is designed to protect rescuers of gas rescue teams, emergency rescue teams and civil defense troops when performing work in conditions of exposure to hazardous chemicals (chlorine, ammonia, nitric and sulfuric acids) with high concentrations. The set includes a protective suit, rubber and cotton gloves.

Protective suit of a sealed overalls with a hood, in the front part of which panoramic glass is glued. The trousers of the overalls are finished with stitched stockings made of rubberized material. Rubber boots are put on over them. The suit is put on and off through the hole on the back of the overalls, which is sealed by twisting the suit fabric. On the front side, the seams are sealed with adhesive tape.

KIH-4 is used with one of the respiratory systems such as ASV-2, KIP-8, installed in the space under the suit.

The KIH-5 is used with the IP-4 MK insulating gas mask placed inside the suit. Exhaled air from under

the suit is released into the atmosphere through the overpressure relief valve, which is located on the back of the hood.

The kit is used by professional rescuers. It is worn over a service winter or summer clothes... At the end of the work, it is degassed by pouring water over it, followed by ventilation and air drying.

The main characteristics of the KIH-5:

Weight (without breathing apparatus) - 5 kg;

Operational temperature range - ± 40 ° С;

Protective action time:

For gaseous chlorine and ammonia at a concentration of 1-2 g / m3 - more than 1 hour;

For liquid ammonia - more than 2 minutes; for nitric and sulfuric acids at high concentration - about 10 minutes;

Resistance to degassing solutions - resistant;

The time of continuous execution of work of medium severity at a temperature below 25 ° С - less than 40 minutes, above 25 ° С - less than 20 minutes;

Multiplicity of application - at least 5 times;

Dimensions - 49.53.57th.

The emergency protective kit (KZA) is designed for complex protection against short-term exposure to open flame, heat radiation and some gaseous hazardous chemicals (for example, hydrogen sulfide). Used by rescuers in the conduct of rescue and other urgent work

near a flame source exposed to hydrogen sulfide. Provides protection of the skin and respiratory organs during fires in gas condensate oil fields. Includes two suits (heat-protective and heat-reflective), boots with shoe covers, three-fingered mittens.

The heat-protective suit is made of non-woven heat-resistant fabric (ATMF-1 phenylone) lined with cotton material in the form of a jumpsuit with a zipper in the front and a cover for the breathing apparatus on the back. Heat-reflective - from a metallized lavsan film of heat-resistant material (asbestos-phenylone fabric AFT-1) in the form of a sealed overalls with a stitched hood. In the front part there is a metal frame with inserted polycarbonate glasses. It is worn over a heat shield.

KZA is put on work overalls made of cotton fabric. It is used with an autonomous breathing system, a compressed air breathing apparatus (ASV-2, KIP-8), placed in the space under the suit.

Main characteristics of KZA:

Weight (without breathing apparatus) - 6.88 kg;

Protective action time: - from gaseous hydrogen sulphide

50 minutes; - from an open flame - 5 s;

From infrared radiation with a power of 20 kW / m -10 min;

Time of continuous execution of heavy work -30 min;

Guaranteed safety of protective equipment during operation - double use;

Sizes - 49, 51, 53rd.

Protective insulating kit with ventilated under-space space Ch ~ 20 - designed to protect the respiratory system and human skin from gaseous and liquid droplets of hazardous chemicals. It is used in the conduct of rescue and other urgent work in the elimination of the consequences of accidents and disasters. Its composition: a sealed overalls with removable rubber ankle boots; removable hood with a mask glued into the front part (MHP or M-8); gloves; vest; liner. The jumpsuit and hood are made of rubberized fabric. Cleaning and supply of air for breathing and ventilation of the undersuit space is carried out by means of a special unit located under the overalls. This unit consists of a power supply unit (charged through a charger from the mains), a micro fan and a gas mask box. The set is put on underwear. After use, it is disinfected by pouring water over it.

Key Features 4-20:

Weight - 6.88 kg;

Time of protective action -6 hours;

Operational temperature range - 8-55 ° С;

The volume of the supplied air per unit of time -1.5 l / s;

Time of continuous performance of work: - medium-heavy -6 hours, heavy -1 hour;

Multiplicity of disinfection -10 times;

Sizes - 49, 51, 53rd.

The set is packed in a bag made of rubberized fabric.

Protective ointments, pastes. Creams. Cleaners. The main purpose of using such drugs is to create a reliable barrier between the skin and irritants acting on it (AHOV). According to their purpose and physical and chemical properties, they are divided into three groups.

The first of them combines products that protect the skin of the hands from water, solutions of acids, alkalis, salts, water and soda-oil emulsions, chemical products, etc. These drugs are not wetted with water and do not dissolve in it (hydrophobic drugs). These include:

Silicone hand cream (TU 47-7-117 K / 75), which protects the skin from water, aqueous solutions of salts, acids, alkalis, etc .;

Paste IER-2 (FS 42-9572), which is an alloy of paraffin (20%), ceserin (15%) with vaseline or separate oil (65%). The paste protects the skin from dilute aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, salts and alkaline-oil emulsions.

The second group includes products that protect the skin of the hands when working with anhydrous organic solvents, petroleum

products, oils, fats, varnishes, resins. They include substances that are wetted with water and readily soluble in it (hydrophilic drugs). Drugs in this group:

Silicone protective cream PMS-30 (TU 6-28-1-77)

It is a homogeneous mass (the consistency of pork fat) made of emulsion wax and castor oil. The cream contains organosilicon liquid and other useful substances. PMS-30 is designed primarily to protect hands from fiberglass and chemical fibers;

FS 42-501.72 - IER-1 paste (SFS 42-50172)

Consists of a special liquid oil, fatty acids

(10%), glycerin (40%), water (40%). The ratio of water to glycerin is determined by the moisture resistance of glycerin. Protects hands when working with organic solvents, mineral oils, varnishes and paints;

HIOT-6 paste (FS 42-5-442-72)

Ingredients: food gelatin or phytogelatin (2.4%), wheat or potato starch (5.6%), medical glycerin (72%), Burov's liquid (12%), water) "(8%). coal and mineral oils, petroleum products, organic solutions and varnishes;

Cream "Film-forming" (TU 47-7-4K-88)

Consists of emulsion wax (5%), polyvinyl alcohol (2%), sodium salt (4%), gelatin (2%), glycerin (6%), talc (1.5%), titanium dioxide (0.5% ), preservative (0.2%), water

(78.8%). Protects the skin from oil products, organic solvents, varnishes, various adhesives, resins.

The third group is made up of cleaners - soaps, alkalis, salts and surfactants that help remove industrial pollution from the skin of the hands. Their typical representatives are: "Rally" paste - for washing hands heavily contaminated with greases, rust, oil paints, graphite-oil substances, etc .; autotolovaya ointment (FS 42-303-72) - for cleaning hands from oil and other contaminants.

Personal protective equipment

Such means include an individual anti-chemical package (PPI), an individual dressing package (Sh Sh), an individual first-aid kit (AI). Currently, anti-chemical packages IPP-8, IPP-10 and individual first aid kits AI-1M. AI-2. Characteristics medical supplies protections are given in the table below.

In conclusion, an important conclusion must be drawn. When performing rescue and other urgent work at various distances from the source of chemical contamination (at different concentrations of hazardous chemicals in the environment and their various states of aggregation), rescuers may be forced to use different (in terms of protective properties) personal protective equipment - insulating protective suits, isolating breathing apparatus, self-rescuers,

filtering gas masks, respirators. Filtering means (gas masks) are mainly used to protect the population.

The main characteristics of medical protective equipment.

Literature

1. Personal protective equipment. Directory. (Kaminsky S. L. et al.) L,: Chemistry, 1989-

2. Hygienic research of human protective equipment. Manual (ed. L, A, Ilyin), Moscow: 1992.

3. Zyuzin A.V., Semenov V.I. Protection of production personnel and the public from potent toxic substances at chemically hazardous facilities. M .: Medicine, 1994.

Annex 1

Limit quantities of hazardous substances, the presence of which on a hazardous production facility is the basis for the mandatory development of a declaration industrial safety.

Law "On Industrial Safety of Osh production facilities"

Table 1.

Appendix 2

List and characteristics of chemically hazardous facilities in Ryazan

Appendix 6

Filtering gas masks for industrial use (marking)

When the combined content of gaseous and vaporous harmful impurities of various chemical nature in the air is not more than 0.5 volume percent, two absorbing elements of the corresponding brands are used.

When the combined content of gaseous and vaporous harmful impurities in the air is not more than 0.5 percent by volume and aerosols, one absorbing and one filtering element is used

When the combined content of gaseous and vaporous harmful impurities in the air is not more than 1 percent by volume (for ammonia - 2%) and aerosols, two absorbing and one milling elements are used

When the combined content of gaseous and vaporous harmful impurities of various chemical nature in the air is not more than 0.5 volume percent and aerosols, two absorbing elements of the corresponding brands and one filter element are used

The main

1.E.A. Luzhnikov. Clinical toxicology. M: Medicine, 1994.

2. Maksimov M.T. Protection against strong poisonous substances. M: Energoatomizdat, 1995.

3. Handbook on the protection of the population from potent poisonous substances. M: VNII GOChS-1995.

4. “Emergencies and emergency health care”// Reference / Ed. Chazova E.I .. - M .: "Medicine". -1990.

5. The textbook of the lifeguard. / Shoigu S.K. and others, ed. Yu.L. Vorobyova / M: EMERCOM of Russia 1997.

6. Industrial means of individual protection of respiratory organs and skin / M: Publishing house of JSC "Himconverse", 1997.

7. Reactions of the human body to the impact of hazardous and harmful production factors. / Reference book in 2v. M. Standards Publishing House 1990

8. Guidance R. 2.2.755 -99 “Gshienic criteria for dressing and classifying working conditions in terms of the hazard and hazard of working environment factors, the severity and tension of the labor process”.

Additional

1. Petrovsky V.I. First aid. Popular medical encyclopedia. M: BRE 1994.

2. Security environment, / ed. S.V. Belov M. graduate School 1991

3. Life safety. Textbook / Ed. K.Z. Ushakona / M: Publishing House of the Moscow Mining University, 2000.

4. Life safety / ed. S.V. Belova M. VASOT 1993

5. Life safety / ed. V.A. Kiryushina, Ryazan, 2004.

Means of skin protection are intended to protect open areas of skin, clothing, equipment and footwear from the ingress of droplet-liquid agents and SDYAV, pathogens of infectious diseases, radioactive substances, and also partially from exposure to light radiation. They are subdivided into service (OZK, L-1) and improvised (household clothing). According to the principle of operation, service agents are divided into filtering (air-permeable) and insulating (air-tight).

Skin protection filtering agents.

Filtering means of skin protection include a set of filtering clothes from the Western Federal District. It consists of a special cut cotton overalls, impregnated with a solution of a special paste - chemicals that trap OM vapors (adsorption type), as well as men's underwear (shirt and underpants), a cotton comforter and two pairs of footcloths (one of which is impregnated with the same composition, as the jumpsuit). Underwear, a comforter and an untreated pair of footcloths are used in order to prevent the overalls from scuffing the skin and irritating them from the impregnating composition.

The sizes of overalls included in the ZFO set: 1st - for people up to 160 cm in height, 2nd - from 160 to 170 cm and 3rd - over 170cm.

Isolating Skin Protectors

Insulating skin protection, made of airtight materials, can be airtight (suits, overalls that cover the entire human body and protect against drops and vapors of organic matter) or leaky (raincoats, capes, aprons, etc.) which mainly protect against dripping - liquid OV (SDYAV): OZK set, light protective suit L-1, protective overalls or suit.

The protective effect of insulating materials is based on the property of protective films to retain OM for a certain time, i.e. prevent them from penetrating the inner surface of these materials. The following requirements are imposed on protective materials: they must be elastic, frost-resistant, moisture-proof, as well as resistant to degassing, disinfection and withstand long-term storage.

The protective properties of insulating materials are determined by the following values: protective power and water absorption.

Protective power is the time from the moment of exposure of a droplet liquid or vaporous agent to the front side of the material until the appearance of vapors on its inside, causing minimal damage.

The soakability is the time from the moment the droplet-liquid agent is exposed to the front side of the material until it appears on the wrong side in a liquid state.

Protective power and water absorption are expressed in hours or minutes. The value of the protective power and soakability is significantly influenced by the temperature, the thickness of the protective film and its nature, the nature of the OM.

With an increase in temperature, the rate of penetration of OM increases. In this regard, in winter conditions, the protective power of skin protection products is much higher than in summer.

Materials based on butyl rubber, polyisobutylene and some synthetic resins have the greatest protective power.

Combined Arms Protective Kit (OZK).

A combined-arms protective kit together with a gas mask is used to protect against OV, SDYAV, as well as to protect the skin, uniforms, shoes and equipment from contamination with radioactive substances, BS, light radiation and incendiary mixtures.

The combined arms kit includes a protective raincoat, protective stockings and protective gloves. Combined-arms protective kit, as a rule, is used in combination with impregnated uniforms and underwear.

The protective raincoat is available in five sizes, depending on its length:

I- up to 165 cm;

NS- 165 - 170 cm.

NS- 170 - 175 cm.

IV- 175-180 cm.

V- more than 180 cm.

Safety boots - stockings in three sizes depending on the size of the boots:

Ithe size 37 - 40

IIthe size 41 - 42

IIIthe size 43 and more

Protective gloves are of 2 types: summer - five-fingered, winter - three-fingered. Kit weight - 3 kg.

OZK completely provides protection against radioactive substances and BS, prevents the damage of organic substances through the skin - drops and aerosols of organic substances within 1 hour, OM vapors within 6 hours, and also protects against burns with a light pulse of 14 cal / sq. see. Instead of OZK, KZP can be used for the same purposes - a protective film suit with similar protective properties and consisting of protective fabric gloves, a jacket and trousers made of polyethylene. In case of infection with OV, KZP is used once, and in case of infection with RV, BS, it is used many times. OZK can be used in the form of a cape, worn in sleeves and in the form of a jumpsuit.

In the form of a cape, a protective raincoat is used in case of the sudden use of toxic substances and biological agents or in the event of the fallout of radioactive substances. When worn in sleeves, a protective raincoat is used: when crossing areas contaminated with agents or biological agents in open vehicles; when overcoming zones radioactive contamination on open machines in dusty conditions, when performing degassing, decontamination and disinfection works.

A combined-arms protective kit in the form of a jumpsuit is worn on non-contaminated terrain. It is used on an area contaminated with OV or BS in the following cases:

When operating on foot in areas with tall grass, crops, bushes or covered with deep snow;

When carrying out rescue and evacuation work, engineering work and equipment repair.

Protective stockings are made of special fabric and are designed to protect against droplets of OM, RV and BS when overcoming infected areas. The soles of the stockings are reinforced with a tarpaulin or rubber vamp. The stockings have two or three straps for attaching to the leg and a strap for attaching to the waist belt. The weight of the stockings is 1 - 1.5 kg, the protective power is not less than 1 hour.

Special protective clothing.

There are the following types of special protective clothing;

Light protective suit L-1;

Protective overalls;

Protective suit consisting of a jacket and trousers.

Lightweight protective suit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of a shirt with a hood, trousers with stockings, two-fingered gloves and a comforter. In addition, there is a suit bag and a spare pair of gloves.

Protective jumpsuit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of trousers, jacket and hood sewn into one piece. The set includes rubber boots, protective gloves and a comforter.

The liner is the same for all types of protective clothing, it has a throat flap and a button for fastening.

The protective suit consists of a jacket and trousers, made of rubberized fabric. The protective suit jacket and trousers, as well as the light protective suits, are available in three sizes.

For protection from RV, the population can also adapt ordinary clothing. To ensure its tightness, you need to have additional devices: bibs, hood, side fasteners of trousers. To protect against RV, you can also use available means of skin protection (items of personal, household, sports, industrial and other clothing and footwear with additional means of sealing).

Sanitary and hygienic assessment of skin protection products.

Of greatest interest and practical importance from the point of view of influence on a person is protective clothing of an insulating type.

The essence of its influence is mainly reduced to a violation of the thermoregulation of the human body.

An adult weighing 60-70 kg produces up to 1900-2100 calories per day. With significant physical exertion, heat generation can increase by 4-6 times. All the generated heat is removed to the external environment with the help of adaptive mechanisms, as a result of which a constant body temperature is maintained - 36-37 degrees.

If more heat is removed into the external environment than it is formed, hypothermia of the human body occurs, if less heat is removed, overheating occurs.

Heat transfer occurs mainly through the surface of the skin and lungs (respiratory organs).

As a percentage (to the total heat transfer) - heat transfer through the skin is 80% (in hot conditions 90%) and occurs through heat conduction and convection, heat radiation and evaporation of liquid (sweat) from the skin surface.

In insulating clothing, a violation of heat transfer can occur along all these heat loss paths.

The most powerful mechanism of physical thermoregulation in the hot season is heat transfer by evaporation of sweat from the surface of the skin, which in percentage terms is almost 80%.

In insulating protective equipment, as soon as the air of the sub-suit space is saturated with moisture, heat transfer is completely excluded. However, the function of sweating is not impaired. On the contrary, there is an excessive separation of sweat, which in the hot season can be released up to 5 liters or more per day.

Cessation of sweat evaporation under these conditions leads to overheating of the body and the development of heatstroke.

Violation of thermoregulation in insulating protective equipment is especially pronounced at significant physical exertion and high external temperatures. In these cases, there is a sharp dehydration of the body, which is accompanied by a violation of oxidative processes, blood circulation, the development of oxygen starvation, depletion of the nervous-regulatory apparatus, which is manifested by an increased heart rate, respiratory failure, fever and vasodilation.

In order to avoid overheating of the human body, the "Manual on the Use of Personal Protective Equipment" provides for maximum permissible periods of work in protective clothing of an insulating type (including in a combined-arms protective kit used in the form of an overalls):

at a temperature of +30 and above - 15-20 minutes;

from 25 to 29 degrees - 20-35 minutes;

from 20 to 24 degrees - 40-60 minutes;

from 15 to 19 degrees - 1.5-2 hours;

below +15 degrees - more than 3 hours.

At a temperature of 10 degrees and below, overheating is not observed. At the same time, in order to maintain the greatest efficiency when using protective clothing in conditions of various outside temperatures, it should be worn at a temperature of +15 degrees and above, as a rule, on linen, from 0 to +15 degrees over summer uniforms, from 0 to - 10 degrees over winter uniforms and below -10 degrees over a padded jacket worn on uniforms.

In all cases, light protective suits are worn over uniforms, and rubber boots, as a rule, on footcloths or socks, and at low temperatures - on warm footcloths. In winter conditions, a warm comforter is worn under the hood.

All work related to prolonged exposure to isolating protective equipment must be monitored by a medical service.

In the system of measures to protect the population from the damaging factors of technological disasters, natural Disasters, mass diseases, a significant place is given to personal protective equipment. They are intended for the prevention and provision of first aid to the population exposed to radiation, chemical and other damaging factors of technological and natural disasters... With their help, it is possible to prevent or significantly weaken the damaging effect of these factors on the human body and increase its resistance to them.

Skin protection products, along with protection from vapors and drops, protect exposed areas of the body, clothing, shoes and equipment from contamination by radioactive substances and biological agents. In addition, they completely trap the a-particles and significantly weaken the effect of the b-particles.

According to the principle of protective action, skin protection products are divided into isolating and filtering.

Insulating skin protectors are made from airtight materials, usually from a special elastic and frost-resistant rubberized fabric. They can be airtight and leaky. Hermetic means cover the whole body and protect from vapors and droplets of organic matter, leaking means protect only from droplets of organic matter.

Insulating skin protection includes a general protective kit and special protective clothing.

Filtering means of skin protection are made in the form of cotton uniforms and linen, impregnated with special chemicals. Impregnation with a thin layer envelops the threads of the fabric, and the gaps between the threads remain free; as a result, the air permeability of the material is mainly preserved, and the OM vapors are absorbed when the infected air passes through the tissue.

The filtering means for protecting the skin can be ordinary clothes and linen, if they are soaked, for example, with a soap-oil emulsion.

Insulating skin protection means - a combined-arms protective kit and special protective clothing - are intended mainly to protect personnel of civil defense units when working in contaminated areas.

The combined-arms protective kit consists of a protective raincoat, protective stockings and protective gloves.

The protective raincoat of the set has two floors, sides, sleeves, a hood, as well as straps, ribbons and fasteners, allowing the raincoat to be used in various versions. The fabric of the raincoat provides protection from poisonous, radioactive substances and bacterial agents, as well as from light radiation. The weight of the protective coat is about 1.6 kg.

Protective raincoats are made in five sizes: the first is for people up to 165 cm in height, the second is from 165 to 170 cm, the third is from 170 to 175 cm, the fourth is from 175 to 180 cm and the fifth is over 180 cm.

Protective gloves - rubber, with seals made of impregnated fabric (fabric impregnated with special compounds that increase its protective ability from OM vapors) are of two types: summer and winter. Summer gloves are five-fingered, winter gloves are two-fingered, have a warmed insert fastened with buttons. Protective gloves weight approx. 350 g.

Protective stockings are made of rubberized fabric. Their soles are reinforced with tarpaulin or rubber osoyuzka. Stockings with tarpaulin stitching have two or three straps for attaching to the leg and one strap for attaching to the waist belt; stockings with a rubber osoyuzka are attached to the legs with straps, and to the waist belt - with a ribbon. The weight of the protective stockings is 0.8-1.2 kg. When operating in contaminated areas, a protective raincoat is used in the form of an overalls.

Special protective clothing includes: a lightweight protective suit, a protective overalls, a protective suit consisting of a jacket and trousers, and a protective apron.

Splash suit

Lightweight protective suit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of a shirt with a hood 1, trousers 2, sewn together with stockings, two-fingered gloves 3 and a comforter 4. In addition, the suit set includes a bag 5 and a spare pair of gloves. The weight of the protective suit is about 3 kg.

Gas-tight chemical suit.

The suits are made in three sizes: the first is for people up to 165 cm in height, the second is from 165 to 172 cm, and the third is above 172 cm.

Protective overalls are made of rubberized fabric. It consists of trousers, jacket and hood sewn into one piece. The coveralls are made in three sizes, corresponding to the sizes indicated for the lightweight protective suit.

The overalls are used together with a comforter, gloves and rubber boots.

Rubber boots are made from 41 to 46 sizes.

The rubber gloves are all the same size with five fingers.

The weight of a protective overalls complete with boots, gloves and a comforter is about 6 kg.

A protective suit, consisting of a jacket and trousers, differs from a protective overalls only in that its component parts are made separately. The set of the suit includes rubber gloves, boots and a comforter.

Filtering means of skin protection include a set of filtering clothes from the Western Federal District, consisting of a cotton overalls, men's underwear, a cotton comforter and two pairs of cotton footcloths.

Along with filtering and isolating skin protection products, available skin protection products are also used.

Handy skin protection

In addition to the special means of skin protection discussed above, improvised means can be used to protect the skin from radioactive dust and biological agents.

The available means of skin protection include regular clothing and footwear. Ordinary capes and raincoats made of PVC or rubberized fabric, coats of drape, rough cloth or leather provide good protection from radioactive dust and bacterial agents; they can also protect against droplets of organic substances for 5-10 minutes, wadded clothing protects much longer.

To protect the feet, industrial and household boots, rubber boots, galoshes, felt boots with galoshes, leather and leatherette shoes are used.

You can use rubber or leather gloves and tarpaulin gloves to protect your hands. When using ordinary clothing as a means of protection, for greater sealing, it is necessary to fasten it with all buttons, tie the cuffs of sleeves and trousers with a braid, raise the collar and tie it with a scarf.

For more reliable protection of the skin, it is recommended to use a simplified protective filter set, which, with special impregnation, can provide protection from OM vapors. The kit can consist of ski, work or school, normal male suit or a standard quilted jacket (jackets and trousers), gloves (rubber, leather or impregnated woolen, cotton), rubber boots for industrial and household use or rubber boots with impregnated stockings, felt boots with galoshes, shoes made of leather and imitation leather.

Clothes taken for impregnation must completely (hermetically) cover the human body. The most accessible means for impregnating clothes at home are solutions based on synthetic detergents used for washing clothes, or a soap-oil emulsion.

To obtain 2.5 liters of the solution necessary for impregnating one set, take 0.5 liters of detergent and 2 liters of water heated to 40-50 ° C, then mix thoroughly until a homogeneous solution is obtained.

To prepare 2.5 liters of soap-oil emulsion, take 250-300 g of crushed household soap shavings and dissolve in 2 liters hot water... When the soap is completely dissolved, add 0.5 liters of mineral (crankcase, transformer oil) or vegetable (sunflower, cottonseed) oil, mix for five to seven minutes and again, stirring, heat to a temperature of 60-70 C until a homogeneous soap-oil emulsion. After impregnation of all parts of the set, they are wrung out and dried for outdoors... Do not iron soaked clothing with a hot iron.

Clothes impregnated with the indicated solutions are odorless, non-irritating to the skin and easy to wash. The impregnation does not destroy the clothing and facilitates its degassing and decontamination.

The simplest means of skin protection are put on immediately before the threat of injury from radioactive, toxic substances or bacterial agents. After that, they put on a gas mask (in case of radioactive or bacterial contamination, you can use a respirator, a PTM-1 mask or a cotton-gauze bandage), raise the collar of the jacket (jacket) and tie it with a scarf, put on a hood, a hat, gloves (mittens).

Under conditions of nuclear, chemical, bacteriological contamination when the human body is exposed to toxic, radiation substances, biological agents, as well as luminous flux nuclear explosion there is a need to protect the entire human body. For these purposes, use PPE of the skin.

PPE for leather is commonly referred to as products that complement or replace ordinary human clothing and footwear and are made of special materials.

According to the principle of protective action, like respiratory protection, skin protection can be insulating or filtering.

Insulating PPE for skin is made of rubberized fabric and is used when people are staying for a long time in the contaminated area, when performing degassing and disinfection works in lesions and areas of infection.

The isolating means of protection include: a combined-arms protective kit OZK, a light protective suit L-1, protective kits KIH-4, KIH-5. Typically, most PPE is used to protect both civilians and military personnel.

Combined arms protective kit OZK

It is used in conducting radiation chemical and bacteriological reconnaissance, as well as for protecting personnel in conditions of chemical and bacteriological attack.

Consists of a cloak with a hood, stockings, gloves. Weight 5 kg.

Light protective suit L-1

It is used when conducting radiation chemical and bacteriological reconnaissance, as well as when performing degassing, decontamination and disinfection works.

Consists of a shirt with a hood, trousers with stockings, two-fingered gloves, and a comforter. Weight 3 kg.

Insulating chemical kit КИХ-4 (КИХ -5)

These kits are designed to protect soldiers of gas rescue squads, emergency rescue teams and civil defense troops when performing work under conditions of exposure to high concentrations of gaseous highly active agents (chlorine, ammonia), nitric acid, and liquid ammonia.

The set includes a protective suit, rubber and cotton gloves. For putting on and taking off the suit, there is a hole on the back of the overalls, which is sealed by twisting the suit fabric. The seams of the suit are sealed from the front using adhesive tape.

KIH-4 is used in combination with one of the respiratory systems of the ASV-2 type, KIP-8, which is located in the space under the suit.

The exhaled air enters the suit and is discharged into the atmosphere through the overpressure relief valve. The KIH-5 set is used with an IP-ChMK insulating gas mask placed inside the suit.

KIH-4 (KIH-5) is worn over ordinary clothes. After use, the kit is degassed.

The mass of the КИХ-4 set, without the breathing apparatus, is 5 kg. The time of protective action for gaseous ammonia and chlorine at concentrations of 1-2 g / m3 is at least 60 minutes for liquid ammonia - at least 2-3 minutes.

The kit protects against high concentrations of nitric acid vapors for 10 minutes, is resistant to degassing solutions.

Filtering PPE for leather includes sets of protective filtering clothing ZFO-58 and ZFO-MP.

ZFO-58

It is used to protect the skin of a person from the effects of OM in a vaporous state, as well as from radioactive dust and bacterial agents in an aerosol state.

Consists of a cotton overalls, underwear, a comforter and two pairs of footcloths. Used with a filtering gas mask.

ZFO - MP

It is used to protect the skin of a person from the effects of various SDYAV, which are in a vapor-droplet state.

Consists of a jacket with a hood, trousers, coarse calico linen, combined gloves, rubber-textile boots. Two-layer - the top layer is made of cotton-lavsan fabric with acid-proof impregnation, the inner layer is made of cotton fabric with chemical-proof impregnation, which binds the vapors of the active substance.

The mass of the set is 400 g, the time of protective action at a concentration of 0.1 g / l is 150 min.

Handy PPE skin

The available means of skin protection include regular clothing and footwear. Ordinary capes and raincoats made of rubberized fabric, PVC or polyethylene, coats made of drape, rough cloth or leather provide good protection from radioactive dust and bacterial agents. They can also protect against droplets of OM for 5-10 minutes; wadded clothing protects much longer.

To protect the feet, rubber boots for industrial and household use, rubber boots, galoshes, felt boots with galoshes, imitation leather shoes with galoshes are used. Ordinary footwear can be wrapped in several layers of thick paper while leaving the contaminated area, and tarp and sacking on top of the paper.

All types of rubber or leather gloves and mittens can be used to protect hands.

Clothes must be fastened with all buttons, cuffs of sleeves and trousers must be tied with braid, the collar of the coat must be raised and tied with a scarf. A hood must be sewn to protect the neck and the exposed part of the head that is not protected by the mask.

More reliable protection can provide jumpsuit from thick fabric treated with a special impregnation. The most accessible means for impregnating clothes at home are solutions based on synthetic detergents used in washing clothes, or a soap-oil emulsion.

However, the means at hand are only of an auxiliary nature, can be used only for a short time, and do not protect against high concentrations of SDYA.

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