"Doctor Zhivago" are the main characters. “The image of Yuri Zhivago is the central image of the novel by B. Pasternak“ Doctor Zhivago The family of Yuri Zhivago

Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, whose protagonist is Yuri Andreevich Zhivago, reflects the fate of the Russian intellectual in the whirlwinds of Russian revolutions and wars of the first half of the 20th century. Man, his moral sufferings, creative aspirations and searches, his most humane profession in the world and a clash with the inhuman world of cruel and "stupid theories", man and the noise of time that accompanies his entire life - the main theme of the novel.

The novel earned the Nobel Prize in Literature, but was not published in the writer's homeland, and he refused the prize under pressure. What made it possible to consider the novel anti-Soviet? Probably, the truthfulness with which the life of an ordinary person is portrayed, who does not accept the revolution, does not want to sacrifice himself to it, but at the same time is too soft and undecided in order to at least resemble an opposition force.

Character characteristics

Yuri Zhivago enters the novel as a young boy. He lost his parents early, was brought up in a good family, which became his own. Zhivago is creative, promising, subtly feeling beauty, art and he is sensual, subtle. Yuri becomes a doctor, feels the need not only to help people, but also the need to “create beauty,” as opposed to death.

Zhivago foresees social cataclysms, but at the same time believes in revolution as a faithful and reliable scalpel of a surgeon and compares the revolution with a magnificent surgical operation, even feels elated, realizing what time he is living in. However, he soon realizes that the violence of the revolution went against his welcoming moods - the Reds forcibly mobilize the doctor, I interrogate him as a spy, he is captured by the partisans, and now he is in despair from the ideas of Bolshevism, because he was taken away from him and family, and a beloved woman, and now his destruction is only a matter of time, and he is waiting for him. Separated from his family, he does not work or write, and does not dream of anything. In 1929, Zhivago dies of a heart attack, barely getting off the tram car. What remains is his lyrics, the lost craving for the beautiful (was there a pre-revolutionary world at all, or was it just a dream?), Unfulfilled hopes.

Image in the work

(Omar Sharif as Doctor Zhivago, film by David Lin "Doctor Zhivago", USA 1965)

Yuri Zhivago is a collective image of the Russian intellectual, in whose youth the revolution falls. Brought up on classical literature and art, appreciating beauty, he, like all Russian intellectuals, is a broad-based dilettante. He talentedly writes poetry and prose, philosophizes brilliantly, receives an excellent education, develops in his profession, becomes an excellent diagnostician, but all this goes to dust, because the revolution and civil war immediately made the citizens of yesterday respected in society, the color of the nation, despised by the bourgeoisie, renegades.

The rejection of violence, which permeates the new system, does not allow Yuri to deftly integrate into the new social reality, moreover, his origin, his views, and finally, his poems become dangerous - you can find fault with all this, you can punish everything.

Psychologically, the image of Zhivago is revealed, of course, in the notebook in which, as an afterword, poems allegedly written by Yuri are collected. The lyrics show how detached he is from reality and how indifferent to "making history". The reader is presented with a subtle lyric poet, depicting snow, a candle flame, household trifles, dacha comfort, home light and warmth. It is these things that Zhivago sings more strongly than the class ones - his place, his family, his comfort. And it is precisely because of this that the novel is true and was so objectionable to critics.

An inert and immobile person, somewhere led, somewhere too compliant, not defending himself. Sometimes the reader may be overwhelmed by a feeling of dislike for the hero's indecision: he gave himself “the word not to love Larisa” - and did not hold, he hurried to his wife and children - and did not catch up, tried to give up everything - and failed. Such lack of will clearly fits into Christian principles - turn the other cheek when they hit the first, and symbolism can be traced in the hero's name: Yuri (like a "holy fool") Andreevich ("son of man") Zhivago (the embodiment of the "spirit of Zhivago"). The hero seems to be in contact with eternity, without assessing, not judging, not opposing.

(Boris Pasternak)

It is believed that the image of Yuri Zhivago is as close as possible to the image of Boris Pasternak himself, and also reflects the inner worlds of his contemporaries - Alexander Blok, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Sergei Yesenin. The creative intelligentsia looked at revolutionary moods with an individual, heightened understanding, which means that through the eyes of a creative person, you can see the truth and experience it by reading a novel.

The image of Zhivago raises questions of humanity, the role of man in the cycle of history, where an individual person looks like a grain of sand, but is valuable in itself.

A short essay-reasoning on the literature on the topic: Characteristics of Doctor Zhivago from the novel of the same name by Pasternak. The fate and love of Yuri Zhivago. Description of the hero in quotes

The novel "Doctor Zhivago" became a landmark event in the world of literature of the 20th century. Its author was even awarded the Nobel Prize and gained worldwide fame. However, along with fame, Pasternak received a cruel persecution. The authorities did not want to see intellectuals in positive heroes, because literature was used as a means of promoting the political course of the party, therefore, only “proletarians of all countries” could be “good”. However, the writer considered it necessary to raise the topic of the intelligentsia and devote the novel to how it survived in the hard times of the civil war. And it was for such a book that he was awarded a prestigious prize, which the party elite could not forgive Pasternak. But the novel was fully appreciated by descendants who were able to understand the complex and contradictory image of the central character of the novel - Yuri Zhivago.

The fate of Yuri Zhivago is that of a typical civil war intellectual. His family was rich, and the prospects in peacetime were cloudless. But there was a revolution, and then a civil war, and yesterday's respectable citizens turned into bourgeois. Therefore, although he received an excellent education, he still could not integrate into the new social reality. For his country, he became a renegade by right of birth. Neither his work, nor his spiritual wealth were in demand and understood.

Initially, the hero greeted the revolution as "excellent surgery", but he was one of the first to realize that "you can't take anything with violence." He does not like "the leap from serene, innocent regularity into blood and screams, the general madness and savagery of everyday and hourly, legalized and praised murder." Although he understands that he cannot stop the course of history, he still does not accept "bloody colossus and murderous people." And now, when “everything everyday is overturned and destroyed”, there remains only “naked, to the thread stripped of soulfulness”, which the hero does not occupy.

The characterization of Doctor Zhivago, first of all, is revealed to those who carefully read his poems. In them, the hero appears before us as a refined lyric poet who thinks about eternal questions more than about pressing matters. He is always somewhat out of touch with reality. Many reproach him for lack of will and absolute inertia, because Yuri Andreevich cannot even decide on whose side he is. At a time when people sacrifice themselves, defending their vision of the future of Russia, he tries to stay away from the makers of history. Doctor Zhivago's love also betrays an indecisive and driven person in him: he had three women, but he could not make one happy. The hero sometimes gives the impression of a restless holy fool who lives parallel to reality and regardless of society. Unlike the brave and in all things certain heroes of socialist realism, Zhivago, it would seem, cannot serve as an example for anyone to follow: he cheated on his wife, abandoned children, etc.

Why did Pasternak portray such an ugly hero? Yes, for such a portrait of the intelligentsia, he could be rewarded. But it was not there. Yuri Zhivago defends ideals that are much more important than class interests. He defends his right to individuality even in the face of war. The hero abstracted himself from society with its eternal squabble for power and began to live his own inner world, where the true spiritual values ​​of love and freedom of thought and creativity reign. Yuri lives as he wants, quiet, creative activity for the good, and does not bother anyone: “Oh, how sweet it is to exist! How sweet it is to live in the world and love life! " He is not weak, just all his forces are directed inward and concentrate on spiritual work.

Yuri Zhivago reflects the inner world of Pasternak himself. The author wrote that he combined in this image the characters of Blok, Mayakovsky, Yesenin and himself. Therefore, listening to Yuri, we hear the voice of his creator, and by the number of monologues of the protagonist, we understand that the writer is "boiling over" and in this novel he is trying to throw out his experiences and impressions that burst him from the inside.

In his novel Doctor Zhivago, Pasternak raises the question of the role of man in history and affirms the idea of ​​the self-worth of the individual. A person, according to Pasternak, is valuable in himself, and without a contribution to common affairs, if he does not consider them as such. In spite of everything, the hero retained his "I" and remained himself, without soiling his inner world in the blood and dust of hard times.

Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago is called an autobiography, which surprisingly lacks external facts that coincide with the author's real life.

The central image of the novel is Doctor Yuri Andreevich Zhivago. Sometimes, in the light of the requirements for novels, he seems pale, expressionless, and his poems, attached to the work, are an unjustified makeweight, as if out of order and artificial. And, nevertheless, the author writes about himself, but writes about himself as an outsider. He invents a destiny for himself, in which he could most fully reveal his inner life to the reader.

The real biography of Pasternak did not give him the opportunity to fully express the full gravity of his position between the two camps in the revolution, which he showed so wonderfully in the scene of the battle between the partisans and the whites. And yet he, that is, the hero of the work, Doctor Zhivago, is a legally neutral person, nevertheless involved in the battle on the side of the Reds. He wounds and even, it seems to him, kills one of the young school students, and then finds both this young man and the murdered partisan the same psalm, sewn into amulets - the 90th, which, according to the ideas of that time, protected from death.

The novel was written not only about Zhivago, but it was written for the sake of Zhivago, to show the drama of such a contemporary of the revolutionary era who did not accept the revolution.

Yuri Andreevich, scion of a wealthy bourgeois family, Muscovite. He received his medical education at Moscow University, visited, as a doctor, at the front of the First World War. In the revolutionary years, the hero was held captive by the Siberian partisans, lost contact with his family exiled abroad, but still managed to return to Moscow after a while. There he led an indefinite lifestyle, feeding either on medicine or on literature, as he wrote from a young age, and died suddenly of a heart attack. After Zhivago, only a notebook of poems remained.

It is not for nothing that the protagonist of the novel bears the surname Zhivago (although the surname is widespread) - the embodiment of the "spirit of Zhivago" in life and work is this man, connected with the finest threads to the world of nature, history, Christianity, art, and Russian culture.

Yuri Andreevich Zhivago is an intellectual. He is an intellectual both in his spiritual life (a poet, as they say, from God), and in his merciful, philanthropic profession. And by inexhaustible sincerity, homeliness of inner warmth, and by restlessness, by the desire for independence - an intellectual.

Yuri Andreevich Zhivago is Pasternak's lyric hero, who remains a lyricist even in prose. Doctor Zhivago is a poet, like Pasternak himself, his poems are attached to the work. This is no coincidence. Zhivago's poems are Pasternak's poems. And these works are written from one person - the poems have one author and one common lyric hero.

It is noteworthy that there are also no differences between the poetic imagery of the author's language and the poetic imagery of the protagonist's speeches and thoughts. The author and the hero are one and the same person, with the same thoughts, with the same line of reasoning and attitude to the world. Zhivago is the spokesman for the intimate Pasternak. The image of Zhivago - the embodiment of Boris Leonidovich himself - becomes something more than Boris Leonidovich himself. He develops himself, creates from Yuri Andreevich Zhivago a representative of the Russian intelligentsia, who, not without hesitation and not without spiritual losses, accepted the revolution. Zhivago-Pasternak accepts the world, no matter how cruel it is at the moment.

Zhivago is a personality, as it were, created in order to perceive the era, without interfering in it at all. In the novel, the main active force is the element of revolution. The main character himself does not influence and does not try to influence her, does not interfere in the course of events. He serves those to whom he falls - once, in a battle with whites, he even takes a rifle and, against his own will, shoots at the attackers, who delight him with their reckless bravery of young men.

Tonya, who loves Yuri Andreevich, guesses in him - better than anyone else - this lack of will. But Zhivago is not willful in all senses, but only in one sense - in his sense of the enormity of the events taking place against his will, in which he is carried and swept all over the earth.

The image of Yuri Zhivago, who, as it were, permeates the entire surrounding nature, who reacts to everything deeply and gratefully, is extremely important, because through him, through his relationship to the environment, the author's attitude to reality is conveyed.

In the novel, we can see what Russia is for Zhivago. This is the whole world around him. Russia is also created from contradictions, full of duality. Zhivago perceives her with love, which causes the highest suffering in him.

The novel permeates and organizes the crossing and confrontation of two motives. At the end of the plot, death seems to triumph. However, the idea of ​​the immortality of nature and history still wins. And in the text too. No wonder the novel ends with lines about resurrection, rebirth to true life:

I will go down into the coffin and on the third day I will rise,

And, as rafts float down the river,

To Me for judgment, like the barges of a caravan,

Centuries will float out of the darkness.

Doctor Zhivago

The image of Yuri Andreevich Zhivago from the novel Doctor Zhivago was created by the famous Russian poet and prose writer Boris Pasternak during 1945-1955. The prototype for Doctor Zhivago was undoubtedly Boris Pasternak himself, a native of an intelligent Moscow family. His mother was a famous pianist, and his father was an academician of painting at the School of Painting. From an early age, Pasternak showed interest in music and poetry. But he did not have the perfect ear to feel free on the path of a musician. And he first entered the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, and a year later, on the advice of Scriabin, he moved to the Faculty of History, from which he graduated from the Philosophy Department.

In the novel Doctor Zhivago, Boris Pasternak expressed his own view of the era and the events taking place in the country through the image of the protagonist. Drawing a wide canvas of the life of the Russian intelligentsia against the background of one of the most dramatic periods from the beginning of the century to the Civil War, NEP and the period of the Great Patriotic War, the writer touched upon the innermost issues of life - the mystery of life and death, the problems of Russian history, Christianity, Jewry.

The place of life and residence of Yuri Zhivago is Moscow and the fictional Siberian city of Yuryatin, the name of which the writer formed on behalf of the protagonist. That is, in a figurative sense, this is the place of Yuri Zhivago's life in himself, in his inner world called Yuryatin. The inner world of the hero is so rich that it allows him to survive in the terrible conditions of the upheavals of Russian life (many researchers of the life and work of Pasternak believe, nevertheless, that the Ural Perm is considered the prototype of Yuryatin).

According to the plot of the novel, Yurochka Zhivago comes from a wealthy but ruined noble Moscow family in the past. His family in Moscow used to own both a manufactory and a bank, his surname was known throughout Moscow. But the comfortable times are over. Yura's father left his mother and spent time in revelry in Siberia and abroad. His mother raised him alone, often going to Italy or the south of France for treatment. Then Yura either accompanied her abroad, or stayed with strangers, to which he was accustomed from early childhood. The novel begins with Yura Zhivago burying his mother. Then he went with his uncle, his mother's brother, to the south of Russia, where he was employed in publishing a progressive newspaper.

Uncle later went abroad, and a little matured Yuri Zhivago, returning to Moscow, is brought up in the family of chemistry professor Alexander Gromeko and his wife Anna Kruger, the heiress of factories and estates near Yuryatin. Their family also had a daughter, the same age as Yura, Tonya, who later became his wife. In his youth, impressionable Yuri began to write poetry. They were printed. But, considering writing poetry as an occupation that does not bring income, he chose the profession of a doctor and entered the medical faculty of the university.

In the house of Gromek there was a hothouse intelligent atmosphere and there were always a lot of friends. One of them is a connoisseur of Yuri's poems - Misha Gordon, a student of the Faculty of Philosophy and Philology. In childhood and adolescence, Zhivago twice accidentally, under strange circumstances, met the future love of his life - Lara Guichard, who was the daughter of a ruined French woman and a Belgian. Seduced by her mother's lover, the lawyer Komarovsky, Lara shot her seducer in one of their chance encounters with Zhivago.

Yuri Zhivago also met with Lara on one of the fronts of the First Imperialist War, where he was mobilized as a doctor. By that time, he and Tonya had already had a son. And Larisa Gishar, having married her friend Pasha Antipov, leaves for the Urals in Yuryatin, where their daughter was born. Antipov went to the front. After him, Lara, a sister of mercy and temperamental, who does not tolerate delays in life, went to the front. Having gotten to know her better, already an adult Zhivago fell in love with Larisa, and these feelings were mutual, although both of them, under the pressure of duty to the families they had already created, tried to suppress them.

The strip of alienation lay between Yuri and Tonya upon his return to Moscow. He told her about Antipova. But Larisa also loved her husband, and she returned to Yuryatin before she left the Zhivago front, running away from her feelings. Zhivago and Antipova met again during the Civil War. Having decided to hide for a while from the revolutionary events that shook Moscow, the Gromeko family, together with Yuri Zhivago, left for their estate Varykino not far from Yuryatin. There, in Yuryatin, Zhivago again meets Lara, who works as a teacher at a local school. Her husband, taking the name Strelnikov for himself, became a formidable revolutionary commissar who disappeared all the time on the war fronts, so the woman lived alone, taking care of her daughter.

Unable to resist his feelings, Zhivago became friends with Lara Antipova. Spending time with Larisa in Yuryatin, he was torn between two women dear to him, unable to fight the life force that drew him to Lara. By that time, his wife was pregnant with their second child. Zhivago himself was taken prisoner by the partisan detachments of the Reds and served as a doctor for two years. Returning from captivity, he again found Lara. They were happy together, although the historical situation threatened the complete collapse of their former life. The Bolsheviks established their power in the country. Komarovsky appeared again, who took Lara and her daughter away from the snow-covered Varykin, where they were hiding from the war together with Zhivago. Yuri allowed them to do this, being left alone. Varykino visited Strelnikov, not finding Lara there, but having learned from Zhivago that she loved both of them.

Due to internal devastation, Antipov-Strelnikov committed suicide. And Zhivago was forced to return to Moscow, which by that time had already been abandoned by his family deported on a philosophical steamer. On the way, he took with him the peasant boy Vasya, whom in Moscow, where they ended up at the beginning of the NEP, he tried to bring to the people. On an acquaintance, he arranged for him at the former Stroganov School, where he soon moved to the polygraphic faculty. For some time Zhivago wrote small books on philosophy and medicine, and Vasya printed them as examination papers that were credited to him. In addition, Yuri Andreevich was for some time as a full-time doctor of various associations. He constantly applied for the political rehabilitation of his family, for the issuance of a passport to him in order to pick her up from Paris, but to no avail.

Gradually Vaska moved away from him. And Zhivago moved to the former house of the Sventitskys, where the former janitor of the Gromeko family Markel lived as a manager, and began to descend. With Markela's daughter Marina, he adopted two daughters. One day, Yuri met his half-brother Evgraf, who helped him rent a room, gave him money and began to petition for his return to work at the hospital. Having informed Marina, who was madly in love with him, through a letter, about his temporary departure, Zhivago started writing by pure chance in the very room where the young Pasha Antipov once lived. One sweltering summer day, he died of a heart attack while getting off a crowded tram. On the day of his funeral, Larisa accidentally entered Antipov's former room, recognizing her beloved Yuri Zhivago in the deceased.

She told Evgraf Zhivago the story of their common daughter with Yura, who had been lost to her in the north during her move with Komarovsky. Having asked to find her daughter, Larisa disappeared somewhere. Her fate is hidden by a veil of the author's assumptions about a possible arrest and death in the camps. And some time later, comrades Zhivago, Gordon and Dudorov, learned from the story of a simple linen-maker Tanya Bezotchay that she was the lost daughter of Zhivago and Larisa. For them, this discovery became a sad allegory of the high in the low.

Yuri Zhivago, in whose name the author recorded the vitality of the hero, went through a violent era of destruction of the old world. This era, like tarpaulin boots, passed through his life. Zhivago is not a fighter, but a repeater of that era. An intellectual in whom sadness and confusion in front of the wheel of revolution and a new rough life in Russia are replaced, if not by faith, then by love for life itself, which nourished his soul from early childhood.

The novel "Doctor Zhivago" was banned by the Soviet censorship and was officially desecrated. It was first printed in Italy, in Milan in 1957. In 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize, which his family members received after the writer's death. The images of Yuri Zhivago were created in films based on the novel in Brazil in 1959, in the USA in 1965, in the UK in 2002, and finally in Russia in 2005. Russian Zhivago was embodied on the screen by actor Oleg Menshikov.

Victor Malkin, MD WHO ARE YOU, DOCTOR ZUKHAR? Vladimir Petrovich Zukhar, Doctor of Medical Sciences, unexpectedly for himself and for all of us, his comrades, became a world famous person. They wrote a lot about him in the foreign press, talked about the "mysterious" doctor