To funds collective protection population include protective structures: shelters, anti-radiation shelters (PRS) and the simplest shelters. Refuge Are protective structures of a hermetic type that protect against all damaging factors of emergencies in peacetime and wartime. In a shelter, people hiding do not use funds. individual protection skin and respiratory organs. Anti-radiation shelters - these are structures that protect people from ionizing radiation, contamination with radioactive substances, drops of AOXV and aerosols of biological agents. Shelters of the simplest type- these are cracks, trenches, dugouts. They do not take much time to erect, but they can effectively protect people from certain emergency factors. Protective structures classified by purpose, location, time of construction, protective properties, capacity. By appointment distinguish between general-purpose protective structures (to protect the population in cities and countryside) and for special purposes - for the placement of control bodies, warning and communication systems, medical institutions. By location distinguish between built-in and free-standing. Built-in structures are located in the basement and basement floors of buildings; they are widespread, their construction is more economically feasible. Free-standing protective structures are located outside buildings.

By construction time distinguish between those erected in advance, which are capital structures made of durable non-combustible materials, and pre-fabricated, constructed in a special period under the threat of an emergency with the use of materials at hand. According to their protective properties, shelters are divided into 5 classes. The protective properties are determined by the ability of the shelter and its enclosing structures to withstand a certain amount of overpressure of the shock wave. By capacity distinguish between small-capacity shelters (up to 600 people), medium-capacity (600-2000 people) and large-capacity (over 2000 people).

Certain requirements are imposed on the protective properties of shelters, which imply strict compliance with the rules of construction and operation. Only in this case, protective structures can fulfill their intended purpose:

Shelters must provide reliable protection from all damaging emergency factors;

The enclosing structures must have the necessary thermal resistance to protect against high temperatures;

Shelters must be appropriately equipped for people to stay in them for at least two days;

PRU must provide the calculated multiplicity of attenuation of ionizing radiation;

PRU must be provided with sanitary devices for long-term stay of people in them;

The simplest shelters are chosen so that they can protect people from light radiation, penetrating radiation and the action of a shock wave.

Topic 1.12
Collective protective equipment

1 study question
Purpose, functions and classification of collective protective equipment

Collective protective equipment (SCZ) - protective engineering structures civil defense designed to protect people from the consequences of accidents (catastrophes) and natural disasters, as well as from the damaging factors of weapons mass destruction and conventional means of destruction, as well as the impact of secondary damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

Typology of defensive structures

1. By appointment:

• to protect the population;
• to accommodate controls;
• to accommodate medical institutions.

2. By location:

• built-in;
• freestanding;
• subways;
• in mine workings (caves).

3. By construction time:

• erected in advance;
• pre-fabricated.

4. By protective properties (Fig. 1.1):

• shelters;
• anti-radiation shelters;
• the simplest shelters (open and closed slots).

Everyone should know where the shelters and shelters are located at the place of study, work and residence.

Protective structures (except for personal ones) are served by special formations, whose personnel prepare shelters to receive people, organize their filling, ensure correct operation, and if they fail, evacuate people. The formation leader must know the rules for operating the equipment placed in the shelter.

In the event of a threat of an emergency, special forces prepare protective structures for receiving sheltered ones, and by the arrival of warning signals, they monitor its uniform filling, after which they close all entrances and switch the air supply system to filter ventilation mode (Fig. 1.2).

Conclusions on the first training question

1. To protect people from the consequences of accidents (catastrophes), natural disasters, damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction and OSP, the impact of secondary damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, engineering structures called collective protection means are used.

2. The main indicators for the classification of collective protective equipment are the purpose, location, construction time and protective properties of the SCZ.

For group protection of personnel, the wounded and sick from modern species weapons, specially equipped fortifications and mobile objects of military equipment and transport are used. Shelter of the population in protective structures is the most reliable way to protect people. Protective structures are engineering structures specially equipped to protect people from all means of destruction, as well as from possible secondary factors of destruction.

The protective properties of collective protective equipment are determined by their design and the purpose of special equipment.

Protective structures are divided into:

- asylum- protecting weapons of mass destruction against all damaging factors. They are subdivided into shelters erected in advance and shelters erected under the threat of war;

- anti-radiation shelters- protecting against ionizing radiation from radioactive contamination terrain, partly from other damaging factors of a nuclear explosion in accordance with the calculated multiplicity of attenuation, as well as from direct contact with the skin and clothing of military personnel with aerosols of bacterial agents, toxic substances (SDYAV);

- the simplest type of shelter- made in the form of blocked slots, trenches, dugouts, dugouts, which partially protect the military personnel in them from the damaging factors of weapons.

Protective structures in cities and towns are built taking into account their dual use: both for industrial and household needs, and for protecting the population from the impact of damaging factors of an emergency

In modern conditions, mobile means of collective protection are becoming widespread. Cabins of machines for various purposes, BMP are equipped in an anti-chemical and anti-nuclear relation (filtering units, additional sealing, etc.). Such equipment is especially necessary for ambulances, dressing rooms, ambulances.

Open-type structures (trenches, slots, sub-barred niches, etc.) reduce losses from the effects of conventional weapons and the shock wave of a nuclear explosion, and partially protect against light radiation and penetrating radiation.

Closed-type structures, which include dugouts, dugouts, etc., provide more reliable protection for people, wounded and sick. They can be sealed and ventilated and non-ventilated. The time spent by people in unventilated structures is very limited and does not exceed 1 hour.

The most reliable protection of people is provided by shelters and anti-radiation shelters (RDA).

1 Shelters, anti-radiation shelters

Refuge provide the most reliable protection of people from all damaging factors of nuclear weapons, from OV, SDYAV and bacterial agents, from high temperatures and harmful gases in fire zones.

Anti-radiation shelters reliably protect people from light (thermal) radiation, contamination with radioactive substances and from radioactive irradiation, as well as from direct contact with the skin and clothes of people with drops of OM and aerosols of bacterial agents. To protect people, you can, in addition to stationary, use shelters and shelters, erected in a short time from ready-made wooden or reinforced concrete structures. They also accommodate mine workings, crossings, transport tunnels, garages and subways.

Fencing protective structures . The enclosing protective structures of shelters include ceilings, walls, floors, as well as protective devices for entrance openings (doors, gates and shutters). Their purpose is to withstand the excess pressure of the shock wave, to provide protection from light radiation, penetrating radiation, high temperatures in case of fires and to prevent the penetration of radioactive dust, OM, SDYAV and biological agents into the structure.

The enclosing structures must ensure the ability to maintain a normal temperature and humidity regime inside the premises during operation and protect the structure from ground and surface waters.

The tightness of the enclosing structures is achieved by the density of the materials used and the careful sealing of the junctions of doors, gates and shutters, as well as hatches and places where pipelines and cables pass through the walls.

Shelters are built from reinforced concrete, brick, or other stone materials. The choice of material depends on the required degree of protection and economic feasibility. Modern shelters are mainly built prefabricated monolithic from unified reinforced concrete elements.

Walls and floors of built-in structures must have reliable waterproofing from ground and surface waters. In detached buildings, waterproofing over floors and drainage of surface waters are also needed.

The doors to the PRU in the mode of sheltering people are kept open and closed until the fallout of radioactive fallout.

Entrance protection devices. In shelters, various types of specially made protective devices for entrance openings are used - doors, shutters, gates.

According to their protective properties, these devices are divided into protective (against the action of a shock wave), protective-hermetic (protection against the action of a shock wave and ensuring sealing) and hermetic (ensuring sealing). Protective devices are manufactured in factories from metal or reinforced concrete.

In general, any protective device for shelter entrance openings consists of a door frame, a door leaf and locking devices. Some types of doors (gates) have signaling devices that are triggered when the doors are opened or the door leaf does not fit tightly to the door frame.

Protective and protective-hermetic gates instead of doors are used when using shelters as warehouses, garages or for other similar purposes. Depending on the size of the opening and operating conditions, the gates can be swing (single or double) and sliding.

Collective remedies

For the group protection of personnel, the wounded and sick from modern types of weapons, specially equipped fortifications and mobile objects of military equipment and transport are used (see table)

Classification of means of collective protection against weapons of mass destruction

Protection of crews, tanks, infantry fighting vehicles and other mobile objects is achieved by equipping them with collective defense equipment. They include a device for radiation and chemical reconnaissance PRHR, a filter-ventilation unit FVU for air purification from OM, RV and BS, means of sealing the machine and switching equipment.

Protective structures- these are engineering structures specially designed for the collective protection of workers and employees of enterprises, as well as the population from the damaging factors of emergencies.

Protective structures are divided into shelters, anti-radiation shelters, and the simplest shelters. Shelters and PRUs are usually built in advance according to special building codes and regulations "Civil Defense Engineering Measures and Prevention emergencies". In the absence of emergencies, they are used for economic purposes (such as warehouses, utility rooms, classrooms, canteens, canteens, etc.). In this case, it is always necessary to provide for the possibility of quickly transferring shelters and PRUs to their intended use.

Rice. Classification of collective protective equipment

Asylumis an engineering structure that protects the people hiding in it from the effects of all damaging emergency factors: light radiation, penetrating radiation, shock wave, toxic substances (OM) and hazardous chemical substances(AOKhV), bacterial agents (BS), high temperatures in fire zones, debris from destroyed buildings.

Basic requirements for shelters:

the presence of equally strong enclosing structures,

withstanding the specified loads from the shock wave,

availability of life support systems and FVU,

profitability.

A typical shelter consists of base and auxiliary rooms.

The main ones are:

premises for sheltered people,

control point

medical post (point).

The auxiliary ones include:

premises for a filtration unit (FVU),

sanitary unit,

diesel power plant,

food warehouse.

The shelter is equipped with vestibule locks and vestibules, an electrical panel, and in some cases - an artesian well, a pumping station, a balloon.

In the shelters honey. institutions are additionally provided for:

rooms for accommodation of patients,

operating room-dressing room,

preoperative-sterilization,

procedural dressing room,

pantry,

sanitary room͵

posts of nurses.

The shelter must have at least two entrances located at opposite ends. A built-in shelter must have an emergency exit.

The filter ventilation system must operate in two modes: clean ventilation and filter ventilation. In the first mode, the air is cleared of coarsely dispersed radioactive dust, in the second - from the rest of the radioactive fallout, as well as from AOKhV and BS.

When the shelter is located in a place where a strong fire or gas contamination of the AOKhV is possible, a regime of complete isolation of the shelter premises with air regeneration in them can be envisaged.

If the shelter is reliably sealed, then after the doors are closed and the filtering unit is activated, the air pressure inside the shelter becomes slightly higher than atmospheric (a so-called air pressure is formed).

The shelter is equipped with various life support systems. Electricity is usually supplied from an external power grid, and, if extremely important, also from an autonomous electrical source - a protected diesel power plant. The shelter must have a telephone connection and loudspeakers connected to the radio broadcasting network.

The water supply and sewerage systems of the shelter are provided on the basis of the common water supply and sewerage networks. At the same time, emergency water supplies and faecal water receivers are provided in the shelter, which must work regardless of the state of external networks. Heating is carried out from the general heating network.

The shelter accommodates dosimetry devices, chemical reconnaissance devices, protective clothing, fire extinguishing equipment, emergency supplies of tools, emergency lighting, food and water supplies, and medical equipment.

For medical and sanitary support in protective structures with a capacity of up to 150 people. there are 2 sanitary wards in operation, in structures with a capacity of up to 600 people. a sanitary post is provided (4 small sandals or 1 nurse and 3 sandals), with a capacity of more than 600 people. - medical medical center (1 doctor and 4 ankle boots per shift with two-shift work). It is important to note that an area of ​​at least 2 m 2 is required for a sanitary post, and 9 m 2 for a medical center.

In cities, to shelter non-transportable patients at hospitals with shelters, hospitals are being deployed for non-transportable patients. For every 50 beds, there are 2 doctors, 3 nurses on duty, 2 nurses for an operating room, 1 nurse for a dressing room and 4 nurses for every 50 beds. For every 50 subsequent patients, half of the indicated number of staff is added.

Basic standards for the planning of shelters medical purpose:

At the same time, in the hospital for non-transportable, sheltered in the shelter of the 600-bed building, there is a service (technical) staff: 2 locksmiths on duty, 1 diesel operator, 1 electrician, 1 barmaid.

All protective structures must comply with the sanitary and hygienic standards and requirements set forth in the "Sanitary rules for the design and operation of protective structures of civil defense" (see table).

Hygienic standards for shelters (according to Sakhno I.I., Sakhno V.I., 2002)

Rapidly erected shelters should have at least premises for sheltered ones, places for placing filtering and ventilation equipment (of the simplest or industrial production), a bathroom and an emergency supply of water. They are equipped with an entrance, an exit and an emergency exit (manhole). It is important to note that precast reinforced concrete, elements of collectors of engineering structures of urban underground facilities are used for the construction of quickly erected shelters.

entrance in the shelter:

1) partial sanitization is carried out,

2) partial disinfection and decontamination,

3) sheepskin coats and overcoats are left in the vestibule,

4) entrance in groups of 4-5 people. pass through the vestibule, lingering for 5-6 minutes.

5) in the shelter, the gas mask is removed and placed in the "ready" position.

Peculiarity exit from the hideout:

1) is carried out without delay in the vestibules,

2) the fan operating mode must be increased.

While people are in the shelter, it is extremely important to conserve oxygen (it is forbidden to use stoves, kerosene and candle lighting, smoking is prohibited).

Anti-radiation shelter(PRU) is a protective structure that protects those sheltered from light radiation, the impact of a low-power shock wave (up to 0.2 kg / cm2) and a significantly weakening effect of penetrating radiation.

The switchgear must be placed in a specially equipped basement, and under certain conditions (for example, high level groundwater) - in the basement floors of buildings. Full penetration of the PRU is preferable.

The PRU provides for the main and auxiliary premises. Main premises: premises for sheltered people, a medical post (first-aid post). Auxiliary: a bathroom, a ventilation chamber, a room for storing contaminated outerwear.

The adaptation of premises for PRU includes the strengthening of the enclosing structures to protect against radioactive dust and the action of a shock wave, their sealing, ventilation, equipment of bathrooms and plumbing, installation of bunk beds for sitting and lying.

The protective properties of the PRU against ionizing radiation are assessed by the radiation attenuation coefficient, which shows how many times the PRU reduces the radiation level in comparison with the open area, and, consequently, the radiation dose of the people being sheltered. PRUs are arranged so that the attenuation coefficient is greatest. All PRUs in cities, based on the attenuation coefficient, are divided into three groups: the 1st group includes shelters with an attenuation coefficient of 200 or more, the 2nd group - from 100 to 200, and the 3rd group - from 50 to 100. Basements in wooden houses attenuate radiation by 7-12 times, in stone buildings - by 200-300 times, the middle part of the basement of a stone building with several floors - up to 500 times. Overground floors of buildings and structures are also used as PRU. The most suitable for this are the interiors of stone buildings with solid walls and a small area of ​​openings. The first and last floors attenuate radiation in lesser degree... In rural areas, special attention should be paid to the use of cellars, basements, as well as vegetable stores and free silos as PRU. Anti-radiation shelters for healthcare institutions should have the following main premises: for accommodation of patients and convalescents, medical and service personnel, a procedural (dressing room), a pantry and nursing posts (see table).

Patients, medical and service personnel should be accommodated in separate rooms (with the exception of duty personnel posts). In the PRU of surgical hospitals, it is necessary to deploy an operating and dressing room and a preoperative dressing room. For seriously ill patients, a sanitary room should be provided.

Standards for the area of ​​premises in PRU for hospitals (m 2).

Anti-radiation shelters for infectious patients should be designed according to individual assignment, providing for the placement of patients according to the type of infection and allocating, when it is extremely important, premises for separate boxes.

Retrofitting of basement floors and internal premises of buildings increases their protective properties several times. The coefficient of protection for the basements of wooden houses rises to about 100, of stone houses - up to 800-1000. Unequipped cellars attenuate radiation by 7-12 times, and equipped ones - by 350-400; non-equipped vegetable stores - 40 times, and equipped ones - 1000 times. To increase the protective properties of the premises and ensure their sealing, window and excess doorways are closed; they are laid with sandbags, bricks, and hammered with boards. All cracks, cracks and holes in the walls and ceilings are carefully repaired. Places of input of heating and water pipes are poured through. Outside, near the walls, soil sprinkling is made to a height of 1 m. Ventilation of buried shelters with a capacity of up to 50 people. carried out by natural ventilation through the supply and exhaust ducts. Boxes are made of boards or asbestos-cement, ceramic, metal pipes. Οʜᴎ should have visors on top, and on the bottom (in the room) - tightly fitted valves.

Among the civil defense engineering and technical measures to reduce the severity of emergencies, an important place is occupied by the construction of shelters and shelters in areas of probable destruction, radioactive and chemical contamination. In terms of location, time of alert and protective properties, these shelters meet the requirements of protecting people in relevant emergencies of a military, natural and man-made nature.

The simplest shelters- these are protective structures that provide protection from flying debris, light radiation, and also reduce the effects of ionizing radiation and shock waves. These include cracks (open and closed), trenches, underground crossings of streets.

The simplest open-type structures (trenches, slots) reduce losses from conventional weapons and the shock wave of a nuclear explosion, partly from light radiation and penetrating radiation. These structures are used to shelter the wounded and sick, but they are not effective in protecting against 0V and the tank. funds.

The simplest closed-type structures (dugouts, dugouts) provide more reliable protection. Οʜᴎ must be sealed and ventilated and non-ventilated. The time of possible stay of people in unventilated structures is very limited and does not exceed 1 hour.

Shelters of the simplest type are built in the event of an imminent threat or emergencies. The most accessible simple shelters are cracks.

The gap must be open or closed. The probability of hitting people by an air shock wave in an open gap is reduced by 1.5-2 times compared to being in an open area, the possibility of irradiation of people as a result of radioactive contamination of the area becomes 2-3 times less. In the closed gap, the protection of people from light radiation will be complete, the impact from a shock wave is weakened by 2.5-3 times, and from penetrating radiation and radiation on radioactively contaminated areas with a thickness of soil covering over the floor of 60-70 cm - by 200 300 times.

The cracks are built by the population from improvised means and industrial-made building materials. Initially, open slots and trenches are created with a depth of 180-200 cm, a width of 100-120 cm at the top, and 80 cm at the bottom. Subsequently, they should be improved and turn into closed slots, and then into PRU. Capacity - from 20 to 60 people.

In the simplest shelters, you should be in PPE: in open - in protective clothing and gas masks (respirators), overlapped - in gas masks (respirators).

Cracks are built outside the zones of possible blockages and flooding (at a distance from ground-based buildings equal to half their height plus 3 m, and further if there is free territory). In cities, it is best to build cracks in squares, on boulevards and in large courtyards where engineering networks are not laid. In the countryside - in gardens, vegetable gardens, wastelands. It is impossible to build cracks near explosive workshops and warehouses, tanks with AOKhV, near high voltage electrical lines, main gas pipelines.

When going to protective structures, the sheltered must have with them a two-day supply of food, toilet accessories, necessary personal belongings, documents and PPE.

Collective means of protection - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Collective means of protection" 2014, 2015.