"Crime and Punishment", whose history of creation lasted almost 7 years, is one of the most famous novels by Fyodor Dostoevsky both in Russia and abroad. In this creation, the classic of Russian literature, as never before, revealed his talent as a psychologist and connoisseur of human souls. What prompted Dostoevsky to write a work about a murderer, and after all, this topic is not characteristic of the literature of that time?

Fyodor Dostoevsky - master of the psychological novel

The writer was born on November 11, 1821 in the city of Moscow. His father, Mikhail Andreevich, was a nobleman, court counselor, and his mother, Maria Fedorovna, came from a merchant family.

There was everything in the life of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky: loud fame and poverty, dark days in the Peter and Paul Fortress and years of hard labor, addiction to gambling and conversion to the Christian faith. Even during the life of the writer, such an epithet as "genius" was applied to his work.

Dostoevsky died at the age of 59 from pulmonary emphysema. He left behind a huge legacy - novels, poems, diaries, letters, etc. In Russian literature, Fyodor Mikhailovich is given the place of the chief psychologist and expert on human souls. Some literary critics (for example, Maxim Gorky), especially of the Soviet period, called Dostoevsky an "evil genius" because they believed that the writer defended "incorrect" political views in his works - conservative and even monarchist at some point in his life. However, one can argue with this: Dostoevsky's novels are not political, but they are always deeply psychological, their goal is to show the human soul and life itself as it is. And the work "Crime and Punishment" is the most striking confirmation of this.

The history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment"

Fyodor Dostoevsky in 1850 was sent to hard labor in Omsk. "Crime and Punishment", the story of which began there, was first published in 1866, and before that the writer had to go through not the best days in his life.

In 1854, the writer was freed. Dostoevsky wrote in a letter to his brother in 1859 that the idea of ​​a certain confession novel came to him when he was lying on a dirty bunk back in the 50s and was experiencing the most difficult moments in his life. But he was in no hurry to start this work, because he was not even sure that he would survive.

And so, in 1865 Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich, in dire need of money, signs an agreement with one publisher, under which he undertakes to submit a new novel by November 1866. Having received the fee, the writer improved his affairs, but his addiction to roulette played a cruel joke on him: he lost all the remaining money in Wiesbaden, the hotel owners did not evict him, but they stopped feeding and even turned off the light in the room. It was in these conditions that Dostoevsky began Crime and Punishment.

The story of the creation of the novel was nearing completion: the deadlines were running out - the author worked in a hotel, on a steamer, on his way home to St. Petersburg. He practically finished the novel, and then ... he took and burned the manuscript.

Dostoevsky began his work anew, and while the first two parts of the work were being published and the whole of St. Petersburg was being read by them, he was rapidly creating the remaining three, including the epilogue.

"Crime and Punishment" - the theme of the novel is clearly visible in the very title of the work.

The protagonist, Rodion Raskolnikov, decides to murder and rob an old usurer. On the one hand, the young man justifies his action by the fact that he and his family are in need. Rodion feels responsible for the fate of loved ones, but in order to help his sister and mother with at least something, he needs a large amount of money. On the other hand, murder remains an immoral and sinful act.

Rodion successfully commits the intended crime. But in the second part of the novel, he is faced with a problem more serious than poverty - his conscience begins to torment him. He becomes nervous, it seems to him that everyone around him knows about his act. As a result, Rodion begins to be seriously ill. After recovering, the young man seriously thinks about surrendering to the authorities. But his acquaintance with Sonya Marmeladova, as well as the arrival of his mother and sister in the city, for a while, forced him to abandon this venture.

Three suitors are claiming the hand of Rodion's sister, Dunya, at once: court councilor Pyotr Luzhin, landowner Svidrigailov and Rodion's friend Razumikhin. Rodion and Razumikhin manage to upset the planned wedding of Dunya and Luzhin, but the latter leaves angry and thinks about

Rodion Raskolnikov becomes more and more attached to Sonya Marmeladova - the daughter of his late friend. They talk with the girl about life, spend time together.

But a black cloud hangs over Rodion - there were witnesses who confirmed at the police station that recently Raskolnikov often went to the murdered usurer. The young man is still being released from the police station, but he remains the main suspect.

The most important events of the novel "Crime and Punishment" in chapters fall on the 5th part of the work and the epilogue.

The offended Luzhin tries to frame Sonya Marmeladova, passing her off as a thief and thereby quarreling with Raskolnikov. However, his plan fails, but Rodion does not stand up and confesses to Sonya that he had committed murder.

An outsider takes the blame for Raskolnikov's crime, but the investigator is sure that it was Rodion who committed the crime, so he visits the young man and tries to convince him to confess again.

At this time, Svidrigailov tries to get Dunya's favor by force, a frightened girl shoots him with a revolver. When the weapon misfires, and Dunya convinces the landowner that she does not love him, Svidrigailov lets the girl go. Having donated 15 thousand to Sonya Marmeladova and 3 thousand to the Raskolnikov family, the landowner commits suicide.

Rodion confesses to the murder of the usurer and receives 8 years of hard labor in Siberia. Sonya goes into exile after him. The former life for a former student is over, but thanks to the girl's love, he feels like a new stage in his destiny begins.

The image of Rodion Raskolnikov

In the novel "Crime and Punishment", the characterization of Rodion Raskolnikov and the assessment of his actions by the author himself is ambiguous.

The young man is handsome, smart enough, one might say, ambitious. But the life situation in which he found himself, or rather the social situation, does not allow him not only to realize his talents, but even to finish his studies at the university, to find a decent job. His sister is about to "sell herself" to an unloved person (to marry Luzhin for the sake of his fortune). Raskolnikov's mother is in poverty, and her beloved girl is forced to engage in prostitution. And Rodion does not see any way to help them and himself, except to get a large amount of money. But the idea of ​​instant enrichment can only be realized with the help of robbery (in this case, it also entailed murder).

According to morality, Raskolnikov had no right to take the life of another person, and reasoning that the old woman did not have long to live anyway, or that she had no right to "Jew" on the grief of other people is not an excuse and not a reason for murder. But Raskolnikov, although he is tormented by his act, considers himself innocent to the last: he explains his actions by the fact that at that moment he thought only about how to help loved ones.

Sonya Marmeladova

In the novel "Crime and Punishment", the description of the image of Sonya is as contradictory as that of Raskolnikov: the reader immediately recognizes in them

Sonya is kind and, in a sense, selfless, this is evident from her actions in relation to other people. The girl reads the Gospel, but at the same time is a prostitute. A devout prostitute - what could be more paradoxical?

However, Sonya is engaged in this trade not because she has a craving for debauchery - this is the only way for an uneducated attractive girl to earn a living, and not only for herself, but also for her large family: her stepmother Katerina Ivanovna and her three stepbrothers and sisters. As a result, Sonya is the only one who went to Siberia after Rodion to support him in difficult times.

Such paradoxical images are the basis of Dostoevsky's realism, because in the real world things cannot be only black or only white, like people. Therefore, a girl with a pure soul in certain life circumstances can engage in such a dirty trade, and a young man of noble spirit can decide to kill.

Arkady Svidrigailov

Arkady Svidrigailov is another character in the novel (a 50-year-old landowner) who literally duplicates Raskolnikov in many aspects. This is not an accident, but a technique chosen by the author. What is its essence?

"Crime and Punishment" is filled with dual images, perhaps to show that many people have equally positive and negative traits, can walk the same paths in life, but they always choose the outcome of their lives.

Arkady Svidrigailov is a widower. Even with his wife alive, he harassed Raskolnikov's sister, who was in their service. When his wife, Marfa Petrovna, died, the landowner came to ask for the hand of Avdotya Raskolnikova.

Svidrigailov has many sins behind his shoulders: he is suspected of murder, violence and debauchery. But this does not prevent a man from becoming the only person who took care of the family of the late Marmeladov, not only in a financial sense, but even placed the children in an orphanage after the death of their mother. Svidrigailov in a barbaric way tries to win over Dunya, but at the same time he is deeply wounded by the girl's dislike and he commits suicide, leaving Raskolnikov's sister an impressive amount of inheritance. Nobility and cruelty in this man are combined in their bizarre patterns, as in Raskolnikov.

P.P. Luzhin in the system of images of the novel

Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin ("Crime and Punishment") is another "double" of Raskolnikov. Raskolnikov, before committing a crime, compares himself to Napoleon, and so Luzhin is the Napoleon of his time in its purest form: unprincipled, caring only about himself, striving to amass capital at any cost. Perhaps that is why Raskolnikov hates a successful fellow: after all, Rodion himself believed that for the sake of his own prosperity he had the right to kill a man whose fate seemed to him less important.

Luzhin (Crime and Punishment) is very straightforward, like a character, caricatured and devoid of the inconsistency inherent in Dostoevsky's heroes. It can be assumed that the writer deliberately made Peter just like that, so that he became a clear embodiment of the bourgeois permissiveness that played such a cruel joke with Raskolnikov himself.

Publications of the novel abroad

"Crime and Punishment", the history of which took more than 6 years, was highly appreciated by foreign publications. In 1866, several chapters from the novel were translated into French and published in the Courrier russe.

In Germany, the work was published under the name "Raskolnikov" and by 1895 its published circulation was 2 times more than any other work of Dostoevsky.

At the beginning of the XX century. the novel Crime and Punishment has been translated into Polish, Czech, Italian, Serbian, Catalan, Lithuanian, etc.

Adaptation of the novel

The heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment" are so colorful and interesting that they have taken on the adaptation of the novel more than once both in Russia and abroad. The first film - "Crime and Punishment" - appeared in Russia in 1909 (directed by Vasily Goncharov). This was followed by film adaptations in 1911, 1913, 1915.

In 1917 the world saw a picture of the American director Lawrence McGill, in 1923 the film "Raskolnikov" was released by the German director Robert Wienet.

After that, about 14 more adaptations were filmed in different countries. The most recent Russian work was the 2007 multi-part film Crime and Punishment (directed by Dmitry Svetozarov).

Romance in popular culture

In movies, Dostoevsky's novel often flickers in the hands of the heroes serving imprisonment: in the movie The Incredible Adventures of Wallace and Gromit: A Haircut "Zero", TV-c / c "She-Wolf", "Desperate Housewives", etc.

In the computer game "Sherlock Holmes: Crimes & Punishments" in one of the episodes, the book with the title of Dostoevsky's novel is clearly visible in Sherlock Holmes's hands, and in the game GTA IV "Crime and Punishment" is the name of one of the missions.

Raskolnikov House in St. Petersburg

There is an assumption that Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich settled his hero in a house that actually exists in St. Petersburg. The researchers made such conclusions, since Dostoevsky mentions in the novel: he is in the "S-m" lane, next to the "K-m" bridge. At Stolyarny Pereulok-5, there really is a house that could well serve as a prototype for the novel. Today this building is one of the most visited tourist spots in St. Petersburg.

Dostoevsky's novel was literally suffered by the author and excites the minds of readers to this day. The history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment" is not easy, it is very interesting. The writer put his whole soul into this novel, which still haunts many thinking and thinking people.

The birth of an idea

The idea of ​​writing a novel originated with Dostoevsky at a time when the writer was in hard labor in Omsk. Despite the hard physical work and ill health, the writer continued to observe the life around him, the people, whose characters in the conditions of imprisonment were revealed from completely unexpected sides. And here, in hard labor, seriously ill, he decided to write a novel about crime and punishment. However, hard hard labor and a serious illness made it impossible to start writing it.

"My whole heart will rely with blood on this novel",

This is how Dostoevsky imagined the work on the work, calling it a confession novel. However, the author was able to start writing it much later. Between the idea and its embodiment, "Notes from the Underground", "The Humiliated and the Insulted", "Notes from the House of the Dead" were born. Many themes from these works, the problems of society described in them, found their place in "Crime and Punishment".

Between dream and reality

After returning from Omsk, Dostoevsky's financial situation leaves much to be desired, worsening every day. And writing a huge problem-psychological novel took time.

Trying to earn at least a little, the writer suggested that the editor of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine publish a short novel, Drunken. The author wanted to draw public attention to drunkenness. The plot was supposed to be connected with the Marmeladov family. The head of the family, a former official who was dismissed from the service, is drinking too much, and the whole family suffers.

However, the editor insisted on other conditions: Dostoevsky sold all the rights to publish his complete works for a meager fee. In accordance with the requirements of the editorial board, the author begins to write a novel, which must be submitted as soon as possible. So almost all of a sudden, the writer began working on the novel Crime and Punishment.

Start

Dostoevsky suffered from a player's illness - he could not help but play. And, having received a fee from the magazine, the writer, having corrected his affairs a little, again succumbed to the temptation of gambling. In Wiesbaden, he had nothing to pay for the table and light in the hotel. Thanks only to the kindness of the owners of the hotel, Dostoevsky did not stay on the street.

To get the money, it was necessary to finish the novel on time, so I had to hurry. The writer decided to tell a story about how a poor student decided to kill and rob an old woman. The plot was supposed to be a story about one crime.

The author was always interested in the psychology of his heroes, but here it was extremely important to study and describe the psychological state of a person who took another's life, it was important to reveal the "process of crime" itself. The writer had almost finished the novel, when he suddenly destroyed the manuscript for a completely incomprehensible reason.

Psychology of creativity

However, the novel had to be handed over to the editor by agreement. And the hurried work began again. The first part of the magazine "Russian Bulletin" was published already in 1866. The term for writing the novel was coming to an end, and Dostoevsky's plan was only gaining more and more completeness. The student's story is closely intertwined with the story of the drunkard Marmeladov and his family.

The writer was in danger of creative bondage. To avoid it, the author is distracted from Crime and Punishment for 21 days and literally in three weeks writes a new novel The Gambler, takes it to the publishing house.

Then he again continues to write a drawn-out novel about a crime. He studies crime chronicles and becomes convinced of the relevance of the chosen topic. He finishes the novel in Lublin, where he lives at this time with his sister on the estate. The novel was completely finished and was published at the end of 1866.

Diary of work on the novel

It is impossible to study the history of writing a novel without studying the writer's drafts. Sketches and rough notes help to understand how much effort, work, soul and heart, how many thoughts and ideas the author put into his novel. They show how the concept of the work changed, how the range of tasks expanded, how the entire architecture of the composition of the novel was built.

The writer almost completely changed the form of the narrative in order to understand the behavior and character of Raskolnikov as detailed and thoroughly as possible, to understand the motives of his actions and deeds. In the final version (third), the narration is already conducted from the third person.

So the hero begins to live his life, and completely independently of the will of the author, does not obey him. Reading workbooks, it becomes clear how long and painfully Dostoevsky himself has been trying to figure out the motives that pushed the hero to the crime, but the author almost failed.

And the writer creates a hero in which "two opposite characters alternately change." It is clearly seen how in Rodion two extremes, two principles are simultaneously present and fight with each other: contempt for people and love for them.

Therefore, it was very difficult for the author to write the ending of the novel. At first Dostoevsky wanted to end with how the hero turned to God. However, the final version ends quite differently. And this prompts the reader to reflect, even after the last page of the novel has been turned.

UMK line, ed. T.F. Kurdyumova. Literature (5-9)

Literature

The history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment"

The history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment"

The origins of the novel

In 1850, Dostoevsky was sent to hard labor in Omsk. It was this difficult experience that became the moment of the birth of the idea of ​​the novel "Crime and Punishment". Later Fyodor Mikhailovich wrote to his brother: “Don't you remember, I told you about one confession-novel, which I wanted to write after all, saying that I still have to go through it myself. The other day I completely decided to write it immediately. All my heart with blood will rely on this novel. I conceived it in hard labor, lying on a bunk, in a difficult moment of sadness and self-decay ... ". Reflecting on the novel, the writer was going to construct a narrative in a confessional form on behalf of the protagonist. All anxieties, torments, mental throwing, hard labor experience were to become the basis of the work. But the emphasis was placed not only on the deep personal experiences of Rodion Raskolnikov, but also on the behavior and personalities of other characters - strong ones who had trampled the hero's long-term convictions.

Illustration by D. Shmarinov

Physical fatigue, the difficult life of an exiled convict did not allow him to start work in Omsk. However, the writer has already well thought out the plot of the future work. Not only crime, not only punishment, but the whole life of the people of the nineteenth century in its undisguised and, at times unsightly, reality: "My whole heart will rely with blood on this novel." Despite the fact that the idea of ​​the book was hatched for several years, the main idea of ​​an ordinary and extraordinary person was born only in 1863 in Italy.

For six long years, while the novel "Crime and Punishment" was only an idea, Dostoevskaya wrote several works: "The Humiliated and Insulted", "Notes from the House of the Dead" and "Notes from the Underground". All of the books dealt with the fate of the poor and their confrontation with the harsh reality. June 8, 1865 Fyodor Mikhailovich offered his novel "The Drunken" to the publisher of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski AA. Kraevsky. It was in this work that the characters of the Marmeladov family appeared. However, the writer was refused. In dire need of money, Dostoevsky entered into an agreement with another publisher on difficult conditions for him: he gave the rights to his collected works in three volumes and undertook to write a new novel by the first of November of the following year.

"Two giants", "blocks", "giants", "two geniuses of the golden age of Russian culture", "the greatest writers in the history of culture." This was the name given by the contemporaries of two great Russian writers - Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy. And these high titles remain with them to this day: no one has ever competed for them.

Beginning of work

Having completed the deal, Dostoevsky paid off his creditors and went abroad. But, being a gambler, in just five days the writer lost all his money and again found himself in a difficult situation. In the place where he stayed then (Wiesbaden, Germany), in view of the fact that the guest was insolvent, the hotel owners refused him first lunch, and then the public. It was here that the time came for the creation of the novel: in the absence of light and food, Dostoevsky began working on a book that would become one of the greatest in world literature.

To finish the novel by the deadline, Dostoevsky had to work very hastily. He writes about his work that this is a "psychological account of one crime." It was here, in the hotel, that the idea of ​​the novel changed - it was no longer just a confession of a person who had committed a crime. The writer added the once invented and described events about the difficult fate of one family - this is how Marmeladov's story appeared in the novel "Crime and Punishment". As a result, the author himself became the narrator, not the killer character.

It is believed that the plot about the murder of an old money-lender with an ax was suggested to the writer by a real crime. In January 1865, a twenty-seven-year-old resident of Moscow, Gerasim Chistov, a schismatic by his religious convictions, killed two elderly women with an ax and stole valuables and money. It is known that Dostoevsky was familiar with the report on this case and, apparently, took the history of this crime as a basis. The author explained the reason for the murder committed by Raskolnikov simply: the old woman was stupid and evil, no one needed, and her money could have saved the family and friends of the young man.

Writing process

In November 1865, Dostoevsky declared the written material unusable and destroyed the notes, starting to write again. Now a new thought has been added to the previous ideas. Raskolnikov not only wants to kill and rob the old woman, by his act he literally wants to do good to those around him: “I am not the kind of person to allow the bastard to have defenseless weakness. I will intercede. I want to intervene. "

Since the deadline for submitting the work to the publisher approached, and the novel was not ready, Dostoevsky interrupted to write his other novel, The Gambler. Having thus fulfilled the promise given to the publisher, Fyodor Mikhailovich again returns to Crime and Punishment. A month later, the writer presented the initial pages of the novel to the publisher of the Russian Bulletin magazine M. Katkov and then sent the novel in parts as it was written. In 1866, the Russian Bulletin published the first part of the book.

Illustration by D. Shmarinov

Published in the magazine enjoyed great success with readers. The novel was being completed in Russia on the estate of his sister near Moscow. By the end of the year, the work was completed. In Fyodor Mikhailovich's workbooks, there are many notes left that allow one to comprehend the full depth of the author's thoughts and torments. The writer chose whether to leave the duality of character to Raskolnikov or not. Deciding that the hero in his "throwing" is more complete, Dostoevsky emphasized the change in the characters and views of the young man. It was in the final version of the novel that the very Napoleonic idea of ​​"trembling creatures" and "masters" appeared. Now Raskolnikov is no longer just a savior, but also a vain person hungry for power: “I am taking power, I am getting strength — whether it’s money or power — not for the bad. I bring happiness. "

A character like Raskolnikov could not simply end up with self-forgiveness, trial or suicide. Dostoevsky wanted to create the finale of God's salvation for the repentant sinner. However, the representative of such a higher court was not Christ, but a man - Sonechka Marmeladova. In the last edition of the novel, Dostoevsky wrote: “The idea of ​​the novel. I. Orthodox view, what is Orthodoxy. There is no happiness in comfort; happiness is bought by suffering. This is the law of our planet, but this direct consciousness, felt by the everyday process, is such a great joy that can be paid for by years of suffering. Man is not born to be happy. A person deserves happiness, and always suffering. There is no injustice here, because vital knowledge and consciousness is acquired by experience “for” and “against”, which needs to be dragged on oneself. " And the work had to end with the words: "Inscrutable are the ways in which the god of man finds." However, as we know, "Crime and Punishment" ends with completely different lines.

"Two giants", "blocks", "giants", "two geniuses of the golden age of Russian culture", "the greatest writers in the history of culture." This was the name given by the contemporaries of two great Russian writers - Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy. And these high titles remain with them to this day: no one has ever competed for them.

The result of writing a novel for Dostoevsky

The reaction of contemporaries

Dostoevsky's collaboration with the Russkiy Vestnik magazine began in an unusual way. After the writer sent Katkov the plan for the novel, the publisher sent an advance payment to Wiesbaden without any clarification. By that time, Dostoevsky had already left the city without receiving the money on time. Then the writer sent the first pages of "Crime and Punishment", but did not receive any letters with a response from the editorial board. Weeks dragged on, and Dostoevsky could not comprehend the fate of his novel. Finally tormented, the writer sent a letter where he asked, in case of rejection of the work, his manuscript back.

Finally, a reply came from the publisher, in which the editorial staff explained the hitch and reported that the beginning had already gone to press. Later, Dostoevsky learned that his novel literally saved the magazine - there was a "lull" in writing, nothing came from either Turgenev or Tolstoy. At this very time, the first pages of "Crime and Punishment" arrived. The editors feared Dostoevsky, but due to difficulties they agreed to publish his novel. Unexpectedly, the cooperation became successful for everyone: Dostoevsky received the money he needed so much, and the circulation of the magazine, thanks to the interesting work, increased dramatically.

Contemporaries assessed the novel differently. Some critics (for example, G. Eliseev) passionately attacked the writer, scolding the writer for excessive bitterness, unaesthetic description of the area and situation (N. Akhsharumov), condemnation of the existing way of life and the student body in general. In Iskra magazine, Dostoevsky was called almost a plagiarist and a writer of caricatures of nihilists. In the work they saw hints of something that the novel by no means carried, for example, "The Week" condemned for the parallel between people engaged in natural sciences, but becoming murderers and prostitutes.

Each critic, according to personal convictions, saw something of his own in the novel. For example, D. Pisarev believed that the reason for Raskolnikov's behavior lies only in his material difficulties. There would be no cramped circumstances - there would be no crazy ideas. An empty pocket became the real cause of Rodion's "infection", and the developed theory and consequences - a riotous blooming disease.

Despite the claims of critics, "Crime and Punishment" became a great and recognized work already during F.M. Dostoevsky. In Europe, the writer was known long before his significant novels. After the release of the novel "about the murder of an old woman," the work was translated into other languages: into German - in 1882, into French - in 1884, and into English - in 1886.

Today, in world literature, Dostoevsky's novels and, in particular, "Crime and Punishment" are recognized as one of the most significant works of all times and peoples.

From the textbook, you can glean detailed information about the works of classical Russian literature of the 19th century.

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F. M. Dostoevsky nurtured the idea of ​​the novel "Crime and Punishment" for six years: in October 1859 he wrote to his brother: "In December I will start a novel ...

Do you remember, I told you about one confession - a novel that I wanted to write after all, saying that I still have to go through it myself. The other day I completely decided to write it immediately ...

All my heart with blood will rely on this novel. I conceived it in hard labor, lying on a bunk, in a difficult moment ... "- judging by the writer's letters and notebooks, we are talking about the ideas of" Crime and Punishment "- the novel originally existed in the form of Raskolnikov's confession. entry: "Aleko killed. The awareness that he himself is not worthy of his ideal, which torments his soul.

Here is a crime and punishment "(we are talking about Pushkin's" Gypsies "). The final plan is formed as a result of the great upheavals that Dostoevsky went through, and this plan combined two originally different creative ideas. After the death of his brother, Dostoevsky finds himself in dire financial need.

The threat of a debt prison hangs over him. All year Fyodor Mikhailovich was forced to turn to the St. Petersburg usurers, interest holders and other creditors.

In July 1865, he offered the editor of Otechestvennye zapiski, A.A. families, raising children in this environment, and so on ...

and so on. "Due to financial difficulties, Kraevsky did not accept the proposed novel, and Dostoevsky went abroad to concentrate on creative work away from creditors, but even there history repeats itself: in Wiesbaden, Dostoevsky plays everything at roulette, right down to his pocket watch. In September 1865, addressing the publisher MN Katkov to the Russian Bulletin magazine, Dostoevsky described the novel's intention as follows: “This is a psychological account of one crime. The action is modern this year.

A young man, expelled from university students, a philistine by birth and living in extreme poverty, out of frivolity, out of shakiness in concepts, succumbing to some strange, "unfinished" ideas that are in the air, he decided to get out of his bad situation at once. He decided to kill one old woman, a titular counselor who gives money for interest ... in order to make his mother, who lives in the district, happy, to save his sister, who lives in companions with some landowners, from the voluptuous claims of the head of this landowner family - the claims that threaten her death, finish the course, go abroad and then all my life to be honest, firm, unswerving in the fulfillment of the "humane duty to humanity", which, of course, will "ameliorate the crime", if you can only call this act of a deaf, stupid old woman a crime, angry and sick, who herself does not know why she lives in the world and who in a month, perhaps, would die of herself ... He spends almost a month before the final catastrophe. There is no suspicion of him and cannot be. This is where the entire psychological process of crime unfolds.

Unsolvable questions rise up before the murderer, unsuspecting and unexpected feelings torment his heart. God's truth, the earthly law takes its toll, and he ends up being forced to convey to himself.

Compelled, though to die in hard labor, but to join people again, the feeling of openness and separation from humanity, which he felt immediately after the crime was committed, tortured him. The law of truth and human nature took their toll. The criminal himself decides to accept the torment in order to atone for his deed ... "Katkov immediately sends the author an advance.

FM Dostoevsky has been working on the novel all autumn, but at the end of November he burns all the drafts: "...

much has been written and ready; I burned everything ... a new form, a new plan carried me away, and I started all over again. "

In February 1866, Dostoevsky informs his friend A. Ye. Wrangel: “About two weeks ago, the first part of my novel was published in the January book of the Russian Bulletin. It's called Crime and Punishment. I have already heard many rave reviews.

There are bold and new things there. " and in case of non-fulfillment of the contract, the publisher will receive the right for 9 years "for nothing and as he pleases" to print everything that will be written by Dostoevsky. At that time she was just beginning to enter life. The young stenographer Anna Grigorievna Snitkina, invited by Dostoevsky, was the best student of the St. Petersburg stenography courses, she was distinguished by an extraordinary mind, a strong character and a deep interest in literature. The "Gambler" was completed on time and handed over to the publisher, and Snitkina soon became his wife and a writer's assistant.

Topic: The history of the creation of a socio-psychological
novel "Crime and Punishment".
Petersburg as depicted by F.M.Dostoevsky

Goals: to acquaint students with the history of the creation of "Crime and Punishment" and reviews about it from critics; to form an idea of ​​the genre of the work, the peculiarities of the composition, plot, the main conflict; by analyzing chapters from Part I of the novel, to show the unusualness of Dostoevsky's portrayal of the city of St. Petersburg; to determine what influence the city had on the heroes of the novel, on their thoughts, feelings, actions.

During the classes

Epigraph to the lesson:

Do you remember, I told you about one confession-novel, which I wanted to write after all ... All my heart with blood will rely on this novel. I conceived it in hard labor, lying on a bunk, in a difficult moment of sadness ...

(from a letter to brother Mikhail
October 9, 1859)

I. Introductory speech of the teacher.

the history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment"

The idea of ​​"Crime and Punishment" was hatched by the writer for six years! During a trip abroad, Dostoevsky began writing a novel, which at first wanted to call "The Drunken", and in the center to depict the dramatic history of the Marmeladov family, but the idea changed.

In September 1865, he outlined the program of his work, its main idea in a letter to the publisher of the Russian Bulletin: “This is a psychological account of one crime. The action is modern ... A young man expelled from university students, a philistine by birth and living in extreme poverty, out of frivolity, out of shakiness in concepts, succumbing to some strange "unfinished" ideas that are floating in the air, decided to get out of his bad situation at once. He decided to kill one old woman, a titular counselor who gives money for interest! The old woman is stupid, deaf, sick, greedy. "What does she live for?", "Is she useful to anyone?" and so on - these questions confuse the young man. He decides to kill her, rob her, in order to make his mother, who lived in the district, happy, save sister... and then be honest all my life ... Insoluble questions arise before the murderer, unsuspecting and unexpected feelings torment his heart ... The laws of truth and human nature have taken their toll ... The offender decides to take the torment himself to redeem your work. "

This is the original concept of the novel. Gradually, it “expanded”, covering a wider range of problems.

According to the majority of literary scholars, "Crime and Punishment" (1866) - socio-psychological novel, in which the author explores the inner world of an individual hero, as well as the psychology characteristic of different social groups: humiliated and offended urban people, successful merchants, disadvantaged peasants, small employees. The writer expresses sharply opposite judgments, mutually exclusive points of view, clashes characters embodying different ideological principles. The novel's dramatic conflict is based on "the inner struggle in the souls of the heroes and the struggle of these heroes, torn apart by contradictions, among themselves." () .

At the center of Dostoevsky's work is crime, ideological murder. Thus, "Crime and Punishment" is a novel about the "ideological killer" Raskolnikov. The writer traces the "psychological process of crime."

On the composition of the novel. Literary critics note dualism structure of the work.

Part I - preparation and commission of a crime.

Part II - the impact of this crime on the soul of Raskolnikov.

The chapters within each part are arranged according to the intensity of suffering. () ... The composition is gradually complicated by new storylines.

Dostoevsky's book is "a harsh sentence to a social order based on the power of money, on humiliation of man, a passionate speech in defense of the human person." The search for a way out of the terrible world of profit and calculation into the world of truth is the main idea of ​​the novel.

About the work: “There are brilliant pages in“ Crime and Punishment ”. The novel definitely looks like it is so slender. With a limited number of actors, it seems that there are thousands and thousands of destinies of unfortunate people in it - the whole of old Petersburg is seen from this unexpected angle. A lot of "horrors" have been whipped up to the point of unnaturalness ... "

II. Conversation with students on the topic "Petersburg of Dostoevsky".

"Crime and Punishment" is sometimes called the "Petersburg novel".

1. Tell us about Raskolnikov. Why did the writer give the main character such a surname? (Researchers draw attention to the possibility of an ambiguous interpretation of the name of Raskolnikov: “One - comes from the interpretation of the semantic part, as a split - a split, the other - puts forward a connection between the root and the split - schismaticism, obsession with one thought, fanaticism and stubbornness.”)

2. How do you see the streets of St. Petersburg, along which Raskolnikov wandered? (Part I, Ch. 1, 2.) (You can highlight the main route of the hero. Raskolnikov left the house - the vicinity of Sennaya Square, visited one of the poorest apartments in the city, in the Marmeladov family; Raskolnikov on K-th Boulevard, then across the bridge , a view of the "other" Petersburg, again on the Sennaya. The house in which the hero lives; a closet room.)

3. Tell us about the people who met on the way of Rodion Raskolnikov. What impression did they make on you? (Something pitiful, dirty, ugly remains from meeting people.)

4. What else is happening on the streets of the city? (The suicide of a woman on the bridge, the fall of Sonya and the girl whom Raskolnikov saw, Svidrigailov shot himself in the street, unfortunate Marmeladov fell under a carriage, beggars, drunken emaciated faces. A life full of hopeless grief.)

5. Where do Dostoevsky's heroes live? (Description of Raskolnikov's closet (Part I, Ch. 1), the room of the old woman-pawnbroker (Part I, Chapter 3), the Marmeladovs' walk-through room (Part II, Chapter 2), Sonya's dwelling (Part IV, Chapter 4 ).)

6. Read the pages that describe the landscape. What is the role of the landscape? What is the meaning of color in Dostoevsky's work?

7. What are your feelings about St. Petersburg as described by Dostoevsky?

8. Which of the writers before Dostoevsky portrayed Petersburg in their books?

9. What is unusual about Dostoevsky's Petersburg (in contrast to the depiction of the city in the works of Pushkin, Gogol)? (Dostoevsky's Petersburg is a giant city, striking in its contrasts (luxurious mansions and palaces, beautiful avenues, dressed-up women - and slums, deaf courtyards, tenement houses with closet rooms, where crowdedness, dirt and stench) .Pushkin wrote about the contrasts of Petersburg , Gogol, Nekrasov, but Dostoevsky has these contrasts “especially sharpened.” (Color painting also helps this. Dostoevsky uses yellow, gray, black (dark) colors that help to show poverty, the hopelessness of people's existence.)

In the terrifying pictures of poverty, abuse of personality, unbearable stuffiness of life, the image of St. Petersburg appears before us, where a person is trapped by social and material dead ends that give rise to tragedies. There is no way out for the insulted and humiliated. They are suffocating in a huge city. (Marmeladov: "Do you understand, do you understand, my dear sir, what it means when there is nowhere else to go?"). Hopelessness is the theme of the novel.)

Homework.

1. Reading a novel. Parts II, III.

2. The individualistic revolt of Rodion Raskolnikov. (The reasons for the "riot", its implementation, the behavior of the hero after the crime can be traced in the text.)