Characteristic for legal, administrative and social activities. For such a phenomenon as the culture of speech, the official business style is very important, because with its help documents and business papers relating to government tasks, court cases and diplomatic communication are drawn up. It is characterized by isolation, stability of many speech patterns, specific vocabulary and special syntactic patterns. Documents written in a formal business manner are compact and filled with cliches and linguistic cliches. These are international treaties, government decrees and acts, legal laws and court decisions, various charters and official correspondence, as well as other types business papers, which are distinguished by accuracy of presentation and language standard.

This is a special culture of speech. The official business style, in addition to cliches and language clichés, includes an abundance of professional terminology and archaisms. When using this style, ambiguous words are not used at all. Documents also avoid synonyms, and if they are used, their style is also strictly adhered to and the vocabulary is, as it were, shackled within a framework, beyond which it is prohibited.

But the official business style uses nouns in abundance, naming people based on their activities; positions are always called in the masculine gender. Words with a particle are often used not as antonyms for the same words when they are used without a negative particle. Complex and infinitives are also popular in business documents to denote actions performed or being performed. Quite a large place in this style of speech is given to complex words.

Formal business style gives preference to homogeneous members. Passive constructions are also often used, that is, impersonal sentences without indicating the person performing the action. The genitive case of nouns forms a chain of syntactic constructions; sentences are often very common and burdened with a subordinate clause.

The official business style has two varieties: official-documentary and everyday business. The first group is the language of such legislative acts as the Constitution Russian Federation and its subjects, charters and programs of parties, as well as diplomatic documents of international importance, such as communiques, memorandums, conventions, etc. The second group includes the language used in the process of conducting official correspondence and drawing up private business papers. These include a variety of certificates, business letters, powers of attorney, announcements, statements, receipts, autobiographies, etc. It is known how standardized the listed papers are, which greatly facilitates their preparation. The information they contain is brief and used in minimal quantities.

It is known that English is a means of international communication. Therefore, the official business style of the English language is used in the diplomatic context, when business papers are subject to translation. Varieties business speech in this case, they are determined by the scope of use. Trade agreements and contracts are conducted in the style of commercial correspondence. In the legal field, the language of codes, statutes, state and parliamentary decisions is used. The language of militarized business papers stands out separately.

Thus, the official business style of the English language is intended to serve as a tool with the help of which the parties understand the essence of the matter, which leads to the signing of various agreements.

Formal business style

General characteristics of the official - business style of speech.

Basic language features.

Brief description of substyles and genres.

The official business style serves the sphere of administrative and legal activities. It satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of communication. Genres perform informational, prescriptive, ascertaining functions in various spheres of business life.

General stylistic features of official business speech: 1) accuracy of presentation, not allowing the possibility of other interpretations, detail of presentation; 2) stereotyping, standard presentation; 3) obligatory-prescriptive nature.

2. Basic language features.

Vocabulary:

The official business style system consists of the following linguistic means:

Having the appropriate functional and stylistic coloring (vocabulary and phraseology), for example: plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, delivery, prepayment, identity card and etc.;

Neutral, interstyle, as well as general book language means;

Linguistic means that are neutral in color, but in terms of the degree of usage in the official business style, have become its “sign”, for example: raise a question, express disagreement;

There is a tendency to reduce the number of meanings of words, to make the words and phrases used unambiguously, and to terminology p eat. Texts of this style provide precise definitions or explanations of the terms used (terminological combinations) if they are not commonly used, for example: The short delivery was caused by force majeure (the access roads were washed away by heavy rains);

Many of the words have antonymous pairs: rights - obligations, acquittal - indictment, action - inaction; synonyms are rarely used and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = provision; depreciation = depreciation; repayment = creditworthiness.

To convey the accuracy of the meaning and unambiguous interpretation, complex words formed from two or more words are used: tenant, employer, above, above mentioned

And stable combinations: tax return, destination, joint stock company. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the clichédness of the linguistic means used, which gives the texts of an official business style a standardized character;

Preference is given generic concepts: arrive (to arrive, to arrive, to come), transport means (bus, plane, train), populated paragraph (city, village, town), etc., because official business speech reflects social experience; the typical comes to the fore here to the detriment of the individual, peculiar, specific, since the legal essence is important for an official document.

Morphology:

The use of common nouns as proper names for the purpose of generalizing and standardizing the document: this Agreement, composition of the Contracting Parties;

Preferred use of prepositional - case forms of verbal nouns: based on, in relation to, by virtue of;

Many verbs contain the theme of prescription or obligation: prohibit, allow, oblige, indicate, assign and under.;

The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that is prescribed by law under certain conditions: The accused is guaranteed the right to defense;

When naming a person, nouns are most often used, denoting a person on the basis of an action or relationship, which is intended to accurately indicate the “roles” of the participants in the situation: applicant, tenant, tenant, executor, guardian, adoptive parent, witness, etc.

Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form even when they refer to female persons: police officer Smirnova, defendant Proshina, etc..

The use of verbal nouns and participles is typical: arrival of transport, filing claims, serving the population, replenishing the budget; given, indicated, assigned.

Syntax:

Phrases including complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, and also with the pretext By and prepositional case, expressing temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching;

Use of complex syntactic structures, impersonal and incomplete sentences: Listened..., Decided...;

Clichéd phrases: Please accept me for a position... in a department... at a rate... with....

Business speech is characterized by impersonal presentation and lack of evaluation. There is an unhindered statement, a presentation of facts in a logical sequence.

So, accuracy, unambiguity and standardization of the means used are the main features of the official business style of speech.

2. Brief description of substyles.

Diplomatic substyle found in diplomatic documents: diplomatic note, government statement, credentials. It is distinguished by specific terms, most of which are international: status quo, persona non grata, ratification, preamble etc. Unlike other substyles, in the language of diplomatic documents there is a high, solemn vocabulary to give the document emphasized significance, and etiquette formulas of politeness are also used in international public communication: I ask you, Mr. Ambassador, to accept the assurances of my highest respect... or The Ministry of Foreign Affairs pays its respects... .

Communiqué– official communication about important events for the state.

Convention– an international treaty, an agreement on any issue.

Memorandum– 1) memorandum, official certificate on any issue; 2) a document outlining the essence of the issue being discussed in diplomatic correspondence; 3) a letter with a reminder of something; 4) a list of circumstances in insurance policy, which are not covered by insurance.

Note- an official diplomatic written statement from one state to another.

Legislative (documentary) substyle is the language of legislative documents related to the activities of official bodies. It is characterized by the vocabulary and phraseology of civil and criminal law, various acts, codes and other documents serving the official and documentary activities of state and public organizations, as well as citizens as officials.

Constitution- the fundamental law of the state, establishing the foundations of the political and social structure.

Law- an official state document regulating any area of ​​public life and intended to be observed by all residents of the state.

Decree- an official government document prescribing the implementation, creation, etc. anything at the state level.

Charter- an official legislative document of an internal nature that establishes standards of behavior, business communication, rights and obligations of members of a society, work collective, etc.

Stationery substyle found in business correspondence between institutions and organizations and in private business papers. In this substyle, the rigor of document preparation is somewhat relaxed; business letters and other papers can be written in any form.

Power of attorney- a personal business document that entrusts something to someone.

Agreement– a written or oral agreement about future actions or mutual obligations that is accepted by two or more persons, enterprises, states, etc.

Statement- a business paper containing a request (to issue or allocate something, to accept somewhere) to a superior person or to a higher authority.

Order- an official business document containing an order from management.

Protocol– 1) a document containing a record of any factual circumstances, official statements (at a meeting, court, interrogation, etc.); 2) an act of a commission or official containing a description of the actions performed and the facts established.

Receipt- a business paper of a personal nature, which is drawn up by a person who takes something for temporary use from someone.

Agreement- an official agreement about something with someone.

Negotiation– a type of business conversation that involves an official meeting of representatives of enterprises, various organizations, etc. with the aim of making or developing mutually beneficial decisions.

Among the bookish styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. The official business style is characterized by the presence of numerous speech standards - clichés.

Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material. It is no coincidence that in business practice ready-made forms are often used that are asked to be filled out. Even envelopes are usually labeled in a certain order; this is convenient for both writers and postal workers.

Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, business papers, etc. Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, official business style is generally characterized by a number of common features. These include:

1) conciseness, compact presentation, economical use of language;

2) standard arrangement of material, frequent use of form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, certificates, monetary documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) wide use of terminology, nomenclature of names (legal, diplomatic, military, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), inclusion of complex abbreviations and abbreviations in the text;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, denominal prepositions (in basis), as well as various stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (by for the reason that...);

5) narrative character presentation, use of nominative sentences with listing;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the predominant principle of its construction;

7) the tendency to use complex sentences that reflect the logical subordination of some factors to others;

8) almost complete absence emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

There are two types of formal business style: official documentary style and everyday business. In the first, we can distinguish the language of legislative documents related to the activities of government bodies and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations. In everyday business style, correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and private business papers, on the other, differ in content and genre.

The language of legislative documents includes vocabulary and phraseology of state, civil, criminal law, various codes, as well as vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies and the official activities of citizens.

The language of diplomacy is characterized by bookish, “high” vocabulary, used to create a certain solemnity and give the document emphasized significance. Diplomatic materials also use expressions related to etiquette and representing generally accepted formulas of politeness: I ask you, Mr. Ambassador, to accept...

5. Journalistic style of speech, its main features. The main genres of journalistic style.

The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”.

The words journalistic (socio-political literature on modern, topical topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics) have the same root as the word journalistic.

Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings:

1) visitors, spectators, listeners;

2) people, people.

The purpose of the journalistic style of speech - information, transfer to public meaningful information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.

The scope of use of journalistic style of speech - socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism - article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

For journalistic style of speech characteristic:

Logic,

Imagery,

Emotionality,

Evaluativeness,

Callability

and their corresponding linguistic means.
It widely uses socio-political vocabulary and various types of syntactic constructions.
Journalistic text is often is being built as scientific reasoning: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways to solve it are analyzed and assessed, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.
Publicistic speeches distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, strict validity. This also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech.
On the other hand, for journalistic speech is typical passion, appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is general availability: It is intended for a wide audience and should be understandable to everyone.
The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. To effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and others figurative means, resorts to the help of colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that enhance emotional impact of speech.
The journalistic articles of V.G. Belinsky, N.A. are widely known. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians V.S. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by outstanding Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Gobber.
M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov, I.G. Ehrenburg.
Writers S. Zalygin, V.G. are known for their journalistic articles. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V. Lakshin, academician D.S. Likhachev.
The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory and ability to speak.

6. Artistic style of speech, its main features. Scope of use.

The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Artistic style is a way for writers to express themselves, so it is generally used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays) texts written in advance are read. Historically, artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels, novels).

The features of the artistic style are:

2. Language means are a method of transmission artistic image, emotional state and mood of the narrator.

3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonymies, etc., emotionally expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.

4. Multi-style. The use of linguistic means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subordinated to the implementation of the creative concept. These combinations gradually create what is called the author's style.

5. The use of verbal ambiguity - words are selected in such a way that with their help not only “to draw” images, but also to put hidden meaning into them.

6. The information transfer function is often hidden. The purpose of artistic style is to convey the author’s emotions, to create a mood and emotional state in the reader.

7.Text. Features, text structure. Information processing of text. Paragraph.

Tex-. These are two or more sentences or several paragraphs, connected into a whole by a theme and main idea, forming a statement, a speech work.

Subject- this is a designation of the subject of speech, that is, those life phenomena or issues that are selected by the author and depicted in his work (often the theme is reflected in the title).

Mainsigns of the text are:

1) completeness, semantic completeness, which manifests itself in the complete (from the author’s point of view) disclosure of the plan and in the possibility of autonomous perception and understanding text;

2) connectivity, manifested, firstly, in the arrangement of sentences in a sequence that reflects the logic of the development of thought (semantic coherence); secondly, in a certain structural organization, which is formed using the lexical and grammatical means of language;

3) stylistic unity, which is that text always formalized stylistically: as a colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic or artistic style.

4) integrity, which manifests itself in coherence, completeness and stylistic unity taken together.

The structure of a text refers to its internal structure. The units of internal text structure are:
- statement (implemented proposal);
- a series of statements combined semantically and syntactically into a single fragment;
- block fragments (a set of interphrase unities that provide integrity to the text through the implementation of distant and contact semantic and thematic connections).

Units of the semantic-grammatical (syntactic) and compositional level are interconnected.

Its stylistic and stylistic characteristics are closely related to the semantic, grammatical and compositional structure of the text.

Each text reveals a certain more or less clearly expressed functional-style orientation (scientific text, fiction, etc.) and has stylistic qualities dictated by this orientation and, moreover, by the individuality of the author.

The structure of the text is determined by the topic, the information expressed, the conditions of communication, the purpose of a particular message and the chosen style of presentation.

Paragraph - 1) indentation at the beginning of the line, “red” line.. Each new paragraph reflects one or another stage in the development of actions, one or another characteristic feature in the description of an object, in the characterization of a hero, one or another thought in reasoning, in evidence. There are paragraphs consisting of one sentence. Direct speech is often written from a paragraph, as well as the text that follows it.

Information processing of text– the process of extracting the necessary information from the source text.

8. Functional and semantic types of speech. Forms of speech. Types of speech.

Depending on the content of the statement, our speech is divided into three types:

· description;

· narration;

· reasoning.

The description speaks of simultaneous signs, the narration speaks of sequential actions, and the reasoning speaks of the causes of properties and phenomena.

Description: A huge bird swam on the black water. Its plumage shimmered in lemon and pink colors. It was as if there was a beak with a red leather bag glued to the head.

Narration: The pelican hurriedly crawled ashore and hobbled towards our rest stop. Then he saw a fish, opened his beak, snapped it with a wooden sound, shouted “wek” and began desperately beating his wings and stamping his paws.

Reasoning: Pelicans cannot dive. This is due to the special structure of the bones and the presence of subcutaneous air sacs (according to K. Paustovsky).

The description can be used in any style of speech, but in a scientific style, the description of the subject should be extremely complete, and in an artistic one, the emphasis is placed only on the most striking details. Therefore, the linguistic means in the artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific one. In the first there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons and various figurative uses of words are very common.

The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about subsequent actions. The message about changing events is what is “new” in the sentences of such a text. The “data” is the person performing the action. Narratives often use verbs in the past perfect form. But in order to give expressiveness to the text, others are used simultaneously with these forms.

There are two parts to any argument. The first contains a thesis, i.e. a statement that needs to be proven. The second part provides justification for the idea expressed: arguments and examples are given. In reasoning there is often a third part – the conclusion. Thesis and justification are usually connected by the conjunctions because, since. The conclusion is added with the words therefore, thus, therefore. Complete reasoning, the parts of which are connected by conjunctions, is especially common in scientific and business speech. In conversation and artistic speech More often, reasoning is incomplete, and conjunctions are omitted.

9. The word in the lexical system of the language. Polysemy of the word. Homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and their use.

Word- a special unit of language. It is impossible to imagine a language without words.

The set of words forms the vocabulary of a language, or vocabulary. Vocabulary reflects reality, names various concepts- objects, signs, phenomena, processes: forest, trees, deaf, leaf fall, spinning.

One word can have several meanings. It names a number of interrelated objects and concepts: land is “land”, and “surface”, and “soil”, and “territory”, and “state”, which are located on the planet.

The meanings of the word are also related to its origin. In Latin, a person is called homo (from humus - “earth”, “soil”, “fertile layer”). This emphasizes that man is an earthly creature.

One meaning-concept can be expressed in different words. “The one who teaches” is a teacher, mentor, lecturer, educator.

Ambiguous words- words that have two or more lexical meanings.

Examples of polysemous words:
hand(part of the body - left hand; handwriting, creative manner - master's hand).

Homonyms- these are words that have different meanings, but the same spelling:
(example) In fields not mowed with a scythe,
It rained all morning.
Synonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, very close in their lexical meaning. These words are the most precise means of expression:
(example) The sun shone, the steppe sighed, the grass glittered in the diamonds of the rain, and the grass sparkled with gold.
Synonymous series consist of words of one part of speech: face - physiognomy - erysipelas. May include words of different styles.
Synonyms that connect parts of the text, allow you to avoid repetitions of the same word, bring together words that are not synonymous in the language (in the context of the text), are called contextual synonyms:
(example) The blue summer floated by
The blue summer was leaving.
Absolute synonyms are words that completely coincide in meaning.
Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings.
(example)They got along. Water and stone.
Poetry and prose, ice and fire.
Not so different from each other.
Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs by contrast, as in extreme opposites.
Paronyms- these are words with the same root, the same part of speech, close in meaning and sound. The sentence performs the same syntactic functions: deep - deep, heroism - heroism.
Mixing paronyms- gross violation literary forms word usage.

Russian language and culture of speech: course of lectures Trofimova Galina Konstantinovna

Lecture 1 Features of official business style. Speech business man

Features of official business style. Business man speech

1. Features of official business style.

2. Business communication culture.

3. Conditions for successful business communication.

4. National characteristics of business communication.

Everyone knows the tale of two bear cubs who shared the cheese they found. They didn't trust each other and asked the fox to share the cheese. As a result, the fox ate all the cheese, but the bear cubs got nothing. Also instructive is the story of two sisters who had only one orange. They cut him in half. It turned out that one of the sisters needed the peel, and the second needed the juice. Each of them would receive twice as much if they took into account each other's interests.

For success in communication, it is very important to take into account the interests, values ​​of the addressee, his expectations and goals, as well as the scope of communication. This principle is especially important in business communication, which caters to a formal business style.

The official business style serves the sphere of official business relations, that is, relations that arise between state bodies, between or within organizations, between organizations and individuals in the process of production and legal activities.

In the official business sphere, the language of people connected by the interests of the business is used, who have the necessary authority to establish business relationships and resolve business problems. That's why they talk about business communication.

Oral business speech is addressed to the interlocutor and implies the possibility of influencing him. For this purpose, in addition to verbal, non-verbal language is used. Business communication has its own lexical, grammatical and stylistic specificity.

The vocabulary of official business speech uses a large amount of international vocabulary, standardized expressions, cognates, nouns with a generic meaning, also abbreviations, compound words. Verbs and verbal formations are widely used - participles, gerunds, verbal nouns and adjectives.

Syntax is characterized by the presence of incomplete, impersonal sentences, addresses, connecting constructions, simple sentences, introductory words and phrases. Prepositions and passive constructions are used, a large number homogeneous members offers.

Business communication requires strict use of speech structures, standards, jargon is not allowed, etc. Business communication presupposes possession professional language, knowledge of terms specific to a certain area of ​​communication (legal, diplomatic, managerial).

Main requirements for oral speech business person are as follows:

– accuracy and clarity (use of words in correct value, exception foreign words, used unnecessarily),

– brevity (no repetitions, tautologies),

– specificity,

– correctness,

– normativity,

– logicality,

- argumentativeness,

– standard speech formulas ovations.

Business communication may be necessary (when, without interpersonal contacts, the implementation joint activities impossible), desirable (certain contacts contribute to more successful implementation of tasks), neutral, undesirable (makes it difficult to achieve the goal).

Business people have to constantly communicate with people at different levels of the career ladder. That's why they talk about vertical and horizontal relationships. Vertically, these are subordination relations; they are determined by social status, administrative and legal norms and are characterized by the subordination of the junior to the senior in rank. In Russia, a vertical dialogue has historically developed.

Horizontal relationships involve participation in joint activities on the principles of cooperation, mutual understanding, taking into account common interests. Currently, in the business life of Russia there is a transition to subordination and partnership relations.

A specific feature of business communication is its regulation, i.e., subordination to established rules and restrictions. There are so-called written and unwritten rules of behavior. Regulation (protocol) presupposes compliance with standards business etiquette, which reflects the accumulated experience, moral principles certain social groups and people of different nationalities. The protocol prescribes how to behave in a business setting, at meetings, negotiations, as well as how to dress, what to give, how to conduct business correspondence, and much more. A very important place is given to speech etiquette. Currently, a whole system of speech formulas has been created for each speech situation.

The regulation of business communication also means that it is limited in time. Business meetings have strict regulations. To do this, the range of issues to be discussed is outlined in advance and careful preparation for the meeting is carried out.

When communicating, it is very important to create a favorable psychological climate. For this it is recommended:

– Greet the interlocutor with a sincere smile, a friendly look, address him by his first name and patronymic or using the address customary in a particular country.

– Show your desire to understand the interlocutor’s position, focus on the result expected by the interlocutor.

– Try to identify the positive qualities of the interlocutor.

- Consider emotional condition interlocutor.

– Emphasize the equality of positions, behave calmly and confidently.

– Emotionally support the conversation.

– Express sincere approval (all people love when they are praised and talked about their merits).

- Give compliments. Any business conversation, commercial negotiations can begin with them. The more compliments a person gives, the more he receives.

An important feature of business communication is the strict observance of role roles by its participants: boss - subordinate, partners, colleagues, etc.

According to psychologists, each of us represents one type or another in communication. Depending on the role in communication and the type of character, different groups are distinguished. Currently, entire systems have been created for determining personality type based on various characteristics.

Thus, American psychologist Everett Shostrom believes that there is a manipulator inside every person. He identifies the following types:

– dictator (dominates, orders, controls),

– victim of a dictator (obeys orders),

– calculator (deceives, lies, tries to outwit),

– clingy (craves to be the object of concern, forces you to do everything for yourself),

– hooligan (exaggerates aggressiveness, controls using threats),

- nice guy (kills with kindness, moralist),

– judge (does not trust anyone, is critical),

– protector (takes care of others, overly emphasizing this). Based on them, 4 types of people in business communication are identified:

– active – plays the role of a person full of strength;

– passive – pretends to be stupid and helpless (“orphan of Kazan”);

– competitor – a fighter in a tournament;

– indifferent – ​​plays a role, extracting concessions.

A curious thing is the so-called psychogeometric approach to personality typology, which was substantiated by the American psychologist S. Dellinger. This approach is based on which geometric shape a person prefers.

For example, a “square” loves to work, loves stability and order, and lives according to plan. His speech is logical, consistent, detailed, monotonous, with cliches and terms.

“Triangle” – leader, energetic, decisive, pragmatic, ambitious, non-self-critical, detonator interpersonal relationships. Speech is logical, clear, focused on the essence of the matter, and fast.

The “Rectangle” is dissatisfied with itself, inconsistent, and tends to be supportive. Speech is confused, emotional, unclear.

The “Circle” strives for harmony in relationships, is friendly, strives to empathize, tries to please everyone, and is often indecisive. Speech is often deviating from the main topic, smooth, emotional.

“Zigzag” likes to sharpen the conflict, is witty, strives for independence, feels the mood of people, is unrestrained, expressive, and does not follow through. Speech is inconsistent, associative, bright.

Successful business interaction is determined by how the goal is set, the interests of the partners are determined, and the strategy and tactics are chosen.

In business communication, qualities such as commitment, loyalty to one’s word, organization, and adherence to moral standards are valued.

IN practical activities There are different forms of business communication: conversation, negotiations, meetings, presentations, telephone conversations, briefings. They all have their own characteristics and scope of application, but the process is approximately the same.

As a rule, the following stages are distinguished in business communication: establishing contact, orientation in the situation, discussing issues, making a decision, achieving a goal, leaving contact.

Establishing contact is very important. Sometimes a person is prevented from establishing contact by:

– halo effect – everything good is attributed to a positive person, while with a negative attitude towards a person everything bad is attributed, even his positive actions are regarded in this case as negative;

– typification effect – a judgment about a person is made from the point of view own experience or the opinions of others;

– the primacy effect – the first impression of a person is the strongest and is difficult to change.

Business communication demonstrates both pros and cons individual characteristics person. Therefore, in business communication, introspection and constant monitoring are needed. IN Ancient Rome According to custom, a slave was placed behind the triumphant commander, who during the procession shouted the phrase: “Be careful not to fall,” thus reminding him that he was just a man.

In the process of business communication, various techniques are used to help achieve the goal. (Cialdini described them in his book The Psychology of Influence.)

The principle of contrast, when differences are exaggerated. (Excellently used by sellers. They show the expensive product first, and then the cheap one, first bad house, and then a good one, but not the best, but the one that needs to be sold.)

The principle of mutual exchange. People try to pay for services provided. (They give a gift to try, then force them to buy something they don’t need at all.) In this case, the person feels obligated and often gives more than what was given to him.

The principle of social proof. People focus on other people in a similar situation. The principle of participation in advertising of famous athletes and politicians. This principle takes into account that only 5% of people are initiators, the rest are imitators.

The principle of benevolence. People are more willing to comply with the demands of those they like or know. This is primarily due to physical attractiveness. In this case, the person is automatically attributed positive qualities. We like people who are similar to us.

Lunch method. While eating, people are more willing to make positive decisions and make concessions. Therefore, many contracts are signed and decisions are made during a business lunch or dinner.

In the oral speech of business people, it is necessary to take into account etiquette norms. Experts advise: never talk about your personal life or ask about someone else’s. And politely avoid conversations on personal topics. So, when communicating on business, it is not recommended to carry on conversations about politics, religion, or ask questions about income or salary.

The pace of internationalization of the economy, new electronic means of communication lead to the expansion of international contacts, the emergence of large quantity joint ventures, interaction between representatives of business circles of different countries. Currently knowledge and understanding national characteristics of all participants in communication is the most important condition effectively solving emerging problems.

Each nation has developed its own traditions of business communication, which are expressed in language, movements, gestures, etc. Thus, the culture of the United States is characterized as informal, individualistic, materialistic, and focused on the value of time. In Japan and China, more time is spent on the group rather than the individual. Subordination and cooperation are more important there. In Latin America or Saudi Arabia it is given great importance traditions, ceremonies, it is customary there to first talk about unrelated topics and only then move on to the issue of discussion.

Every nation has traits that need to be taken into account in business communication.

The characteristic features of Americans are energy, independence, enterprise, and hard work. They are patriots. Their philosophy is to earn as much as possible as quickly as possible. Their style is highly professional; they are individualists and like to act without regard to their superiors. They are democratic, often behave informally, love jokes, value honesty and frankness, they save time and are punctual. They do not like pauses, they make decisions quickly and rarely change them.

The British are considered honest, reasonable, and courteous. They are characterized by restraint, isolation, efficiency and enterprise. They prefer not to touch on personal topics, they are conservative, and their national passion is gardening. They solve problems not over the phone, but, as a rule, through letters. Their word can be trusted. Verbosity is regarded as a violation of the rules of communication, imposing one’s opinion.

The Japanese are very polite, so they don’t say “no”, making eye contact is considered bad manners, bows are not accepted handshakes, the more important the guest, the more bows. They negotiate as a team and never make decisions right away. If they are treated with politeness, they usually make concessions. Russian journalist V. Tsvetov in his book “The Fifteenth Stone of the Reanji Garden” gives an example of negotiations between Japanese and American companies. When the Americans talked about their company, about the possibilities and benefits of cooperation, the Japanese nodded their heads and listened decorously. And then they started asking questions that seemed irrelevant. The Japanese believed that the Americans were putting pressure on them, and the Americans were surprised by the requests of the other side and their questions. Negotiations were stopped.

Thus, business communication presupposes knowledge of speech etiquette, rules for constructing business conversations and meetings, knowledge of norms literary language, using the necessary speech formulas according to the situation. The effectiveness of business communication also depends on knowledge of the psychological characteristics of the individual, which are reflected by language, and on knowledge of the national characteristics of business people.

1. About What do you need to remember when preparing for a business conversation?

2. What techniques are most often used in business communication, what techniques do you use to achieve your goal?

APPLICATION

Sample interview questions

1. Why do you want to work in our company?

2. What work experience do you have?

3. What can you say about the company and its leader?

4. Are you ready to work as long as it takes?

5. What salary do you want to receive?

6. What kind of student were you?

7. What goal do you want to achieve?

8. How do you spend your free time?

10. Why did you leave your previous job?

11. Your strengths and weaknesses.

12. What is the most important thing in life for you?

13. Do you like to work in a team?

When writing a resume

1. All information must fit on one page.

2. The resume text is typed on a computer.

4. Titles must be highlighted.

5. The resume is presented beautifully and on good quality paper.

6. All names are written in full.

7. Give information that highlights your strengths and can influence the employer’s decision.

8. Numbers are written in reverse chronological order.

9. Eliminate unnecessary random information. 10. Avoid blots and grammatical errors.