There are quite a few definitions of the concept of style. Styles- peculiar registers of the language that allow you to switch it from one tonality to another. Language style– set linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the utterance, taking into account the situation where the utterance occurs. If we compare these definitions, we can highlight the most general provisions: style(from the Greek Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a type of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain area social activities, for which it uses specific features of text construction and linguistic means of expressing its content specific to a given style. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a certain number of texts and finding common features in them.

Functional styles- these are varieties of book language characteristic of various spheres human activity and having a certain originality in the use of linguistic means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives set and resolved in the process of communication.

The functions of language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, at first the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of language. At this stage, it was characterized by a single function - the function of communication.

The formation and functioning of styles is influenced by various factors. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by conditions associated with the life of society itself, and called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. Highlight the following factors:

A) sphere of public activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), everyday life (colloquial style).

b ) form of speech: written or oral;

V) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;

G) way of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except colloquial, relate to public communication)

d ) genre of speech(each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - abstract, textbook, report; for official business - certificate, agreement, decree; for journalistic - article, report, oral presentation; for fiction style - novel, story, sonnet) ;

e ) goals of communication, corresponding to the functions of the language. In each style, all functions of language are implemented (communication, message or influence), but one is leading. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.

Based on these factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, fiction style. However, such a classification is controversial; artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transmission of information, but its transmission artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious-preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to the high style, which are often archaic*.

Using these styles, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, outline laws in precise and strict words, sound with light, charming verses, or reflect the multifaceted life of the people in an epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of language and diverse possibilities for expressing thoughts. So, the language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this highest level its development.

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY

SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE

Topic: functional styles of the Russian language.

Completed:

Khlynovskikh A.K.

Group PU 07-05

Checked:

Bogdanova I. V.

Krasnoyarsk 2007

Introduction.

1. What are the styles of the Russian language. Factors influencing its formation and functioning.

2. Features of the scientific style.

3. Features of official business style.

4. Journalistic style and its features.

5. Features of the style of fiction.

6. Features of conversational style.

Conclusion.

Glossary of terms.

Bibliography.

Introduction.

The purpose of this work is to study the functional styles of the Russian language.

The task that I have set for myself is to form a stable idea of ​​the functional styles of the Russian language in general and scientific and official business styles in particular, since they are the basis of communication in production, business, and entrepreneurship.

This work contains seven chapters. The first chapter examines the styles of the Russian language in general, chapters 2 to 6 examine these styles in particular.

An auxiliary function in this work is performed by a dictionary of terms.

What are Russian language styles?

Factors influencing its formation and functioning .

There are quite a few definitions of the concept of style. Styles- peculiar registers of the language that allow you to switch it from one tonality to another. Language style- a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the utterance, taking into account the situation where the utterance occurs. If we compare these definitions, we can highlight the most general provisions: style(from the Greek Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a type of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain sphere of social activity, for which it uses features of text construction specific to a given style and linguistic means of expressing its content. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a certain number of texts and finding common features in them.

Functional styles- these are varieties of book language that are characteristic of various spheres of human activity and have a certain originality in the use of linguistic means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives set and resolved in the process of communication.

The functions of language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, at first the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of language. At this stage, it was characterized by a single function - the function of communication.

But gradually, with the complication of social life, with the natural and logical appearance of writing, it develops business speech. After all, it was necessary to conclude agreements with warlike neighbors, regulate* life within the state, establishing legal acts. This is how the official business function of the language develops and business speech is formed. And again, in response to the demands of society, the language finds new resources in itself, is enriched, develops, and forms new variety, new functional style.

The formation and functioning of styles is influenced by various factors. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by conditions associated with the life of society itself, and called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. The following factors are distinguished:

A) sphere of public activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), everyday life (colloquial style).

b ) form of speech: written or oral;

V) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;

G) way of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except colloquial, relate to public communication)

d ) genre of speech(each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - abstract, textbook, report; for official business - certificate, agreement, decree; for journalistic - article, report, oral presentation; for fiction style - novel, story, sonnet) ;

e ) goals of communication, corresponding to the functions of the language. In each style, all functions of language are implemented (communication, message or influence), but one is leading. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.

Based on these factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, conversational, fiction style. However, such a classification is controversial; artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transmission of information, but its transmission through artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious-preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to the high style, which are often archaic*.

Using these styles, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, outline laws in precise and strict words, sound with light, charming verses, or reflect the multifaceted life of the people in an epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of language and diverse possibilities for expressing thoughts. So, a language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.

Features of the scientific style.

Scientific style serves the scientific sphere of public activity. The purpose of science is to derive new laws, study and describe natural and social phenomena, teach the basics of knowledge, and develop interest in science. The scientific style uses the written form of speech to a greater extent, because science seeks to record its achievements and pass them on to other generations, and monologue as a type of speech, which corresponds to the linguistic function of communication.

The emergence and development of scientific style is associated with progress scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of nature and man. In Russia, the scientific style of speech began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, which is associated with the stormy scientific activity Russian Academy Sci. A significant role in its formation belonged to M.V. Lomonosov and his students. The scientific style finally emerged only towards the end of the 19th century.

As a rule, a scientific text can be easily distinguished from a group of texts of different styles. First of all, special words that name the basic concepts of this science attract attention - terms (airplane represents aircraft heavier air With motionless wing serving for education lift). But these construction features scientific text are not limited. A scientific text requires accuracy and unambiguity, so words in such a text are used only in one meaning. Since science provides us with information about a number of objects and phenomena, the word in a scientific text is used in a generalized sense. When we read in a book birch grows in central Russia, we understand the meaning of the word birch as a birch in general, and not as a separate tree. Verbs in such texts play a much smaller role than in other styles; most often they are used as linking verbs. Also, the scientific text is emphasized and logical; this consistency is achieved by repeating words as a means of communication ( Jargon – the language of social and professional groups of people. In addition to professional jargons there is student, youth and other jargons . Thus, in the speech of students one can find such jargon , How…). According to O.D. Mitrofanova, in chemistry texts with a text volume of 150 thousand lexical units, the following words are used the following number of times: water - 1431, solution - 1355, acid - 1182, atom - 1011, ion - 947, etc.

There are three substyles in the scientific style: actually scientific, scientific-educational, popular science.

The formation of these substyles is influenced by who the text is created for (addressee factor), as well as goals and objectives. So the addressee actually scientific substyle is a specialist in this field, scientific and educational– future specialist or student, popular science– any person interested in one or another science. Target actually scientific substyle – description of new phenomena in science, putting forward hypotheses*, their proof; scientific and educational– presentation of the fundamentals of science, training; popular science– convey to a person who is not a specialist knowledge from various fields of science using accessible means, to interest him. Therefore, while remaining scientific, texts of different substyles differ (for example, in actually scientific the substyle practically does not use emotional words, whereas in popular science there are many more such words).

Features of formal business style.

Formal business style serves the legal sphere, i.e. used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law, legislation. It is characterized by precision of formulation (which would eliminate ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation ( submitted for discussion, but not we bring it up for discussion ; there are cases of non-fulfillment of the contract etc.), a high degree of standardization, reflecting a certain order and regulation business relations. The purpose of the official business style is to establish legal relations between the state and citizens, as well as within the state.

Extralinguistic, or extra-linguistic, style-forming factors of functional styles

- these are those phenomena of extra-linguistic reality in which verbal communication takes place and under the influence of which the selection and organization of linguistic means occurs, i.e. speech acquires its own stylistic characteristics. The use of language by speakers does not occur in a vacuum, but in a certain non-verbal context of a speech act, the factors of which, like the properties of the linguistic personality, influence the style of speech. These factors are very diverse. For the formation of functional styles, the so-called basic (or primary) factors are especially important. The main specific style features of the functional. styles are formed under the influence of such E. s. f., as a sphere of communication associated with one or another type of activity, correlative with the form of consciousness (science, art, politics, law, religion, everyday consciousness in the everyday sphere); the form of thinking (logical-conceptual, figurative, deontic, etc.), the purpose of communication is the main one (as opposed to the individual intention of a specific speech act), determined by the purpose of these types of activities in society; type of content (usually different in different areas of communication); functions of language (communicative, aesthetic, expressive, phatic, etc.); typical (basic) communication situation (formal/informal). Other (conditionally secondary) factors determine stylistic features, although they are characteristic of a particular function. style, but not essential and therefore found in other styles (usually with modification), but, most importantly, forming features not of the macrostyle, but of more specific varieties (substyle, genre, etc.). These are the conditions of communication and forms of speech that are not directly related to the purpose of the form of consciousness itself and the corresponding type of activity, but to the implementation of additional tasks of communication in some more specific type of activity, the conditions for its “course,” taking into account the uniqueness of the audience; in addition - interpersonal or mass communication, direct or indirect; oral or written form of speech, prepared/unprepared (spontaneous); monologue/dialogue; specific communication situation; kind of literature; specificity of the genre; relationships between speakers; their social role; individual intentions of the speaker (up to the manifestation of his style of thinking in speech), etc. These factors determine the stylistic features of speech, as if superimposed on the main, macro-style specificity, otherwise revealing more specific features of speech (for example, features of the popular science substyle in the field scientific speech, as if added to the latter and somewhat transforming it, or genre: article - review - review, etc. ). Basic factors and their corresponding style features are invariant. Thus, in speech (text) there is, as it were, a hierarchy of stylistic features that constitute unity: secondary factors and stylistic features characterize the internal differentiation of each function. style into substyles, genres, etc. (see Classification and internal differentiation of functional styles). However, they are interconnected with the primary ones.

The situation is more complicated with the determination of the basic factors of decomposition. speech ( colloquial-everyday function. style– see), regarding which there are different points of view (see: ABOUT. Sirotinina, 1997). But most likely, the basic factors here should be recognized as formality/informality, immediacy/mediation, preparedness/unpreparedness of communication, which, together with goal setting, determine the type of work of consciousness in this area. For some functions styles, eg. newspaper-journalistic, the conditions of communication are essential (thus, the short time frame for creating newspaper texts determines the transition of expressive means to standard ones) ( V.G. Kostomarov, 1971).

Stylistic features are in an intermediate relationship from extralinguistic factors to linguistic means. Based on basic extralinguistic factors, a constructive principle of function. style(see) as a style-forming factor that determines the principles of selection and combination of linguistic means, organizing them into a system. The term-concept “extralinguistic” itself is quite conventional, since we are talking about functional. the nature of language, the conditionality of the stylistic distribution of linguistic means; therefore this term “acquires its own linguistic significance” ( D.N. Shmelev).

The study of extralinguistic factors of communication, their influence on the nature of speech and its stylistic originality contributed not only to the development of functionality. stylistics, but also sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, linguo-sociopsychology, theory of speech acts, pragmatics. In this case, it is obviously advisable to distinguish, on the one hand, factors (and their influence on speech) that are consciously realized by the speaker in the process of generating speech (writing a scientific work or newspaper article, etc.), and, on the other hand, factors independent of the desires of the speaker (for example, gender, age). It is the first ones that are associated with the concept of style, in particular functionality. style (as a conscious phenomenon).

When defining the function. styles and their classification, it is of paramount importance to rely on the type of activity corresponding to one or another form public consciousness, since the nomination “sphere of communication” is broad and vague. Based on it, V.A. Avrorin identifies 12 spheres of communication, and Yu.M. Skrebnev generally believes that there are an infinite number of them. Meanwhile, it was the correlation in style of the sphere of communication with the specified extrafactor that made it possible to identify five intuitively realized functions. styles (usually studied in the stylistics of different countries): scientific, official business, journalistic, artistic, colloquial and, naturally, religious.

E. s. f. studied to varying degrees (in relation to one or another functional style). Meanwhile, their insufficient study and consideration in the study of functionalities. styles have a negative impact when solving certain issues of stylistics, for example: classification of styles, their internal differentiation, interaction, etc. E. s. f. scientific style(see), including such deep ones as the epistemic situation (in the unity of its three aspects - ontological, methodological, axiological), phases (stages) of the productive activity of a scientist - from problematic situation to the idea/hypothesis, its proof and conclusion), background knowledge, factors determining the composition of scientific. text, the subject of speech and his dialogue with the addressee, etc. ( M.P. Kotyurova, E.A. Bazhenova, L.M. Lapp, M.N. Kozhina, L.V. Krasilnikova, N.M. Razinkina, E.S. Troyanskaya, O.A. Lapteva, V.A. Salimovsky and etc.).

The importance of accounting for E. s. f. undoubted; especially in terms of explaining certain phenomena of style. Thus, taking into account the “shuttle nature” of scientific-cognitive activity and thinking made it possible to determine high status categories of retrospection and prospection and the retrospective/prospective principle of development of a scientific text.

Extensive literature is devoted to the issue of extralinguistic, including style-forming, factors ( D.H. Himes, V. Labov, M.A.K. Halliday, R. Fowler, R. Posner, scientists of the Prague School - B. Gavranek, F. Travniček, J. Filipec, K. Gauzenblas, J. Mystrik, M. Jelinek, J. Kraus). The latter develop the idea of ​​subjective and objective E. s. f. and styles. In Russian stylistics, the problem under consideration is presented in the works of V.V. Vinogradova, L.P. Yakubinsky, G.O. Vinokura, R.A. Budagova, A.N. Vasilyeva, M.N. Kozhina, V.G. Kostomarova, M.P. Kotyurova, V.L. Nayer, O.B. Sirotinina and many others. etc.

Lit.: Vinokur G.O. On the tasks of the history of language, in his book: Favorite works in Russian language. – M., 1959; Vinogradov V.V. Stylistics. Theory of poetic speech. Poetics. – M., 1963; Kozhina M.N. To the foundations of functionality. stylistics. – Perm, 1968; Hers: On speech systematicity scientific. style compared to some others. – Perm, 1972; Hers: Russian Stylistics. language. – 3rd ed. – M., 1993; Kostomarov V.G. Russian language on a newspaper page. – M., 1971; Vasilyeva A.N. A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language. General concepts stylistics. – M., 1976; Bakhtin M.M. The problem of speech genres // Aesthetics of verbal creativity. – M., 1979; Vinokur T.G. Patterns of language use. units. – M., 1980; Nayer V.L. Levels of linguistic variability and the place of functional styles // Scientific literature. Language, style, genres. – M., 1985; Kotyurova M.P. On the extralinguistic foundations of the semantic structure of a scientific text. – Krasnoyarsk, 1988; Veshchikova I.A. Publ. style as a unit in the functional system. varieties of language, "Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. Philology", 1992. - No. 1; Baranov A.G. Functional-pragmatic text concept. – Rostov n/d., 1993; Sirotinina O.B. Studying colloquial speech as one of the problems of Russian stylistics, "Stylistyka-VI". – Opole, 1997; Hausenblas K. Vystavba slovesných komunikatů a stylistíka. Čsl. přednašky pro VI mezd. Sjezd slavistů. – Praha, 1968; Jelinek M. Stylove rospeti soucasne spisovne čestiny // Bĕlič, Daneš č etc. Kultura českého jazyka. – Liberec, 1969; Kraus J. Uvod do stylistiky pro informačni pracovniky. – Praha, 1977; Wilkoń A. Tipologia odmian językowych wspolczesnej polszczyzny. – Katowice, 1987; Halliday M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic. The social interpretation of language and meaning, – London, 1990; Toshovich B. Functional style. – Beograd, 2002.

M.N. Kozhina

Stylistic encyclopedic Dictionary Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .

- is a set of various techniques for analyzing the text (and its linguistic means), with the help of which in stylistics knowledge is formed about the patterns of language functioning in various fields communication; methods of theoretical development of the observed and...

- is a functional model. style, which is a subdivision of each of the functions. styles into more specific species formations, structured according to the field principle, i.e. highlighting the center (core) of the style and its periphery, including cases of intersection and... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

- (from Latin stilus, stylus - a pointed stick for writing, then - manner of writing, originality of syllable, style of speech). In linguistics there is no single definition of the concept of S., which is due to the multidimensionality of the phenomenon itself and its study from different points of view... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

- – a situation in which speech interaction between communicants takes place. Its most important parameters are usually described on the basis of classical models of a communicative act (K. Bühler, R. Jacobson, etc.). According to R. Jacobson’s model, these... ... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language

FUNCTIONAL STYLES,

SUB-STYLES OF SPEECH, GENRES

Plan

1. General characteristics of the concept “functional style of speech” (definition, style-forming factors, sub-style and genre originality).

2. Features of conversational style of speech.

3. Features of literary and artistic style of speech.

4. Features of the social and journalistic style of speech.

5. Features of the scientific style of speech.

6. Features of the official business style of speech.

1. It is known that depending on the purpose of communication, the form of communication, the addressee, speech situations are grouped and correlated with one or another sphere of human activity, for example, educational, business, social, etc. In this sense, speech is also typified: some means of language become preferable in situations business sphere communication, others - in science, etc.

This is how they are formed functional styles– varieties of literary language. The term “functional style” itself emphasizes that varieties of literary language are distinguished on the basis of the functions(role) performed by language in each specific case. For example, for a scientific article, what is important first of all is accuracy in the designation of concepts, and in fiction and journalism - emotionality and figurativeness of expression. At the same time, in each specific case, special linguistic means are selected, and in some cases, the method of presenting these means is also important.

Word style(Greek stylo) in ancient Greek meant a pointed stick, a rod for writing on wax tablets. Later this word acquired the meaning of “handwriting”, and later began to denote the manner, method, and features of speech.

So, under style In linguistics, it is customary to understand a variety of literary language that serves some aspect of social life, has a special sphere, a certain range of topics, and is characterized by special conditions of communication. It is called functional, since it performs a certain function in society in each specific case.

The doctrine of styles goes back to M.V. Lomonosov, who wrote: “... the Russian language through the use of church books in decency has different degrees: high, mediocre and low. This comes from three types of sayings in the Russian language.”

Functional style is created by a combination of neutral language means and special means, used only in this style. Depending on the basis of the classification, various types of functional styles are distinguished. The communicative and everyday function serves as the basis for opposition conversational style bookish style. In turn, based on specific stylistic manifestations, in accordance with the spheres of social activity, specific book functional styles are distinguished. The traditional classification of styles can be presented as the following diagram:

Literary and artistic

Each functional style represents complex system, the features of which are manifested in both oral and written forms of its implementation (albeit to a different extent). At the same time, stylistic differences cover all language levels: word pronunciation and stress placement, morphological means, lexical and phraseological composition, characteristic syntactic structures.

In functional styles, as a rule, stand out substyles that meet the requirements of a particular type of activity. Thus, the scientific style distinguishes between the scientific substyle (academic sphere), scientific and technical (engineering sphere), educational and scientific (field higher education) and other substyles.

Note that the peculiarity of each style consists not only of the scope and purpose of communication, general requirements, conditions of communication, but also genres, in which it is implemented.

What is a genre? Let's define this concept. A genre is a specific type of text that retains the general features of a particular style (its dominant), but at the same time is characterized by special compositional speech structures and linguistic means.

For example, in the literary and artistic style there are such genres as novel, short story, story, poem; in a journalistic style - essay, report, interview, feuilleton; in official business - application, order, certificate, letter of guarantee; in a scientific style - monograph, report, abstract, abstract, etc.

From the definition it is clear that each genre (speech work) requires its own linguistic means of expression and a special way of organizing them. At the same time, it is always necessary to remember that the choice of stylistically colored words is justified, so that the linguistic means used belong to the style to which this or that genre belongs. Otherwise, this will lead to misinterpretation, ambiguity and will indicate a low level of speech culture.

Therefore, we can talk about the existence of so-called style-forming factors, which are designed to set parameters for each functional style. In particular, this can be observed in the selection of linguistic means (orthoepic, grammatical, lexical) that form a certain system. This system is manifested in the interaction of neutral (commonly used) units and special (stylistically colored) units. Note that style-forming factors have a strict hierarchy. Among them we highlight three main ones: scope, purpose and method of communication. They determine the choice of the type of speech, its form, the method of presentation and the requirements of certain qualitative characteristics.

Thus, it is customary to distinguish between the following areas of communication: socio-political, scientific, legal, everyday, etc.

The purpose of communication There can be not only the transfer of information, but also persuasion, prescription, aesthetic impact, establishing contact, etc.

Concerning way of communication, then, on the one hand, there are mass and personal methods, and on the other - contact, non-contact and indirect contact.

If the speaker or writer has a good understanding of the characteristics of these factors, it will not be difficult for him to determine or choose a style.

Of course, in practice we often see a mixture of styles. In a live speech stream, styles can interact. This occurs especially often in conversational and everyday style of speech. But in order to understand the degree of permissibility of using different manifestations of language, you need to know the norms and quality characteristics inherent in a particular style. It is for this purpose that we will move on to their brief analysis.

2. Conversational style used for direct everyday communication in various fields of activity: everyday life, informal professional and others. True, there is one peculiarity: in everyday life, the conversational style has oral and written forms, but in the professional sphere - only oral. Compare: colloquial lexical units – reader, teacher, spur and neutral - reading room, teacher, cheat sheet. IN writing Colloquial language of professional content is not acceptable.

Conversational speech is uncodified speech, it is characterized by unpreparedness, improvisation, specificity, and informality. Conversational style does not always require strict logic and consistency of presentation. But it is characterized by imagery, emotionality of expressions, a subjective-evaluative character, arbitrariness, simplicity, and even a certain familiarity of tone.

The conversational style differs as follows: genres: friendly conversation, private conversation, note, private letter, personal diary.

Linguistically colloquial speech is distinguished by an abundance of emotionally charged, expressive vocabulary, so-called condensate words ( evening -“Evening Moscow”) and doublet words ( freezer- evaporator in the refrigerator). It is characterized by appeals, diminutive words, and free word order in sentences. At the same time, sentences that are simpler in construction are used more often than in other styles: incompleteness and incompleteness constitute their feature, which is possible due to the transparency of the speech situation (for example: Where are you going? - To the tenth.; Well? - Passed!). They often contain subtext, irony, and humor. Colloquial speech contains many phraseological units, comparisons, proverbs, and sayings. It gravitates towards constant updating and rethinking of linguistic means, the emergence of new forms and meanings.

Academician L.V. Shcherba called colloquial speech “the forge in which verbal innovations are forged.” Colloquial speech enriches book styles with lively, fresh words and phrases. In turn, book speech has a certain effect on spoken speech: it disciplines it, gives it a more standardized character.

One more feature of the conversational style should be noted: knowledge is of great importance for it. speech etiquette both in written and oral form. In addition, for oral colloquial speech It is very important to take into account the specifics of extra-linguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, tone, environment. This is general characteristics conversational everyday style.

3. Literary and artistic style. Home distinctive feature the language of fiction is its purpose: the entire organization of linguistic means here is subordinated not simply to the transmission of content, but to the influence on the feelings and thoughts of the reader or listener with the help of artistic images.

The main features of the artistic style are imagery, aesthetic significance, manifestation of the author's individuality. In this style, metaphor, metonymy, personification and other specific expressive means are widely used to create an artistic image. Note that a work of art may contain some non-literary elements of language (dialectisms, colloquialisms, jargon) or linguistic means of other styles.

As an example, we can cite an excerpt from V. Shukshin’s story “The Freak,” in which the features of the official business style are played out for artistic purposes:

“At the airport, Chudik wrote a telegram to his wife: “I’ve landed. A lilac branch fell on your chest, dear Pear, don’t forget me. Vasyatka." The telegraph operator, a stern, dry woman, having read the telegram, suggested:

- Make it up differently. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.

- Why? - asked the Weird. I always write to her like this in letters. This is my wife! ...You probably thought...

– You can write whatever you want in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is clear text.

The weirdo rewrote: “We landed. Everything is fine. Vasyatka." The telegraph operator herself corrected two words: “We landed” and “Vasyatka.” It became: “We’ve arrived. Basil".

As we see, works of fiction use different possibilities of the national language, therefore the language of fiction is extremely rich and flexible.

The literary and artistic style is realized in the form of prose, drama and poetry, in which the corresponding genres: novel, story, short story, short story; drama, comedy, tragedy; poem, fable and others.

I would like to note one important circumstance: when analyzing the language of fiction, we usually talk not only about the manifestation of the culture of speech as such, but also about the talent and skill of the writer who managed to use in his work all the facets, all the riches of the national language.

4. Journalistic style performs 2 main functions– informational and influencing – and is addressed to the mass reader and listener. It is used in both written and oral forms, which within this style closely interact and come together. This style is quite complex and branched, characterized by numerous inter-style influences. It highlights the following substyles And genres:

1) newspaper and journalistic (article, information note, essay, interview);

2) propaganda (appeals, appeals, leaflets);

3) official political-ideological (party resolutions);

4) mass-political (speeches at meetings and rallies of a political nature), etc.

However, the journalistic style is presented most fully and widely, in all the variety of genres, in newspaper cover. Therefore, the concepts of “newspaper language” and “journalistic style” are often considered identical or close. Let us dwell in some detail on the features of this substyle, which has become the most widespread.

According to academician V.G. Kostomarov, the newspaper substyle is interesting because it combines two opposing trends: a tendency towards standardization, characteristic of strict styles (scientific and official business), and a tendency towards expressiveness, characteristic of colloquial speech and the language of fiction.

Therefore, in the newspaper there are often stable, standard expressions that have an expressive connotation. Typical for the newspaper-journalistic substyle are, for example, the following phrases: good tradition, bloody coup, gain political capital, aggravation of the situation, convincing victory etc. In addition, the language of newspapers is replete with so-called “labels” (pseudo-democrat, fascist, retrograde).

The greatest significance in the social and journalistic style is genres, used in means mass media such as: reportage, interview, oratory, public speaking, discussion and some others.

In general, texts of a journalistic style are characterized by information richness, simplicity, accessibility of presentation, logic, appeal, emotionality, social evaluation, and the presence of elements of declarativeness. Important feature It can also be assumed that the journalistic style always strives for imagery and at the same time brevity when expressing thoughts.

Now let’s move on to analyzing the features of the scientific and official business styles, which will be considered in more detail, since they are closely related to university educational activities.

5. Scientific style of speech intended to communicate scientific information, explain facts both orally and in writing, and to a greater extent designed for a trained reader.

In the scientific style of speech, as in the journalistic style, depending on the nature of the addressee and goals, the following are distinguished: substyles and corresponding genres:

1) actually scientific or academic (monograph, article, report);

2) scientific and informative (abstract, annotation, patent description);

3) scientific reference (dictionary, reference book, catalogue, encyclopedia);

4) educational and scientific (textbook, methodological manual, lecture);

5) popular science (article, essay).

The first three substyles are designed to accurately convey scientific information with a description of scientific facts. Their distinctive feature is the academic presentation addressed to specialists. Main features: accuracy of transmitted information, persuasiveness of argumentation, logical sequence of presentation, conciseness.

Substyle 4) is addressed to future specialists, therefore it is distinguished by greater accessibility, the presence of rich illustrative material, numerous examples, explanations, and comments.

Substyle 5) has a different addressee. This is a wide readership, so scientific data can be presented not in an academic, but in a more accessible and entertaining form, and it does not strive for brevity.

All substyles of the scientific style are characterized by precise and unambiguous expression of thoughts, which is explained by the nature of scientific knowledge. The scientific style, like the official business style, does not tolerate ambiguity, which can lead to misinterpretation of facts or phenomena.

In addition, scientific thinking is designed to establish patterns. Therefore, the scientific style is characterized by analyticity, emphasized by the logic of presentation, clarity, and argumentation.

It is known that scientific speech is basically written speech. This means that it has all the features and all the norms of written speech.

In terms of language, neutral and special vocabulary and terminology are used in a scientific style. In general, the lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation. There is no vocabulary with a colloquial or vernacular flavor.

The scientific style is often called “dry”, devoid of elements of emotionality and imagery. However, it should be remembered that the beauty of a scientific text is not associated with expressiveness, but with logic and high persuasiveness. By the way, it should be noted that in some scientific works, in particular polemical ones, emotionally expressive and figurative means of language are allowed, which (being, however, an additional technique) give scientific prose additional persuasiveness.

Finally, I would like to note that, unfortunately, the language of scientific texts often becomes unjustifiably complicated; in them one can often observe examples of the so-called pseudo-academic style.

Let us cite at least one of them, in which the abuse of borrowings and complex syntactic structures is obvious.

“The category of time, due to its universality, has an integrating function and can be considered... on the basis of isomorphism of knowledge structures, especially in culture and language. ...The universal, invariant, typologically general content of the category of time finds its national-cultural expression in a specific language and receives a subjective, axiologically marked interpretation.”

In our opinion, the main requirement for a culture of proficiency in a scientific style of speech can be formulated as follows: express yourself as complex as the object of research is complex, but no more.

6. Formal business style – This is a type of literary language that functions in the field of management, as well as legal, administrative, public and diplomatic spheres of activity.

The official business style, as well as the scientific style of speech, is divided into substyles: legislative, clerical, business correspondence, diplomatic.

Within each substyle there are the following genre varieties:

1) legislative genres: charter, constitution, resolution, law, decree;

2) stationery genres, which, in turn, are divided into:

a) personal documents: application, autobiography, resume;

b) administrative and organizational documents: contract, agreement;

c) administrative documents: order, order, instruction, resolution;

d) information and reference documents: certificate, act, report (official) note, explanatory note;

3) genres of business correspondence: letter of request, letter of request, letter of response, letter of confirmation, letter of guarantee, commercial letter, complaint, invitation, message, covering letter;

4) genres of the diplomatic substyle: agreement, communiqué, note, statement, memorandum.

Characteristic features of official business style– standardization, conciseness, accuracy of presentation. The official business style is distinguished by clear, unambiguous wording.

In terms of use linguistic means This style is characterized by a combination of neutral vocabulary and bookish, special vocabulary.

So, we found out what distinguishes one speech style from another, and determined the qualitative indicators of all functional styles. We emphasize that knowledge of stylistic features and the ability to distinguish them is necessary in order to correctly express one’s thoughts in accordance with a specific communication situation.

Questions for self-control:

1. What is a functional style of speech?

2. What is the basis for dividing literary language into functional styles?

3. What functional styles do you know?

4. What do the terms “substyle” and “genre” mean?

5. What substyles and genres are distinguished in each functional style of speech?

6. What are the characteristic features:

a) colloquial and everyday style;

b) literary and artistic style;

c) social and journalistic style;

d) scientific style;

e) formal business style?

7. How are the functional styles of the Russian literary language related to each other?

Lecture 3 STANDARDS OF MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE (OPTIONS, TYPES OF STANDARDS)

Plan

1. The concept of language norms (literary norms).

2. Variants of norms.

3. Types of norms.

1. The most important quality of speech culture is its correctness, in other words, its compliance language standards.

What is included in this concept? Let's offer a definition.

The norm of a language (literary norm) is the rules for the use of linguistic means, the uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of a literary language in a certain period of its development.

A linguistic norm is a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposing features. Let us list the most important of them and give the necessary comment.

1. Relative sustainability And stability linguistic norms are necessary conditions for ensuring the balance of the language system over a long period of time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained by the social nature of language, which is constantly developing together with the creator and speaker of the language - society itself.

The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, variability. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago may become a deviation from it today. If you look at dictionaries and literary sources 100 years ago, you can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms of words, their (words) meaning and use have changed. For example, in the 19th century they said: cabinet(instead of closet), fat(instead of heat), strict(instead of strict), quiet(instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), returned(instead of returning); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly(instead of Necessarily), necessary(instead of necessary) and so on.

2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized by widespread And universality compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to “control” the element of speech. On the other hand, we can talk about “linguistic pluralism” – the simultaneous existence of several options (doublets) that are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (author of speech) and objective (language).

3. Basic sources of language norms- these are, first of all, works of classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, generally accepted, widespread modern usage, as well as Scientific research. However, recognizing the importance literary tradition And authority of sources, you should also remember author's individuality, capable of violating norms, which is certainly justified in certain communication situations.

In conclusion, we emphasize that the literary norm is objective: it is not invented by scientists, but reflects the natural processes and phenomena occurring in the language. Language standards are mandatory for both oral and written speech. It is necessary to understand that the norm does not divide linguistic means into “good” and “bad”. It indicates the appropriateness of their use in a specific communicative situation.

In general, the literary norm enshrines all the best that has been created in the speech behavior of representatives of a given society. It is necessary because it helps preserve the integrity and general intelligibility of the literary language, protects it from colloquialisms, dialectisms, and jargon.

2. Changes in language norms are preceded by their appearance options(doublets), which actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as the “Spelling Dictionary”, “Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language”, “Dictionary of Word Compatibility”, etc.

Exist 3 degrees of normativity:

– 1st degree norm– strict, tough, not allowing options (for example, put, but not lay down; t, call but not rings; socks, but not sock);

– norm 2nd degree– less strict, allowing equal options, united in a dictionary entry by the conjunction “and” (for example, right And , right blinds(Wed And pl.), immoral And immoral);

– norm 3rd degree– the most flexible, where one option is the main (preferred), and the second, although acceptable, is less desirable. In such cases, the second option is preceded by the mark "additional"(permissible), sometimes in combination with stylistic marks or just a stylistic mark: "colloquial"(colloquial), "poetic"(poetic), "prof."(professional), etc. For example: bank sprat(add. sprats),cup tea(additional colloquial tea), compass(prof. compass).

The 1st degree norm is called imperative norm, norms of the 2nd and 3rd degrees - dispositive norms.

Currently, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology. It should be remembered that a language norm is not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, and on the characteristics of a particular style, deviations from the norm are possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of norms that exist in the literary language.

3. In accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means, the following are distinguished: types of norms.

1. Orthoepic norms(Greek correct speech ) – norms for stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors make it difficult to perceive the speaker’s speech. Social role correct pronunciation is very important, since knowledge of orthoepic norms greatly facilitates the communication process.

To avoid making mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as “Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language”, “Orthoepic Dictionary”, “Dictionary of Difficulties in Oral Speech”, etc.

Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive notes: “ not rec."(Not recommended), "not right."(wrong), "rude."(rough), "bran."(expletive language), etc.

2. Lexical norms or norms of word usage, is: a) the use of a word in the meanings that it has in modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymous series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.

3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of words. Note that morphological norms include, first of all: norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, norms of formation plural nouns, norms of formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; norms of comparative and superlatives adjectives and adverbs; norms for the formation and use of verb forms, etc.

4. Syntactic norms are associated with the rules for the construction and use of phrases and various sentence models. When constructing a phrase, you must first of all remember about management; When constructing a sentence, you should take into account the role of word order, follow the rules for using participial phrases, the laws of constructing a complex sentence, etc.

Morphological and syntactic norms are often combined under common name – grammatical norms.

5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) And punctuation norms do not allow distortion visual image words, sentences or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (the spelling of a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (the placement of punctuation marks).

Questions for self-control:

1. What is a language norm and what are its features?

2. How is the inconsistency of the norm manifested?

3. What differences exist in the degree of normativity?

4. What types of norms can be distinguished in accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means?

Let us move on to a detailed consideration of the types of norms indicated above.

B. SPELLING NORMS

Plan

1. Norms for setting stress (accentological norms).

2. Norms for pronunciation of vowel sounds.

3. Norms for pronunciation of consonant sounds.

4. Features of pronunciation of foreign words.

1. Orthoepic correctness of speech- this is compliance with the norms of literary pronunciation and stress. Correct positioning stress and correct, exemplary pronunciation are important indicators of a person’s general cultural level. For an oral presentation to be successful, it must be expressive, and expressiveness is achieved through competent, clear and precise pronunciation, correct intonation and stress. Let's analyze it sequentially main aspects of Russian orthoepy, namely: stress norms, rules for the pronunciation of stressed and unstressed vowels, hard and soft, voiced and voiceless consonants, rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms and words of foreign language origin.

Due to the variety of places and mobility of stress in the Russian language, there are words with the so-called double stress, or accentological options. Some of them are equal. For example: rust And rust, meatballs And meatballs, sparkling And sparkling, loop And loop´, pale And , the waves are pale And waves. However, most often stress options are characterized as unequal, i.e. one of them is basic (preferred), and the other is acceptable (additional). For example: cottage cheese[add. cottage cheese],satiation[add. ta dosy], otherwise[add. otherwise], phenomenon[add. phenomenon],briefly[add. briefly].

If the dictionary contains two unequal accentological options without markings, then the main option is put in first place, followed by an acceptable, less desirable option.

There is also the problem of distinguishing between the so-called semantic options– pairs of words in which the different places of stress are intended to distinguish the meaning of the words: flour And flour, spiciness And sharpness, cowardice And shake, lock And castle, submerged And immersed and so on. Such pairs of words are called homographs.

Sometimes different places of stress slightly modify the endings of words that are semantic variants. For example: big prizes(cry) – conscript(age), developed(about activities) – developed(child), linguistic(about sausage) – linguistic(about an error).

Among the unequal options, one should distinguish stylistic options. These are pairs of words that, depending on the place of stress, are used in different functional styles of literary language or narrow areas of communication, or relate to professionalism. In these cases, stylistic options are accompanied in dictionaries by the corresponding marks: "specialist."(special use), "poetic"(poetic speech) "tech." (technical term), "prof."(professionalism), etc., in contrast to "common use"(commonly used version). Compare: bite(common use) – bite(specialist.), silk(common use) – silk(poet.), nuclear(common use) – atomic(prof.), compass(common use) – compass(for sailors) stroke(common use) – consultation(honey.).

Unequal options include normative-chronological options. These are pairs of words in which the different places of stress are associated with the time period of use of this word in speech. An obsolete version that is going out of use is accompanied in dictionaries by the mark "outdated". For example: industry(modern) – industry(obsolete), Ukrainian(modern) – Ukrainian(obsolete), angle(modern) – angle(obsolete), waited(modern) - waited(obsolete), visible(modern) – vúdny(obsolete), needed(modern) - needed(obsolete), apartments(modern) – apartments(obsolete).

According to L.I. Skvortsov, in the Russian language, researchers count more than 5 thousand commonly used words in which fluctuations in stress are recorded.

Functional styles of the Russian language.

Introduction.

1. What are the styles of the Russian language. Factors influencing its formation and functioning.

2. Features of the scientific style.

3. Features of official business style.

4. Journalistic style and its features.

5. Features of the style of fiction.

6. Features of conversational style.

Conclusion.

Glossary of terms.

Bibliography.

Introduction.

The purpose of this work is to study the functional styles of the Russian language.

The task that I have set for myself is to form a stable idea of ​​the functional styles of the Russian language in general and scientific and official business styles in particular, since they are the basis of communication in production, business, and entrepreneurship.

This work contains seven chapters. The first chapter examines the styles of the Russian language in general, chapters 2 to 6 examine these styles in particular.

An auxiliary function in this work is performed by a dictionary of terms.

What are Russian language styles?

Factors influencing its formation and functioning.

There are quite a few definitions of the concept of style. Styles are peculiar registers of a language that allow you to switch it from one key to another. Language style is a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the utterance, taking into account the situation where the utterance occurs. If we compare these definitions, we can highlight the most general provisions: style (from the Greek Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a type of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain sphere of social activity, for which it uses specific characteristics for a given style features of text construction and linguistic means of expressing its content. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a certain number of texts and finding common features in them.

Functional styles are varieties of book language that are characteristic of various spheres of human activity and have a certain originality in the use of linguistic means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives set and resolved in the process of communication.

The functions of language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, at first the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of language. At this stage, it was characterized by a single function - the function of communication.

But gradually, with the complication of social life, with the natural and logical appearance of writing, business speech develops. After all, it was necessary to conclude agreements with warlike neighbors, regulate* life within the state, establishing legal acts. This is how the official business function of the language develops and business speech is formed. And again, in response to the demands of society, the language finds new resources, enriches itself, develops, forming a new variety, a new functional style.

The formation and functioning of styles is influenced by various factors. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by conditions associated with the life of society itself, and called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. The following factors are distinguished:

a) sphere of social activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), everyday life (conversational style).

b) form of speech: written or oral;

c) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;

d) method of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except conversational, relate to public communication)

e) genre of speech (each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - abstract, textbook, report; for official business - certificate, agreement, decree; for journalistic - article, report, oral presentation; for the style of fiction - novel, story, sonnet);

f) the goals of communication corresponding to the functions of language. In each style, all functions of language are implemented (communication, message or influence), but one is leading. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.

Based on the listed factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, and fiction style. However, such a classification is controversial; artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transmission of information, but its transmission through artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious-preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to the high style, which are often archaic*.

Using these styles, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, outline laws in precise and strict words, sound with light, charming verses, or reflect the multifaceted life of the people in an epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of language and diverse possibilities for expressing thoughts. So, a language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.

Features of the scientific style.

The scientific style serves the scientific sphere of social activity. The purpose of science is to derive new laws, study and describe natural and social phenomena, teach the basics of knowledge, and develop interest in science. The scientific style uses the written form of speech to a greater extent, because science seeks to record its achievements and pass them on to other generations, and monologue as a type of speech, which corresponds to the linguistic function of communication.

The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the progress of scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of nature and man. In Russia, the scientific style of speech began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, which is associated with the vigorous scientific activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A significant role in its formation belonged to M.V. Lomonosov and his students. The scientific style finally emerged only towards the end of the 19th century.

As a rule, a scientific text can be easily distinguished from a group of texts of different styles. First of all, attention is drawn to special words that name the basic concepts of this science - terms (an airplane is a heavier-than-air aircraft with a fixed wing that serves to generate lift). But the features of constructing a scientific text are not limited to this. A scientific text requires accuracy and unambiguity, so words in such a text are used only in one meaning. Since science provides us with information about a number of objects and phenomena, the word in a scientific text is used in a generalized sense. When we read in the book that birch grows in central Russia, we understand the meaning of the word birch as birch in general, and not as a separate tree. Verbs in such texts play a much smaller role than in other styles; most often they are used as linking verbs. Also, the scientific text is emphasized and logical, this consistency is achieved by repeating words as a means of communication (Jargon is the language of social and professional groups of people. In addition to professional jargons, there are student, youth and other jargons. Thus, in the speech of students you can find such jargons as...). According to O.D. Mitrofanova, in chemistry texts with a text volume of 150 thousand lexical units, the following words are used the following number of times: water - 1431, solution - 1355, acid - 1182, atom - 1011, ion - 947, etc.

In the scientific style, there are three substyles: scientific, scientific-educational, and popular science.

The formation of these substyles is influenced by who the text is created for (addressee factor), as well as goals and objectives. Thus, the addressee of the scientific sub-style is a specialist in a given field, the scientific-educational sub-style is a future specialist or student, the popular science sub-style is any person interested in a particular science. The purpose of the scientific substyle itself is to describe new phenomena in science, put forward hypotheses*, and prove them; scientific and educational - presentation of the fundamentals of science, training; popular science - to convey to a person who is not a specialist knowledge from various fields of science using accessible means, to interest him. Therefore, while remaining scientific, texts of different substyles differ (for example, in the scientific subgenre itself, emotional words are practically not used, while in popular science there are much more such words).

Features of official business style.

The official business style serves the legal sphere, i.e. used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law, legislation. It is characterized by precision of formulation (which would eliminate ambiguity of understanding), a certain impersonality and dryness of presentation (it is brought up for discussion, not we bring it up for discussion; cases of non-fulfillment of the contract are noted, etc.), a high degree of standardization, reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relationships. The purpose of the official business style is to establish legal relations between the state and citizens, as well as within the state.

In the official business style, words, as well as in the scientific style, are used in the same meaning; terminological vocabulary specific to this style is also used (tenant, patient, depositor, taxpayer, decree, law, personal account, etc.). In the official business style, there is a significant number of words with a modal* meaning (must, obliged, necessary, necessary, should), and the indefinite form of the verb plays the same prescriptive role. In official business documents, repeated words and expressions are often used, they are called standard phrases (the contracting parties have reached an agreement, acting on the basis of the charter, a certificate has been issued ... that).

Denominative prepositions play a big role in texts of official business style (due to, in conclusion, during, in connection with, for lack of, on the issue, etc.). Often, instead of verbs, a combination of a verb and a noun is used, synonymous with the verb (to win - to win, to conduct tests - to test, to conclude an agreement - to agree). In order to achieve greater accuracy of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence are used, and their number in one sentence is much greater than the number of homogeneous members in other styles. Exclamatory sentences and emotional words are practically not used. The desire to save language resources leads to the fact that in the texts of this style there are a lot of complex abbreviations, or abbreviations ( Russian Federation- Russian Federation, Library of the Academy of Sciences - BAN, etc.)

The official business style is very conservative, i.e. It is quite resistant to the influence of time, which is explained by the legal situations developed by society, which are expressed in business documents.

Journalistic style and its features.

The journalistic style is characteristic, first of all, of the media - newspapers, radio, television. The purpose of journalistic texts is to inform citizens about events in the country and the world, as well as to shape public opinion. A feature of the journalistic style is the combination of standard (stable linguistic forms of expression typical of politics) and expression (linguistic means that influence the emotions of readers and listeners).

This style is characterized by the use of emotional words, words and phrases in a figurative meaning (black gold - oil), exclamations, interrogatives and incomplete sentences, i.e. such words of vocabulary and syntax that cause a certain emotional reaction. Authors of journalistic texts are constantly searching for new words and expressions that will attract the reader's attention with their novelty. If this word is successful, then it begins to be used in the texts of other authors (this is how the expression new Russians has recently entered our language).

To be interesting to readers or listeners, an event must be either new, relevant, or unusual. A modern person reduces the time to obtain information, so he starts reading a newspaper by looking at the headlines. Therefore, the more unexpected and interesting the headline, the greater the likelihood that the material will be read or heard (The black cat tried to hijack a plane. When the gibbons sing. Who and how much earned from Diana’s death?). Here the author speaks openly about his feelings and gives an assessment of what is happening.

The journalistic style strives for simplicity and accessibility, therefore: sentences are small in volume, have a simple structure, complex sentences are used instead of participial and participial phrases.

Features of the style of fiction.

The language of fiction is sometimes mistakenly called literary language*. However, in reality, what is characteristic of artistic speech is that all linguistic means can be used here, and not only units of functional varieties of the literary language, but also elements of vernacular, social and professional jargons, and local dialects. The writer subordinates the selection and use of these means to the aesthetic goals that he strives to achieve by creating his work.

IN literary text various means of linguistic expression are fused into a single, stylistically and aesthetically justified system, to which normative assessments attached to individual functional styles of the literary language are inapplicable.

One of the features of the artistic style is the use of figurative language to accomplish the tasks set by the artist (Sad time! Charm of the eyes... - A. Pushkin). The word in artistic speech is a means of creating images and acts as a means of the artistic meaning of the work.

The selection of words, phrases, and the construction of the entire work of art are subject to the author’s intention.

To create an image, a writer can use even the simplest linguistic means. So in A. Chekhov’s story “The Long Tongue,” the character of the heroine, deceitful, stupid, frivolous, is created through the repetition of words in her speech (But, Vasechka, what mountains there are! Imagine high, high mountains, a thousand times higher than church... Above there is fog, fog, fog... Below there are huge stones, stones, stones...).

Literary speech has a high emotional ambiguity, the author in one text can deliberately “collide” different meanings of the same word (The one who, having sipped passion, only drank mud. - M. Tsvetaeva).

The meaning of a literary work is multi-valued, hence the possibility of different readings of a literary text, different interpretations, and different assessments.

We can say that artistic style activates the entire arsenal of linguistic means.

Features of conversational style.

The conversational style is so different from all others that scientists have even proposed a different name for it - colloquial speech. The conversational style corresponds to the everyday sphere of communication, uses the oral form, allows all types of speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue), the method of communication here is personal. In the colloquial style, in contrast to the oral form of other styles, deviations from literary pronunciation are quite significant.

The colloquial variety of the literary language is used in various types of everyday relationships between people, subject to ease of communication. Conversational speech is distinguished from bookish and written speech not only by its form, but also by such features as unpreparedness, unplannedness, spontaneity, and direct contact between participants in communication.

The spoken variety of the literary language, unlike the bookish and written one, is not subject to targeted normalization, but it has certain norms as a result of speech tradition. This type of literary language is not so clearly divided into speech genres. However, here, too, various speech features can be distinguished - depending on the conditions in which communication takes place, on the relationship of the participants in the conversation, etc.

Naturally, a lot of everyday vocabulary is used in a conversational style (kettle, broom, apartment, sink, faucet, cup). Many words have a connotation of disdain, familiarity, and condescension (to get pissed off - to learn, to scald - to talk).

In this style, many words acquire a “multicomponent” meaning, which is very clearly visible in the examples: How do you live? - Fine. How was your trip? - Fine. No headache? - Fine. Do you want a simple hamburger or a double one? Are these regular socks or synthetic ones? Please give me a general notebook and a simple one.

Gerunds and participles are almost never used in conversational style, but very often - particles, well, that means, as well as simple, non-union complex and incomplete sentences.

The vocabulary of conversational style is predominantly of everyday content, specific. Conversational style is characterized by economy of speech means (five-story building, condensed milk, utility room, Kat, Van, etc.). Phraseologisms that are expressive and depressing are actively used (like water off a duck's back, play a box that is difficult to lift, play the fool, wash your hands, etc.). Words with different stylistic connotations are used (interweaving of bookish, colloquial, colloquial words) - the Zhiguli car is called “Zhiguli”, “Zhiguli”.

With apparent freedom in choosing words and constructing sentences, the conversational style is characterized by a large number of standard phrases and expressions. This is natural, because Everyday situations (traveling by transport, communicating at home, shopping in a store, etc.) are repeated, and along with them, linguistic ways of expressing them are fixed.

Conclusion.

Having done this work, I studied the functional styles of the Russian language and came to the conclusion that it is impossible to draw a clear boundary between styles and use them separately. Thus, some journalistic texts differ from fiction texts only in that they use documentary material without transforming it into an artistic image, but in terms of the author’s style they are not inferior to works of fiction. The same genre can be used in different styles. The genres of official business and scientific have general shape- a list of questions and expected answers, but different content, because The goals pursued by these styles are different. The purpose of the scientific style is to convey information to a wide range of listeners and readers, and the official business style is to convey information to an individual or group of people engaged in a common cause. But both of these styles are united by the fact that they are the main means of communication between representatives of a modern educated and highly developed society.

Glossary of terms.(…*)

Regulation - submission to strict and precise rules.

National language is the language of a nation, formed on the basis of the language of a nationality in the process of its development into a nation.

A dialect is a historically established branch of a national language, including several adverbs that have common features.

Vernacular - oral speech, deviating from the norms of the literary language in terms of vocabulary, grammar and spelling.

Jargon is a distraction from the national language, determined only by the specific composition of its vocabulary and arising among different social strata of the population.

Archaism is a word, phrase, grammatical form or syntactic structure that has fallen out of general use, is not the norm in modern language and serves to create a historical flavor, as well as to express an ironic shade.

Hypothesis is an assumption, guess, speculative position.

Modal words are unchangeable words and phrases that express the speaker’s relationship to reality, evaluating its phenomenon from the point of view of necessity, possibility, confidence, etc.

Literary language is the highest form of the national language, accepted by its speakers as exemplary.

Vocabulary is the vocabulary of a language. The set of words used by the author in the work.

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