Spanish alphabet with transcription. Spanish alphabet

The Spanish alphabet today consists of twenty-seven letters, each representing a phoneme: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, o, p, q , r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z. It would be appropriate to note that the phoneme, translated from Greek as “sound” (sonido), is the smallest unit of language. The phoneme does not have an independent lexical or grammatical meaning.

In the Spanish alphabet there are 5 vowel letters (letras vocales) - “i”, “e”, “a”, “o”, “u”, the remaining 22 consonants (letras consonantes). All letters of the Spanish alphabet are feminine, therefore used with the corresponding feminine article - “la”, for example la “h” [la ache].

In the Spanish language, there are also digraphs - compound written signs consisting of two letters, they are used to indicate phonemes in writing. Digraphs are not part of the alphabet (abecedario). In Spanish, the following phonemes are digraphs: "ch", "ll", "gu", "qu" and "rr". Interestingly, the phonemes "ch" and "ll" were part of the Spanish alphabet (abecedario) until the end of 2010, being unique phonemes of the Spanish language, and in this they differ from other digraphs, such as "qu" - which in the letter can be represented by the letter “c” (before the vowels “a”, “o”, “u”) and “k”.

The exclusion of the digraphs “ch” and “ll” from the alphabet (abecedario) of the Spanish language does not at all mean that these phonemes have disappeared from the written and spoken forms of the Spanish language system. These signs still continue to be used as digraphs in writing in Spanish, representing the following phonemes:

“ch” conveys the phoneme “ch” - chico [chiko] - boy;

“ll” conveys the phoneme “th” - calle [káye] - street.

It should be remembered that in any alphabetical arrangement of words (dictionaries, indexes, lists) “ch” and “ll” will be included in the alphabetical order of the letters “C” and “L”.

Digraphs (dígrafos) “gu”, “qu”, “rr”

“gu”: Digraph (dígrafo) is pronounced as a voiced “g” before the vowels “e”, “i”, the sound “u” is not pronounced: guerra (war) is pronounced [guerra], aguijón (sting) is pronounced .

"qu": Digraph (dígrafo) is pronounced like "k" before the vowel "u", but "u" is not pronounced in these cases: queso (cheese) [keso], esquina (corner) [eskina].

"rr": A digraph (dígrafo) pronounced like "rr" is called doble erre (double "r"). Used to convey the vibrating sound "pp": carro (cart), terreno (piece of land), arriba (up).

Names of letters of the Spanish alphabet

"A, a": the first letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order, is a vowel letter. La ”a” is pronounced [a] (in Spanish, nouns are preceded by an article). In the plural (plural) – las aes [aes].

Azafran – saffron (spice)

Ajo – garlic

Abedul - birch

Agua de mayo, pan para todo el año. (Good rain in May will provide food for the whole year.)

“B, b”: second letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La “be” is pronounced [be] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “bes” [bes].

Begonia - begonia (flower, maybe female name own)

Bergamota – bergamot (plant)

Berberis – barberry (plant)

Boda en mayo, ¡qué fallo! (Wedding in May: what a blunder!)

“C, c”: the third letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La “ce” is pronounced [ce] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “сes” [ses].

Calendula – calendula (flower)

Cardo – thistle (plant)

Cala – kala (flower).

Come poco y cena temprano si quieres llegar a anciano. (Eat little and dine early if you want to live to a ripe old age.)

“D, d”: the fourth letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La “de” is pronounced [de] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “des” [des].

Delfines - dolphins

Dálmata – Dalmatian (dog breed)

Danza – dance

Desayunar como un rey, comer como un príncipe y cenar como un mendigo. (Breakfast like kings, lunch like princes, and dinner like beggars.

“E, e”: the fifth letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La “e” is pronounced [e] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “es” [es].

Empleo – work (employment)

Erizo – hedgehog

Espejo – mirror

El buen vino alegra el ojo, limpia el diente y sana el vientre. (Good wine pleases the eyes and cleanses the teeth and stomach.)

“F, f”: the sixth letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La “efe” is pronounced [efe] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “efes” [efes].

Febrero – February

Fama – fame, fame

Frutas – fruits

Febrero, el corto, el peor de todos. (February is a short month, but of all the months it is the most nasty.)

“G, g”: the seventh letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La “ge” is pronounced [he] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “ges” [hes].

Geranium – geranium (flower)

Garage - garage

Genio - genius

Gotta a gota, el océano se agota. (Drop by drop, and the ocean can be depleted.)

“H, h”: the eighth letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La ”hache” is pronounced [ache] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “haches” [aches]. In Spanish it is a silent consonant, i.e. it is not pronounced.

Hoja – leaf (of wood or paper)

¡Hola! - hello (greeting)

Hasta el fin de la historia nadie cante victoria. (Until the case is over, no one celebrates victory.)

“I, i”: the ninth letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La “i” is pronounced [and] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “íes” [ies]. In addition, it should be noted that there is la “i” in Latin, different from “y” (→ y [and]), which is traditionally called “and” in Greek: i griega.

Idea - idea

Initial

Iglesia – church.

Irse de la lengua. (Spill the beans)

“J, j”: the tenth letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La “jota” is pronounced [jota] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “jotas” [hotas].

Jabon - soap

Joyero – jeweler

Jungla - jungle

Jamás digas: nunca jamás. (Never say never)

“K, k”: the eleventh letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La “ka” is pronounced [ka] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “kas” [kas].

Kilometraje – mileage (kilometers)

Kilogramo - kilogram

Kilo de más, kilo de menos, nos encontramos de como comemos. (A kilogram plus, a kilogram minus, we feel the way (from what) we eat.)

“L, l”: the twelfth letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La ”ele” is pronounced [ele] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “eles” [eles].

Laurel - bay leaf

Lavandula – lavender

Lilas - lilac.

La ausencia causa olvido. (Out of sight, out of mind.)

“M, m”: thirteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La “eme” is pronounced [eme] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “emes” [emes].

Mariscos – seafood

Mar – sea

Mariposa – butterfly

Más fresca que una lechuga. (Too cunning.)

“N, n”: the fourteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet and in international Latin order. La ”ene” is pronounced [ene] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “enes” [enes].

Nàcar – mother of pearl

Nube – cloud

Norte - north

Nadie da lo que no tiene. (No one can give what he doesn't have.)

“Ñ, ñ”: the fifteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet, and which does not exist in the international Latin alphabet. La ”eñe” is pronounced [enye] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “eñes” [enies].

Ñ ​​- words that begin with this letter practically do not exist in the Spanish language; those that can be found belong to the variants of the Spanish language in Latin America. And educated under the influence of Aboriginal languages.

“O, o”: The sixteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet and the fifteenth in the order of the international Latin alphabet. La "o" is pronounced [o] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “oes” [oes].

Obrero - worker

Olor - smell

Octavo – eighth

Oye el gallo cantar y no sabe en qué corral. (He hears a rooster crowing, but doesn’t know in which barn. In Spanish it corresponds to: He heard a rooster crow, but doesn’t know where it is.)

“P, p”: the seventeenth letter of the Spanish alphabet and the sixteenth in the international Latin order. La “p” is pronounced [pe] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “pes” [pes].

Perejil - parsley

Paloma - dove

Pajaro – bird

Palabra o piedra suelta, no tiene vuelta. (Word or fallen stone they won't go back. In Spanish it corresponds to: The word is not a sparrow, if it flies out you won’t catch it.)

“Q, q”: the eighteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet and the seventeenth in the international Latin order. La “cu” is pronounced [ku] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “cus” [kus].

Queso - cheese

Quinto - fifth

Quimica – chemistry

¿Qué mosca te ha picado? (Which mosquito bit you?)

“R, r”: the nineteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet and the eighteenth in the international Latin order. La “erre” is pronounced [erre] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “erres” [erres].

Rana - frog

Rostro - face

Ricos - rich

Rey nuevo, ley nueva. (New king, new law. In Spanish it corresponds to: Each bird sings in its own way.)

“S, s”: the twentieth letter of the Spanish alphabet and the nineteenth in the order of the international Latin alphabet. La “ese” is pronounced [ese] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “eses” [eses].

Sol - sun

Sofa – sofa

Saber es poder. (To know means to be able.)

“T, t”: the twenty-first letter of the Spanish alphabet and the twentieth in the international Latin order. La “te” is pronounced [te] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “tes” [tes].

Tauro – Taurus (zodiac sign)

Timido – shy

Tiburón – shark

Tal para cual. (Which one was coming, that’s what I met.)

“U, u”: the twenty-second letter of the Spanish alphabet and the twenty-first in the international Latin order. La “u” is pronounced [u] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “úes” [ues].

Universo – Universe

Unicornio - unicorn

Uniforme – form, uniform

Un clavo saca otro clavo. (Fight fire with fire.)

“V, v”: the twenty-third letter of the Spanish alphabet and the twenty-second in the international Latin order. La “uve” is pronounced [uve] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “úves” [uves].

Vaca – cow

Vino - wine

Vuelo - flight

Ver la paja en el ojo ajeno y no una viga en el propio. (Seeing the chip in someone else's eye, but not seeing the beam in your own.)

“W, w”: the twenty-fourth letter of the Spanish alphabet and the twenty-third in the international Latin order. La “uve doble” is pronounced [uve doble] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “dobles ves” [dobles ves].

Web pagina - website

Washington - Washington

Web página - Web page (Site)

“X, x”: the twenty-fifth letter of the Spanish alphabet and the twenty-fourth in the international Latin order. La “equis” is pronounced [ekis] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “equis” [ekis].

Xenophobia - xenophobia

X rayos – X-rays

Xena: la princesa guerrera. Xena is a warrior princess.

“Y, y”: the twenty-sixth letter of the Spanish alphabet and the twenty-fifth in the international Latin order. La “i griega” is pronounced [igriega] in Spanish. In the plural (plural) – las “griegas” [griegas].

Yegua – mare

Yedra – ivy

Yema del huevo – egg yolk

Ya que el agua no va al molino, vaya el molino al agua. (If the water does not come to the miller, let the miller go to the water. In Spanish it corresponds to: If the mountain does not come to Magomed, let Magomed go to the mountain.)

“Z, z”: the twenty-seventh letter of the Spanish alphabet, the last, and the twenty-sixth in the order of the international Latin alphabet. La “zeta” is pronounced [zeta] in Russian. In the plural (plural) – las “zeta” [zeta].

Zanahoria – carrots

Zumbidos (en los oídos) – ringing (in the ears)

Zapatos – shoes

Zamora no se ganó en una hora. (Zamora was not conquered in one hour. In Russian it corresponds to: Moscow was not built right away.)

Children who are just starting to learn Spanish should, of course, start with the very basics. The Spanish alphabet for children will become such a basis, which in this article we will analyze very thoroughly, consider which letters are included in it and what is the pronunciation of these letters.

For beginners learning Spanish, it is very important to know which letters are included and how they are read. There are certain unshakable rules for reading letters that you should know:

Spanish Language Alphabet

Pronunciation rules

Pronunciation in Spanish

Phonetics of the Spanish language

Phonetics of the Spanish language - quite complex phenomenon, so it is not at all necessary to memorize it immediately and by heart. Start, return to what you have already learned and read, and over time, the letters and their pronunciation, as well as the combination, will settle down in your head by itself. The main thing in this matter is not to overdo it and not to rush. The Spanish language is not as difficult as Russian, but you will need to show maximum attention, because phonetics is the basis of the language.

Tongue twisters for practice

For For beginners learning Spanish, it will be very useful to use tongue twisters. They can be reinforced first with correct pronunciation with transcription and only then learned by heart as much as you want. This way you can practice your pronunciation well and it will stop limping.

So, Spanish tongue twisters:

Vowels

When starting to learn Spanish, it is worth knowing how many vowel sounds there are in the Spanish language. So, there are only five of them. These are the sounds and, uh, a, oh, u. in pronunciation they are similar to similar sounds in Russian transcription. But at the same time, vowels in Spanish are divided into strong and weak. If two strong vowels appear next to each other in a word, they are pronounced separately unless they form a diphthong.

Consonants

You need to be especially careful when pronouncing consonants in Spanish. Unlike how letters are pronounced in Russian transcription, there is no softening of consonants in Spanish. Before the vowels e, i, there is no need to soften the consonants, but you should not overdo it, since the sound “y” does not exist in the Spanish language. Unlike Russian transcription, the pike consonants at the end of a word are weakened, but remain voiced.

Spanish alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet, spanish alphabet easy to remember, spanish alphabet- topic of the article. Spanish alphabet consists of Latin letters and three additional letters: ñ, ch, ll. As a result, the Spanish alphabet contains 29 letters, if you count the additional letter w, which is used only to write various names, borrowed words, etc. The Spanish alphabet can contain 30 letters, because... sometimes they add it to it double letter rr. The simplest building block of the Spanish language is the letters of the Spanish alphabet. Luckily, the names of the letters in the Spanish alphabet are usually close to the sounds they represent in the words, making it very easy to read. In total, the Spanish alphabet has 29 letters in the Latin script, two of them K And W, are found only in words that came into Spanish from other languages. How does the Spanish alphabet have 29 letters if there are only 26 in the original Latin alphabet? The fact is that the Spaniards added additional elements to their alphabet that are characteristic only of their language: WITH, CH And LL. In some Spanish textbooks, another double letter is added to the alphabet - R.R., and then the total number of letters of the Spanish alphabet increases to 30. Learning Spanish should start with the Spanish alphabet. First of all, you must know the letters and sounds that make up the Spanish alphabet. Also, the Spanish alphabet is important for correct use of the dictionary. Since learning the Spanish language begins with the Spanish alphabet, first you will need to learn how to read Spanish correctly, knowledge of the Spanish alphabet will help you with this. It doesn't take much time or effort to learn the Spanish alphabet, especially if it's your second language. Fortunately, the names of letters in the Spanish alphabet are usually close to the sounds they represent in words. When we learn the letters of the Spanish alphabet, we don’t get very tired, because it’s an easy task that even children can handle. Like any language, Spanish has its own reading rules, which is why Spanish transcription exists. The rules for reading the Spanish alphabet are quite simple and not as numerous as in other languages. It will be enough to remember them once. The Spanish alphabet consists of 27 letters, of which 5 are vowels and 22 are consonants. There are also digraphs, which are the following phonemes: “ch”, “ll”, “gu”, “qu” and “rr”. The letters in the Spanish alphabet are pronounced the same way as they are written, but despite this, they also have their own characteristics, which we will discuss below. So, here is the main part of the Spanish alphabet (single letters). Read the Spanish alphabet and learn the names of all the letters.

Spanish alphabet

Vowels

Consonants

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So, in the Spanish language there are 6 vowels and 22 consonants.

What I would like to note right away is that Spanish vowels, compared to the Russian language, are characterized by closedness, that is, they are pronounced the same way both under stress and in an unstressed position.

What is the importance: for example, you said “Muchacho/a”, muting the ending. Thus, you introduce the Spaniards into slight bewilderment: “Say, senor, you will still decide whether you are a boy or a girl.” It would seem like one sound, but the meaning has changed dramatically.

Regarding vowels, I would like to note that in Spanish there is no softening of consonant sounds before vowels. You'll see this a little later when we look at pronunciation and I direct you to listen to Spanish words.

Aa [a] - mama", papa, amor

• at the beginning of a word and after m and n it is similar to the Russian B - bomba.

Note: the consonant [n] before [b] inside a word and at the junction of words sounds like [m] - un vaso

• - in other cases it is similar to the Russian “B” - beber (to drink), trabajar (to work-travahar)

• before a, o, y is read as [k] - casa (house), Cuba (Cuba)
• before i, e - reads like [Ǿ] Imagine that the tongue does not fit in the mouth and is therefore clamped by the front teeth - cine (cinema), cena (dinner).

Ch - reads like the Russian “Ch” - muchacha (girl), chica (girl).

• at the beginning of the word it reads like the Russian “D” - donde (where)

• [I didn’t find a symbol for this sound] The sound is produced when the tip of the tongue touches the lower edge of the upper incisors, leaving a wide enough gap for air to pass through. At the end of a word, and especially before a pause and in words ending in -ado, the sound is pronounced very weakly, and in conversation it is almost not pronounced. - Madrid

Ee - similar to the Russian sound “E” - febrero (February - favrelo)

Ff - [f] similar to the Russian “F” - facil (easy - facil), dificil

• before a, o, u is pronounced like the Russian sound “G” - gato (cat), gusto (taste)

• before i and e [Russian Х] - gente (people)
• between the vowel and in other cases - weak G - pagar (to pay). Our teacher warned us not to turn this G into the Ukrainian “He”.

Hh - unreadable - ahora (now/aora)

Jj - [x] - jinete (rider), junta (thought)

Kk - rarely used. If it is used, it is used exclusively as the Russian “K” - kilo, Kremlin

Ll - soft ale! La "mpara (table lamp), lucir (to sparkle)

Double el ll - [th] calle (street), llorar (cry)

Mm - [m] - momento (moment)

Nn - [n] - nueve (tree)

Ňñ - [н] - niña (girl), año (year)

O - [o] - tesoro (treasure)

P - [pe!] pero (preposition but)

• at the beginning of the word there is a rolling Re like a tiger! - russo, rio (river)
• in other cases the usual re - prensa (press)

Ss - [from Russian] - sombrero (hat), siesta

Tt - [t Russian] - te" (tea), tintero (inkwell)

Uu - [Russian] club, cucurucho (bag)

Xx - [ks] - e "xito (success)

Zz - [Ǿ] - similar to the pronunciation of Ss in some cases (see above) Zaragoza

qui - quinto (fifth)

que - queso (cheese)

gui [gi] - giitarra

Funny combination of letters nv. Contrary to logic, it reads - mb

that is, the word invitar is read as imbitar.

This completes the study of pronunciation. Now all that remains is to listen and train yourself.

To practice, I advise you to visit the following site, since it is difficult to learn good pronunciation on paper. =)

Letters b and v

The letters b and v represent enough interesting case in Spanish. Their peculiarity is that they are actually the same letter. Both b and v are pronounced the same, and both can express either a [b] sound or a [ sound b]. In one case, b and v are pronounced as a plosive [b], and in the other case as a fricative [ b]. Everything will depend on their position in the word and sentence. What is required of us is to remember these cases.

1. Explosive [b]

The letters b and v are pronounced as a plosive [b] when b or v appears at the beginning of a word, at the beginning of a phrase, after a pause, and after the letters m and n. Plosive [b] is exactly the same sound as Russian b (b gasoline, furniture).

For example: beso, un beso, vaca, un vaso, también, vino.

Comments: 1) beso - kiss. The first letter is pronounced [b], as it is at the beginning of the word; 2) un beso - kiss. The letter b is read as [b] because it is preceded by the letter n: unbeso; 3) vaca - cow. The first letter is read as [b], as it is at the absolute beginning. It's correct to say: tank; 4) un vaso - glass. The letter v is read as [b] because it is preceded by the letter n: unbaso; 5) también - too. The letter b is in the middle of the word, but there is a letter m before it, so it is a plosive sound [b]; 6) vino - wine. Reading bino. The case is the same as with the word vaca.

Please note that even if one word ends with m or n, and another begins with b or v, the plosive [b] will still be pronounced: u nb eso[unbeso], u n v aso[unbaso]. These letters do not have to appear in the same word.

Try to get used to the fact that v is pronounced the same as b. Don't pronounce the word vaca like in aka, and the word vino is like in foreign. At the beginning of a phrase these words will sound like b aka And b foreign.

2. Fricative [b]

The letters b and v are pronounced as a fricative [ b], when they stand in the middle of a word or phrase, are in the flow of speech, and when there are no pauses or letters m and n before them. Fricative [ b] It is pronounced almost like the English W (w ell), only the lips are not rounded into a tube. In order to do this correctly, you need to pronounce the usual sound b and leave a small gap between your lips so that the air can pass unhindered - you will get [ b]. This is a fricative sound.

For example: libro, una vaca, vivo

Comments: 1) libro - book. The letter b is in the middle of the word, and there are no letters m or n before it. The word is read as liwr; 2) una vaca - cow. Although the letter v is at the beginning of the word, it is preceded by the article una. This is already considered a flow of speech. If you say una vaca without pauses, you should get - unawaka; 3) vivo - I live; the first v is read as a plosive b, since it is at the absolute beginning. The second letter v is pronounced as a fricative w: biwo. Do not say: bebo or vivo .

As you can see, there are times when one word can be read in different cases differently:
vaca - una vaca, ventana - la ventana, bien - muy bien.

Try not to pronounce the Russian sound [v]. When we say “v” in Russian (V olga, pravda), we place our lower lip against our upper teeth. And the Spanish fricative [ b] pronounced using only the lips. Also, don't compare Spanish to English - don't think that because it's written v, then we have to speak in.
You can mistake the letters b and v for one. Historically, it so happened that in some words b is written, and in others v is written. It is impossible to determine by the sound of a word which of these letters should be written. For example, if there was a word b aca, then it would sound the same as v aca, or v ien would sound like b ien. You just need to remember which letter the word is written with. Here correct writing these words: vaca and bien.

It happens, of course, that illiterate Spaniards themselves confuse these two letters and write vien instead of bien. But we must learn to write correctly and will not follow the example of the illiterate;)

You can read more about plosives and fricatives here.

1. Explosive [b]

beso, vaca, vaso, vino, blanco, verde, bolso, bastante, bajo, viejo, boca, bar, vale, verano, bien, bonito, bueno, ventana, boligrafo, viernes, barato, visa, bota, blusa, vestido, bailar, ver, banco, también, hombre, nombre, bomba, alfombra, sombrero, Colombia, un beso, un vaso, un bar, invierno, tranvía.

2. Fricative [b]

libro, Pablo, sobre, pobre, nuevo, nueve, Cuba, cubano, tabaco, abogado, sábado, posible, Isabel, telefono móvil, problema, nevera, abrir, hablar, abrigo, impermeable, debajo, escribir, habitación, revista ,por favor, estoy bien, muy bien, hasta la vista, ¡qué va!

3. In different positions

vivir, vives, vivo, beber, verbo, vaca blanca, también vivo en Brasil, bien-muy bien, vino barato, sombrero bonito.

The Spanish letter d has three different pronunciations. It can also be a plosive and a fricative, but also something else. Now let’s talk about everything in more detail and analyze each of the three cases.

1. Explosive [d]

The plosive [d] is pronounced exactly the same as the Russian "d". In Spanish, this sound occurs when: the letter d appears at the absolute beginning (the beginning of a word or phrase), after a pause, and after the letters l and n.

For example: donde, dinero, espalda.

Comments: 1) donde - where. Both letters d are read as a plosive sound. The first one comes at the beginning, and the second one comes after the letter n; 2) dinero - money. The letter d comes at the beginning of a word; 3) espalda - back. Although the letter d is in the middle of the word, it is preceded by the letter l, so it will be an explosive d.

2. Fricative [d]

The letter d is read as a fricative [ d ] in the middle of a word and flow of speech, when there are no pauses and the letters l and n before it. Fricative sound [ d ] pronounced in the same way as if we wanted to pronounce the usual sound d, but only leaving a small gap between the tongue and the upper teeth. Try to pronounce the usual sound d, but so that your tongue barely touches anything. This is reminiscent of the English th sound in the words the or then. We will denote this sound with a crossed out d.

For example: cuaderno, radio, una dama.

Comments: 1) cuaderno - notebook. The letter d is pronounced as a fricative d because it is in the middle of the word between vowels; 2) radio - radio. The letter d also appears between vowels; 3) una dama - a lady. The letter d appears in the flow of speech because it is preceded by the article una. Both words are pronounced in the same stream.

3. Stunned fricative [d]

The third case of the sound of the letter d occurs only when the letter d is at the end of the word. In this case it will express the voiceless fricative [ d ]. We will denote it as a reduced fricative symbol d. This sound is reminiscent of the English voiceless interdental th sound in the word thanks, but only more weakened. It can be so weakened that it becomes barely audible or not audible at all.

For example: pared, ciudad, Madrid, Usted.

There are Spaniards who pronounce these words simply as: paré, ciudá, Madrí, Usté.
We remind you once again that the stunned [ d ] pronounced only when the letter d is at the very end of the word.

There are many cases when one word can be pronounced differently in different positions:
donde - de donde, pared - paredes.

In the word pare d es the letter d is no longer at the end, so it will be pronounced like a regular fricative [ d ].

Listen and read the speaker’s words, paying attention to correct pronunciation. Try to explain each use of plosives and fricatives.

1. Explosive [d]

da, de, di, do, du, día, don, dos, dama, drama, domingo, dormir, dormitorio, dentro, deporte, director, dinero, disco, discoteca, donde, falda, espalda, fondo, lindo, grande, bufanda, sandalias, tienda, no entiendo.

2. Fricative [d]

cada, nada, Prado, todo, vida, avenida, moneda, abogado, médico, ovalado, cuadro, cuaderno, cuadrado, ordenador, rosado, anaranjado, madera, cómodo, incómodo, verde, tarde, Pedro, gordo, perdón , periodico , estudiante, estudiar, radio, adiós, una dama, Museo del Prado, Canada, Estados Unidos de América.

3. Fricative stunned [d]

pared, usted, Madrid, edad, universidad, ciudad, bondad, facultad, verdad, nacionalidad, juventud.

4. In different positions

delgado, bandido, verdad, verdadero, edad, soledad, demasiado, oscuridad, redondo, día - buenos días, donde - de donde, delante de, al lado de, ducha - una ducha.