True and false heroism in the image of L.N. Tolstoy (based on the novel "War and Peace") Summary of literature lesson outline of a lesson in literature (grade 10) on the topic. Battle of Shengraben. The problem of true and false heroism. What is the Difference Between D Behavior

The colossal prose painting "War and Peace", which reflected with incredible sincerity and truthfulness the real pictures of the life of the people in the abyss of the complex events of the first decades of the 19th century, has become one of the most important works in Russian literature. The novel earned its high significance due to the seriousness of its problems. True and false patriotism in the novel "War and Peace" is one of the central ideas, the relevance of which does not go away after more than 200 years.

War is a test of personality

Despite the expanded system of characters in the work, its main character is the Russian people. As you know, people show their true qualities when they find themselves in difficult life situations. There is nothing more terrible and responsible both for an individual person and for the nation as a whole than war. She, like a magic mirror, is able to reflect the true face of everyone, tearing off the masks of pretense and pseudo-patriotism of some, to emphasize heroism, readiness for self-sacrifice for the sake of civic duty of others. War becomes a kind of test for the individual. The novel depicts the Russian people in the process of overcoming this test in the form of the Patriotic War of 1812.

Artistic Comparison Technique

In the course of depicting the war, the author resorts to a comparative comparison of the moods and behavior of both military and secular society, comparing 1805-1807, when the battles took place outside the Russian Empire, with 1812 - the period of the French invasion of the territory of the state, which forced the people to rise to defend the Fatherland.

The main artistic device, which the author skillfully operates in the work, is the antithesis. The author uses the method of opposition in the table of contents of the epic novel, and in the parallel maintenance of plot lines, and in the creation of characters. The heroes of the work are opposed to each other not only by their moral qualities and actions, but also by their attitude to civic duty, a manifestation of true and false patriotism.

The embodiment of true patriotism

The war affected various segments of the population. And many are trying to do their bit for the common victory. Peasants and merchants burn or distribute their property only so that the invaders do not get it, Muscovites and residents of Smolensk leave their homes, not wanting to be under the yoke of the enemy.

With special insight and pride, Lev Nikolaevich creates images of Russian soldiers. They demonstrated heroism and courage in episodes of hostilities near Austerlitz, Schengraben, Smolensk and, of course, at the Battle of Borodino. It was there that the incomparable courage of ordinary soldiers manifested themselves, their love for the Motherland and perseverance, their readiness to sacrifice their own lives for the sake of freedom and the Fatherland. They do not try to look like heroes, to emphasize their prowess against the background of others, but only try to prove their love and devotion to the Fatherland. Unwittingly, the work reads the idea that true patriotism cannot be ostentatious and poser.

One of the most striking characters personifying true patriotism in the novel "War and Peace" is Mikhail Kutuzov. Appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army, against the tsar's will, he managed to justify the confidence placed in him. The logic of his appointment is best explained by the words of Andrei Bolkonsky: "While Russia was healthy, Barclay de Tolly was good ... When Russia is sick, she needs her own man."

One of the most difficult decisions that Kutuzov had to make during the war was the order to retreat. Only a far-sighted, experienced and deeply patriotic commander could take responsibility for such a decision. On one side of the scale was Moscow, and on the other - all of Russia. As a true patriot, Kutuzov makes a decision in favor of the entire state. The great commander also demonstrated his patriotism and love for the people after the expulsion of the invaders. He refuses to fight outside the country, believing that the Russian people have fulfilled their duty to the Fatherland, and there is no longer any point in shedding his blood.

A special role in the work is assigned to the partisans, whom the author compares with a club, "which rose up with all its menacing and majestic strength and, without asking anyone's tastes and rules, nailed the French until the entire invasion died."

The spirit of sincere love for the native land and state is characteristic not only of the military, but also of the civilian population. Merchants distributed their goods for free so that the invaders would not get anything. The Rostov family, despite the impending ruin, is helping the wounded. Pierre Bezukhov invests in the formation of the regiment and even makes an attempt to kill Napoleon, regardless of the consequences. Many members of the nobility are also characterized by patriotic feelings.

False patriotism in the work

However, not all the heroes of the work are familiar with sincere feelings of love for the Motherland and the sharing of national grief. Tolstoy opposes the real fighters against the invaders with false patriots who continued a luxurious life in salons, attended balls and spoke the language of the invader. The author considers not only secular society to be false patriots, but also the majority of the officers of the Russian army. Many of them are happy about the war as a way to receive orders and advance their careers. The author denounces most of the officers who huddle in headquarters and do not participate in battles, hiding behind ordinary soldiers.

The reception of antithesis in the depiction of feigned and real patriotism is one of the ideological lines of the epic novel War and Peace. According to the author, representatives of the common people, as well as those nobles who are imbued with its spirit, demonstrated true feelings of love for their native land. Those who have no peace in moments of common grief, and reflect sincere love for the Motherland. This idea is one of the main in the work, as well as in the essay on the theme "True and False Patriotism in the novel" War and Peace ". The author depicts this conviction through the thoughts of Pierre Bezukhov, who realizes that real happiness is in unity with his people.

Product test

Patriotism is responsibility, love for the Motherland. Being a patriot means that in any situation you need to be able to take care of your country. Such a quality is difficult to cultivate in oneself, however, without it, a person is considered hypocritical, selfish. At one time, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy decided to seriously think about a similar problem of true and false patriotism. He expounded all his brilliant reflections in the great epic novel War and Peace, where the two heroes in action, who are necessary when considering the above problem, are not only people with a certain position, but also an ordinary people.

It is worth starting by considering false patriotism... This is personified by Anatol Kuragin. This is a fake person whose words do not correspond to the actions. With his base desires, he does not achieve anything, in his life there is little of something really worthwhile. The author also shows people of this type like Boris Drubetskoy, who only dream of doing nothing and receiving rewards for their own inaction.

Tolstoy clearly denounces heroes who are considered false. This makes it clear that it is difficult to expect concrete actions from such characters aimed at protecting their homeland. The sad thing is that people, with their indifference to the country, do not make any decisions or care for it. Unfortunately, false patriotism cannot be cured. A true soldier of the homeland is one who is aware of his responsibility to her. A patriot can be one who does not harbor dark grievances, selfish plans, and grave hardships in his soul. No, people who show love for the Fatherland do not care about material resources, ranks, position. They are not dependent on this, for they understand that in difficult times the homeland needs its saviors.

A patriot may not be such an exalted person; anyone who is devoted to the country, who worries about its future future, can become one. In Tolstoy's novel, images of ordinary people are drawn who, with their simplicity, attract attention, for their souls are pure and full of warm feelings for their homeland. These are Tushin, and Mikhail Kutuzov, and Andrei Bolkonsky and others. A true spokesman for patriotism, of course, Kutuzov appears, his role is significant, because without thinking about himself, he takes care of others: about his soldiers, whom, like Napoleon, he could have abandoned and forgotten right there, but the hero is not so selfish and vain. This is what makes the characters, who are the personification of true patriotism, remarkable: they realize that "when Russia is sick, it needs a person." To live with the feelings, moods and interests of the soldiers, the people, this is what is lacking for those who are filled with faith in an easy life.

Patriotism manifests itself in war, and that thing is terrible, tough, merciless, because it takes with it many innocent lives. It is an incredible responsibility to be caring for the motherland during the difficult periods of the Fatherland. He who can realize it is invincible, he is strong in spirit, he is strong physically. Tom doesn't care!

Thus, Tolstoy, with his thoughts, prompts readers to reflect on such a concept as "patriotism", because from this knowledge is laid. It is important to cultivate this feeling in the soul of everyone, so that betrayal does not happen in relation to the homeland, so that in difficult times there are not many losses. The main thing is that happiness is not in money. If you strive all your life for material resources, pushing away your conscience and personal qualities, then as a result you can be left with nothing in complete loneliness. And nothing worse than this can be. Therefore, you should understand that you need to be attentive to the country, become responsive, "you need to love, you need to live, you need to believe ..."

Option 2

This novel is a historical witness that reflects the courage and valor of the Russian people in the war of 1812. The main character of the author is the people. Tolstoy in the novel very colorfully describes murder, bloodshed, outlines the human suffering that any war brings. He also shows the reader how the hunger passed at that moment in time, makes us imagine the feeling of fear in human eyes. Do not forget that the war described by the writer inflicted both material and other casualties on Russia, and also destroyed cities.

The mood and morale of soldiers, partisans and other people who stood up to defend their homeland, while not sparing their forces, are of great importance in the course of the war. The beginning of the war, for two years, was not fought on the territory of modern Russia. Therefore, it was alien to the people. And when the French army crossed the border of Russia, all the people, from children to old people, became a solid and strong wall to defend their homeland.

Tolstoy in his novel divides people into groups in relation to the duty of defending the fatherland and according to the principles of morality. The author in the text also divides the actions of each person into two groups, which are associated with true and false patriotism. True patriotism lies in the actions of the people, which are aimed at raising the level of glory of their homeland and resolving the further fate of their people. According to the writer, the people of Russia are the most patriotic of the whole world. This was confirmed by the lines of the novel. For example, when the French were still able to occupy the city of Smolensk, the peasants began to quickly destroy everything that could fall into the hands of the enemy. Such actions of each peasant showed anger and hatred towards the enemy. Do not forget about giving due praise to the inhabitants of the heart of Russia, since they all left their homes, so as not to guess the kind of power that the French will bring.

Patriotism also manifests itself on the war front, when soldiers show patriotic actions. And the text confirms this with scenes of bloody battles. Even the merchant, so that the French would not get his goods, destroyed his shop.

The author also shows the soldier's attitude to weapons, drinking vodka, as they prepare for a difficult battle. I would also like to note that for all the battles of the soldiers, certain conclusions can be drawn about their love for their homeland.

Patriotism in War and Peace

Since war is not only included in the title of the famous epic novel "War and Peace" by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, but is also the main decoration for the unfolding events, the theme of patriotism in the work is, if not the most important, then at least one of the main ones.

In the novel, you can find many examples of true patriotism, and the author shows us these examples not only among the close circle of the Russian nobility, but also among the representatives of the common people and representatives of the Russian peasantry.

It is with the common people that it is worth starting. The Patriotic War of 1812 affected every resident of Russia of those times to one degree or another, which leads to a large number of examples of true, real and selfless patriotism. We can see the first examples of sacrificial love for the Motherland in retreating Smolensk - the residents of the city, led by the merchant Ferapontov, give the soldiers all their property, transfer all the bread they have for the needs of the army, and they set fire to everything that has to be left in the city so that it did not go to the enemy army.

The inhabitants of Moscow are also patriotic - they leave the city proudly, not presenting the keys to the city to Napoleon, as he expected, but leaving him an empty ghost town, which can do little to help the needs of the French army.

Moreover, in the retreat from the city, everyone is united - both the common people, merchants and artisans, and the rich noblemen, for whom French at the beginning of the novel was practically like their mother tongue. The main example of selfless patriotism among the nobles can be considered Natasha Rostova, who gives all her family property to help in transporting wounded soldiers, as well as Pierre Bezukhov, who does not stay away from the fight with the enemy and even ends up in captivity.

Examples of real patriots on the battlefield are also revealed - both among the famous generals and military leaders of those times, mainly Kutuzov, Raevsky, Bagration and Ermolov, and among ordinary soldiers who were conscripted into the army and even being poorly trained and little versed in the military craft, selflessly went to certain death in order to rid their homeland of the French invaders. The personification of such "simple Russian men" who had to take rifles and pistols, swords and pikes in their hands and go to the battlefield with the enemy.

Speaking about military heroism and examples of real patriotism in battles with the French army, one cannot fail to mention the partisans, since historically, the Patriotic War of 1812 was almost the first example of the effective use of partisan warfare. Tikhon Shcherbaty, Denis Davydov and many other Russian partisans did not participate in great battles, but, sincerely loving their homeland, they could not stand aside and destroyed the enemy in other ways.

The image of the city in the poem Dead Souls of Gogol grade 9 composition

Arriving in this city, Paul initially assumed that this city was more "alive", in it you can often see celebrations and street signs. But plunging into the everyday life of his life, Chichikov realizes that this is just a mask

Composition based on the story of Tolstoy Prisoner of the Caucasus

At all times, honor and cowardice have been a hot topic for reasoning and reflection. The famous Russian writer Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy could not pass by and not consider these topics in depth.

Composition Saturday evening at our home grade 4

Saturday in our house is like a small holiday for the whole family. All my classmates have a rest on Saturday, but not me. This does not bother me in any way, because on Saturday I wake up in a great mood.

And the world ”is a historical epic of the valor and courage of the Russian people - the winner in the war of 1812. The protagonist of the novel is the Russian people. As in the "Sevastopol Tales", so in this novel he realistically paints in "blood, in suffering, in death." Tolstoy tells us about the severity, about its horrors, grief (population leaving Smolensk and Moscow, hunger), death (Andrei Bolkonsky dies after being wounded, Petya Rostov dies). War requires from everyone the utmost exertion of moral and physical strength. Russia during the Patriotic War, during the period of robbery, violence and atrocities committed by the invaders, bears huge material sacrifices. This is the burning and devastation of cities.

The general mood of soldiers, partisans and other defenders of the Motherland is of great importance in the course of military events. War 1905-1907 was conducted outside of Russia and was alien to the Russian people. When the French invaded the territory of Russia, the entire Russian people, young and old, rose to defend their Fatherland.

In the novel War and Peace, Tolstoy divides people according to the moral principle, especially emphasizing the attitude towards patriotic duty. depicts true patriotism and false patriotism, which cannot even be called patriotism. True patriotism is, first of all, the patriotism of duty, an act in the name of the Fatherland, the ability, at a moment of decisiveness for the Motherland, to rise above the personal, to be imbued with a sense of responsibility for the fate of the people. According to Tolstoy, the Russian people are deeply patriotic. When the French occupied Smolensk, the peasants burned hay so as not to sell it to their enemies. Each in his own way tried to hurt the enemy, so that they felt the hatred of the true masters of the earth. The merchant Ferapontov burned down his own shop so that the French would not get it. Residents of Moscow are shown as true patriots who, leaving their hometown, leave their homes, since they consider it impossible to remain under the rule of impostors.

Russian soldiers are real patriots. We see the true patriotism and heroism of the people in the depiction of classical scenes near Schöngraben, Austerlitz, Smolensk, Borodin. It was in the Battle of Borodino that the extraordinary steadfastness and courage of the Russian soldiers was especially manifested. The Battle of Borodino is a moral victory for Russian soldiers. The feeling of patriotism is a true national feeling. It covers all soldiers without exception. The soldiers calmly, simply, confidently do their job without speaking loud words. Tolstoy talks about the battles near Smolensk. Despite the courage and resilience of the Russian army, it is forced to retreat.

Outwardly unremarkable people become Tolstoy's heroes and true patriots. Such is Captain Tushin, who found himself in a comical situation without boots in the face of his superiors, embarrassed, stumbling and at the same time doing exactly that at the most critical moment. what you need. The strength of the people's spirit will give birth to outstanding commanders. Such as Mikhail Kutuzov. He lives only by the feelings, thoughts, interests of the soldiers, he perfectly understands their mood, takes care of them like a father. He firmly believes that the outcome of the battle is determined by "an elusive force called the spirit of the army" and with all his might strives to support this latent warmth of patriotism in the army.

For Kutuzov, who is deeply alien to all the false, far-fetched, senseless rantings of Bennigsen at the military council in Fili about the protection of the sacred ancient capital of Moscow. For a Russian person, a true patriot, it is clear what Moscow is. But the question of her fate, the fate of Russia, was decided by Kutuzov in a purely military sense.

The writer attaches great importance to the partisan movement. Here is how Tolstoy describes his spontaneous growth: "Before the partisan war was officially adopted by our government, already thousands of people of the enemy army - backward marauders, foragers - were exterminated by Cossacks and peasants who beat these people as unconsciously as dogs unconsciously gnaw a mad dog." Tolstoy draws the partisan detachments of Dolokhov and Denisov, talks about the peasant Tikhon Shcherbat, who was an indispensable person in the detachment and took part in the most risky operations. Thanks to the huge mass patriotic movement of the Russian people against the French invaders, the enemy was defeated and driven out.

Tolstoy shows that patriotic feelings embrace people of different political views: the progressive intelligentsia (Pierre, Andrei), the rebellious old prince Bolkonsky, the conservative-minded Nikolai Rostov, the meek Princess Marya. The patriotic impulse penetrates into the hearts of people seemingly far from war - Petit, Natasha Rostov. But it would only seem. The real one, according to Tolstoy, cannot but be a patriot of his Fatherland. All these people are united by a feeling that is in the soul of every Russian person. (The Rostov family, leaving the city, gives all the carts to the wounded, thereby losing their property. After the death of her father, Bolkonskaya leaves the estate, not wanting to live in the territory occupied by the enemies. Pierre Bezukhov thinks to kill Napoleon, knowing perfectly well how this could end.)

Gathering in the Slobodskoy Palace, merchants and nobles donate their property to defend Russia. “Upon learning that Count Mamontov was donating the regiment, Bezukhov immediately announced that he was giving away a thousand people and their upkeep.”

Tolstoy opposes the true patriotism of the bulk of the Russian people with the false patriotism of the highest noble society. These are false people, whose patriotic words and deeds become a means of achieving base goals. Tolstoy mercilessly rips off the mask of patriotism from German and semi-German generals in the Russian service, “golden youth” like Anatoly Kuragin, careerists like Boris Drubetsky. Tolstoy angrily denounces that part of the senior staff officers who did not take part in the battles, but tried to get a job at the headquarters and receive awards for nothing.

At the height of the war, A. Sherer is busy choosing a worthy groom. In her salon, they charge a fine for each spoken French word. Of course, these people, far from the people, are alien to the primordially Russian patriotic feeling. Tolstoy convinces us that only those nobles who comprehend the spirit of the people, for whom cannot be outside the peace and prosperity of their country, can be true patriots.

Uniting people on the moral principle, emphasizing the special importance in assessing a person of the truth of his patriotic feelings, Tolstoy brings together people who are very different in their social status. They turn out to be close in spirit, rise to the greatness of popular patriotism. And it is not for nothing that in a difficult period of his life Pierre Bezukhov, finding himself on the Borodino field, comes to the conviction that the true one is merging with the common people. (“To be a soldier, just a soldier.

Thus, true patriotism and heroism in Tolstoy's understanding is the highest manifestation of the moral strength and spirit of the people. Popular patriotism is an invincible force in the fight against enemies. The winner is the Russian people. The true heroes are ordinary Russian people who have accomplished a great deed - they have defeated the “invincible Napoleon”.

1. Tolstoy's realism in War and Peace.
2. True patriotism:
a) The greatness of the spiritual forces of the Russian people in the war of 1812;
b) The unshakable fortitude of the Russian army;
c) Captain Tushin is a national hero;
d) People's commander M. Kutuzov;
The spontaneous growth of the partisan movement.
3. True patriotism of the Russian nobility.
4. False patriotism of the highest noble society.
5. The defeat and expulsion of the invaders is the result of the will of the people to win.

Need a cheat sheet? Then save - "True patriotism and heroism in the understanding of L. N. Tolstoy. ... Literary works! The concept of War and Peace dates back to Tolstoy's novel The Decembrists, on which the writer began working in 1856. The hero of the work was supposed to be a Decembrist returning from exile with his wife and children. However, the temporal boundaries of the novel are gradually expanding, forcing the author to immerse himself more and more in the study of historical events and the life of Russian society as a whole. And the work itself ceased to be just a novel, becoming, as the writer himself preferred to call it, a book. "This is not a novel," said Tolstoy, "even less a poem, even less a historical chronicle."

War and Peace reflects all aspects of the Russian reality of that time, all its positive and negative features. And the real moral test for the heroes is the test of war. It is in the face of a large-scale, all-embracing tragedy that true spiritual qualities are manifested and the human essence is revealed. It is in these conditions that it becomes clear who is a real patriot, and for whom patriotism was only a mask.

Throughout the entire novel, the leading is "people's thought." It is with the people that the writer connects everything positive and true. Because the people show genuine concern for the future of their country, without false boasting, resolutely stand up to defend the Motherland, pursuing a noble goal: even at the cost of their own lives to defend Russia, not to yield to her enemy. The people understood that the fate of the fatherland was being decided, and considered the upcoming battle a common cause. In this united national army, embraced by a common idea, the author draws images of individual heroes. We see Vasily Denisov, a military hussar officer, brave, courageous, ready for daring actions and decisive actions. We see Tikhon Shcherbaty, a peasant armed with a lance, an ax and a blunderbuss, who knows how to "rake" the enemy, take his tongue and "get into the very middle of the French." This is the bravest man in Denisov's party, he beat the enemy more than anyone else, and his ingenuity, dexterity and intelligence help him in this.

"The latent warmth of patriotism" is manifested in the Rostov family, and in the Bolkonsky family, and in the views of Pierre Bezukhov, and even in Katish, who says: "Whatever I am, I cannot live under Bonaparte rule."

In his work, Tolstoy decisively "tears off the masks." Showing the ghostly life of high society, he also reveals how unnatural and feigned their patriotism really is. So, Berg, who had nothing sacred at all, who in the most difficult time could think about acquiring a "lovely wardrobe", exclaimed with feigned pathos: "The army burns with the spirit of heroism ... such a heroic spirit, truly ancient courage of the Russian troops, which they have shown in this battle ... there are no words worthy to describe them ... ". Throwing beautiful words, visitors to aristocratic salons reveal all the same indifference to everything except their own selfish interests. The "patriotic" moods of noble Moscow are also imbued with class interests. The idea of ​​a militia arouses in them the fear that the peasants will gain a free spirit. "Better still a set ... otherwise neither a soldier, nor a man, only one debauchery, will return to you," said one of the nobles who had gathered in the Sloboda Palace. Another speaker, "a bad card player," "patriotism" manifests itself in a frenzied cry: "We will show Europe how Russia is rising for Russia." There is no spirit of unity and the tsar with the people in the scene of the meeting in the Kremlin. In Tolstoy's depiction of Alexander, the features of posturing, duplicity, and pretentiousness are clearly visible.

In the last two parts of the novel, Tolstoy reproduces a broad and majestic picture of popular resistance to the French invasion. The outcome of the war was decided by "incitement to hatred of the enemy in the Russian people", which resulted in a partisan movement. And although Napoleon complained to Kutuzov and the emperor about the violation of the usual rules of military operations, the partisans did their noble cause. They “destroyed the great army piece by piece ... there were parties ... small, combined teams, foot and horse, there were peasants and landowners, unknown to anyone. He was the head of the party, a deacon, who took several hundred prisoners a month. There was the elder Vasilisa, who beat a hundred Frenchmen. " Here the whole might of the people, which with pitchforks and axes, destroyed, in the words of Tikhon Shcherbaty, "ball skiers" and "miraders", had an effect. In the fight against the enemy, the detachments of Dolokhov and Denisov showed genuine enthusiasm and fury. It was, as the author aptly put it, a real "cudgel of the people's war."

Usually, starting the study of the novel, teachers ask about the title of the novel "War and Peace", and the students diligently answer that this is an antithesis (although the name can be considered in several aspects - I say for objectivity), but do not understand what the novel itself has to do with it.

And the point is as follows.

Much in the novel is drawn to these opposite poles: Kutuzov and Napoleon, war and peace (peaceful scenes), true and false. Moreover, creating a picture of the life of society at the beginning of the 19th century, Tolstoy, using the concepts of true and false, discusses some important things, for example, goals, beauty, heroism, patriotism, and the path of a person's spiritual quest is the path of realizing the false and true in life.

True and False Patriotism

Patriotism is a special feeling. Ask me if I love my homeland, I’ll think about it first, but I’ll answer “yes,” if only because it’s unpleasant for me when Russia is harmed or hurt, when a foreigner speaks badly about it (this is my privilege, because I live here and know my country). It is very easy to slip into leavened patriotism, and there it is not far from nationalism and chauvinism.

In the novel, the heroes are also divided into false, leavened patriots, and real ones. The first include representatives of the nobility and high society, who, in a patriotic impulse, stopped eating French broth, spoke French and dressed up in sarafans and caftans. Much more patriotic! Prince Rostopchin, the governor-general of Moscow, at the most crucial moment released funny, in a lofty language, useless billboards, appeals, and this was, from his point of view, patriotic.

True patriotism manifested itself in the burning of their wealth before the arrival of the French by the peasants and merchants of Smolensk, in a wide partisan movement that arose spontaneously, abruptly and massively, in the "latent warmth of patriotism" that everyone feels.

Tolstoy writes in the scenes of the abandonment of Moscow that in all of Europe the local nobility did not leave anywhere when the French army entered their country, moreover, they adapted and later found the French quite pleasant people. But with pride Tolstoy writes that the Russians were leaving, because it was impossible to be under a Frenchman, and that was all. The author emphasizes the imperative, categorical "And that's it." There is no logic. You just can't be under the French. And in this unconditional feeling is the highest manifestation of patriotism, almost unconscious.

True and False Heroism

Prince Andrew is thinking about this concept, who wants to accomplish a feat and earn glory by this. Under Schengraben, he observes the battle, where he sees combat work, otherwise you cannot say, the batteries of Captain Tushin, a modest and invisible person in another life, the heroic actions of the detachment of Captain Timokhin, who skillfully put to flight the detachments of the French, Dolokhov, demoted to the soldiers and captured by the French officer. Tushin does not even notice when he is ordered to retreat: he does everything and does his job.

Then Tushin will almost be punished for the loss of guns, and no one will notice the modest man who accomplished the feat if Prince Andrey had not stood up for the captain.

On the contrary, Dolokhov, in formation after the battle, draws the attention of his superiors to the fact that he took the Frenchman prisoner, and that his name is Dolokhov, and that he was demoted from among the officers. The implication is: “Pay attention, I'm a hero! I need a reward. " With these examples, Prince Andrew for the first time thought about the truth of his goal. Which one is the hero? Dolokhov, driven by selfish goals, or Tushin? But the act was heroic for both? Prince Andrey, though he thought about it, still did not draw any conclusions. Under Austerlitz, he raises with a banner in his hands to attack the soldiers who are doomed to death, while Kutuzov needs to save lives in this "battle of the three emperors." As a result, a false goal, false heroism lead Andrey to a deep mental crisis.

True and False Beauty

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is a realist, an epic writer, and the main requirement of epic literature is to write as in real life. So he writes about Natasha Rostov: "Ugly, thin ...", mentions an ugly stretched mouth when she cries, about angularity, red spots on her face ... About Princess Marya he always writes directly: "Ugly Princess Marya ...".

About Helene: dazzling beauty, beautifully built, full white shoulders, marbled whiteness of skin ... And so on.

But! Natasha is beautiful when she sings, sympathizes, in an impulse gives carts to the wounded, because she is natural, in contrast to the thoroughly false and vicious Helen. "The ugly Princess Marya always looked prettier when she cried, and she always cried not from resentment, but from sadness or pity."

True beauty is in naturalness, mercy, art, but not in sculptural, but devoid of any content forms. And woe to the one who does not understand what true beauty is.

Tolstoy's main idea is not even to show these examples, but to move towards truth. Happiness is acquired by the one who can make this movement.