What are the means of collective protection? Appointment and application of means of collective protection. Shelters. Means of collective protection. Anti-radiation shelters

Facilities collective defense(SKZ) are protective engineering structures civil defense. They are the most reliable means of protecting the population from weapons. mass destruction and other modern means of attack. Protective structures, depending on their protective properties, are divided into refuge(U) and anti-radiation shelters(PRU). In addition, simple shelters (PRUK) can be used to protect people.
Shelters- these are special structures designed to protect people from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, toxic substances, bacterial (biological) agents, as well as from high temperatures and harmful gases generated during fires(Fig. 20).
The shelter consists of the main and auxiliary premises. In the main room, intended for sheltering, two- or three-tiered bunks are equipped - benches for sitting and shelves for lying. The auxiliary premises of the shelter are a sanitary unit, a filter-ventilation chamber, and in large-capacity buildings - a medical room, a pantry for food, rooms for providing water from an artesian well and a diesel power plant.
As a rule, at least two entrances (exits) are arranged in the shelter; in shelters of small capacity - an entrance (exit) and an emergency exit. In built-in shelters, entrances can be made from stairwells or directly from the street. The emergency exit is equipped in the form of an underground gallery, ending in a shaft with a head or a hatch in a non-collapsible area.

Rice. 20. Shelter plan: 1 - protective and hermetic doors; 2 - lock chambers (vestibules); 3 - sanitary compartments; 4 - the main room for accommodating people; 5 - gallery and head of the emergency exit; c - filter-ventilation chamber; 7 - pantry for food; 8 - medical room

The outer door is made protective and hermetic, the inner - hermetic. Between them is a vestibule. In shelters with a large capacity (more than 300 people), at one of the entrances, a tambour-lock is equipped, which is closed from the outer and inner sides with protective and hermetic doors, which makes it possible to leave the shelter without violating the protective properties of the entrance.
The air supply system, as a rule, operates in two modes: clean ventilation (air purification from dust) and filter ventilation. In shelters of the highest category and located in fire hazardous areas, a full autonomy mode with air regeneration inside the shelter may be additionally provided.
The power supply, heating and sewerage systems of the shelters are connected to the corresponding external networks. In case of damage, the shelter has portable tanks for storing an emergency supply of water, as well as containers for collecting sewage.
Shelters are heated from a common heating network.
In the premises of the shelter there are sets of means for conducting reconnaissance, protective clothing, overalls, fire extinguishing means, an emergency supply of tools.
Anti-radiation shelters(PRU) provide protection of people from ionizing radiation in case of radiation contamination of the area. In addition, they protect against light radiation, penetrating radiation (including from a neutron flux) and partially from a shock wave, as well as from contact with the skin and clothes of people with radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial (biological) agents.
PRU are arranged most often in the basement floors of buildings and other structures. In some cases, stand-alone, pre-fabricated anti-radiation shelters can be built, for which industrial (prefabricated reinforced concrete elements, bricks, rolled products) or local (timber, stones, etc.) building materials are used.
All recessed rooms suitable for this purpose are adapted for anti-radiation shelters: basements, cellars (Fig. 21, 22), vegetable stores, underground workings and caves, as well as rooms in ground buildings with walls made of materials with the necessary protective properties.
To increase the protective properties in the room, window and additional doorways are closed up, a layer of soil is poured onto the ceilings and, if necessary, soil filling is done outside the walls protruding above the ground. Sealing the premises is achieved by carefully sealing cracks, crevices and holes in the walls and ceiling, at the junction of window and door openings, entering heating and water pipes, fitting the doors and lining them with felt, sealing the porch with a roller of felt or other soft thick fabric.

Rice. 21. Basement adapted for shelter

Rice. 22. Cellar adapted for shelter

Shelters for up to 30 people are ventilated naturally through the supply and exhaust ducts. To create traction, the exhaust duct is made 1.5 - 2 m higher than the supply one. At the outer outlets of the ventilation ducts, visors are made, and at the input, tightly fitting dampers are made that close during the threat of radioactive fallout. The interior equipment of shelters is similar to that of a shelter.
In premises adapted for shelter, not equipped with water supply and sewerage, water tanks are installed at the rate of 3-4 liters per person per day, a toilet with a portable container or a cesspool. In addition, benches, racks or chests for food are installed in the shelter. Lighting is provided from an external power supply or portable electric lamps.
Protective properties radiation shelters from the effects of radioactive radiation are evaluated by the protection coefficient (radiation attenuation), which shows how many times the radiation dose in open areas is greater than the radiation dose in the shelter, that is, how many times the PRU weaken the effects of radiation, and consequently, the radiation dose to people. The protective properties of some premises are given below.
The values ​​of the radiation attenuation coefficient, depending on the type of premises, can be as follows (Table 2).

Table 2.

Room type	Attenuation factor
Internal premises of the first floor of one- and two-story buildings: with wooden walls with brick walls	2 5-7
The interior of the upper floors (with the exception of the last) of multi-storey buildings
Basements of one- and two-story buildings: wooden stone	7-12 200 - 300
The middle part of the basement of a multi-storey building	500 - 1000

Additional equipment of basement floors and internal premises of buildings increases their protective properties by several tens or even hundreds of times. So, the protection factor of equipped basements of wooden houses rises to about 100, stone houses - up to 1000. Unequipped cellars weaken radiation by 7-12 times, and equipped ones - by 350-400 times.
Rules of behavior in shelters. The filling of the shelter (shelter) is done in an organized and fast manner. First of all, children, women with children and the elderly are allowed through. They are placed in their designated areas.
The person in the shelter must have with him a two-day supply of food in plastic packaging, toilet accessories, documents, a minimum of personal belongings and funds. personal protection.
It is forbidden to bring flammable and strong-smelling substances, bulky things into the protective structure, bring pets, walk unnecessarily around the premises, light kerosene lamps, candles, home-made lamps without permission. Those in the shelter are obliged to comply with all requirements and instructions of the commander and personnel of the service unit.
The withdrawal of people from the shelter (shelter) is carried out after the signal "Clear" or as needed.
When the main exits from the shelter (shelter) are blocked, the exit is made through the emergency exit, and if there is none, measures are taken to independently open the doors and clear the blockage at the exit by the forces of the service link and the people in the shelter.
Covers of the simplest type. The simplest shelters include cracks, open and covered (Fig. 24). The cracks are built by the population themselves using improvised materials.
The simplest shelters have fairly reliable protective properties. Thus, an open slot reduces the probability of damage by a shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation by 1.2–2 times, and increases protection against radiation in the zone of radiation contamination by 2–3 times. The closed slot completely protects against light radiation, reduces the impact of the shock wave by 2.5-3 times, and penetrating radiation and radioactive radiation - by 200-300 times. It also protects against direct contact with clothing and skin of radioactive toxic substances and biological agents.
The place for the construction of slots is chosen in areas that are not flooded, that is, the distance to the slot from ground buildings should be 15–20 m higher than their height, in an area that is not flooded with melt and rainwater.
The gap is initially arranged open. It is a zigzag trench in the form of several straight sections no more than 15 m long. Depth - 1.8 - 2 m, width along the top - 1.1 - 1.2 m, along the bottom - up to 0.8 m. The length of the slot is determined at the rate of 0.5 - 0.6 m per person. The usual slot capacity is 10-15 people, the largest is 50 people.
The construction of the gap begins with the breakdown and tracing (designation) of its plan on the ground. First, the baseline is hung, and the total length of the gap is plotted on it. then left and

Rice. 24. Covered slit (dimensions in cm)

to the right lay half the dimensions of the width of the gap along the top. In places of kinks, pegs are hammered, tracing cords are pulled between them and grooves 5-7 cm deep are torn off.
The passage does not begin across the entire width, but somewhat retreating inward from the tracing line. As they deepen, the slopes of the slot are gradually trimmed and brought to the required size.
In the future, the walls of the gap are strengthened with boards, poles, reeds or other improvised materials. Then the gap is covered with logs, sleepers or small-sized reinforced concrete slabs, and a layer of waterproofing is placed on top, using roofing felt, roofing material, vinyl chloride film, or a layer of clay is laid, and then a layer of soil 50-60 cm thick.
The entrance is made from one or two sides at a right angle to the gap and equipped with a sealed door and a vestibule, separating the place for those hiding with a curtain of thick fabric. For ventilation, supply and exhaust ducts (or one exhaust duct) are equipped. A drainage groove is broken along the floor with a drainage well located at the entrance to the gap.

Means of collective protection. Classification, protective properties of structures used to protect personnel and equipment from weapons of mass destruction

Collective protection means

Collective protection means are designed to purify atmospheric air from TX, RP and BA and supply it to collective protection facilities in order to ventilate the inhabited premises of objects, provide air to the personnel sheltered in them, and also create excess pressure (backup pressure) that prevents the penetration of outdoor contaminated air through leaks of enclosing structures of objects.

According to the conditions of combat operation, collective protective equipment is divided into:

Air purification facilities for military fortifications (FVA, FVK, KRV);

Air purification facilities for mobile objects of ground weapons and military equipment(FVA, FVU);

Pre-filters;

Absorbent filters.

Means of collective protection for military fortifications

The means of collective protection for military fortifications include:

Filtering set FVK-200K;

Filter-ventilation units FVA-100/50, FVA-50/25, FVA-50/25D, and for large-capacity structures, filter-ventilation unit FVU-1000;

KRV air regeneration kit.

The FVU-1000 filtering unit is designed for equipping large-capacity military fortifications.

The KRV set is designed to equip military fortifications at command posts of the operational-tactical level, operating in complete isolation mode.

The filter-ventilation kit FVK-200K is intended for equipping military fortifications with a capacity of up to 40 people.

The FVA-100/50 filtering unit is designed to equip military fortifications at command posts and medical posts, as well as shelters for personnel with a capacity of up to 20 people.

Filter-ventilation units FVA-50/25 and FVA-50/25D are designed to equip military fortifications (shelters and command posts) with a capacity of 10-12 people.

PACKAGE AND COMPOSITION OF FILTER-VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS, SETS AND UNITS

Name of components, assemblies and kits	Brand and completeness components, assemblies and kits
Fan with electric motor	VAP-1 -1 pc.	BP -12-26 - 1 pc.	MGV - 1 - 1 pc.	ERV - 200 - 1 pc.
filter absorber	FP - 100/50 or FPU-200 - 1 pc.	FP - 1000 consists of 1 cassette KSO-1000 and 2 cassettes KSh-500	FP-50/25 - 1pc	Block filtering-B-200, antiaerosol filter PAF - 200
Explosion proof device	VZU-100 - 2 pcs.	Not available	VZU-50 - 1 pc.	VZU - 200V - 1 pc.
Air flow indicator	URV-2 - 1 pc.	Differential pressure gauge DNMP-20°С	Not available	Differential pressure gauge DNMP-20°С
Device for purging vestibules	1 set of UPT	Not available	Not available	UPT - 1 set
Sliding hermetic doors	2 sets	Not available	1 kit	RGD - 2 sets
Waterproof paper (polyethylene film)	1 roll -100m 2	Not available	1 roll - 80 m2	Not available
rubberized fabric	2 panels measuring 0.7x6 and 0.7 x 2.5 m	Not available	2 panels size 0.7 x 6 m	2 panels 0.7 x 6 m
Mounting kit	One pack

Note. Unit FVA-50/25D for airborne troops differs from the FVA-50/25 unit in its configuration and packaging. The FVA-50/25D set includes only one panel made of rubberized fabric. Instead of a roll of waterproof paper, there is a roll of polyethylene film with an area of ​​40 m2. The hermetic door is reduced in height.

Filtering unit FVA-100/50: 1 - air inlet; 2 - ventilation protective device VZU-100; 3 - fan VAP-1 with electric motor and manual drive; 4 - air flow indicator URV-2; 5 - absorber filter FP-100/50 or FPU-200 with a stand.

Filtering unit FVA-50/25: 1 - electric fan with manual drive; 2 - ventilation protective device VZU-50; 3 - air intake device; 4 - absorber filter FP-50/25 with stand.

Filter-ventilation kit FVK-200K: 1 - explosion-proof device VZU-200; 2 - filtering unit FVA-200.

Filtering unit FVU-1000: 1 - angle valve; 2 - absorbent cassettes; 3 - filter cassette; 4 - through valve; 5 - outlet pipe; 6 - differential pressure gauge DNMP-100S; 7 - silencer; 8 - starting device; 9 - fan with electric motor.

General view of the air regeneration kit: 1 - air ducts; 2 - control shield; 3 - sectional frame; 4 - PZ cartridges.

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPONENT PARTS OF FILTER-VENTILATION UNITS, KITS AND INSTALLATIONS

Name of units (sets) and their components	Volumetric air flow, m 3 / h	Resistance to constant air flow (pressure), mm w.c. Art.	Weight, kg
Filtering unit FVA-100/50
Fan VAP-1 with electric motor; Filter absorber FP-100/50 or FPU-200; Ventilation protective device VZU-100		no more than 60 No more than 50 No more than 11
Filtering unit FVA-50/25
MGV-1 fan with an electric motor; Filter absorber FP-50/25 Ventilation protective device VZU-50.		No more than 65 No more than 11
Filtering unit FVU-1000
Fan VR-12-26 Filter absorber FP-1000: 1 cassette KSO-1000; 2 cassettes KSh-500.		At least 98 (10) No more than 882 (90)
Filtering set FVK-200K
Fan ERV-200K Filter absorber: Antiaerosol filter PAF-200K; Block sorbing 200B; Explosion protection device VZU-200B; Deflector protective device DZU.		100 (10) (pressure) No more than 120 No more than 50

The VAP-1 fan is equipped with an AOLB-12-2 electric motor with a power of 120 W or 4AAE56V2U3, the MGV-1 fan with an AOLB-012-2 electric motor with a power of 50 W or 4AAE50V2U2, the BP-12-26-3.5 fan is equipped with a 4A100 electric motor with a power of 4, 5 kW with a supply voltage of 380 V. The ERV-200K fan is equipped with an electric motor DAK-130-250-3 with a power of 520 W.

The installations and assemblies are powered from the AC network of military power plants with a voltage of 220 V and 380 V, as well as from an industrial network, with an AC voltage of 220-380 V. VAP-1, MGV-1, ERV-200K fans also have a manual drive that provides air supply, which ensures the protection of personnel (rotation of the gearbox handle with a frequency of 45 ... 50 rpm).

Ventilation protective devices VZU-100 and VZU-50 are designed to withstand overpressure in the shock wave front up to 5 kgf/cm2 and retain from 60 to 70% of atmospheric dust.

The ventilation protective device, which is part of the FVA-100/50 unit, consists of a body, two pipes, one inside the other, and a plug. At the bottom of the rear wall of the housing there is a hole for draining condensate, closed with a plug.

The inner diameter of the pipes is 100 and 105 mm, the total length is 2 m. In the FVA-50/25 and FVA-50/25D units, air intake hoses are used to supply outside air from the ventilation protective device to the absorber filter.

The inner diameter of the hoses is 50 mm, the total length is 3.1 m.

Air purification from dust in ventilation protective devices VZU-100 and VZU-50 is carried out in a layer of aluminum shavings.

The VZU-200V explosion-proof device is designed to withstand overpressure in the shock wave front up to 5 kgf/cm2 and traps up to 99% of atmospheric dust.

In the FVA-100/50 unit, one ventilation protective device serves to protect against the penetration of a shock wave through the air inlet and filter absorber, and the other - to protect against the penetration of a shock wave through the tambour blowing device.

In the FVK-200K set, a deflector protective device is used to prevent the penetration of a shock wave into the structure through the device for blowing out vestibules. It differs from the explosion-proof device in the absence of a filter cassette.

Filter absorbers FP-100/50, FP-50/25, FPU-200 are designed for repeated use. The shelf life of filters-absorbers in their original packaging at bases and warehouses is 15 years.

The tambour blowing device is designed to provide ventilation of tambours in fortifications built from industrially manufactured elements. It consists of the same parts as the ventilation protective device, and differs from it in the presence of a valve for air flow. In the filter-ventilation set FVK-200K, instead of the VZU, the device for blowing out vestibules includes a deflector protective device. During the operation of the unit, the valve opens under the action of the backwater and the air from the vestibule comes out. When the unit stops, the valve closes and prevents the penetration of outside air into the vestibule.

The tambour purge device is installed between the protective and hermetic doors.

Sliding hermetic doors are designed to seal the doorways of the building. Sealing and waterproofing of the structure coating is carried out by laying waterproof paper (polyethylene film) into the ground at a height of 10-15 cm from the structure frame during its construction. Waterproof paper (polyethylene film) is a consumable item and should only be used once.

Rubberized fabric panels are intended for sealing the entrance of the structure and are consumables. In structures built from local materials, panels are used to seal the joints of hermetic partitions with the entrance frame. In structures with one vestibule, they are also used to make a curtain, which separates the covered section of the trench in front of the protective door from the atmosphere (to form another vestibule).

FVA-100/50, FVA-50/25, FVA-50/25D units, FVK-200K sets and FVU-1000 unit are designed for repeated use. When leaving the structure, the unit (set, installation) is transferred to the replacement unit or dismantled for subsequent use in other structures. All dismantled parts are cleaned and packed in containers.

For joint work with the FVK-200K filter-ventilation set and the FVA-100/50 filter-ventilation unit, an air regeneration set is used in the KRV military fortifications.

The air regeneration kit in the military fortifications of the KRV is designed to ensure the life of personnel in the military fortifications at command posts of the operational-tactical level in full isolation mode in conditions that exclude the possibility of air intake for the operation of filter ventilation systems.

When working with EAC in the inhabited premises of a military fortification, an oxygen concentration of at least 18.5% vol. and carbon dioxide not more than 1.5% vol. at an air volume flow of 60 m3/h. The duration of continuous operation of the kit without replacing PZ cartridges is at least 6 hours.

BASIC performance characteristics of the KRV KIT

Installation of the regeneration kit is carried out according to the diagrams given in the technical description and operating instructions. The quality of the installation of the regeneration kit is assessed by a control inspection with checking the correct installation of the valve and manifold, the correctness and tightness of the connection of the components of the regeneration kit. The nipple connections must be turned counterclockwise until they stop. The clamps must be tight. The outlet covers from the PZ cartridges must be open. After checking the correctness of the installation, the operability of the FVK-200K or FVA-100/50 units or sets is checked.

The operability of the kit as a whole is checked after the units of the kits are put into operation and the volume flow is measured using the control panel. The air volume flow must be at least 60 m3/h. The cause of insufficient air supply may be damage to the FVK-200K or FVA-100/50 fans. The regeneration kit is designed for repeated use with the replacement of P3 regenerative cartridges. When the structure is abandoned, the kit is transferred to a shift unit or dismantled for subsequent use in other structures. All dismantled parts are cleaned and packed in containers. After working out the PZ cartridges, they are dismantled. The procedure for the disposal of cartridges is similar to the destruction of regenerative cartridges of self-contained breathing apparatus (see Appendix 7). It is forbidden to close the inlets of incompletely used PZ cartridges with caps.

Classification, protective properties of structures used to protect personnel and equipment from weapons of mass destruction

The simplest open structures- trenches, cracks, trenches and communication passages - are equipped with the forces of the units themselves. Above these structures, moistened ground floors should be arranged, which significantly reduce the damaging effect of the shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation from nuclear explosions and radioactive radiation from the contaminated area, and also protect against incendiary substances and direct contamination with droplet liquid and aerosol poisonous substances. To increase the stability of the simplest fortifications, it is advisable in all cases, when there is time and materials, to make cool clothes.

To shelter the personnel, slots are arranged at the rate of one slot per squad, crew (calculation). Entrances to slots can be horizontal or vertical; higher protective properties has a vertical entrance. To protect personnel from a shock wave, the entrance to the gap must be blocked with a shield made of boards, brushwood mats or other improvised materials. Slots can adjoin trenches and trenches or be built separately. In all cases, slots must be located where most time is personnel, and so that they can be quickly occupied by a warning signal about the threat and the beginning of the use of weapons of mass destruction and by warning signals.

However, it must be remembered that cracks, even if closed, do not provide protection from toxic substances and biological agents. When using them in cases of chemical and biological contamination, personal protective equipment should be used: in blocked cracks - usually respiratory protection, in open cracks, in addition, skin protection.

When choosing a place for a gap, one must take into account the influence of the relief and precipitation on the nature of the possible radioactive contamination terrain; the site for the gap should be chosen on a site that is not flooded by ground, flood and storm water, in a place with stable soil (excluding landslides).

The most reliable protection of personnel from weapons of mass destruction is provided by buildings of a closed type- dugouts and shelters.

Dugout in contrast to the gap, a more capital shelter, which, as a rule, has a main room, a vestibule and an entrance vestibule. The dugout provides more reliable protection against weapons, including nuclear weapons.

The location of the personnel in the dugout completely eliminates the damaging effect of light radiation, reduces the dose of penetrating radiation by 200-400 times and sharply reduces the impact of the shock wave.

The dugout is built for 8-15 people. Depending on the design and the materials used, they can be of a non-cut design, of brushwood fascines, of earth-bearing bags and of corrugated steel elements. The protective soil thickness above the dugout is at least 70 cm. In winter, stoves can be installed in the dugouts - service or from local materials.

Dugout without cutting construction is the simplest shelter in terms of device, since its elements (racks, rolling and struts) are connected without cuttings and qualified specialists are not required for its installation.

To accommodate command and medical posts, ensure the rest of personnel and meals in the conditions of combat operations in contaminated areas, shelters with special equipment are being built to ensure the safe stay of personnel without personal protective equipment.

Dugout without cutting construction: 1 - exhaust duct; 2 - overlap (logs with a diameter of 16 cm); 3 - smoke protective device (DZU); 4 - a curtain from a cape; 5 - covered section of the trench 2.5 m long (logs with a diameter of 12 cm and a length of 3 m); 6 - heating furnace; 7 7 seating area; 8 - upper and lower bunk beds; 9 - vertical fence wall

asylum- a structure of a closed type, specially built or equipped to protect the personnel of the troops from all means of destruction. Unlike cracks,
dugout shelter provides a long stay in it for people without the use of personal protective equipment. In order to prevent the entry of OM, RP and BA into the shelter, it is sealed, the entrances are equipped with vestibules, and filtering and ventilation units are installed inside the shelter to purify the air and the required overpressure (backup pressure). The necessary degree of protection against the penetration of the impact of the shock wave is achieved by the device of the appropriate coating, the supporting structure, as well as the special equipment of all openings and openings. To reduce the penetration depth of artillery shells, air bombs and missiles, a hard “mattress” layer of stone, prefabricated reinforced concrete and other durable materials can be arranged in the cover of the shelter. Heating and lighting devices, bunks (beds) and other equipment are installed in the shelters.

According to the method of construction, shelters of excavated and underground types are distinguished (with high level groundwater and in rocky soils, shelters of semi-buried and bulk types are usually arranged). Underground shelters are built without opening the surface of the earth, a protective layer of soil is left above the underground working.

By appointment, shelters are military and civil defense. Military shelters are classified according to the degree of protection, materials used, structures and method of construction. They are also divided into shelters of light and heavy types. The first ones have a soil sprinkling with a thickness of 90-130 cm, in the coatings of the second they arrange a "mattress".

According to the protective properties, shelters are divided into classes, which are characterized by the degree of protection against the shock wave of a nuclear explosion. According to the capacity of the shelter, as a rule, they are designed from 100-150 to several thousand people. According to the construction method, there are monolithic and precast concrete. According to the location of the shelter, they are divided into built-in and free-standing. Shelters usually have compartments for accommodating people, a filter-ventilation room, a first-aid post, a bathroom, a pantry for storing food supplies and vestibules, they must be equipped with protected entrances and emergency exits.

The shelter is built for a company, a battery.

To protect technology in the field, trenches and shelters are arranged. These structures are designed to protect equipment and weapons mainly from the propelling action of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion. For the protection and rest of the crews (crews), it is necessary to equip covered slots, which should be located in the steepness (at the bottom) of the trench or no further than 20-30 m from it. Personnel located in a blocked gap will be better protected from penetrating radiation than, for example, when they are in equipment.

field protective structures

Mobile (shunting)

open type:
closed type:
trenches;
trenches;
cracks;
niches
dugouts;
dugouts;
refuge
tanks;
BMP;
armored personnel carriers;
special transport, including ambulance
The protection of crews, tanks, infantry fighting vehicles and other mobile objects is achieved by equipping them with collective protection equipment. They include a device for radiation and chemical reconnaissance PRKhR, a FVU filter-ventilation unit for air purification from agents, radioactive substances and BS, means of sealing the machine and switching equipment.

The simplest open-type field structures reduce losses from exposure to conventional weapons and the shock wave of a nuclear explosion, partially protect against light and ionizing radiation, but they are ineffective in relation to protection against poisonous substances and biological agents.

Field structures of a closed type provide more reliable protection for personnel, the wounded and the sick. They reduce the radius of the damaging effect of the shock wave by 4-8 times, reliably protect against damage by light radiation and incendiary substances, and reduce the degree of exposure to ionizing radiation by dozens of times. Sealing field facilities of a closed type provides additional protection against aerogenic damage of OM, RV and BS.

Basic requirements for the installation of a MPP field shelter

A team of 18 people completes the construction of a field shelter in 18-20 hours. A typical shelter along the inner perimeter has a section of 12 + 1.9 + 1.9 m. It is equipped with 2 entrances: the main and the spare. Each entrance has a vestibule, external and internal vestibules. In the main entrance, these rooms are 3 m long, and in the spare entrance, 0.95 m each, the entrances are 0.75 m wide.

The vestibule is equipped with a protective door. Tambours have sealed doors. The doors of the shelters are included in the standard equipment of the MP part.

FVA-100/50 and a field heating stove with a chimney equipped with a protective device against a shock wave are installed in the shelter.

Depending on the special equipment, enclosed field structures can be ventilated or non-ventilated. The most complete and reliable protection against all damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction is provided by shelters equipped with filter-ventilation installations.

According to their specified properties, field shelters are divided into light and heavy type shelters. Light-type shelters are constructed from ready-made frame-fabric and wooden structures or corrugated sheet iron and are covered with a layer of earth 1.2-1.5 m thick on top. Heavy-type shelters are constructed from logs or prefabricated reinforced concrete structures. To increase the protective properties against penetrating radiation of neutron ammunition, it is desirable to make soil sprinkling from moist soils and subsequently keep it moist.

The entrance to the shelter is equipped with a tambour device, which allows both entry and exit from the shelter in a contaminated atmosphere, by locking. Shelters designed to accommodate medical units are equipped with 2-3 vestibules with a length of each of them at least 3 m - to ensure free passage with stretchers for the wounded and sick. Stationary shelters and field shelters of a heavy type are equipped with an emergency exit in the form of a manhole and a spare vestibule.

Due to the fact that the filtering unit pumps air into the shelter, the excess pressure in it is maintained at a level of 2-5 mm of water. Art., which makes the shelter airtight.

Shelters are complex engineering structures, the operation of which must be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of official instructions.

In combat conditions, shelters can be used with different modes of operation.

The normal mode (clean ventilation) ensures the operation of the facility in a normal sanitary condition of the atmospheric air. In this mode, shelters are used to shelter personnel (wounded and sick) from conventional weapons. This closes only the outer door, which can be opened if necessary.

In the filter-ventilation mode, entry and exit from the shelter is allowed, subject to certain precautions.

When using shelter medical purpose and the placement of the wounded and sick in it, the following basic rules should be observed:

1) the wounded and sick are brought (or they enter) into the main room of the shelter through sealed vestibules, lingering in each of them (with closed doors) for 5-6 minutes. In case of contamination of the outer atmosphere with radioactive substances, the wounded and sick are carried (or they pass) through the vestibules without delay;

2) in vestibules, only one door opens at the same time, the next wounded (sick) should be brought into the vestibule only after the door is closed behind the previous wounded (sick);

3) in vestibules one should wear gas masks;

4) during the entry (entry) of the patient into the shelter and removal (exit) from it, it is necessary to transfer the operation of the filter-ventilation device to full capacity;

5) gas masks in the main room of the shelter are removed after 5-10 minutes of fan operation in the filter ventilation mode;

6) in non-ventilated hermetic shelters, entry and exit during a chemical attack are not allowed;

7) in all cases, before entering the shelter, additional degassing, decontamination, disinfection of uniforms are carried out, equipment is removed and measures are taken to prevent the introduction of OV, RV, BS into the main premises of the shelter.

Each enterprise must comply with the relevant labor protection standards for two or more workers at the same time. Collective protective equipment includes devices or structures that guarantee this possibility. The safety of life and health of employees is ensured without fail at each enterprise.

Safety must be achieved with regard to possible radiation, electric shock, temperature effects, vibrations, biological, chemical, mechanical factors, noise and much more. Means of collective protection at the enterprise are developed precisely for this. Such devices are divided into two main groups. Some are designed to ensure the safety of employees in the process labor activity, others function as emergency shelters.

Classification of means of collective protection

VHCs reduce the likelihood or completely prevent exposure of personnel to production factors that pose a health hazard. Means are used to normalize lighting and air purification in working areas. Each enterprise must provide protection against falling from a height, contact with electricity, from biological, chemical and mechanical effects. The temperature range suitable for the body is always observed. Workers should not be exposed to lasers, ultrasound, vibration, noise, electric fields, as well as infrared, ionizing, electromagnetic, ultraviolet radiation.

Air and lighting safety

The means of collective protection include devices for ventilation, air conditioning, deodorization, maintenance of barometric pressure, alarms, as well as autonomous control of the airspace. SKZ for the normalization of the visual situation in the working premises are lighting openings, lanterns, searchlights, protective devices.

Exposure to infrared, electromagnetic, ultraviolet radiation, noise and current

Collective protection means include protective, warning, sealing devices, protective coatings, devices for cleaning liquids or air, decontamination, sealing, automatic control, control at a certain distance, devices for storing or moving radioactive elements, containers, safety signs. Noises are suppressed thanks to special technology, soundproofing and absorbing coatings. To protect personnel from electric shocks, insulating materials, grounding, control, alarm and automatic shutdown devices are used.

Exposure to static electricity and temperatures

Collective protective equipment includes dampening, grounding, shielding devices, neutralizers and anti-electrostatic agents. RMS from low or high temperatures of equipment and air are devices for heating or cooling, signaling, remote control, automatic control, protective and thermal insulating devices.
Mechanical, chemical influences, as well as biological factors are also subject to maximum neutralization.

Fall Prevention

Means of protection are sealing, protective, safety devices, alarm devices, automatic control, remote control, removal of toxins, air purification, preparations and equipment for deratization, disinfestation, sterilization,

Fire-technical products

The means of individual and collective protection of workers in case of fire must be available at every enterprise. According to the relevant order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, employees have the right to access devices and facilities to ensure group security, as well as special technical devices to prevent fire or sustain life. The safety of people must be maintained while work is being carried out to extinguish the flame and there is a threat to their health. Building designs should provide for shelters, windows, doors, as well as locations for fire extinguishing and personal protection equipment for employees of the enterprise.

Occupational health

Modes of work in hot weather in open areas and in production facilities in the warm season provide for the use of collective protective equipment for personnel to comply with hygiene standards (prevention of heat strokes).

Civil defense facilities

Collective means of protecting the population include various shelters in case of disasters, war, and accidents. The relevance of their organization for enterprises located in hazardous areas cannot be questioned. Government regulations are created to regulate the design and operation of VHCs.

Means of collective protection against weapons of mass destruction

VCS are engineering structures designed to protect the population. These are the most reliable means of defense of citizens in the event of the use of means of attack, the consequences of which are massive. Anti-radiation shelters can be used as a shelter.

Means of collective protection against the effects of harmful gases, biological and other high temperatures, the consequences of nuclear explosions. Such shelters provide several rooms for accommodation of people and equipment, as well as ventilation chambers, bathrooms, medical rooms, storerooms, power units and water extraction sites. For the most part in such projects there are several exits closed by an absolutely sealed hatch or door. They are always located in areas where the possibility of a collapse is excluded. Spacious structures include vestibules and shafts.

Ventilation

The supply of air to the SCZ occurs in several modes. Clean ventilation as well as filtration is possible. Restoration of oxygen supplies and the function of complete isolation is provided in shelters built in areas of high probability of fire. Supply systems for electricity, water, heating, sewerage are connected to external networks.

The shelters are provided with portable backup devices in case of failure of the main stationary ones, as well as containers for storing water and collecting waste. Heating is carried out through the operation of heating networks. All shelters must be equipped with fire extinguishing, reconnaissance, protective clothing and spare tools.

Exposure to radiation

The means of individual and collective protection of workers in case of contamination of the area with radiation prevent the impact of ionizing, light radiation, as well as neutron flux, provide shelter from the shock wave, and avoid the ingress of toxic and biological substances into the body. For the most part, such shelters are equipped in basements. The possibility of rapid construction of shelters from reinforced concrete elements, timber, bricks, stones and even brushwood is not excluded.

All sorts of underground rooms can be converted into radiation shelters. These include cellars, caves, basements, underground workings, storage for vegetables. Main characteristic means of collective protection of this type - this is a fairly high strength of the walls.

Improving the security of the premises

To do this, window and unused doorways are sealed, a layer of soil is laid on the floors. If necessary, external backfilling of walls protruding above the ground is performed. Collective protective equipment at the enterprise is specially sealed. Cracks, holes or cracks on ceilings and walls, at the places where wiring and heating pipes exit, as well as on window slopes, are closed up. Doors are upholstered with felt or some other dense fabric.

The exhaust and supply ducts are designed for ventilation of rooms with a small area. In buildings adapted for shelter, but not equipped with a water supply system, liquid containers are installed at a rate of 4 liters per person per day. The bathroom is equipped with a cesspool. A portable container or dry closet can be installed. Sun loungers, benches and caches for food are also mounted. The external electrical network provides lighting for such premises.

Additional equipment of cellars

The safety properties of each means of collective protection, the use of which, according to the plan, should provide shelter from radiation, can be increased many times due to additional equipment. After the commandant of the shelter gives the appropriate orders, all sealed doors, emergency exits, and ventilation plugs are closed. The air filtration system is activated. In case of penetration of toxic or poisonous substances, each shelter occupant must immediately put on an individual respiratory protection device.

If possible, it is necessary to activate the oxygen filtering installation if a fire breaks out near the shelter or too high a concentration of potent poisons has formed. First you need to put the shelter in full isolation mode. Many people think that gas masks are collective means of protection. These are individual devices intended for personal use, which should be equipped with each shelter. After the weathering of harmful substances from the shelter, gas masks can be removed.

generally accepted rules

Only the headquarters of the civil defense facility determines the required duration of use of the means of collective protection of workers. The rules of conduct during the exit, as well as the procedure for actions, must be established in advance. The occupants of the shelter receive all instructions by telephone or some other means of communication. The service link manager should warn of the possibility of leaving the shelter.

simple shelters

What means of collective protection can be attributed to the simplest? These are open or closed slots that can be built using improvised materials. The protective properties of the simplest shelters are very reliable. Thanks to their use, penetrating radiation, shock wave, and light radiation cause less damage. The level of exposure, the effect of biological and toxic substances on the skin is reduced.

Slots are built in areas where the possibility of blockages or flooding with rain and melt water is excluded. First, open structures are created. These are trenches in the form of a zigzag, consisting of several sections over 15 meters in length. Depth - up to 2 meters, and a width of about 1 meter. This shelter is designed for 50 people. Before equipping the gap, it is necessary to mark its plan on the ground.

Conclusion

Today, everyone can find out what means of protection are collective. These structures and devices are designed to ensure the safety of working personnel at enterprises, as well as to protect citizens in cases of natural Disasters, threats of exposure to radioactive or chemical substances. Shelter can be equipped in any basement or structure with sufficiently thick walls. Each shelter must be equipped with the necessary appliances to maintain full cycle life of people, as well as a sufficient number of personal protective equipment for residents.