Contribution to Russian culture, the arguments of the exam. Arguments for composing the exam. The problem of historical memory. The problem of knowledge of Russian history and respect for it. The problem of preserving cultural heritage, ancient monuments, churches, icons, Russian villages - Sochi

On the preservation of cultural monuments

This text is written in a journalistic style. This text reveals important problems of the moral education of society.

The first problem is about the need to respect cultural monuments. Academician D.S. Likhachev, a recognized authority in the field of philology. Commenting on this problem, we can say that the monuments that he calls for preservation reflect the history of the nation, in particular, some important moments in the life of our Fatherland.

The second problem is that cultural monuments are a reflection of the spiritual life of a people, its national characteristics, and its artistic thinking. Commenting on this problem, it should be noted that only talented craftsmen could create cultural monuments that leave a bright mark in the moral life of the people.

The author of the text expresses the idea that the word "monument" is directly related to the word "memory", and this is an expression of the author's position. A negligent attitude towards cultural monuments and even their destruction impoverish the spirituality of the nation, are the reason for the loss of the connection between art and the life of society.

I agree with the opinion of the author and would like to provide proof of the correctness of his position. The first Cathedral of Christ the Savior was built with public money as a sign of victory over Napoleon. And the monument to Dzerzhinsky, erected on the Lubyanka, personified order in the young country of the Soviets. Both of these cultural monuments were born of time, symbolizing the features of their era. The destruction of the temple was blasphemy, an outrage against the national shrine. It is fortunate that a new one was built in his image. Was it worth demolishing the Dzerzhinsky monument? This is a moot point. You can condemn a person, a historical figure for the unrighteous deeds. But it is impossible to keep silent about its significant and large-scale role.

Second proof. Bazarov in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" in his striving to rebuild Russia was going to "clear a place". He had in mind, obviously, the destruction of the old state order by revolutionary, violent means. And then there is no time for culture with its monuments and all sorts of excesses. And "Raphael is not worth a dime." This is his, Bazarov's, saying.

History has shown how wrong people of the Bazarov type are. The meaning of life is in creation, not destruction.

Searched here:

• the problem of preserving cultural heritage arguments
• the problem of contribution to national culture arguments
• the problem of preserving cultural monuments arguments

Transcript

1 50 years CONTRIBUTION OF OUR COURSE to domestic and world science, culture and technology

2 Today, on the fiftieth anniversary of our wonderful course, it's time to take stock, look at our achievements and think about what will remain after us. Therefore, let us first remember how it all began. How it all began In 1962 we came to the physics department. This year 605 people were admitted to the first course, which is the largest admission in the history of the Faculty of Physics (Fig. 1,2). This was due to the fact that the previous course had a very large dropout rate. And we were recruited "with a margin." Our teachers were faced with a difficult task: not only to give us the most modern knowledge and teach us how to conduct scientific research, but also to temper us, instill in us immunity to those difficulties that we will encounter in life in the future (Fig. 3). And, if possible, weed out the unfit. Therefore, caring teachers from time to time encouraged us with questions such as: "How did you manage to maintain such a virgin ignorance in matters of mathematics?!?" and said with conviction: "Let's drive!" A.A. Shishkin even introduced an additional negative axis for assessing our knowledge. So, for the control one could get, say, -3. Rice. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 3 But our course stood, "like buttons - to death", fiercely engaged and did not allow himself to be weeded out (Fig. 4, 5). And there was also a person who sincerely loved us, this was our inspector Augusta Ivanovna (Fig. 6). And she called us nothing other than "my golden course"!

Fig. 3 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6 But that was not enough. The university is for that and the university, in order to give universal development. Therefore, the physics department, in addition to physical and other workshops, provided us with labor education in construction brigades, which helped to develop diligence and organizational skills. We grinded parts at the factory. Likhachev, mastered virgin lands (Fig. 7.8), built the academic towns of Pushchino and Zelenograd (Fig. 9), erected chicken coops in the vicinity of Smolensk, kneaded cement (Fig. 10), sanded logs, puttyed (Fig. 11), painted, dug ditches and potatoes, picking cabbage. This was our first contribution to the country's economy. And our classmates also took part in the first construction team to restore the Solovetsky Monastery. And then he looked something like this (Fig. 12). This was our first contribution to Russian culture. "We cannot predict how our word will respond." We could not have predicted that the monastery would one day be not only restored, but also active! It is curious that many of the skills acquired in construction brigades were useful to us in later life (but more on that later).

4 Fig. Fig. 9 Fig. 10 11 Fig. Fig. 12 Fig. 13 14 And at the same time, we somehow managed to pass exams, go to military training, go on hikes, fall in love and participate in the holidays, which were then called "Archimedes' Day." And finally, the prom came (Fig. 13). And even the dean's office itself highly appreciated the achievements of our course (Fig. 14).

5 Independent life We dispersed to different cities and countries (students from Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Cuba, Bulgaria and other countries studied with us) We were assigned to different institutions. Reinforcement in the form of our graduates received not only Moscow research institutes, but also the scientific centers Dubna and Sarov (then Arzamas-16), Pushchino, Chernogolovka, Troitsk (then Krasnaya Pakhra), Protvino, etc. Fig. 15 But this did not exhaust the geography of the distribution of our course around the world. So, Yuri Bordukov ended up at the North Pole (Fig. 15), at the North Pole-18 station, among polar bears (Fig. 16), where he was studying the propagation of sound in the Arctic Ocean. From 1969 to 1989, he took part in high-latitude expeditions to drifting stations in the Arctic more than ten times. For carrying out a cycle of scientific research in the Arctic, a number of employees were awarded a state prize, and Yuri, based on some research results, defended his Ph.D. thesis and became head of the department. 16 At the same time, another classmate of ours, Slava Bely, was in distant Cuba. He not only sunbathed and admired the palm trees (Fig. 17, but, with a Havana cigar in his teeth, carried out a spy mission (Fig. 18). In 1975 in Havana, ours received signals from the American Institute of Frequency Standards (Boulder, Colorado) and Doppler frequency shift was detected by rocket launches at Cape Kennedy. And in Moscow Zhenya Likhtman (Fig. 19) in 1970, while still in graduate school, made calculations and published, together with his supervisor, an article that was the FIRST work on supersymmetry in the theory of elementary particles.

6 Fig. 17 Fig. Fig. 18 19 At present, the experimental verification of the theory of supersymmetry is one of the important problems of modern quantum physics. Scientific groups in different countries are now working on this. That is, he laid the foundation for a new scientific direction. And on Rice Vitya Eroshenko (center) in the museum of Sarov, where our classmates worked, and behind him is the famous "Kuz'kina Mother" (full size model). It was in such ranges of geographical latitudes that our graduates were working at this time. Their research covered the widest range of topics: theoretical and mathematical physics, high-energy physics, microelectronics, solid state physics, computing, plasma physics, quantum electronics, geo- and biophysics, astrophysics, space instrumentation and much, much more. Rice. 20 Our classmates made a significant contribution to strengthening the domestic military-industrial complex, the development and use of weapons based on new physical principles.

7 However, the time has come when the skills gained during labor education at the physics department came in handy: to be able to do EVERYTHING. As Sasha Kuminov wrote in his beautiful proclamation: “We have different destinies. Somewhere we chose fate, somewhere it is us ”. Fate turned in such a way that many of us had to become builders, locksmiths and auto mechanics, traders and accountants, restorers and many others Calmly, without nerves and hysterics, we took on any work and did it well, unexpectedly discovering something in it interesting. As befits physicists, they took the matter seriously, studying and improving it in depth. When the situation improved, some of us returned to the profession, some remained in a new one. And now, after 50 years have passed, we will see what was the result of our activity. Our achievements These are, first of all, new knowledge gained in such areas as the development of large information systems (E. Berkovich); computer simulation of the interaction of atomic particles with a solid (V. Shulga); nuclear reactions in the passed energy range (E. Kabin). Knowledge gained in the process of participation in accelerator experiments at CERN, Germany, Japan; at the LHC collider and the NICA collider under construction in Dubna (A. Kulikov), the study of quark-gluon plasma (the state of matter analogous to the initial explosion of the formation of the Universe) (B. Batyunya). Essential work has been done on partial differential equations on complex manifolds and on resurgent analysis (V. Shatalov). Fundamental results are obtained in the field of the theory of linear and nonlinear ill-posed problems in the presence of various a priori information about the desired solution, effective numerical methods for their solution are developed. In applications, he considered various inverse problems of astrophysics, vibrational spectroscopy, electron microscopy, image processing (A. Yagola). Our graduates took part in the creation of the Buran spacecraft, the development of laser devices and systems for the rocket and space industry (V. Korovkin, T. Pchelintseva); participated in the design of the power unit of the atomic icebreaker "Lenin" (L. Dukhnina); in the creation of solar batteries for the ISS (V. Beloborodov); in the creation of the satellite "Tatiana" (Fig. 21),

8 Fig. 21 launched in honor of the 250th anniversary of Moscow State University (O.Badaeva); dealt with the development and use of weapons based on new physical principles, as well as issues of environmental control of the atmosphere (V. Safonov). Participated in the creation of high-power pulsed iodine laser systems Iskra-4 and Iskra-5 for research in the field of thermonuclear fusion (V. Eroshenko, State Prize of the Russian Federation). Developed the theory of interaction of radiation and relativistic plasma in intense cosmic radiation sources quasars, pulsars and nuclei of active galaxies, maser sources (V. Charugin); simulated the effects of solar proton flares in the middle atmosphere of the Earth and Mars (A. Kuminov); proposed a theory of some of the most important natural phenomena (E. Kadyshevich). Participated in the study of the propagation of radio waves of various ranges in the atmosphere (V. Pozhidaev), the propagation of sound in the Arctic Ocean (Yu Bordukov) All these works were reflected in articles, many of which had a high citation index, as well as in monographs and textbooks.

9 Monographs on Physics and Mathematics Here is Alexander Vetrov in the cabin of a ship sailing somewhere in the Kara Sea, holding his monograph (Fig. 22). Rejecting false modesty that is alien to us, we must say that our course has issued a huge number of scientific monographs. Only Tolya Yagola (prof.) Graduated 18 of them, some of them together with our classmate Sasha Goncharsky. These are monographs Fig 22 Fig 23 in Russian, English, Slovak and Chinese. Here (Fig. 23) only “signal specimens” from Tolya Yagola, Edik Kabin, Bori Novosadov, Vitalik Nedelko, Sara Ramazanova are presented. Viktor Shatalov has published 7 monographs (Fig. 24), mainly in English, published by major international publishing houses. And in Rice there are books in Spanish written by our Cuban classmate Jose Marin. The figure shows a monograph on the history of physics published by Zhenya Berkovich. Rice, 26

10 State prizes of our course Some of our classmates, based on the results of their work, were awarded State prizes of the Russian Federation (Fig. 31). These are Viktor Eroshenko, Vyacheslav Bely and Gennady Kozlov. Next to Vitya Eroshenko are our classmates, just like him, who work in Sarov, - Vladimir Kislukhin (awarded the order) and Yuri Dolgopolov. And this is Alexander Rutskoi presenting the Glory Bely Prize. Fig 27 Fig 28 Teaching our course Teaching is a very important aspect of our course. As the poet Yevgeny Vinokurov said, "a boy who reads my poems will look at the world with my eyes." So in our case, a boy who has read, say, the book "Antimatter" (or "Theory of Graphs"), will look at the world through the eyes of the author. Since the transfer of knowledge to the younger generation determines the future of our country, many of our classmates were engaged in teaching activities. Over the years, new personnel have been trained at the Physics Department and other faculties of Moscow State University (Fig. 28). In addition, they taught physics and mathematics to students of the Moscow Higher Technical School. Bauman, Phystech (Fig. 28) and almost all the best technical universities

11 Moscow. They also worked in the former republics of the USSR, which are now independent countries. Sara Ramazanova taught astronomy classes at the Chimkekt Pedagogical Institute (Fig. 28). Shavkat Alimov was the rector of Tashkent and Samarkand universities. Our graduates have lectured at universities in California, Germany, France, Sweden, Great Britain, Tokyo, Budapest, Bratislava, Warsaw, Havana, Malaysia (Sh. Alimov, V. Shatalov and E. Kabin). Our classmates also worked at school, bringing a high level of physics to the level of teaching physics and mathematics. They did it with love and full dedication. In fig. 29 we see Lyubov Mironova (Yakshina) and Svetlana Maltseva. Zhenya Berkovich, in parallel with his work at the Research Computing Center of Moscow State University, taught at the 52nd mathematical school and was very proud of 100% of his students' admission to universities (Fig. 29). And Slava Korovkin, due to certain zigzags of fate, taught at a school at the Russian Embassy in Mexico City (Fig. 29). Vera Rylova (Beloborodova) worked for thirty years and three years at the school, and every graduating class she always took to the University and talked about the physics department (Fig. 30). Fig. 29 Fig. thirty

12 The luminaries of our course also understood the need for a sharp improvement in school education. And so they wrote textbooks for the school. Here (Fig. 31) presents only a small part of the textbooks written by Shavkat Alimov, academician and minister of Higher and Secondary Education of Uzbekistan (textbooks have been reprinted for 40 years). And there are also textbooks by prof. Victor Charugin (fig). So, his textbook "Astronomy 10-11" is a basic textbook, that is, it is used in all schools of the Russian Federation, therefore, it was published in a huge circulation. For 20 years, Viktor Charugin has been traveling with schoolchildren on astronomical expeditions throughout our country. I would like to believe that with such textbooks, our children will not be lost! Rice. Fig. 31 32 Children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of our course By the way, about children. In addition to the scientific results obtained, monographs and textbooks, our property is, of course, our children. The kids in our course are wonderful (Fig. 33). Among them there is a professional composer, deputy director of the institute, director of a chamber orchestra, journalist, businessmen and priests (for example, Father Claudian), etc. Many of our children

13 graduated from physics department. But only a few work in their specialty. The children of many classmates live and work abroad: in Germany, USA, Italy, OAU, Australia, the Philippines and even Guinea. This is a given. And here (Fig. 34) - the grandchildren of our course. Someone has two, three, four. The Safonovs have 5 grandchildren, Zhan Burbaev and Sasha Ovchinnikov have 6, Volodya Bulygin has 7. But Sasha Klimov has eight! Maybe someone has more of them. Our grandchildren are already making a name for themselves: among them - an actress who starred in popular films, and a police lieutenant! Our course already has great-grandchildren (Fig. 35): the great-grandson of the Zagorodnikovs, Vyacheslav, and the great-grandson of the Tarakanovs, Yegorka. And also Viti Charugin's great-granddaughter! Well, these are young sticky leaves on the tree of our course! Fig. 33 Fig. 34 fig. 35

Fig. 14 36 Golden Weddings of Our Course This year is the year of golden weddings in our course. Many of our classmates went through their whole lives with their pairs and came to gold: S. Valkovsky, A. Kulikov, S. Nikitin and others. Some are just approaching this date. And how many couples arose on our very course! Figure 36 Tatiana Militeeva and Sergei Zagorodnikov and Svetlana Valaeva and Mikhail Bespalov. And there is also T. Makarova and V. Buravtsev, L. Romanenko and N. Ekonomov, I. Morozova and G. Shelkov, L. Neboricheva and A. Voronin, L. Yakshina and S. Mironov, I. Tyazhelnikova and A. Smirnov , B. Molik and V. Starosta, N. Zabelina and V. Kotelnikov and others. L. Ivanova and V. Safonov, V. Rylova and V. Beloborodov, V. Kanevskaya and S. Denisov, T. Larina and V. Bulygin, T. Bykova and E. Likhtman spent their entire lives together Our course and famous personalities There is a theory six handshakes, according to which any two people on Earth are separated by a chain of common acquaintances. But our classmates directly shook hands with famous politicians (Fig. 37): Shavkat Alimov talked with the Prime Minister of Malaysia Mohathir, Slava Bely told the Belgian jokes of M.S. Gorbachev, Pavel Balgavy shook hands with Bush Sr. during his politics, and Libor Golanda - with the President of the Czech Republic Vaclav Klaus. Our graduates shook hands with figures of science and culture (Fig. 38): Zhenya Berkovich to Ilya Ehrenburg, Andrey Poletaev to the Nobel laureate James Watson, Sasha Zasedatelev twice to the Nobel laureate (in chemistry and peace) Linus Pauling, Kostya Gurtova with her daughters table next to the artist Mikhail Kazakov.

15 Fig. 39 Fig. 37 Fig. 38 The versatility of our course Well, now let's talk about the versatility of our course. Our graduates have become great specialists in other fields as well. For example, prof. Zagorodnikov in the field of information security and law (Fig. 39). Vladislav Korovkin, in connection with the zigzags of fate, is a specialist in the field of taxation and the pension system (Fig. 39). Shavkat Alimov worked as a diplomat, was the ambassador of Uzbekistan to China. Felix Feigin not only participates in marathons, but also writes books about a healthy lifestyle (Fig. 40). Leonid Klimovich about tennis (Fig. 41).

16 Fig. 40 Fig. 41 Our classmate Lyubov Mironova (Yakshina) writes poetry (Fig. 42), and Lydia Tuzhlova writes prose. Tatyana Kurganova (we know this) writes poetry, she is a laureate of the literary prize of the Moscow Geographical Society of the Writers' Union of Russia. She recently wrote a book about electricity for children (Fig. 42), where she showed the world three gifts at once - a deep knowledge of electromagnetism, remarkable poetry and a subtle understanding of the child's soul. However, many talents of our fellow students have not surprised anyone for a long time - there are simply no untalented people on our course. Fig 42

17 There is also a poet and a writer on our course (Fig. 43). This is the poet Boris Shapiro, a member of the International PEN Club, the Union of Writers of Russia, the Union of Writers of Moscow and other organizations. And Gennady Kozlov, who, in addition to his high posts, is also a member of the Writers' Union of Russia. One of his books is called "The Sad Optimism of a Happy Generation." This is about us Fig. 43 We cannot fail to recall our fellow film director Vano Kiasashvili (Fig. 44). And his films: "Ladies Invite Gentlemen", which is often shown on television, the film "Chair" based on the story by I. Grekova and the naggingly sad film "Hello from the Front". And, of course, the hugely successful program “Dolls”, of which he was the screenwriter. Well, our star Sergei Nikitin, which manifested itself already on the first "Day of Archimedes" (Fig. 45). And now everyone is a well-known singer and composer, Honored Art Worker of the Russian Federation. For us, he is, first of all, the founder of the famous Quartet of the Physics Department of Moscow State University. Sasha Gusev (Fig. 45), after graduating from the Faculty of Physics, graduated from the Faculty of Theater Studies of GITIS "and for a long time worked at the Bolshoi Theater as the head of the literary and repertoire department. An extraordinary fan of musical art. I could not come to our meeting, as I was on the jury of the next competition. And also the authors of our alumni anthem Sergey Smirnov and Yuri Andrienko.

Fig. 18 Fig. 44 45 Hobbies of our course And now about the hobbies of our course. The biggest hobby of our classmates is traveling around the country and abroad. It is impossible to list the places where our graduates have visited: from Mount Etna to the Galapagos Islands. And Europe is literally trampled by our classmates. Often the travels coincided with scientific conferences, sometimes they took place independently. Irina Korkhova (Krupennikova), who left after graduate school in the tourism business, has visited more than 60 countries. In fig. 46 we see our classmates on Easter Island, Kamchatka and the Capitol Hill in Rome (Fig. 47). And this (Fig. 48) is already Sevastopol. Alpine and cross-country skiing, tennis, etc. are in second place after travel.

19 Fig. 46 Fig. 47 Fig. 48 The talents of our classmates are diverse. Dima Mamaev carves amazing things out of wood and makes beautiful bracelets out of silver (Fig. 49). Marina Martynova studied Japanese, Tatyana Ryabykh is engaged in Japanese painting, Lydia Tuzhlova is a pointillist painter, and Lyudmila Dukhnina composes fairy tales. Our classmates also love hunting (Volodya Buravtsev), fishing (Dima Mamaev, Sasha Ovchinnikov, Seryozha Nikitin). Irina Egorova has put together a unique collection of shells (Fig. 50). And Sergey Nikitin also cooks an amazing pilaf (Fig. 51)! Thus, our course, as you would expect, is diverse in its talents.

Fig. 20 Fig. 49 Fig. 50 51 Outcomes of our course Now let us summarize the activities of our course. We will not talk about scientific degrees, although there is something to brag about. We will not talk about salaries either, since there is nothing to boast about. The main thing is that our course consisted of extraordinary personalities, and fate is behind each of us. We can say that in the proposed circumstances, we did the best we could. Despite everything, our course graduated two academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences (A. Sissakian and A. Sigov), an academician of the Academy of Sciences and, in addition, the Minister of Higher and Secondary Education of Uzbekistan (Sh. Alimov), a full member of the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics. K.E. Tsiolkovsky (V. Charugin), heads of large institutes: JINR, IHEP (A. Sissakian and N. Tyurin), Jagiellonian University in Krakow (Poland) (T. Sarna), deputy directors of large institutes SINP MSU (V. Savrin), INR RAS (L. Bezrukov), IMB (Institute of Molecular Biology) RAS (A. Zasedatelev), Institute of Oceanology RAS (Y. Grachev), Rector of MIREA (A. Sigov), Rector of Tashkent and Samarkand Universities (Sh. Alimov), First Deputy Minister Science and technical policy of the Russian Federation and later - the head of the secretariat of JSC "Concern East Kazakhstan region" Almaz Antey "(G. Kozlov). Yevgeny Nikishin, who became a Doctor of Science at the age of 25, studied on our course. Three of our classmates became colonels. This is Volodya

21 Safonov and Interior Ministry colonels Tatyana and Sergei Zagorodnikovs. Our course was also completed by an international expert on molecular genetics of influenza viruses, their evolution, development of live vaccines against influenza (A. Klimov, CDC, USA). Graduates of our course became laureates: State Prize of the Russian Federation (V. Bely, V. Eroshenko, G. Kozlov); Prizes of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, prizes of the Government of the Russian Federation (A. Yagola, S. Mazharov); awards to them. IV Kurchatova (A. Demyanova 6 (!) - multiple laureate); them. R.V. Khokhlova (V.Apeltsyn); awards to them. I.E. Tamm (E. Likhtman); awards to them. M.V. Lomonosov (A.Yagola); Galen Prize (A. Zasedatelev); Tsarskoye Selo art prize "97" (S. Nikitin). Rice. 52 Our graduates were awarded the Orders of Merit to the Fatherland, fourth degree, Honor, Friendship of Peoples (G. Kozlov), Badge of Honor (P. Korolenko), and Order of Courage (V. Morozov). (V. Kislukhin did not admit what order he was awarded). A.Zasedatelev (Fig. 52) for his work on biological microchips was awarded the "Order of the Academic Palms" (France). Thus, our course withstood in a difficult life situation, made a significant contribution not only to Russian, but also to world science, culture and technology, gave the world wonderful children, grandchildren, lived to see great-grandchildren, confirmed the definition of Augusta Ivanovna "golden course", then is, - the best. And the words "the best" in French mean ELITE!

22 P.S. And these (Fig. 53) are flowers from Sara Ramazanova, who could not come to the MEETING.

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In this collection, we have described the main problems encountered in the texts for preparing for the exam in the Russian language. The arguments that appear under the headings with the wording of the problem are taken from well-known writings and demonstrate each problematic aspect. You can download all these examples from the literature in table format (link at the end of the article).

1. In his play "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov showed a spiritless world, mired in material values ​​and empty entertainment. This is the world of Famus society. Its representatives are against education, against books and sciences. Famusov himself says: "I would like to take all the books and burn them." In this stuffy swamp, turned away from culture and truth, it is impossible for an enlightened person, Chatsky, who cares for the fate of Russia, for its future.
2. M. bitter in his play " At the bottom”Showed a world devoid of spirituality. Quarrels, misunderstandings, disputes reign in the shelter. The heroes are really at the bottom of their lives. There is no place for culture in their everyday life: they are not interested in books, paintings, theaters and museums. In the flop, only a young girl Nastya reads, and she reads romance novels, which artistically lose a lot. The actor often quotes lines from famous plays, since he himself performed on stage before, and this more strongly emphasizes the gap between the Actor himself and real art. The heroes of the play are divorced from culture, so their life is like a series of gray days successively replacing each other.
3. In D. Fonvizin's play "The Minor" the landlords are ignorant philistines, obsessed with greed and gluttony. Mrs. Prostakova is rude to her husband and servants, is rude and oppresses everyone who is below her in social status. This noble woman shuns culture, but tries to impose it on her son in time with fashion trends. However, nothing comes of it, because by her example she teaches Mitrofan to be a stupid, limited and ill-mannered person who costs nothing to humiliate people. In the finale, the hero openly tells his mother to leave him alone, refusing to console her.
4. In the poem "Dead Souls" by N. V. Gogol the landowners, the mainstay of Russia, appear before the readers as vile and vicious people without a hint of spirituality and enlightenment. For example, Manilov only pretends that he is a cultured person, but the book on his desk is covered with dust. Korobochka is not at all shy of his narrow horizons, openly demonstrating utter stupidity. Sobakevich focuses only on material values, spiritual values ​​are not important to him. And the same Chichikov does not care about his enlightenment, he only cares about enrichment. This is how the writer portrayed the world of high society, the world of people who, by right of estate, were given power. This is the tragedy of the work.

The influence of art on humans

1. One of the brightest books where a work of art occupies a significant place is the novel Oscar Wilde "Portrait of Dorian Gray". The portrait painted by Basil Hallward truly changes the life of not only the artist himself, who falls in love with his creation, but also the life of a young sitter, Dorian Gray himself. The picture becomes a reflection of the hero's soul: all the actions that Dorian performs immediately distort the image in the portrait. In the finale, when the hero clearly sees what his inner essence has become, he can no longer continue to live peacefully. In this work, art becomes a magical force that reveals to a person his own inner world, answering eternal questions.
2. In the sketch "Straightened" G.I. Uspensky touches upon the theme of the influence of art on a person. The first part of the story in the work is associated with Venus de Milo, the second is associated with Tyapushkin, a modest rural teacher, the ups and downs of his life and the radical change that took place in him after the memory of Venus. The central image is the image of Venus de Milo, a stone riddle. The meaning of this image is the personification of the spiritual beauty of a person. It is the embodiment of the eternal value of art that shakes the personality and straightens it. The memory of her allows the hero to find the strength to stay in the village and do a lot for ignorant people.
3. In the work of I. S. Turgenev "Faust" the heroine never read fiction, although she was already in adulthood. Upon learning of this, her friend decided to read aloud to her the famous play by Goethe about how a medieval doctor was looking for the meaning of life. Under the influence of what she heard, the woman changed a lot. She realized that she was living wrong, found love and gave herself up to feelings that she did not understand before. This is how a work of art can awaken a person from sleep.
4. In the novel "Poor People" by F. M. Dostoevsky the main character lived in ignorance all his life until he met Varenka Dobroselova, who began to develop him by sending books. Prior to that, Makar read only low-quality works without deep meaning, so his personality did not develop. He put up with the insignificant and empty routine of his existence. But the literature of Pushkin and Gogol changed him: he became an actively thinking person who even learned to write letters better under the influence of such masters of the word.

True and False Art

1. Richard Aldington in the novel "Death of a Hero" in the images of Shobb, Bobb and Tobb, the legislators of fashionable literary theories of modernism, he showed the problem of false culture. These people are busy only with empty talk, and not with real art. Each of them speaks with his own point of view, considers himself unique, but, in essence, all their theories are one and the same idle talk. It is no coincidence that the names of these characters are similar, like twin brothers.
2. In the novel " The Master and Margarita "M.A. Bulgakov showed the life of literary Moscow in the 30s. The editor-in-chief of MASSOLITA Berlioz is a chameleon man, he adapts to any external conditions, any power, system. His literary house works by order of the rulers, there are no muses there for a long time and there is no art, real and sincere. Therefore, a truly talented novel is rejected by editors and not recognized by readers. The authorities said that there is no God, which means that literature says the same thing. However, the culture that is stamped on order is just propaganda, which has nothing to do with art.
3. In the story "Portrait" by N. V. Gogol the artist traded true skill for the recognition of the crowd. Chartkov found the money hidden in the painting he bought, but they only inflated his ambition and greed, and over time his needs only grew. He began to work only to order, became a fashionable painter, but he had to forget about true art, there was no more room for inspiration in his soul. He realized his squalor only when he saw the work of a master of his craft, what he once could have become. Since then, he bought and destroyed genuine masterpieces, finally losing his mind and ability to create. Unfortunately, the line between true and false art is very thin and easy to miss.

The role of culture in society

1. He showed the problem of removal from spiritual culture in post-war times in his novel "Three comrades" E.M. Remarque. This topic is not given a central place, but one episode reveals the problem of a society that is mired in material concerns and has forgotten about spirituality. So, when Robert and Patricia walk the streets of the city, they run into an art gallery. And the author, through the mouth of Robert, tells us that people long ago stopped coming here in order to enjoy art. Here are those who are hiding from the rain or heat. Spiritual culture has faded into the background in a world where hunger, unemployment, and death reign. People in the post-war period are trying to survive, and in their world culture has lost its value, like human life. Having lost the value of the spiritual aspects of being, they went berserk. In particular, a friend of the protagonist, Lenz, dies from the antics of a rabid crowd. In a society without moral and cultural guidelines, there is no place for peace, so war easily breaks out in it.
2. Ray Bradbury in the novel "451 degrees Fahrenheit" showed the world of people who refused books. Anyone who tries to preserve these most valuable storehouses of human culture is severely punished. And in this world of the future, there are many people who have resigned themselves or even support the general trend of destroying books. Thus, they themselves alienated themselves from culture. The author shows his characters as empty, meaningless philistines, fixated on the TV screen. They talk about nothing, do nothing. They simply exist without even feeling or thinking. That is why the role of art and culture is very important in the modern world. Without them, he will become impoverished and lose everything that we value so much: individuality, freedom, love and other intangible values ​​of a person.

Culture of behavior

1. In the comedy " The undersized "D.I. Fonvizin shows the world of ignorant nobles. This is Prostakova, and her brother Skotinin, and the main ignoramus of the Mitrofan family. These people in their every move, word show lack of culture. The vocabulary of Prostakova and Skotinin is rude. Mitrofan is a real lazy person, accustomed to the fact that everyone is running after him and fulfilling his every whim. People who are trying to teach Mitrofan something, neither Prostakova, nor the ignoramus himself are not needed. However, such an approach to life does not lead the heroes to anything good: in the person of Starodum, retribution comes to them, putting everything in its place. So sooner or later ignorance will still fall under its own weight.
2. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in a fairy tale "Wild landowner" showed the highest degree of lack of culture, when a person can no longer be distinguished from a beast. Previously, the landowner lived on everything that was ready thanks to the peasants. He himself did not bother himself with work or education. But time has passed. Reform. The peasants left. Thus, the outer veneer of the nobleman was removed. His true animal essence begins to appear. He grows hair, begins to walk on all fours, stops talking articulately. So, without labor, culture and enlightenment, a person turned into a beast-like creature.

What contribution can a person make to Russian culture? I believe that any transformative human activity that has a positive impact on the development of the country can become a real cultural value. However, not everyone is able to realize themselves in modern society. Daniil Alexandrovich Granin considered this very problem of contribution to Russian culture.

The text proposed for analysis tells about the life of the famous Russian figure Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, who pulled the Old Russian literature out of isolation.

Thus, he made a huge contribution to the development of Russian culture. How can this result be achieved? Dmitry Sergeevich advises not to remain silent and always express your opinion, because activity can benefit the fatherland. This is the main idea contained in proposals No. 37-38: "Even in deadlock cases," Dmitry Sergeevich said, "when everything is muffled, when you are not heard, please express your opinion. Do not be silent, speak out."

I think that the author's position is formulated in proposal # 36: "He did not create doctrine, but he created the image of a defender of culture, a real citizen." Here Daniil Alexandrovich Granin expresses his attitude towards the person whose life he describes. The author argues that the protection of national culture can be a significant contribution.

Sharing the writer's point of view, I would like to add that every citizen must defend the cultural values ​​of his homeland. In addition, a person is able to implement activities in such a way that it benefits the state and becomes a cultural contribution.

We are convinced of this by reading the book by L. Volynsky "The Face of Time". Let us recall the episode about Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov, a well-known entrepreneur and philanthropist. He had a love for painting and wanted to open an art gallery in Moscow for the common people, in which the works of Russian artists would be collected. To achieve his goal, Pyotr Mikhailovich traveled a lot to workshops and exhibitions, bought up pictures he liked. The opening of the Tretyakov Gallery became a huge contribution to Russian culture.

Another example is KG Paustovsky's story "Squeaky Floorboards" about the famous Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The action of the work took place in a house in Rudny Yar, around which there was a forest that inspired the genius. Pyotr Ilyich forbade walking from room to room when he was working, as the creak of old floorboards interfered with him. The composer has created classic examples of Russian musical art. His work is a real cultural value for Russia.

Thus, each person is able to contribute to the development of national culture. This can manifest itself in the protection of culture or in the creation of something new that benefits the country.

• Category: Arguments for writing the exam

• M.Yu. Lermontov - the poem "Borodino". In the poem "Borodino" M. Yu. Lermontov refers to one of the most dramatic moments in Russian history - the Battle of Borodino. The entire work is imbued with patriotic pathos, the author is proud of the heroic past of his homeland, admires the Russian soldiers, the heroes of the Battle of Borodino, their courage, fortitude, fortitude, love for Russia:

The enemy experienced a lot that day, What does it mean that Russian battle is daring, Our hand-to-hand combat! ..

The heart cannot live in peace, No wonder the clouds have gathered. The armor is heavy as before a fight. Now your hour has come. - Pray!

The image of the future in A. Blok's poem is symbolic. A kind of herald of this future is the very soul of the Russian person, the confrontation in it of dark and light principles, and as a result - the complex, unpredictable fate of the Motherland, the clouds that have gathered over it. And our history has shown how the poet was right in his foresight.

• N. Rubtsov - the poem "Visions on the Hill". In the poem "Visions on a Hill" N. Rubtsov turns to the historical past of the Motherland and traces the connection of times, finding echoes of this past in the present. The times of Batu are long gone, but Russia of all times has its own "Tatars and Mongols": Russia, Russia! Keep yourself, keep! Look, again in your woods and valleys They descended from all sides, Tatars and Mongols of other times.

However, the poet has something that he can oppose to this universal evil. This is the image of the Motherland, the feelings of the lyrical hero, the beauty of Russian nature, the inviolability of the folk us-. toys and the strength of the spirit of the Russian people.

• V. Rasputin - the story "Farewell to Matera" (see the essay "The problem of historical memory")
• V. Soloukhin - "Black Boards: Notes of a Beginning Collector". In this book, the author writes about how he became a collector, a collector of icons. V. Soloukhin talks about the attitude of our state towards icons, about the ruthless burning of masterpieces by the Soviet authorities. There is interesting material about how to restore old icons, about icon-painting subjects. The study of ancient icons, according to the author, is a contact with the soul of the people, with its age-old traditions ...
• V. Soloukhin - a collection of essays "Time to collect stones." In this book, the author reflects on the need to preserve ancient monuments - writers' estates, houses, monasteries. He talks about a visit to the Aksakov estate, Optina Pustyn. All these places are associated with talented Russian writers, with Russian ascetics, elders, with the spiritual development of the people.
• V. Astafiev - a story in the stories "The Last Bow".

In this story V. Astafiev tells about his small homeland - the village in which he grew up, about his grandmother Katerina Petrovna who raised him. She was able to bring up the best qualities in the boy - kindness, love and respect for people, emotional sensitivity. We see how the boy grows up, together with him we experience the joy of his little discoveries of the world, people, music, nature. In each chapter of this story, living feelings are beating - indignation and delight, grief and joy. “I am writing about the village, about my small homeland, and they - big and small - are inseparable, they are in each other. My heart is forever where I began to breathe, see, remember and work, ”writes V. Astafiev. This feeling of the Motherland becomes all-embracing in the book. And the more acute is the writer's feeling of bitterness from the misfortunes that befell his small homeland: collectivization came, families were ruined, churches and age-old foundations of life were destroyed, the writer's father, grandfather and uncle were arrested by the NKVD. Without preserving its history, the village began to turn into a suburb of old summer cottages. The author writes about all this with sadness. And he urges readers not to become Ivans who do not remember kinship, to respect their roots and origins.