Nikolai Morozov - a new look at the history of the Russian state. Russian science. Academician Morozov

MOROZOV, NIKOLAY ALEXANDROVICH(1854–1946) - Russian public figure, revolutionary populist, thinker, scientist, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, writer, poet.

Party and literary pseudonyms - "Sparrow", "Zodiac".

Born on June 25, 1854 in the village of Borok, Nekouzsky district, Yaroslavl province. the illegitimate son of a wealthy landowner and a peasant serf freed, he received a good education at home, completing it in the 2nd Moscow classical gymnasium. There, carried away by the natural sciences, he founded the "Secret Society of Naturalists-School Students". Starting from the 5th grade of the gymnasium, dressed in a student's uniform, he attended lectures at Moscow University, thoroughly studied the university museum collections.

Carried away in 1874 by populist ideas, he entered the Moscow circle of NV Tchaikovsky ("Tchaikovsky"), together with his comrades "went to the people" - conducted propaganda among the peasants of Moscow, Kursk and Voronezh provinces. Police persecution forced him to return to Moscow, from where he left for St. Petersburg, and by the end of 1874 - for Geneva. There he collaborated in the magazine PL Lavrov "Vperyod", joined the International Association of Workers (I International).

In January 1875 he tried to return to Russia, but was arrested at the border and allowed into the country under the bail of his father. Leaning towards the bourgeois-liberal idea of ​​progress through the dissemination of natural science and exact knowledge among the people, Morozov gave himself up to the revolutionary struggle, and not so much for the sake of "peasant socialism" as in the name of the program of civil liberties. Having moved to an illegal position, he again took up propaganda among the peasants - this time in the Saratov province.

In 1878, having returned to St. Petersburg, he joined the organization "Land and Freedom", became one of the editors of its underground publication of the same name.

In 1879, with the split of "Land and Freedom" into "Black Redistribution" and "Narodnaya Volya", he entered the organization of the People's Will, edited their organ. In 1880 he emigrated to Geneva, where he wrote a pamphlet "Terrorist struggle", theoretically substantiating the tactics of the People's Will. In the opinion of his comrades, he became "one of the first ardent heralds of the Narodnaya Volya trend" (VN Figner). At the same time he published his first collection of poems - Poems. 1875-1880(It was no coincidence that Russian Marxists called Morozov a liberal with a bomb).

Having moved from Geneva to London, he met Karl Marx.

While trying to return to Russia on January 28, 1881, he was again arrested at the border near Verzhbolov. After the assassination of Alexander II on March 1, 1881, he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and in 1882 he was tried in the "Process of 20", sentenced to life imprisonment. His verbal portrait was preserved in the court report: "more than average height, very thin, dark blond, oblong face, small facial features, a large silky beard and mustache, with glasses, very handsome, speaks softly, slowly." During the investigation, he openly declared: "By my convictions, I am a terrorist."

After the trial, he was imprisoned in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress.

Long imprisonment in the ravelin without the right to use printed materials, with constant "torture of lack of food and lack of air" did not break his will. After some time received permission to use theological literature, he mastered the Hebrew language (in total Morozov knew 11 foreign languages). In prison, he began an in-depth study of biblical history, as well as the chronology of heavenly phenomena during the years of Christ's life. Painstaking work led him to a new understanding of the chronology of world history. After being transferred to the casemate of the Shlisselburg Fortress and having the opportunity to use scientific books, during the entire period of his 25-year imprisonment he stubbornly engaged in the "work of thought" (creative scientific activity), having created works on chemistry, physics, astronomy, mathematics, history. The books he wrote in prison were published after his release in November 1905 (among them - Periodic system of the structure of matter: the theory of the formation of chemical elements... M., 1907; Revelations in Thunder and Storm: The History of the Apocalypse... M. - St. Petersburg, 1907; Fundamentals of Qualitative Physical and Mathematical Analysis and New Physical Factors Discovered by It in Various Natural Phenomena... M., 1908; D.I. Mendeleev and the significance of its periodic table for the chemistry of the future... M., 1908, etc.).

The enthusiastic revolutionary youth perceived him as the personification of the coming democratic revolution. Soon after his release, Morozov's scientific merits were noticed in society, he was awarded the title of professor of physical chemistry at the PF Lesgaft Higher Free School. Soon he was appointed director of the first biological laboratory, and then the entire Natural Science Institute. P.F. Lesgaft. It was in this institute, on the initiative of Morozov, that the development of a number of problems related to space exploration began.

Often giving public scientific lectures, he traveled to many cities of Russia, spoke in Siberia and the Far East. Morozov's attempts to publish "scientific poetry" on astronomical topics, theoretically comprehended by him in the article Poetry in Science and Science in Poetry(“Russkie vedomosti”. 1912, No. 1).

For the publication of a collection of poems Star songs(M., 1910) was put on trial and spent the whole of 1911 in the Dvinskaya fortress. I used my conclusion to write a multivolume The stories of my life; the memories in it are brought to the foundation of "Narodnaya Volya". Leo Tolstoy highly appreciated his gift as a writer: “I read it with the greatest interest and pleasure. I am very sorry that there is no continuation of them ... Talentedly written! ".

In the poems of Morozov, there were appeals to social heroism (comparable to the poetry of N.A. Nekrasov and V.S. Kurochkin), to the glorification of the revolutionary struggle, the glorification of sacrificial heroism.

In the 1910s, being carried away by aeronautics, as a researcher, he flew the first airplanes, including over the Shlisselburg Fortress 10 years after his release from it (he was already about 60 years old). Having been elected after returning from a long imprisonment to an honorary member of many scientific societies, he taught at the Higher Women's Courses of PF Lesgaft, taught the course "World Chemistry" at the Psychoneurological Institute.

Lev Pushkarev, Natalia Pushkareva

The book by one of the leaders of the Narodnaya Volya party, Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov (1854-1946), is part of the multivolume study "Christ" (1924-1932), which proposed a revision of the basic facts of world history. Morozov's work continues his famous interpretations of the Bible: "Revelation in a Thunder and Storm" (1907) and "Prophets" (1914). The identification of astronomical evidence in the Russian chronicles and their dating serves as the basis for Morozov's rewriting of Russian history. The methods used and the conclusions that Morozov comes to make it possible to attribute him to the predecessors of the "new chronology".

N. A. Morozov
A new look at the history of the Russian state

Published with the financial support of the director of Mirage-Steel and Catto-Neva

Andrey A. Kulakov

Resp. ed. prof. A.F. Zamaleev

Historical nihilism of N.A.Morozov

Oh, you robbed me of the world? It’s good! Your world was not there!

Yu. K. Olesha

Of course, each of us is free to challenge the truth of ancient history, with one condition - to do without it. You can deny it; but you won't put anything in her place.

S. S. Uvarov

The first Russian historiographer Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev, I remember, divided history according to the periods of "enlightenment of the mind": before the invention of writing, from the invention of writing to Jesus Christ, from Jesus Christ to the "acquisition of the press of books", and from the invention of printing to modern times. From the middle of the 15th century. - the time of the Gutenberg discovery - the period of modernity begins, which received the name modern. From the point of view of modernity, simplistically, all history can be divided into modernity and non-modernity, or into the history of the print and pre-press periods. Modernity for modernity has a semantic priority in relation to other historical eras. Modernity possesses scientifically based truth, while other generations are mired in prejudice. The fundamentality of Gutenberg's invention was appreciated by descendants. This even gave rise to a revision of the entire historical science: if the truth belongs to the present, then the truth of history is the exclusive property of the era of printing and the exact sciences. Historiography and philosophy of history of the XX century. know several attempts to revise Russian history. It was rewritten from class positions by the Marxists; a look at Russian history from the East was offered by the Eurasians; The "natural-scientific" revision of history is undertaken by the followers of the "new chronology". Among the predecessors of the latter was Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov (1854-1946). Dictionary entries and numerous studies about Morozov paint the image of a staunch revolutionary and consistent fighter against the autocracy, a member of the Tchaikovites' circle, Land and Freedom, a member of the Narodnaya Volya executive committee, one of the main theorists of terrorism, a participant in the assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander II. At the same time, Morozov's revolutionary activities were constantly intertwined with scientific work. An unusually gifted man, encyclopedically erudite, who knew twelve languages, Morozov was an original scientist who left numerous studies in chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy, linguistics, and history. In terms of the diversity and diversity of the problems touched upon, only A. S. Khomyakov and A. A. Bogdanov are comparable to Morozov.

The life path of Morozov, stretching for almost a century, began and ended in the Borok estate of the Yaroslavl province. Morozov was the son of the landowner P. A. Schepochkin and the serf peasant woman A. V. Morozova. Morozov's father came from the noble family of the Naryshkins and was related to Peter I. The marginality of the origin, perhaps, determined the subsequent fate of Morozov. He chose the path of a revolutionary terrorist, and after the fall of the tsarist regime, he came out with a refutation of traditional historiography. Morozov took part in "going to the people", lived in an illegal position, emigrated to Switzerland twice, was arrested three times, having spent a total of twenty-nine years in prison, of which he spent a quarter of a century in solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses. Having received a letter from S. Perovskaya in Switzerland, Morozov hurried to Russia to take part in the impending assassination attempt on Alexander II, but was captured at the border and already in the fortress learned about the death of the emperor. This preliminary arrest probably saved Morozov from the death penalty. Strenuous mental work helped Morozov survive in captivity. He studied languages, read all the scientific literature available in prison, and wrote constantly. According to the testimony of Morozov's wife, Ksenia Alekseevna: "When some confiscated student library was brought to Shlisselburg, which contained several hundred books of scientific content, as well as fiction in foreign languages, Morozov eagerly pounced on reading and began to divide the time between the books, dreams and thoughts and memories. Creating his own world of thoughts and images, he surrounded himself with them, like an impregnable wall behind which the hopeless reality disappeared. " Leaving prison, he brought out twenty-six volumes of manuscripts (about fifteen thousand pages), containing about two hundred monographs on mathematics, chemistry, physics, history, which he began to publish at large. In 1906, on the recommendation of D. I. Mendeleev for his essay "Periodic systems of the structure of matter. The theory of the emergence of modern chemical elements", St. Petersburg University awarded Morozov without protection the degree of honorary doctor of sciences in chemistry. This gave him the opportunity to begin research at the St. Petersburg Biological Laboratory of PF Lesgaft and start teaching analytical chemistry at the Higher Free School of PF Lesgaft. In 1918, through the efforts of Morozov, the biological laboratory was transformed into the Scientific Institute. PF Lesgaft, whose director Morozov remained until the end of his life. In 1932 he was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Performance multiplied by longevity has yielded abundant results. In total, Morozov owns about three thousand works, of which he managed to print only four hundred.

However, many years of solitary confinement, Morozov's marginal position in society and official science affected the manner and specifics of his research. First of all, this is the monologism of Morozov's thinking, caused by a lack of communication; the desire to deal with the old science in the same way as a revolutionary deals with the old regime; reaching fanaticism conviction of their righteousness. This was most noticeably manifested in the historical research of Morozov. On the other hand, Morozov's natural-scientific rationalism was paradoxically combined with pantheistic mysticism of the anti-Christian sense. How much the solitary confinement was conducive to mysticism is difficult to say. Studying science allowed me to maintain clarity of my mind and did not let me go crazy. But Morozov himself admitted that he was helped to survive in solitary confinement by the knowledge that he was sitting in the Universe, and not in prison. The theory and practice of mysticism knows numerous descriptions of this expansion of the microcosm into the macrocosm. Protopop Avvakum, for example, not only saw an angel with cabbage soup in the dungeon, but his own body grew to the whole world. Some leaders of the Bolshevik government (F.E.Dzerzhinsky, A.V. Lunacharsky, V.V.Bonch-Bruevich) also showed interest in mysticism and occultism. Thanks to the support of Dzerzhinsky and Lunacharsky, the historical works of Morozov began to be published. Mystical and occult sentiments were popular among the Russian intelligentsia at the beginning of the 20th century. Morozov's disclosures of Christianity and related historiography were consonant with the search for a "new religious consciousness", expectations of a new revelation and criticism of historical Christianity. Mystical motives were not alien to representatives of Russian cosmism, for example, K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Morozov's new view of history echoes the views of Russian cosmists on the influence of extraterrestrial factors on historical events, although their points of view cannot be equated. Even a personal acquaintance with A. L. Chizhevsky did not lead to a correction of Morozov's concept. Developing the doctrine of the unity of the Universe, he came to the conclusion about the impact of space on geological and climatic phenomena on Earth. According to Morozov, life is the result of the evolution of the universe, the evolution of life is a continuation of the evolution of matter. The pinnacle of evolution is the human mind. This Renaissance anthropological point of view is also important for understanding the philosophical and historical system of Morozov. The mystical-occult meaning is also embedded in the title of Morozov's main historical work, the seven-volume study Christ. "Christ", emphasized Morozov, means "initiate", "master of occult sciences," that is, a person who possesses secret knowledge.

The historical concept of Morozov and his refutation of traditional Christianity are closely related. He came to a new view of history from studying the Bible and theological literature. Initially, in the conclusion of the books, only the Holy Scriptures were available to him.

The life of Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov was full of bright, contradictory, fateful and incredible events. According to his encyclopedic knowledge, creative potential and enormous capacity for work, N.A. Morozov is an exceptional phenomenon. Whoever he was: a terrorist, a Freemason, an inventor, a pilot, an encyclopedic scientist, a writer and a poet, a sniper ... He did not waste time in Dvinsk: being imprisoned in a fortress, N.A. Morozov wrote his memoirs and learned Hebrew.

Dreamed of becoming a scientist, but became a terrorist

According to one version, 15-year-old Nikolai Morozov in 1869 was expelled from the 2nd Moscow gymnasium due to poor studies, and a little later, in 1971 and 1872, he was a volunteer at the medical faculty of Moscow University. According to another, he was expelled from the gymnasium without the right to enter higher educational institutions in Russia for his democratic views - home education affected. Thus, having denied the right to education, the tsarist government itself pushed him onto the revolutionary path.

The next decade of his life was stormy: in 1874 he became a "populist" and took part in "going to the people", conducted propaganda among the peasants. He became one of the leaders of the organization "Land and Freedom", and in 1879 entered the executive committee of "Narodnaya Volya", where the revolver, dagger and dynamite were considered the main means of political struggle. Morozov was an ardent radical and proposed to constantly use terror as a regulator of political life. In 1880 in London he met Karl Marx, was closely acquainted with Nikolai Kibalchich, Sophia Perovskaya, Andrei Zhelyabov, who were executed for the murder of Emperor Alexander II.

He was arrested in 1881 (even before the murder of the emperor) and in 1882 he was sentenced to life imprisonment - his participation in one of the seven attempts on Alexander II's life was proved, when the Narodnaya Volya dug under the railway. He spent three years in solitary confinement at the Alekseevsky Ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. It was only in 1887 that he was first given paper, and the next year - ink. In 1984, he was transferred to the Shlisselburg Fortress, where he was for 21 years.

"I was not sitting in a fortress, I was sitting in the Universe"

In the cold solitary confinement cell of the Shlisselburg convict prison, Morozov was not just serving a sentence. He studied science every day and made several discoveries of world significance. He recalled: “I had to do some calculations in a row for several days and write in numbers and transformations of twenty pages of paper, and then bring everything down to one page. And my head at the end of such tedious operations was ready to burst, but I could not leave it in the middle and rest, so as not to lose the connection between the beginning of calculations and their end. "

During his imprisonment, he learned eleven foreign yasyks from a self-instruction manual, and after being released under the 1905 amnesty, he was able to take out of prison 26 volumes of manuscripts on various sciences - chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy, aviation, political economy, history, mathematics, biology, etc. he was actively involved in scientific and pedagogical activities. At the suggestion of DI Mendeleev in 1906 for the work "Periodic systems of the structure of matter" Morozov was awarded the degree of Doctor of Chemistry without defending his thesis. Later, Academician Igor Kurchatov noted: "Modern physics has fully confirmed the assertion about the complex structure of atoms, developed in his time by N.A. Morozov."

He teaches at the St. Petersburg Freestyle Higher School of P.F. Lesgaft - a teacher, anatomist and doctor, the creator of the scientific system of physical education. He was elected a member of the Russian, French and British Astronomical Societies and the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, he was elected chairman of the Russian Society of Amateurs of World Studies. Academician Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov spoke about Morozov as follows: "This scientific enthusiasm, completely disinterested, passionate love for scientific research should remain an example and model for every scientist, young or old."

Last arrest

The last time Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov was arrested in the Crimea in 1912 (he was 58 years old) and, by decision of the Moscow Court of Justice, was imprisoned in the Dvina Fortress. The reason for the arrest was the publication of the collection of poems "Star Songs", where revolutionary sentiments and anti-religious views prevailed. Later, Nikolai Aleksandrovich recalled: “I took advantage of this opportunity to learn the Hebrew language for the expedient development of the Old Testament Bible, and wrote there four volumes of“ Stories of My Life ”, which I brought to the founding of“ Narodnaya Volya ”, since this was the place where my term of imprisonment ended. ".

The liberation followed in 1913 with an amnesty in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy was very interested in the memoirs written by Morozov in Dvinsk: “… I read it with the greatest interest and pleasure. I am very sorry that there is no sequel ... Talentedly written. It was interesting to look into the soul of the revolutionaries. This Morozov is very instructive for me. "

“There is no border with the striving of the spirit,

The sky is wide and boundless.

On the powerful wings of a white bird

Let's make our children's dream come true! "

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov stood at the origins of aeronautics and astronautics. Having received the title of pilot, he was the chairman of the scientific flight commission, lectured at the aviation school. More than a hundred times he himself took off in the first balloons, and each flight was associated with risk. More than once he suffered accidents, miraculously remained alive, and witnessed the death of many Russian aviators. He did a lot for flight safety. For example, he created the world's first high-altitude hermetic aviation suit - the prototype of the modern space suit, and also invented the saving equatorial belt, which automatically turns the upper part of the balloon into a parachute, thereby ensuring a smooth descent of the gondola to the ground.

Twelfth foreign

In the Dvina fortress, Nikolai Morozov mastered the twelfth foreign language - Hebrew. Thanks to the knowledge of languages, including the ancient ones, he in the original got acquainted with sources on the history of mankind (the Bible, for example) and interpreted the information contained in them in his own way. Having systematized the ancient texts describing, probably, the same events, I drew attention to the fact that they are dated to different eras. This allowed Morozov to take a fresh look at the historical process and create his own concept of human development. Thus, he laid the foundations for the revision of traditional history.

This idea was not to everyone's liking, and in large scientific centers (Moscow State University, in particular), there are still battles between the "correctors" of chronology and scientists who adhere to traditional views. They do not really like Nikolai Alexandrovich, accusing him of falsification, lack of evidence, free interpretation and fiction: "In the field of" humanities "he can be called ..." an outstanding pseudoscientist. "

Biography facts

While in prison, N.A. Morozov cured himself of tuberculosis (the method also included physical exercises) - after six months the doctors, to their amazement, found that the prisoner was not only alive, but also completely healthy.

N.A. Morozov is almost the only one who was not affected by the Stalinist repressions. In 1945, there were three honorary academicians of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR - the microbiologist N.F. Gamaley, N.A. Morozov and I.V. Stalin. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939) and two Orders of Lenin (1944, 1945). Until the end of his days, he remained a convinced revolutionary and wrote in all the questionnaires: a member of the Narodnaya Volya party.

In 1939, at the age of 85, he graduated from the OSOAVIAKHIM sniper courses and three years later went to the Volkhov front, where he participated in hostilities.

From a letter from the Shlisselburg Fortress dated August 8, 1899: “Sometimes a storm breaks the nests of swallows, and then their chicks come to us for education, are fed by flies and spiders and are placed in small cloth nests until their wings grow. And now a little orphan swallow named Chika is being brought up ... She loves to sleep on her bosom in her bosom, in her sleeve, or even just in her fist. Loves to be stroked and talked to and knows his name. There has never been such a cute and affectionate bird ... "

"The one whose echo is in others has not died"

Until now, there is no consensus why N.A. Morozov was not affected by the Stalinist repressions. The leader's quirk? A dictator's whim? Or maybe the generalissimo was close to certain impulses of the soul of a convinced revolutionary, because in all the questionnaires Morozov wrote: Member of the Narodnaya Volya party?

ON. Morozov was friends with the poet V.Ya.Bryusov, was in correspondence with V.I. Lenin, F.E. Dzerzhinsky, A.V. Lunacharsky, V.D.Bonch-Bruevich, Ya.E. Rudzutak, A.I. Rykov, N.I. Ezhov, L.P. Beria, I.V. Stalin. In 1945, there were three honorary academicians of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR - the microbiologist N.F. Gamaley, N.A. Morozov and I.V. Stalin. At the end of his life, awards came: the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939) and two Orders of Lenin (1944, 1945). He died in 1946.

He was sentenced to eternal hard labor, before he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses. Honorary Academician Nikolai Morozov is also known as an original scientist who left a large number of works in a wide variety of areas of natural and social sciences. He is known both as a writer and a poet. Morozov's astonishing scientific erudition, broad synthetic coverage of the main areas of knowledge and creative inspiration were combined with an original approach to each topic that interested him. Nikolai Morozov is an exceptional phenomenon in terms of encyclopedic knowledge, enormous working capacity, productivity and creative potential.

Biography

House-Museum of Morozov in Borok.

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov was born in 1854 in the Borok family estate. He experienced the first steps in the development of steam and electricity technology, and completed his life path in the initial period of the era of atomic energy, the possibilities of which he foresaw earlier than most physicists and chemists.

Performance evaluation

Assessing the scientific path passed by Nikolai Morozov, given his lack of special chemical education and the opportunity to experiment in the laboratory during his youth, one has to wonder how deeply and versatile he mastered the treasures of chemical science, how boldly, creatively he used them, how relatively few mistakes he made did. Torn away for almost 30 years from live communication with chemists, having neither teachers nor students, N.A.Morozov, naturally, had to independently, without experiment, without the latest literature, solve the often very difficult problems that arose in him.

In his works, the sharpness of thought, generalizations and forecasts is striking.

The principle of complex research in science, which N.A.Morozov adhered to all his life, was embodied not only in the institute he headed, but also embodied in the work of the scientific center, created in 1939 on his initiative in the village of Borok, Yaroslavl region, where now the Borok Geophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences is also operating. This scientific center in the homeland of N.A.Morozov is a worthy monument to an outstanding scientist and citizen.

In 1939, at the age of 85, Morozov graduated from Osoaviakhim's sniper courses and three years later personally took part in hostilities on the Volkhov front. In July 1944 he was awarded the Order of Lenin.

Proceedings

N.A. Morozov performed work in various fields of astronomy, cosmogony, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, geophysics and meteorology, aeronautics, aviation, history, philosophy, political economy, linguistics. He wrote a number of well-known autobiographical, memoir and other literary works.

The works of N.A.Morozov are used by specialists in many fields of knowledge. His name went down in the history of Russian science and culture, in the history of the Russian revolutionary movement.

In one of his poems, N. A. Morozov says: "Only the one whose response is in others is not dead - who in this world lived not only a personal life." These wonderful words should be attributed to Morozov himself.

He wrote memoirs - "Stories of my life".

N. A. Morozov - the forerunner of the creators of the "new chronology"

Finding himself in the Peter and Paul Fortress and having no other literature besides the Bible, Morozov began to read The Apocalypse and, by his own admission:

... from the very first chapter I suddenly began to recognize in the apocalyptic beasts a half allegorical, and half literally accurate and, moreover, an extremely artistic image of thunderous paintings that I had known for a long time, and besides them, there is also a wonderful description of the constellations of the ancient sky and planets in these constellations. After a few pages, there was no longer any doubt for me that the true source of this ancient prophecy was one of those earthquakes that are not uncommon even now in the Greek Archipelago, and the accompanying thunderstorm and the ominous astrological arrangement of the planets in the constellations, these ancient signs of God's wrath, adopted the author, under the influence of religious enthusiasm, for a sign specially sent by God in response to his fervent pleas to show him at least some hint when, finally, Jesus will come to earth.

Proceeding from this idea as from an obvious fact that does not need proof, Morozov tried to calculate the date of the event using the alleged astronomical indications in the text and came to the conclusion that the text was written in 395 AD. NS. , that is, exactly 300 years later than its traditional dating. For Morozov, however, this was a sign of the fallacy, not of his hypothesis, but of tradition. Morozov, upon his release from imprisonment, outlined his conclusions in the book "The Revelation of the Thunder and Storm" (). Critics have pointed out that this dating contradicts undeniable quotations and references to the "Apocalypse" in earlier Christian texts. To this Morozov objected that since the dating of the "Apocalypse" is proved astronomically, then in this case we are dealing either with forgeries or incorrect dating of conflicting texts that could not have been written earlier than the 5th century. At the same time, he firmly believed that his dating was based on accurate astronomical data; he ignored criticism that these "astronomical data" were arbitrary interpretations of a metaphorical text.

Morozov's ideas were forgotten for a long time and were perceived only as a curiosity in the history of thought, but since the end of the 1960s. his "Christ" interested a circle of academic intelligentsia (non-humanities, mainly mathematicians, headed by MM Postnikov), and his ideas were developed in the "New Chronology" of A. T. Fomenko and others (for more details see History New chronology "). Interest in "New Chronology" contributed to the republishing of Morozov's works and the publication of his works that remained unpublished (three additional volumes of "Christ", published in 1997-2003)

Memory

• There is a village named after Morozov in the Leningrad Region
• Minor planet 1210 Morosovia and a crater on the Moon are named in honor of Morozov
• In Borka (Yaroslavl region) there is a house-museum of Morozov.

see also

Literature

• N.A. Morozov Stories of my life: Memoirs / Ed. and note. S. Ya. Streikha. Aftersl. B. I. Kozmina. T. 2. - M .: b. i., 1961 .-- 702 p.: p.
• N.A. Morozov Christ. The history of mankind in natural science coverage vols. 1-7 - M.-L .: Gosizdat, 1924-1932; 2nd ed. - M .: Kraft, 1998
• Popovsky M.A. Defeated Time: The Tale of Nikolai Morozov. - M .: Politizdat. Fiery revolutionaries, 1975. - 479 p., Ill.
• Bronshten V.A. The defeat of the Society of Lovers of World Studies. Journal NATURE, 1990.- № 10, p. 122-126

Notes (edit)

Links

• Nikolay Morozov. Travel in outer space
• Nikolay Morozov On the border of the unknown. In the world space. Scientific semi-fantasies. Moscow, 1910.
• S. I. Volfkovich, "Nikolai Morozov - Scientist and Revolutionary"
• Veniamin Kaverin Living history. N. A. Morozov. Through the eyes of the eighties
• M. Popovsky Mobezdennoe time. The story of Nikolai Morozov. POLITIZEDAT, 1975
• Monument to N.A.Morozov in the village. Borok, Nekouz district, Yaroslavl region Author G. Motovilov
• I.E. Repin Portrait of N.A.Morozov 1910
• Memorial house-museum of N. A. Morozov in the village. Borok of the Nekouz district of the Yaroslavl region. Contact information, main excursions.
• The digital archive of the honorary academician N. A. Morozov on the website of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

An essay on the life and work of N.A. Morozov "I was sitting in the Universe ..." “Why, having first become a revolutionary, N.A. Morozov became a scientist in the imperial prison? " - the author asks the question and then consistently sets out the chronology of the life of the great scientist in the chapters "Since childhood he dreamed of becoming a scientist", "Morozov did not shoot Alexander II", "Letters from the Shlisselburg fortress", "The fate of N.A. Morozov's scientific works", Borok.

Without going into details, we will try to briefly describe the life of the great Russian scientist-encyclopedist, the first and last pages of his fate are associated with the Yaroslavl region. At the same time, we will supplement his biography with information that is not in the essay by Yu.I. Chubukova.

N.A. Morozov (8.07.1854–30.07.1946) was born on the estate of Borok, Mologsky district, Yaroslavl province, which belonged to the old noble family of the Schepochkin family. There is an assumption (Yu.I. Chubukova does not give it, but it is mentioned in the works of A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky, which will be discussed below), N.A. Morozov's great-grandfather was related to Peter I. However this high kinship did not prevent the father of the future scientist Pyotr Alekseevich Shchepochkin, without securing the marriage in the church, from marrying a peasant serf from his Novgorod possession, Anna Vasilievna Plaksina. Having given her freedom, under the name "Morozova" he assigned her to the bourgeois women of the city of Mologa. According to the document, N.A. Morozov was also listed as a "bourgeoisie of the city of Mologa", who received the mother's surname, and the patronymic - the godfather, the landowner of Mologa A.I.Radozhitsky.

During one of his anniversaries, celebrated in Bork, Morozov brought the guests to the place of his birth and said: “There were baths here, and these lindens were in the place of ponds. My mother gave birth to me in a bath. Not only the doctor was not with her, but also the simple village midwife. She managed herself, right here in the pond and washed me ... And now, nothing, it came out no worse than others. "

The story looks amusing, but it raises doubts about its authenticity - everything suggests that Morozov's father really loved his chosen one, was involved in her education a lot, which was greatly facilitated by the presence of a rich library in the estate. “From my youth I was also very fond of sciences,” wrote N.A. Morozov in 1926 in his autobiography. "Having found two courses in astronomy in my father's library, I became very interested in this subject and read both books, although I did not understand their mathematical part."

In 1869 he entered the Moscow classical gymnasium, at the same time became a volunteer at Moscow University.

It can be assumed that the "illegal" origin and the books on astronomy read in childhood determined both Morozov's democratic convictions and his scientific interests.

For these very democratic convictions, he was expelled from the Moscow classical gymnasium five years later without the right to enter higher educational institutions in Russia. About how his future seemed to him, he wrote in his autobiography: “I dreamed all the time to become either a doctor, or a scientist-researcher, discovering new horizons in science, or a great traveler, exploring with danger to his life the then unknown countries of the central Africa, inland Australia, Tibet and the polar countries, and seriously prepared for the last intention, rereading every travel he could get. "

Perhaps, having denied Morozov the right to continue and improve his education, the tsarist government itself pushed him on the path of a revolutionary. So he became a member of the circle of "Tchaikovsky", met with a prominent revolutionary and writer S.M. Stepnyak-Kravchinsky - the author of the books "Underground Russia", "Russia under the rule of tsars" and the novel "Andrei Kozhukhov".

“Isn't it good to die for truth and justice? .. Is it possible to engage in science under the surrounding conditions, without becoming a man, a callous soul? After all, to a callous person, nature will not want to reveal its secrets ”- this is how Morozov himself explained his departure from science to the revolution.

In 1874, he left for the Potapovo estate of the Danilovsky district of the Yaroslavl province, where, having got a job as an apprentice of a local blacksmith, he began to conduct propaganda activities in the neighboring village of Koptevo. When the arrests of propagandists began, he emigrated abroad, collaborated in the journal of MA Bakunin "Worker". After returning to Russia, he was immediately arrested, but a year in prison only strengthened his revolutionary convictions. Having joined the organization "Land and Freedom", he became one of the editors of the magazine of the same name, and later edited the organ of the executive committee of "Narodnaya Volya". In 1880, Morozov again found himself abroad, met Karl Marx in London, and was arrested again on the way back to Russia. The attempt on the life of the People's Will on Alexander II, in which Morozov did not take part, played a turning, tragic role in his fate - among other "dangerous criminals" he was sentenced to solitary life imprisonment. The severity of the punishment was explained by the fact that Morozov took part in one of the previous attempts on the life of Alexander II (there were seven such attempts), when the Narodnaya Volya made a tunnel under the railway.

First in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and then in the Shlisselburg Fortress, he spent a total of 28 years, was released only in 1905, after the first Russian revolution.

Many would not have withstood such a harsh punishment and would have broken in spirit, however, even here Morozov managed to maintain willpower and clarity of mind, and when asked how he did it, he answered: "I did not sit in the fortress, I was sitting in the Universe." At the same time, Morozov not only served his sentence, but intensively and every day studied chemistry, physics, astronomy, meteorology, mathematics, history, philosophy, political economy in a cold solitary confinement cell. 26 volumes of manuscripts were written by him during these years!

Only after being freed, he immediately actively involved in scientific and scientific-pedagogical work - he teaches chemistry and astronomy at the St.

In 1906, for the work "Periodic systems of the structure of matter" Morozov, on the recommendation of DI Mendeleev, was awarded the degree of Doctor of Chemistry. He was elected a member of the Russian, French and British Astronomical Societies and the Russian Physicochemical Society, elected as the chairman of the Russian Society of Amateurs of World Studies.

It would seem that at this time Morozov completely went into science, but his political convictions continue to make themselves felt - in 1912, for the collection of poems "Star Songs" published in Moscow, he was sent to the Dvinskaya Fortress, where he spends a year. This page of his biography is rarely remembered today - it is one thing, the "fair" tsarist government imprisoned for terrorism, and another for poetry.

After the October Revolution, Morozov was appointed director of the N.I. P.F. Lesgaft. With the support of a group of enthusiasts, he is engaged in research in the field of natural sciences, in 1922 he becomes an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This period of Morozov's life is described in the essay by Yu.I. Chubukova:

“In the early 1920s, legal scholars, economists, philosophers, statisticians, prominent specialists in the field of finance, cooperation, etc. were expelled from Russia. Persecutions against physicists, biologists, geneticists, mathematicians continued until the 1950s. years. Hundreds of veterans of the revolutionary movement were repressed, and in 1935 the All-Union Society of Former Political Prisoners and Exiled Settlers was destroyed. It seemed that in these cruel conditions of universal terror, the next blow would be struck at the patriarch of the revolutionary movement in Russia - N.A. Morozov. But J.V. Stalin did not touch him, and unexpectedly for many, including for the scientist himself, he awarded him the Order of Lenin. It is difficult to say what was behind this: a whim, a whim of a dictator who expelled the theme of revolutionary populism from historical science, or recognition of the merits of a revolutionary scientist? "

It turns out that Morozov was almost the only scientist who was not affected by the Stalinist repressions. However, this was not the case, although the fate of Morozov is indeed unique in many ways.

The reference book of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR published in 1945 says about him:

“Known for his work in the field of astronomical, meteorological, physical and chemical problems. Honored Scientist of the RSFSR. Honorary member of the Moscow Society of Nature Experts. Permanent member of the French Astronomical Society. Permanent Member of the British Astronomical Society ”. Let's add: he studied 11 languages ​​in the conclusion.

In total, in 1945 there were only three honorary academicians of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR: the microbiologist N.F. Gamaleya, N.A. Morozov and I.V. Stalin. Perhaps the latter circumstance also played a role in the fact that the scientist escaped persecution. However, one must also take into account the fact that until the end of his days Morozov remained a convinced revolutionary and wrote in all the questionnaires: “Member of the Narodnaya Volya Party”. In the house-museum of Morozov in Bork, next to the portraits of Kibalchich, Tsiolkovsky, Schmidt, there are portraits of Karl Marx, Lenin, Sophia Perovskaya and Vera Figner - just as it was during the life of the scientist. This loyalty to revolutionary convictions will be remembered to him even today.

A special place among the numerous researches of N.A. Morozov is occupied by works devoted to the criticism of the so-called Scaligerian chronology.

Joseph Scaliger (1540-1609) set out the chronology of ancient and medieval history in the form that is considered generally accepted today. However, despite the fact that he is called "the founder of modern chronology of science", such prominent scientists as I. Newton and E. Johnson did not agree with him. The well-known chronologist E. Bikerman wrote: "There is no sufficiently complete study of ancient chronology that meets modern requirements."

In our time, the Scaligerian theory is criticized in the books of A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky, who call it no more than the Scaligerian version. However, in Russia, N.A. Morozov became the discoverer of this topic. This is unconditionally recognized by the above-mentioned modern critics of the Scaligerian theory A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky. Here, in particular, what they write:

“In 1907, N.A. Morozov published the book“ Revelation in a Thunder and Storm ”, where he analyzed the dating of the“ Apocalypse ”and came to conclusions that contradict the Scaligerian chronology. In 1914, he published the book "Prophets", in which, based on the astronomical method of dating, the Scaligerian dating of biblical prophecies was radically revised. In 1924-1932 N.A. Morozov published the fundamental seven-volume work "Christ". The original title of this work was "History of Human Culture in Natural Science Illumination." In it N.A. Morozov presented a detailed criticism of the Scaligerian chronology. An important fact, discovered by him, is the groundlessness of the concept underlying the Scaligerian chronology accepted today.

Having analyzed a huge amount of material, N.A. Morozov put forward and partially substantiated the fundamental hypothesis that the Scaligerian chronology of antiquity is artificially stretched, lengthened in comparison with reality. This hypothesis of N.A. Morozov is based on the "repetitions" he discovered, that is, texts describing, probably, the same events, but later dated in different years and considered different today. The publication of this work caused a lively controversy in the press, echoes of which are present in modern literature. Some fair objections were raised, but on the whole, the critical part of the work "Christ" could not be challenged.

Apparently, N.A. Morozov did not know about similar works of I. Newton and E. Johnson, practically forgotten by his time. It is all the more surprising that many of the conclusions of N.A. Morozov are in good agreement with the statements of I. Newton and E. Johnson. But N.A. Morozov posed the question much wider and deeper, extending a critical analysis up to the 6th century A.D. and having discovered here, too, the need for radical re-dating. Despite the fact that N.A. Morozov also failed to identify any system in the chaos of these re-dating, his research is at a qualitatively higher level than the analysis of I. Newton. N.A. Morozov was the first scientist who understood that not only the events of ancient, but also medieval history need re-dating. Nevertheless, N.A. Morozov did not go higher than the 6th century AD, believing that the version of chronology accepted today is more or less correct. "

A.T.Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky really went further than N.A.Morozov, in particular, "shoveled" the entire ancient Russian history, significantly bringing it closer to modernity. But this is a topic for a separate conversation, let's return to the new chronology of Nikolai Morozov, which seems to us more reasonable.

P. Kulikov from St. Petersburg posted the text of the book "Revelations in a Thunder and Storm" on the Internet, providing it with the following introduction (abbreviated):

“This is one of the many translations of the Apocalypse, and perhaps the most sensible. N. Morozov suggested that the visions of John are nothing more than an allegorical description of constellations, clouds, sea waves, etc., and the Apocalypse itself is nothing more than a horoscope drawn up on one specific day. Nikolay Morozov calculated this day - September 30, 395 (Julian calendar), for which he used 9 astronomical and one historical arguments. "

Nine astronomical arguments are the location of the Sun, Moon and constellations at the time of the writing of the Apocalypse. The historical argument is the correspondence of the content of the Apocalypse to the realities of Byzantium on the verge of 4-5 centuries, about which only John Chrysostom could write in such detail. “The historical argument, of course, in itself is not worth a damn, but the evidential complex of 9 astronomical arguments seems to me, a person far from astronomy, to be irrefutable,” writes the author of the publication P. Kulikov, as if continuing the thought of Morozov himself, who in the preface to the book, he wrote that the main thing in it is the establishment of the year of the writing of the Apocalypse by astronomical methods, and "minor details that can be argued about are completely indifferent to me: I am ready to throw them away at the first serious objection, and the book will not suffer from this in the least." ...

“It should be noted here, - P. Kulikov writes further, - that in the book under consideration N. Morozov does not in any way question the traditional scale of historical time, but only dates one specific literary fact within this scale. Religious criticism is simple and convincing - for example, Alexander Men called N. Morozov a madman, and on this he considered the topic exhausted. Scientific criticism gives more food for the mind, but it immediately diffuses and starts to fight with the entire "new chronology" as a whole, without delving into the topic of 395 ... There were some discussions on this topic on the Internet, but not very deep. "

Such "not very deep" discussions can be fully attributed to the article published on the Internet by the candidate of historical sciences, associate professor of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University GA Eliseev "Christianity and the" new chronology ". The article was published in the collection “And so it turned out!”, Dedicated to the criticism of the “new chronology” by AT Fomenko (Publishing house “ANVIK K”, Moscow, 2001).

Here are some excerpts from this article, written in a decidedly unfriendly tone:

“In his books (Revelation in Thunder and Storm, Christ), Morozov perceived the Gospel texts as encrypted descriptions of astronomical phenomena. All the events set forth in the New Testament, he interpreted allegorically. As a true prototype of Christ, Morozov called St. Basil the Great. Moreover, the name Vasily is perceived by the author as a distortion of the title "great tsar". This "great king", from the point of view of Morozov, was the prototype of the founders of other famous religions (Buddha, Muhammad, etc.) ...

If you take a closer look at the biography of Morozov, one cannot fail to note his penchant for mystical experiences, and in general, the unformed religiosity of the pantheistic sense. He himself recalled this in his memoirs: “I had a natural love for nature. The sight of the starry sky at night caused in me some kind of enthusiastic state. " Morozov also had real visions, which he described at the beginning of the book "Revelation in a Thunderstorm and a Storm." (They are very reminiscent of the visions of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, a mystic and follower of N.F. Fedorov, who was at the same time a friend of N.A. Morozov.) ...

Among his friends were also occultists and people who dreamed of creating "new religions." We have already mentioned Tsiolkovsky. Also Morozov was well acquainted with the poet and mystic V.Ya.Bryusov; F.E. Dzerzhinsky and A.V. Lunacharsky contributed to the printing of his books. The first supported secret expeditions of occultists to the north of Russia, the second at the beginning of the XX century tried to create a "new religion" for a "new society". VD Bonch-Bruevich was very interested in the works of Nikolai Alexandrovich and supported his research ...

Occult ideas were also close to Morozov. According to his theory, Christian civilization owes its origin and development to the society of initiates who are well acquainted with astrology. Initiates created sacred works of world religions, which are perceived by the "laymen" as a story about real historical events. Morozov in his books ... nevertheless remained the son of his time and, despite his interest in the occult, he was also guided by another subconscious conviction shared by the mass of intellectuals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries who adhered to "leftist views" ...

The views of N.A. Morozov fully coincide with this public desire - to destroy the old world, to crush all the foundations on which it existed. The radical atheism of the Bolsheviks, in the end, degenerated into a kind of "pseudo-religion", all focused on endless rituals, was also an attempt to destroy the spiritual foundations of the old society. Morozov's theory arose from even deeper motives. He apparently subconsciously believed that the “new man of the new world” would also need a “new history” that had nothing to do with the history of the “old” ...

During "perestroika", huge masses of people were almost obsessed with the vision of a "new ideal world", which was represented by modern Western countries. The radical alteration of Soviet society was accompanied by an openly utopian expectation of quick and unquestionably positive results. Of course, this did not happen in reality. However, subconscious public attitudes change much more slowly than public consciousness. The utopian view of the world, which had been nurtured in Soviet people for decades, could not simply disappear. It exists, albeit in a weakened form. "

We can say that instead of a scientific discussion, the author of the article "Christianity and the" new chronology "started collecting" compromising evidence "on N.A. Morozov, which at another time and in other conditions would have been enough to severely punish a scientist for dissent. Unfortunately, G.A. Eliseev is not alone in this, and the blows are delivered from both religious and scholarly figures. Let us recall the priest Alexander Men, who declared Morozov insane. No more restrained in emotions are those scientists who consider the Scaligerian theory inviolable. In the new "democratic" conditions, Morozov is even charged with the fact that he was a revolutionary, met with Marx and corresponded with Lenin, and Stalin did not send him to the Gulag camps.

“N.A. Morozov combined selfless public, revolutionary service to his native people with an absolutely amazing enthusiasm for scientific work. This scientific enthusiasm, completely disinterested, passionate love for scientific research should remain an example and a model for every scientist, young or old, "- this is how Academician Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov wrote about Morozov in his book" Essays and Memoirs ".

In 1909, N.A. Morozov's book "In Search of the Philosopher's Stone" was published, which at one time was called the most popular book on the history of alchemy. But one more mine was laid in it and under the Scaligerian chronology. Here is what Yuri Chubukova wrote about this:

“By the method of historical criticism, Morozov, comparing all the primary sources available to him - the works of ancient and medieval authors, doubted the ancient origin of the works of Plato, Aristotle, Titus Livy, Tacitus. How could Pythagoras, for example, develop a theory of numbers a thousand years before the Arabs invented the decimal number system, without which there could be no question of any number theory? Or Democritus, who supposedly in the 5th century BC. NS. said about atoms the same thing that said about them Lavoisier 2200 years later? Why is ancient Greek poetry interrupted for a thousand years before the Renaissance, and it is replaced by the richest drama? Is it because, Morozov suggested, that all the so-called ancient authors actually worked in the Renaissance, when it was fashionable to apocrypt lyric and heroic poems in the most ancient centuries; that no ancient manuscripts existed in nature; that Roman ruins cannot be regarded as irrefutable evidence of ancient Rome, that the capital of the Great Roman Empire since 324 was not Rome, but Constantinople; that the "Iliad", considered an ancient literary monument, was first printed in Milan in 1511 and comes from "the city of Elijah" - that is how Palestinian Jerusalem was called in the Middle Ages. "

Modern ill-wishers of N.A. Morozov emphasize that he was "warmed up" by the Soviet regime. Meanwhile, most of his scholarly works were published in the pre-revolutionary period. The exception is the multivolume work "Christ" (the history of human culture in a natural scientific presentation), the first book of which was published in 1924. However, after the publication of the seventh book, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR declared his historical concept to be erroneous, and his works on this topic were no longer mentioned in print. Thus, Morozov, “warmed by the authorities,” did not escape censorship during the Soviet period, but his ill-wishers prefer to keep silent about this. It is more often recalled that, on Lenin's personal instructions in 1923, the scientist was given his family estate Borok for life "for services to the revolution and science", where he, in his own words, lived "the last landowner of Russia", having an estate manager, a maid , cook, groom.

In 1931, Morozov transferred a two-story house that belonged to him, farm buildings and land around the estate of the Academy of Sciences, leaving behind a one-story wooden house with a mezzanine. It was on the initiative of Morozov that a biological station of the Academy of Sciences was created in Bork in 1938, which was named after him in 1944. Here, in Bork, on July 30, 1946, the scientist died and was buried not far from the house in which he was born. In 1946, the memorial house-museum of N.A. Morozov was opened in the house. On its facade there is a memorial plaque: "Here he was born, spent his childhood and after 30 years of imprisonment in tsarist prisons, the honorary academician Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov, 1854-1946, revolutionary and scientist lived and worked." The number of years spent in prison has been rounded off, but the characteristic - revolutionary and scientist - accurately reflects the uniqueness of his personality. He was a revolutionary not only in life, but also in science.

One could put an end to this, but in the posthumous fate of Morozov, not everything was as smooth as it might seem. After his death, the Borok biological station quickly fell into disrepair. To save her, in 1952 the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences appoints her director of the famous polar explorer, Rear Admiral, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Doctor of Geographical Sciences I.D. Papanin.

In 1954, the 100th anniversary of N.A. Morozov was celebrated in Bork, a monument was erected on his grave - a bronze scientist sits on a tree stump with a book in his hands and looks into the distance.

In 1956 the biological station "Borok" was transformed into the Institute of Biology of Reservoirs, in 1962 it was renamed into the Institute of Inland Waters. In 1986, after the death of I.D. Papanin, the institute was named after him. It was decided to donate in the name of Morozov.

Not far from Bork, the Rybinsk Reservoir is splashing - a grandiose but dubious achievement of the revolutionary time, whose faithful son was Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov.

The chronology of the earthly life of the great scientist has ended, but the system of negation of the ancient world that he created and the new chronology he developed still disturb inquisitive minds.