Sharp, flat and bekar are signs of alteration in music. Accidentals (about sharp, flat, bekar) Trumpet lessons. Valuable remarks

(it.— thrombus, fr.— trompette, German— Trompete, English— trumpet)

The history of the origin of the pipe goes back to the distant past and at present it is difficult to establish which of the ancient peoples owns its invention. The natural pipe was used as a signal instrument.

In the era of the Middle Ages, a straight metal pipe was used not only as a signal instrument, but also to accompany all kinds of solemn ceremonies and rituals. Only nobles and knights used this tool. The European pipe was called elder (old French - buisine). The first mention of the use of pipes in Rus' dates back to the 10th century.

Already in early XIII in. there was a division of pipes into high (treble) and low (bass). Subsequently, pipes, like horns, began to be divided into low, medium and high different systems. In the 17th century more often than others, instruments were used in D, C, later B-flat, made by German music masters Schmidt, Nagel, Heinlein, Feit and English masters Dudley and W. Buhl. At the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. some of the best were the pipes of I. Has from Nuremberg. Tools were made of copper, bronze, silver. In the XVIII - early XIX in. the most common were pipes in the F order with additional crowns in the E, E-flat, D-flat and C orders. During this period, pipes made at the Moscow factory were widely used. musical instruments Russian masters N. P. Kotelnikov, D. and S. Mikhailov and I. S. Khrapovitsky.

With the invention at the beginning of the XIX century. valve mechanism, natural pipes began to be gradually replaced by chromatic ones, and at the end of the century they completely fell out of use. Of the numerous family of pipes, instruments of medium tunings were most often used: E-flat, E and F. Their lower and middle registers were wide full sound, the upper one sounded tense and presented a great difficulty for the performers.

At the end of the 80s of the XIX century. new chromatic trumpets of high tunings were designed: A, B-flat and C. On them it became possible to extract all the sounds of the second octave. The most successful of these instruments was the B-flat soprano trumpet, which is still in use today. In France, Belgium, Switzerland and some other countries, the C trumpet is the most widely used in performing practice. in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. more often than others, valve pipes of the firm Yu. G. Zimmerman were used.

At present, the instruments of the French firm Selmer and the American Bach-Stradivarius are widely used. For pop and jazz orchestras pipes of special designs are made, adapted to extract high sounds.

Or soprano tube made of brass or tombac (copper-zinc alloy). It consists of a cylindrical tube about 1.5 m long, about 11 mm in diameter, turning into a conical one, and a crescent-shaped mouthpiece. The trunk is double bent and is integral with the bell. The fingering of the trumpet is similar to the fingering of the cornet (see example 97). The B-flat trumpet is a transposing instrument. Notated in treble clef, sounds big second below what is written. The range and characteristics of the registers (by letter, see example 92).

The trumpet is the tallest of the brass instruments. Her sound is distinguished by strength, brilliance and at the same time lightness and mobility. The valve mechanism of the instrument allows you to brilliantly perform all kinds of passages, arpeggios, jumps, valve trills, single, double and triple staccato. It is also possible to receive frulyato, which has some similarities with the shot of the snare drum. Often used during execution different kinds mutes, which serve mainly to artificially change the timbre of the instrument.

Pipe types.

piccolo trumpet in B-flat and A was designed for solo performance early music(Clarino style, etc.), as well as for the performance of high register trumpet parts in the orchestra (“The Rite of Spring” by I. Stravinsky, “Bolero” by M. Ravel, “Mischievous Chastushki” by R. Shchedrin, etc.).

The piccolo trumpet in B-flat sounds an octave, and in A - a large seventh above the main instrument. The tool has four valves. The fourth valve is used to extract the four lower sounds (to expand the range of the instrument down), as well as to more accurately intonation of some discordant sounds.

small trumpet building D and E-flat. The instrument was designed to play high trumpet parts in some of the works of Bach and Handel. This instrument was also used in their works by Rimsky-Korsakov and Wagner. The small trumpet in D is tuned by a major third, and in E-flat it is tuned a perfect fourth above the main instrument. The design and technical capabilities of the small trumpet are similar to those of the soprano trumpet.

viola trumpet building F and G. The instrument was designed on the initiative of Rimsky-Korsakov in order to achieve greater fullness of the sound of the low register. Rimsky-Korsakov first used this tool in opera ballet"Mlada" and a number of other works. Then Glazunov used it in some of his works. The alto trumpet in F is tuned with a perfect fourth, while in G it is tuned in a minor third below the soprano trumpet. Technically, this tool is less mobile than the main one.

bass trumpet building to, re, mi-flat. The instrument was built on the initiative of R. Wagner, who used bass pipes in the tetralogy "Ring of the Nibelung". Ioted in the treble clef. Subsequently built bass trumpet building a B-flat sounding an octave below the main instrument. The technical capabilities of a bass trumpet are more limited than those of a soprano. This instrument has a timbre similar to trombone and horn at the same time. It is used very rarely.

In this article, we will continue the conversation about musical notation - we will study accidentals. What is alteration? Alteration- this is a change in the main steps of the scale (the main steps are do re mi fa sol la si ). What exactly is changing? Their height and slightly the name changes.

Sharp- raises the tone by half a step flat- lowering it by half a tone. After the note is changed, then one word is simply added to its main name - respectively, sharp or flat. For example, C-sharp, F-sharp, A-flat, E-flat etc. In notes, sharps and flats are indicated by special signs, which are also called sharps and flat. Another sign is also used - natural, it cancels any alteration, and then, instead of sharp or flat, we play the main sound.

See what it looks like in sheet music:

What is a semitone?

Now let's look at everything in more detail. What kind of semitones are these? Semitone is the shortest distance between two adjacent sounds. Let's take a look at the piano keyboard as an example. Here is an octave with signed keys:

What do we see? We have 7 white keys and the main steps are located on them. There seems to be a rather short distance between them, but, nevertheless, there are black ones between the white keys. We have 5 black keys. It turns out that in total there are 12 sounds in an octave, 12 keys. So, each of these keys in relation to the nearest neighbor is located at a distance of half a tone. That is, if we play all 12 keys in a row, then we will play all 12 semitones.

Double sharp and double flat

In addition to simple sharps and flats, in musical practice, double sharps and double flat. What doubles are are double step changes. In other words, double sharp raises the note by two semitones at once (that is, by a whole tone), and double flat- lowers a note by a whole tone ( one tone is two semitones).

Natural- this is a sign of the cancellation of alteration, it acts in relation to doubles in exactly the same way as to ordinary sharps and flats. For example, if we played f-double-sharp, and then some time before the note F bekar appears, then we play a “clean” note "F".

Random and Key Signs

So, let's sum up.

We talked about accidents: we learned what accidents are and what signs of accidents are. Sharp- this is a sign of increasing by half a tone, flat- this is a sign of lowering a note by a semitone, and natural- a sign of cancellation of alteration. In addition, there are so-called duplicates: double sharp and double flat- they raise or lower the sound at once by a whole tone (a whole tone are two semitones).

That's all! I wish you continued success in learning musical literacy. Come to us more often, we will analyze others interesting topics. If you liked the material, click "I like" and share the information with your friends. Now I suggest you take a break and listen. good music performed by the brilliant contemporary pianist Yevgeny Kissin.

Ludwig van Beethoven - Rondo "Rage over the lost penny"

Today we will talk about what sharp, flat and becar are, and about what accidental signs are in music, and what this word “alteration” means in general.

Let's start with a very brief explanation of everything, and then we will understand thoroughly. Let's start with our last question, namely - What is alteration in music? This is a Latin word that has the root "ALTER", you can guess its meaning if you remember any words with the same root. For example, there is such a word as “alternative” (one or another decision to choose from), there is such an expression in psychology as “alter ego” (other me). So, in Latin ALTER means "ANOTHER". That is, this term always characterizes either the existence of several different options phenomenon or object, or some kind of change.

In music, alteration is a change in the main steps (that is, a change in ordinary notes DO RE MI FA SOL LA SI). And how can they be changed? You can either raise or lower them. As a result, new versions of these musical steps (derivative steps) are formed. Raised notes are called SHARP, and lowered notes are called FLAT.

Accidentals

Somehow we have already noted that NOTES are recorded sounds, that is, graphic signs. And to record the main notes in different octaves, a musical staff, keys, rulers are used. And for recording changed notes, there are also signs - SIGNS OF ALTERATION: sharps, flats, becars, double sharps and double flats.

Sign SHARP looks like a lattice on a phone keyboard or, if you like, like a small ladder, it tells us to raise the note. The name of this sign comes from the Greek word "dyesa".

FLAT sign signals us about a lowered note, it looks like an English or Latin printed letter "be" (b), only the lower part of this letter is pointed (looks like an inverted droplet). Flat is a French word, although with a Latin etymology. The term is formed by very simple elements: “be” is the letter “be” (b), and “mole” means “soft”, that is, flat is just “soft b”.

BECAR sign- a very interesting sign, it cancels the action of flats and sharps and says that you need to play a regular note, not raised or lowered. By writing, the bekar is slightly angular, it looks like the number 4, only closed on top not with a triangle, but with a square, and it also looks like the letter “be” (b), only “squared” and with a stroke down. The name "bekar" is of French origin and translates as "square bee".

Sign DOUBLE-SHARP, there is one, used to double the note, it is a diagonal cross (almost the same cross that they write when they play tic-tac-toe), only with extended, slightly diamond-shaped tips.

Sign DOUBLE-FLAT , respectively, speaks of a double decrease in the note, the principle of writing this sign is the same as that of the English letter W (double V), just not one, but two flats are placed side by side.

How do sharps and flats change notes?

Let's start with this observation. Anyone who looks at a piano keyboard will notice that it has white and black keys. And with white keys, everything is usually clear, it is on them that you can play the familiar notes of DO RE MI FA SOL LA SI. To find the note DO on the piano, we are guided by the black keys: where there are two black keys, to the left of them is the note DO, and all other notes go from DO in a row. If you are still poorly versed with the piano keys, we recommend that you study the material.

What are the blacks for then? Only for orientation in space? But on blacks, the so-called sharps and flats are just played - raised and lowered notes. But more on that later, but now we need to deal with the principle. Sharps and flats raise or lower notes by a SEMITOONE. What does this mean and what is a semitone?

A semitone is the smallest distance between two tones. And on a piano keyboard, a semitone is the distance from one key to its nearest neighbor. And here both white and black keys are taken into account - without gaps.

Halftones are formed when we go up from a white key to the next black one, or when, on the contrary, we go down from some black to the nearest white one. And there are also semitones between the white keys, or rather between the sounds MI and FA, as well as SI and DO. Look carefully at these keys - there are no black keys between them, nothing separates them, which means that they are also the closest to each other and there is also a semitone distance between them. We recommend that you remember these two unusual semitones (MI-FA and SI-DO), they will come in handy more than once.

Sharps and flats on the piano keyboard

If a sharp raises a note by a semitone (or you can also say by half a tone), then this means that when we play a sharp on the piano, we need to take a note a semitone higher (that is, the main neighbor). For example, if we want to play C-SHARP, then we play the nearest black key from DO, which is to the right of the white DO (that is, we take the semitone upwards). If you need to play D-SHARP, then we do exactly the same: we play the next key, which is higher by a semitone (black to the right of the white RE).

But what if there is no black key next to the right? Remember our white undertones MI-FA and SI-DO. How to play MI SHARP if there is no black key to its right upwards, and how to play C SHARP, which has the same story? And all according to the same rule - we take a note on the right (that is, upward), which is a semitone higher. Well, let it be not black, but white. It also happens that the white keys help each other out here.

Look at the picture, here all the sharps that are in the octave are signed on the piano keys:

And you probably guessed about the flats yourself. To play a flat on the piano, you need to take a key a semitone lower (that is, downward - to the left). For example, if you need to play D-FLAT, then we take the black key to the left of the white RE, if MI-FLAT, then to the left of the white MI. And, of course, in white halftones, the notes help each other out again: F-FLAT coincides with the MI key, and C-FLAT with the SI key.

In the picture, all the flats on the piano keys are now signed:

What about double sharps and double flats?

And double sharps and double flats - double rises and double falls, of course, change the note by two semitones at once. Two semitones are two half steps. If you connect two halves of something, you get something one whole. If you combine two semitones, you get one whole tone.

Thus, it turns out that DOUBLE SHARP raises the note by a whole tone at once, and DOUBLE FLAT lowers the note by a whole tone. Or two semitones, if you prefer.

How to speak and how to write?

RULE #1. Here we all say: C-SHARP, D-SHARP, E-FLAT, A-FLAT. But you need to write in notes in a different way, on the contrary - SHARP-C, SHARP-RE, FLAT-MI, FLAT-LA. That is, a sharp or flat sign is placed before the note in advance, like a warning sign for a motorist. It is too late to put a flat or a sharp after a note, because a white note has already been played, because it has already turned out to be false. Therefore, be sure to write the desired sign should be before the note.

RULE #2. Any sign must be placed exactly on the same ruler where the note itself is written. That is, the sign should be next to the note, it is like a guard guarding it. But sharps and flats that are written on the wrong rulers or generally fly somewhere in space are wrong.

Key and random sharps and flats

Sharps and flats, that is, accidentals, are of two types: KEY and RANDOM. What is the difference? First, about random signs. Everything should be clear from the title. Random - these are those that come across in the musical text by chance, like a mushroom in the forest. A random sharp or flat is played only in the musical measure where it came across to you, and in the next measure they play the usual white note.

Key signs- these are sharps and flats that are set in a special order next to the treble or bass clef. Such signs, if any, are placed (recalled) on each musical line. And they have a special effect: all notes that are marked with sharps or flats at the key are played as sharps or flats until the very end of the piece of music.

For example, if after treble clef two sharps are set - FA and DO, then wherever we come across the notes of FA and DO, we will play them in sharps. True, sometimes these sharps can be canceled by random backers, but this, as you already know, only once, and then they are played again as sharps.

Or another example. The bass clef is followed by four flats - SI, MI, LA and RE. What do we do? That's right, wherever we come across these notes, we play them in flats. That's all wisdom.

Sharp order and flat order

By the way, the key signs are never set after the key at random, but always in a strictly established order. These orders every self-respecting musician should remember and always know. The order of the sharps is: FA DO SOL RE LA MI SI. And the order of flats is the same order of sharps, only topsy-turvy: SI MI LA RE SOL DO FA.

That is, if there are three sharps next to the key, these will definitely be FA, DO and SALT - the first three in order, if five, then FA, DO, SALT, RE and LA (five sharps in order, starting from the beginning). If after the key we see two flats, then these will definitely be SI and MI flats. Do you understand the principle?

And now one more important thing. The fact is that the key signs are set not only in a certain order, but also always on the same rulers. In the picture that will be presented below, you will see the correct location on musical staff all seven sharps and seven flats in the treble and bass clef. Look and remember, and even better - rewrite several times to yourself in music book. Get your hands on it, as they say.

Designation of sharps and flats according to the letter system

You have probably already heard that there is a system letter designation sounds. According to this system, notes are written in the letters of the Latin alphabet: C, D, E, F, G, A, H. Seven letters correspond to seven notes DO RE MI FA SOL LA and SI. But to indicate the changed notes, instead of the words sharp and flat, the suffixes IS (sharp) and ES (flat) are added to the letters. You can read more about this and about what features and exceptions to the rules are in the article.

And now - musical exercise. In order to better remember what sharp, flat and becar are and what their strength is, together with the guys from the Neposedy ensemble, learn L. Abelyan’s song from the collection “Funny Solfeggio” about these signs (watch the video).

Greetings dear readers of the blog site. In this part, we will look at what sharp, bekar, flat are, but first we will need to recall the materials of this. This is the octave structure:

In the figure above, we see the main seven steps - these are do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si. Now notice that a black key is adjacent between the white keys do and re. This key is located on right side from the key before and on the left side of the key re. We deliberately emphasize this moment, since the same key (note) is either on the right side or on the left side: it all depends on which adjacent key to look at.

Now we will consider this neighborhood of keys (i.e. notes) from the point of view of music in the Fl Studio program or using the piano (piano, midi keyboards), etc. Most importantly, we need to see these keys. Run the program and in add (i.e. piano) or if you have a piano, then you can test us by pressing the keys and listening to the pitch.

In Fl studio, to see all the notes you need to go to .

So: now we are considering notes that are within the 1st octave. Note ( before) by the sound below the note ( re). And accordingly, the note ( re) by sounding higher than the note ( before). Well, between these notes (do) and (re) there is another note, which is represented by a black key on the keyboard. Sound, this black key above the note (to) and below the note (re) i.e. middle of these sounds.

What is Diez? A sharp is an increase in the main stage by half a step. For example, consider the sound of a black key that is next to a note (C). The sound that the black key makes will be higher by half a tone - this phenomenon is called the word sharp. Remember that raising the sound by half a tone is called the word sharp. This sound is considered to be a derived stage, and therefore it does not have its own name. In this case, the name of the main stage is used. In our example, it will be -C-sharp.

Sharp denoted by a hash symbol, look at the figure below:

In this figure, the note is C-sharp. Without a lattice will be (to), and with a lattice (to-sharp).

What is Bemol? A flat is a lowering of the main step by half a tone. For example, consider the same black key relative to the note (D). The sound of the black key will be lower by a semitone of the sound (D). This phenomenon is called, the word flat. It is also a derivative stage and does not have its own name and uses the name of the main stage. In our case, it will be D-flat.

The figure below shows the designation of the flat:

I think that you have already understood that the same note i.e. the black key may have different names depending on which step to watch. In our example, as I wrote above, the black key can be called either “C-sharp” or “D-flat” - it depends on the note that we take as a basis.

What is double flat and double sharp? With an increase in the main step by two semitones (i.e. tone) is called a double-sharp. And when the main step is lowered by two semitones (i.e. tone) is called a double-flat. Rarely used, but you need to know that this is also there.

Here's a simple example for you: C-double-sharp is the note D. A D-double-flat is a note to.

What is Bekar? Bekar's symbol cancels the action sharp or flat. In the figure below, in each measure, this symbol is placed before the third note. It is indicated by a hash similar to, but different from, a sharp.

Now let's read these notes. It is necessary to read from left to right, the first measure: do, re-flat, re (here the note is preceded by the becar sign - which we cancel the flat, which was set by the second note), and again re. The second measure: re, C-sharp, C (here also the Bekar sign canceled the action of the sharp, established by the second note), note C.

What is Alteration? Alteration is the rise and fall of sounds.

Let's consider a zone of action of signs of alteration.

The zone of action of the accidental sign, which is in front of the note, affects the entire bar. These signs are called random. This random character will apply to all note data of the same octave within the current measure, either until the next random character or until the key changes.

Let's read the notes. Also from left to right, the first measure: C, D-flat, D-flat, D-flat (here, the first note of D is preceded by a flat sign. It will remain in effect until the end of the measure, and lower the following D notes by a semitone). The second bar: D, C-sharp, C-sharp, C-sharp (the zone of the flat sign from the first measure ended in the first measure, and therefore the second measure begins with the note D. Further, before the next note to there is a sharp sign, which is valid until the end of the second measure and will raise subsequent notes up to a semitone).

Important note.

The action of the sign will apply directly to the note before which it is placed. In our case, in the 1st measure, the flat sign acts only on the D note of the 2nd octave. But if in the first measure there would also be a D note of the 1st or 3rd octave, then the flat sign would not affect them.

These accidentals (flat and sharp) can appear not only before the note, but also at the key. These accidentals are called key.

Key accidentals are located at the beginning of each staff to the right of the key and act on all notes that are written on the corresponding rulers in this staff, until the change of key signs. Also, within a measure, the action of key characters can be canceled random signs. The action of the key signs will apply to the entire work.

Here is an example of using sharps in the key:

Key signs show us that all notes that are located in the corresponding lines of the staff of the accidentals present in the key will have to be played with an increase or decrease by a semitone.