Signs of homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions: examples

The same word in a sentence can have several definitions, which can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. At non-union communications commas separate only homogeneous definitions, and between heterogeneous definitions no comma.

I. The definitions are uniform:

1. if indicated distinctive signs various items, characterizing them on the one hand.

• ...at a great distance the city lay out and quietly flamed and sparkled blue , white , yellow lights.(V. G. Korolenko)
• (Some lights are blue, others are white, others are yellow.)

2. if indicated various signs of the same object, characterizing it on one side.

• Loved Chapaev strong , decisive , hard word.
• (D. A. Furmanov)

3. if they characterize an object either only with positive sides and they can be assessed with a “+” sign, or only with negative sides and they can be assessed with a “-”.

• ... I saw a woman young , beautiful , kind , intelligent , charming.
• (A.P. Chekhov)
• Has arrived rainy , dirty , dark autumn.
• (A.P. Chekhov)

4. if they represent figurative definitions (epithets).

• Dry , metal His inflamed gray eyes sparkle.
• (According to D. A. Furmanov)

• Met us empty , abandoned house. (Adj. + adverb.)
• I love strong mornings, hot , awakening coffee. (Adj. + adverb.)
• That was first , not clouded by any fears the joy of discovery. (Adj. + proverb.)
• (D. A. Granin)

6. if they are standing after defined word.

• On both sides of the clearings there were pine trees high , ship .
• (Wed: high ship pines.)

7. when describing appearance .

• Almost at the house she met us modest , shy , rustic girl about eight years old.

8. if are opposed other definitions related to the same defined word.

• We were passing through then small , deserted stations, then nodal , lively.

Each of the homogeneous definitions is directly related to the word being defined.

II. Definitions are heterogeneous:

1. if relate not directly to what is being defined, but to noun combination with the definition in front of it.

• Can you imagine bad southern county small town?
• (A.I. Kuprin)
• (Cf.: county town - southern county town - nasty southern county town.)
• Holly dressed up in amazing tight lace dress.
• (S. Ahern)

2. if they characterize an object With different sides.

• Blueberry is a shrub with small round fresh black and blue berries. (Size - shape - taste - color.)

Heterogeneous definitions can become homogeneous if they acquire some common feature in the context.

• Has begun small , pricking rain. (The common feature of these definitions is an unpleasant sensation.)

• Bought as a gift Beautiful silk handkerchief.
• While working here, he acquired huge political experience.

III. Some cases allow ambiguity:

• Wed: She dressed new , mink fur coat
• She dressed new mink fur coat

Comma placement V first case means that second definition explains the first(She put on a new one, namely a mink coat).

Missing comma in second case means that the definition of new refers to the combination of a mink coat (She is wearing a new mink coat, although there is another mink coat, apparently already old).

Developing new lesson, we ask questions: what will we study, why and how? When determining the goal, we focus on the class level: lyceum - non-lyceum, as well as on the profile - humanitarian or non-humanitarian. After this, you can make a choice about what material to use - prepared in advance or used during the lesson. Without forgetting the “distant” goal - the formation of the student’s linguistic personality, in the humanities class we set tasks for each student - to determine his own position: speaker - writer, listener - reader. Both examine examples in which, under certain conditions, there is (or is not) a linguistic phenomenon, such as when agreed upon definitions will or will not be homogeneous. In this case, the punctuation rule ceases to be the organizing center; it is assimilated as a consequence arising from the analysis of phrases or sentences. The student comes to the conclusion: there are different variants placement of punctuation marks.

In a non-humanitarian, non-lyceum class, the goal can be formulated differently: it is necessary to competently and consciously use constructions with homogeneous/heterogeneous definitions in speech. Hence the tasks: find out when a comma is/is not placed between agreed definitions, learn to correctly read and write sentences with homogeneous/heterogeneous definitions, and be able to compose them correctly.

Independent research on the topic “Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions” promotes more durable assimilation and is better retained by long-term memory. We offer it in the humanities class in the form of laboratory work.

Preliminary homework to review what has been covered - answer questions, select examples:

– What minor members of a sentence do you know?

– Which part of the sentence is called the definition?

– What adjectives are qualitative, relative?

– What are the signs subordinating connection“coordination”?

– What parts of speech words agree with the noun?

– Which coordinating conjunctions are connecting?

– What divisive and adversarial conjunctions do you know?

(Questions can be given according to options, distributed among groups.)

PROGRESS OF THE FIRST LESSON

I. Preparatory stage

1. Checking homework.

2. Working with concepts homogeneous/heterogeneous.

1) Two rows of synonyms are given. Decide what synonyms the word goes with definition as a linguistic term.

a) Heterogeneous, mixed, diverse, heterogeneous, heterogeneous, heterogeneous, heterogeneous.

b) Similar, identical, close, similar, spitting image, similar, homogeneous, heterogeneous.

2) Think about what the phrases mean: homogeneous definitions, heterogeneous definitions.

II. Main stage

1. Updating attention. Motivation.

A student, telling the story of the appearance of a little magpie in the house, wrote: “I was walking through the autumn and damp park, when suddenly, either under a yellow or under a tall larch tree, I saw something I didn’t understand. Then someone small and black and with a white chest jumped out of the bush.”

Describing the chick’s character, the student made up the following phrases: self-reliant and independent, pugnacious and willful; either neat or capricious.

What speech and grammatical errors would you note?

2. Lesson form.

3. Topic of the lesson.

5. Task.

6. Work with handouts.

Exercise. Carefully read the examples from the book by A.M. Zimin “An Unfamiliar Familiar Forest” and fill out the tables.

Homogeneous definitions

A tall, thick bird cherry tree grows next to the bathhouse. A finch flew to a birch tree and sang short, cheerful songs. Never before have I seen so many white and yellow lilies. The fir trees were breathing in your face warm and thick aroma of pine needles. Large and small bubbles float with the current. Russula stands openly on the road - wet, pink, joyful. Birches dressed in gold, aspens and maples - in yellow, orange and purple dresses. On a gray bank that had not dried out from the spring water, a marigold bush opened its bright yellow buds. Nearby in the grass I found two young porcini mushrooms, browned in the sun. When the winter birds fly away in the spring, swallows from the south will come to visit: both village and city ones. It seemed that the sparrows had not come here to dine, but were starting a very interesting game with the bread crust, but incomprehensible to me. The rains are falling more and more often, and now there is a quiet, warm, leisurely rain, from which you don’t want to hide either under the tree or under the oilcloth. Under the tree grew lanky, toasted, bun-like porcini mushrooms, and round, reddish-brown boletus-barrels stood near the pines. The pot-bellied boletus is all in sight, respectable and proud.

Heterogeneous definitions

A small round forest lake. I found a convenient flat rock in the water. Young pink leaves appeared on the aspen tree. Quiet, motionless pines stood further from the water. A chaffinch and a willow warbler began to sing in the light birch forest. I walked along the black, burnt bank of the river. It was difficult to look for firewood in the dark, so I kept the fire going with dry grass from last year. The duckling swims up to the snag-seal, collects something from its wet, smooth back and talks to it about something. In the vague gray bushes the corncrake creaks tirelessly. I'm walking along an overgrown narrow road. Increasingly, the road is blocked by fallen, dry, gnarled trees. I part the grass and catch large ripe berries from it. Here, an amazing hectic life is in full swing around me. Only red marsh russula grew in the damp, mossy spruce forest. A thundercloud rustled over the forest and left clean, warm puddles on the road.

7. Drawing up diagrams.

Homogeneous definitions – ,

heterogeneous definitions –

III. The final stage

1. Assess your condition and your work.

2. Comments and suggestions for the lesson.

IV. Homework(students' choice)

1) Select 8–10 sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions;

2) select a text containing sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions;

3) come up with 8–10 sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions;

4) compose a text containing sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions.

Material for the second lesson

1. Be careful! Determine whether the agreed adjectives in all sentences are modifiers.(Not in all of them. In examples 1, 3, 5, the adjectives are part of a compound nominal predicate.)

1) The dried moss crunched underfoot, and the cloudberries were surprisingly juicy and large.

2) A silver night moth flickers in a ray of light.

3) The river here is narrow, the banks are high and steep.

4) I came to collect cloudberries on a hot, windless day.

5) The thick litter of fallen leaves was dry and soft.

2. Explanatory dictation.

1) A queen bumblebee in a black fluffy coat with a yellow belt flew to our parking lot on the shore of the lake, humming with a bass voice.

2) It seemed that autumn had hung colorful holiday lanterns on the aspen tree.

3) The water in the river has already cooled down from the long cold nights and does not have time to warm up during the day.

4) Strong, sharp, alarming cries of a thrush were heard in the bushes.

5) I squeezed my large mushroom basket into my backpack, and together with my son we went to our treasured places to Spring Lake.

6) The marsh grass, cotton grass, approached the lake itself, its heads in white downy caps bent towards the water and began to listen to something. (A. Zimin)

3. Write down the text with a title and explain the punctuation marks. Check the author's punctuation.

The sky is clear blue sun, although not very warm, but bright and festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvering in the sky. Along the road there are colorful aspens. When the wind blows, the aspens throw heaps of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch leaves on the fly and throw them up again, rejoicing along with the aspen trees on a fine autumn day.

And suddenly, in the wind, in the shadow of thick fir trees, I noticed a quiet young aspen with black leaves. What kind of grief does she have? He approached her and stood next to her, but he couldn’t help her, he couldn’t even ask her questions.

OSINKA IN MOURNING

The sky is clear, blue, the sun, although not very warm, is bright and festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvering in the sky. Along the road there are colorful aspens. When the wind blows, the aspen trees throw piles of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch the leaves on the fly, throw them up again, rejoicing along with the aspen trees on a fine autumn day.

And suddenly, in the wind, in the shadow of thick fir trees, I noticed a quiet young aspen with black leaves. What kind of grief does she have? He approached her and stood next to her, but he couldn’t help her, he couldn’t even ask her questions. (A. Zimin)

4. Copy the text, insert homogeneous or heterogeneous definitions in place of the gaps. Underline homogeneous definitions with a wavy line.

GEESE FLIGHT AWAY

It's raining. With the wind. Sometimes drizzling, sometimes _______, _______, _______. In the wet _______ sky, geese flying south scream, screaming night and day, sometimes so high that they are not visible in the rain, and sometimes very low, right above the forest. And then it seems that a gusty _______ wind is carrying them along with the clouds to the south. The aspen and birch trees bow and wave their branches. Red and _______ leaves fall from the branches and fly after the geese. A flock of finches flies along with the leaves. You start to confuse where the finches are and where the leaves are. But then the finches flew away, and the leaves, exhausted, fell on the _______ _______ grass from the heavy rains, on the muddy and _______ road, on the pockmarked _______ puddles. Behind the birch forest the cries of geese can be heard again. The wind carries another flock of geese to the south. (A. Zimin)

5. Test. Indicate the numbers of sentences with homogeneous definitions.

1) A large, shaggy dog ​​of some indeterminate color came out from around the bend.

2) The geese noticed the puppy and, cackling with displeasure, gathered closer together, scolding him in different ways. The great white gander, the leader of the flock, especially tried.

3) Having received a portion of milk, the elk calf lay down immediately under a young spreading birch tree and rested until lunch.

4. Winter was approaching. Lisanka's fur coat became fluffy and thick.

5) By autumn the little fox turned into an adult beautiful fox and began to cause us trouble.

6) The cat squinted her eyes and saw a mouse, small, gray, with a long tail dragging along the floor, running nearby, warily looking in her direction.

7) The chickens lay on their sides in the dust, as if dead, the sparrows were sitting on the fence, not far from the old basin, from which a white cat with yellow spots was slowly lapping, standing on its edge with her paws.

8) Before Naida had time to reach the first bushes, her nose was filled with a fox smell - strong, unbearable.

9) The fox swerved towards the ravine, rolled down the slope and immediately up, jumped over a frozen stream, tore through thick and thorny bushes, leaving tufts of red fur on them, and began to climb to the right.

10) Spring turned out to be early and unusually quick. (V. Svintsov)

Answer. 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10.

When studying new topic in non-lyceum classes, as many years of practice have shown, it is best to go from the experience of children: learning the material is always higher if you first understand examples of phrases, sentences, texts invented by students, and only then from the textbook. For this reason, work on the topic “Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions” can be structured as follows:

1. Riddle.

The proverb says about this bird that it and the sparrow are sea backwaters. It can be semi-domestic and wild at the same time. (Pigeon.)

2. Conversation.

– Do you think the phrase is composed correctly? the dove is bold and semi-homemade?

(No, a speech error was made, since a sign that determines the character of a pigeon is named, and a sign that determines its habitat is indicated.)

– Can you say pigeons? postal and decorative?

(It is possible, because signs indicating the purpose of pigeons are indicated.)

– Is the phrase composed correctly? plumage is white, blue and brown-brown?

(Yes, adjectives indicate color.)

– Is there a speech error in the sentence? Pigeons feed on seeds of legumes and cereals?

- Here: transverse white stripe on the lower back? Or: wide dark stripe at the end of the tail?

(The phrases are composed without errors.)

– The definitions in the phrases are consistent, but are they homogeneous?

(Heterogeneous.)

– Give an example where the definitions, in your opinion, are homogeneous.

3. Report the topic of the lesson.

4. Offer– at the end of the lesson, independently formulate the purpose of the lesson.

5. Topic movement. Working with material.

Exercise 1. Look at the drawing. Read the sentences.

In which sentence are definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives? What is the rank of the adjectives in the first sentence? What are the definitions in the third sentence? Where are the definitions homogeneous and heterogeneous? Pay attention to the placement of punctuation marks. In what case can a conjunction be inserted between definitions? And? Try to formulate a punctuation rule.

Task 2. Look at the drawing.

Make up phrases: quality adjective + quality adjective + noun, and qualitative adjective + relative adjective + noun(word order can be changed). When making phrases of the first type, describe the beak, wings, legs, and tail of pigeons. When composing phrases of the second type, take into account the size, age, plumage, endurance, purpose, and habitat of the birds.

Task 3. Describe the personality of each bird using appropriate adjectives.

Independent, unpretentious, cautious, reserved, secretive, brave, quarrelsome, proud, meek, important, calm, pugnacious.

Task 4. Read the text. Tell me briefly. Find heterogeneous definitions and explain punctuation marks.

The dove is a symbol of purity, meek disposition, as well as tenderness and love. In a number of traditions, the dove acts as a heavenly messenger and as a symbol of the soul of the deceased. Thus, according to Slavic belief, the soul of the deceased turns into a dove. In addition, he is a sacrificial animal.

The white carrier pigeon notifying the Greek cities of victory Olympic Games, became the prototype of the dove of peace with an olive branch in its beak, since peace was declared during the games in Greece. The artist Picasso resurrected ancient symbols by painting a white terry carrier pigeon for the World Peace Congress. (According to V.V. Adamchik)

Task 5. Find in the text and write down homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions as part of phrases. Explain punctuation marks.

The buzzard is a large bird of prey, noticeably larger than a crow, with a pointed, hooked beak. Its color is simple: from grayish-ochre to dark brown, the underside is lighter, with longitudinal streaks. Short, rounded tail with transverse stripes. A flying bird has a light stripe visible below its wide wings. (V.D. Ilyichev)

Task 6. Write down the text, add punctuation marks. Underline homogeneous definitions with a wavy line and heterogeneous definitions with a straight line.

The warbler has a thin, pointed beak and plumage that is brownish above and greyish-ochre below. Slender and agile, she quickly and maneuverably moves in the crowns and bushes and is secretive. Lifestyle although he is not afraid of man. Active during daylight and night time. (According to V.D. Ilyichev)

6. Formulating the purpose of the lesson.

7. Generalization.

– Do homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side or from different sides? (On the one side.) Moreover, adjectives most often belong to which category? (These are qualitative adjectives.)

– When do homogeneous definitions list the characteristics of different objects? Give an example.

– Is it true that heterogeneous definitions characterize a subject from different angles? (Right.)

– Under what condition is a comma placed between agreed definitions? (If they are homogeneous.)

8. Lesson summary.

9. Homework.

Read and retell the paragraph from the textbook, select and complete one exercise in writing.

Additional material for control and correction: working with texts by V. Ilyichev (6th version adapted).

1) Read the text.

2) Determine the type and style of speech.

3) Find and write down homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, indicate their characteristics. Explain punctuation marks.

Option 1

The white stork is a large, stately bird with black-tipped wings, an elongated red beak and red legs.

The stork walks a lot on the ground, flies well, interrupting its flight by soaring. Having no voice, it characteristically cracks its beak.

This bird lives in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the western part of Russia. Willingly settles in populated areas, in fields and marshy meadows. Winters in Africa. Nests White stork settles on poles, roofs of houses or large trees.

Its food is frogs, mice, insects.

Option 2

Who hasn’t seen this smart and cautious bird! Black-headed, with a pointed black beak, black strong legs and a rounded tail. It is gray underneath, and the neck and back are the same color.

Surprisingly, the hooded crow is a songbird, although it is difficult to call its dissonant, piercing croaking, clicking and cracking singing as singing. She flies well, walks quickly on the ground, and deftly climbs branches. Spends a lot of time in treetops and on buildings. Leads a sedentary lifestyle, undertakes migrations in the autumn-winter period.

Option 3

The forest pipit is an elegant bird, smaller and slimmer than a sparrow, with a thin, straight and pointed beak, long legs, weakly carved tail. In summer, its back is covered with clay-grayish spots and streaks. The ventral side is buffy-yellowish, with wide streaks on the crop and chest. The legs are pink, the hind toe has an elongated and curved claw. The outer tail feathers are white.

Option 4

Despite this disrespectful name, the kestrel is a predator, albeit a small one, the size of a pigeon. This is a bird with a long stepped tail, wide rounded wings, and a pointed, hooked beak. Males have a gray head, tail and rump, wings and back with black spots, a gray tail with a black and white border at the top, and an ocher underside with brown longitudinal spots. The female has a brown upperparts, with a transverse pattern on the back, shoulders and tail, and a head with longitudinal stripes.

Option 5

It's hard to imagine a person who doesn't know the tit! Here she is: slightly smaller than a sparrow, with a straight, pointed beak and short, tenacious legs. The top of the tit's head is shiny, black, the back of the head and cheeks are white, the back is greenish, the bottom is yellow with a black longitudinal stripe, wide in males and narrow in females. The gray-blue wing has a light transverse stripe, and the outer tail feathers are white. This agile, agile bird, active during the day, spends a lot of time in the crowns of trees, in bushes, and on the ground. He is not afraid of people, especially children.

Option 6

Winter nature decorated with our favorites - the handsome bullfinches. Common bullfinch larger than a sparrow. It has a thick, short, strongly swollen black beak. The plumage is soft, long, thick. The tail is black, straight-cut. Strong and tenacious legs hold the bird upside down on a tree branch as it reaches for berries and seeds. Males have bright red underparts, females are whitish-gray, and both have a shiny black crown, forehead, cheeks, wings and tail. The back is gray, the underbelly, rump and undertail are white.

T.V. SENYUSHKINA,
Lyceum “Sigma”,
Barnaul

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?

Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side (by color, shape, size) or create a holistic picture of the object.

Homogeneous definitions connected by a coordinating connection; they equally directly relate to the defined noun and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.

Between homogeneous definitions you can usually insert a conjunction And .

For example: She ran into the room cheerful, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing– homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, a conjunction can be placed between them And .) They stood in a vase red, orange And yellow flowers. (Red, orange And yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles. In this case, only the closest definition directly relates to the word being defined, and the other refers to the combination of the defined noun with the first definition.

Between heterogeneous definitions No coordinating connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a conjunction And .

As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, high quality And relative ).

For example: She ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing– heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them And .)

They stood in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; These are heterogeneous definitions.)

To differentiate homogeneous And heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole complex of characteristics. When parsing and arranging punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, method of expression and order of definitions in the sentence.

Signs of homogeneity of definitions

Indicate signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
denote characteristics that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
denote artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: woman young, beautiful, good, intelligent, charming ;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional attribute): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in the position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges .
denote features that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; IN thick, dark gray strands glistened in her hair; pale, strict face; funny, good-natured laughter; deserted, unfriendly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.

Between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions, a comma is added.

For example: Reds, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.

Signs of heterogeneity of definitions

Designate shape and material: P narrow walnut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: gloomy Siberian river.

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.

For example: At the end of November it fell first easy snowball.(Words first And easy first– numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). My old one house.(Words "my" And " old" refer to different parts of speech: my– pronouns, old– adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(Words " launched" And "fruit" refer to different parts of speech: launched- single participle, fruit- adjective).

We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with dependent word(participial phrase) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participial phrase should be in second place.

For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after the participial phrase, if there are no special conditions for isolation, a comma is not placed.

Between heterogeneous definitions no comma.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications

1. Depending on the meaning, applications not connected by conjunctions can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Applications that appear before the word being defined and denote similar features of an object, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.

For example: Laureate Nobel Prize, academician HELL. Sakharov – honorary titles; doctor philological sciences, Professor S.I. Radzig– academic degree and title; World Cup winner, champion Europe – sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the “golden belt” of European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- listing of different titles.

If applications indicate different characteristics of an object, characterize it from different sides, then they are heterogeneous and are not separated by commas.

For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army – position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction mechanical engineering for precast reinforced concrete engineer – position and profession; CEO production association candidate of technical sciences – position and academic degree.

2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: head of the interuniversity department of general and university pedagogy, doctor pedagogical sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time World Cup winner, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student at the Institute of Physical Education.

Without definitions explaining the property and quality of an object, human speech would be “dry” and uninteresting. Everything that has a characteristic is conveyed in sentences using definitions. It is the description of objects that creates our knowledge about it and our attitude towards it: a tasty fruit, a bitter experience, a beautiful person, white and fluffy bunny etc. Such explanations characterizing objects help to better understand them.

The concept of homogeneous members

To further reveal the content of a sentence or strengthen any part of it, homogeneous members of sentences are often used. They answer the same question and explain or relate to the same part of the sentence. Homogeneous members absolutely independent and are connected in a sentence either by enumerative intonation or by coordinating conjunctions. Rarely can they be connected by subordinating conjunctions that convey the meaning of the concession or the reason for what is happening.

For example:

All members of a sentence, both secondary and major, can be equally homogeneous. Difficulties in placing punctuation marks often raise doubts about their uniformity. To know when commas are needed and when they are not, you need to understand what distinguishes between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.

Definitions heterogeneous and homogeneous

Definitions that relate to one member of a sentence or that characterize it and answer one question are considered homogeneous. Commas are placed between homogeneous definitions, since they describe an object from some aspect or list its varieties, for example:

Heterogeneous definitions give a description of an object from different sides, characterizing it by its various qualities.

This is what distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Examples have shown that homogeneous ones are divided according to the characteristics and conditions that they characterize. They are also characterized by enumerative intonation.

Heterogeneous definitions

According to the method of expressing characteristics and place in a sentence, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions can be divided.

Heterogeneous ones include:

• Definitions that characterize or reveal the properties of an object from different sides. At the same time, its various qualities may be listed - shape, color, width, height, material, etc. For example: a long black scarf was wrapped several times around the neck (definitions indicate the length and color of the object).
• Definitions consisting of a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example: a girl took a red woolen mitten from her hand and stroked the kitten (“red” is a qualitative adjective characterizing the color, “woolen” is a relative adjective indicating the material).
• Definitions represented by qualitative adjectives included in different semantic groups. For example: his cheerful green eyes narrowed (two qualitative adjectives characterize the word being defined from different angles).

Another feature that distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (examples clearly demonstrate this) is the absence of enumerative intonation when they reveal different properties of objects.

Main signs of homogeneity

To determine what type of definitions in a sentence belong to, you should know what specific features of the subject they can characterize. In the section “Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Definitions” (grade 8), the main features indicating homogeneity are given:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are also distinguished by punctuation marks in a sentence. With homogeneous minor members they are always installed.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

It is important to correctly determine whether or not to put punctuation marks when there are homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions in a sentence. The lesson (8th grade) on this topic gives the following examples of comma placement:

Commas are not used if homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are separated by the coordinating conjunction and. For example: red and yellow balls (uniform definitions); the house was large and made of stone (heterogeneous definitions).

Additional signs of homogeneity and heterogeneity

In addition to the main ones, there are additional signs indicating that the definitions are homogeneous. This is characteristic of either poetic forms bound by the requirements of rhyme or terminology. In such speech constructions, definitions, even those that come after the object they define, may be undefinable. For example:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (the exercises confirm this) can move from one quality to another. For example, when one definition comes before another, forming a single phrase with the subject: a long train.

A special type of definition

A special type includes definitions that connect explanatory relations. In this case, it is easy to determine where the definitions are homogeneous and heterogeneous. The test for distinguishing them is to substitute the conjunctions “namely” and “that is”.

• A completely different, interesting time has come (different, namely interesting).
• The play received a new, original sound (new, that is, original).

A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions associated with explanatory conditions.

Note

As the rules show, they may have exceptions or notes, which is confirmed by the study of the topic “homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.” A class 11 lesson introduces students to a note on this topic. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions tend to change the meaning of a sentence, for example:

• New, yellow taxis appeared on the city streets (the previous ones were not yellow).
• New yellow taxis have appeared on the city streets (the number of yellow taxis has increased).

In the first example, the emphasis is on the fact that taxis in the city have turned yellow. In the second, new cars appeared among the yellow taxis.

Double punctuation

Depending on what intonation the speaker uses, in some phrases the definition following the first may become not homogeneous, but explanatory. For example:

• New proven methods led to the result (before these methods did not exist).
• New, proven methods led to the result (previous methods were not proven).

In the second example, you can substitute the conjunctions “that is” and “namely”, so a comma is added and the intonation changes.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Agreed definitions related to one defined word can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions Each is directly related to the word being defined and is in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only by enumerative intonation and connecting pauses.

Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases:

a) to indicate distinctive features different objects (varieties of objects of the same kind are listed, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue sheets of light fall on passers-by, slide along facades (Cat.));

b) to designate various, logically one-dimensional, characteristics of the same object (the characteristics of the object are listed, and most often the object is characterized on one side, for example: Chapaev loved strong, decisive, firm word(Furm.)).

Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (a unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the signs, appearance etc.), for example: Napoleon made a questioning gesture with his small, white and plump hand (L.T.).

In a series of homogeneous definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the characteristic they express, as a result of which a semantic gradation is created, for example: In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and acquire their own special, original, unlike anything else (Ax.).

Between homogeneous definitions, since they form a coordinating series and are in a logically and semantically identical relationship to the word being defined, a coordinating conjunction can usually be inserted: cheerful and open smile, open and charming smile etc. (Heterogeneous definitions do not allow this: it is impossible to say: climbed the creaky and wooden stairs, put on a new and red dress.)

Usually the adjective and the participial phrase that follows it (or just a participle) act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was somehow really sad in this small garden, already touched by late autumn (Hump.); a clean, ironed shirt; gray, dull day.

Definitions are heterogeneous, if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun, for example: The sun disappeared behind the leading low torn cloud (L.T.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material), an elongated pale face (shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards (quality and location), etc. But, if possible, bring such signs under the general generic concept definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Along the mossy, swampy banks there were black huts here and there (P.) (the unifying feature is swampy).

Definitions expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives are heterogeneous, since they are not in the same relationship to the noun: a relative adjective extends the noun, and a qualitative adjective is attached to the phrase (relative adjective + noun) as a whole name: sunny autumn day.

Also, the definitions expressed by:

1) pronoun and adjective: your new hat, this one is wooden box;

2) ordinal numbers and adjectives: second stone house;

3) participle and adjective (in that order): purely washed wooden floor, tanned cheerful face.

The clarifying definitions are not homogeneous (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first, limits the attribute it expresses), for example: Only a narrow, three hundred fathoms strip of fertile land constitutes the possession of the Cossacks (L. T.)

Homogeneous definitions?

Lady nee

The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of a sentence are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from heterogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).

First of all, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.

Each of the homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting, exciting film.

In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and, together with the noun, forms a single complex name. And a definition more distant from the noun characterizes this entire complex name as a whole: A good May day, that is, the definition of good refers not to the word day, but to the phrase May day.

Heterogeneity relations are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definers (a large glass vase, a new leather bag), while the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of a complex name, and the qualitative characterizes this entire complex name as a whole.

Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; each interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: the first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: crumbled autumn leaves; dull gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: large stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions indicate different characteristics of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.

Combinations with homogeneous definitions are semantically diverse. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the characteristics of different objects; 2) definitions naming the characteristics of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one object, but from different sides: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L. Tolstoy).)

1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects that differ in any one respect are designated: in color, purpose, material, geographical location etc.

For example: At a great distance, a city lay out and quietly blazed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).

Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly required and is easily recognized. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the conjunction c.)

2) Much more often there are such homogeneous definitions that characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:

A) synonymous definitions (the homogeneity of which is required, since they express one attribute, i.e., characterize an object on one side): a sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;

B) definitions that denote different signs, but often and naturally accompany each other (between such definitions you can insert a causal conjunction since, because): dark, low clouds; night, deserted city;

3) the definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is single, and the second is a participial phrase (the single definition precedes the common one): we walked through a quiet, star-lit taiga (but: we walked through a quiet, star-lit taiga).

Tell me what heterogeneous definitions are?

Kitty

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different sides, designate different characteristics of the object, for example, its size, shape, color, material, location, etc. For example: 1) On the edge of the felling lay... a large iron (size and material) stove, indicating that the forest was cut down in winter (V. Soloukhin). 2) Bestuzhev took off the green knitted (color and material) glove from her hand and kissed the cold fingers (K. Paustovsky). 3) A thick rough notebook (size and purpose), in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches, was placed at the bottom of the suitcase (V. Kaverin). 4) Around noon, a lot of round high (shape and location) clouds usually appear... (I. Turgenev).
As a rule, definitions expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives are heterogeneous

Mire kim

Identify the words being defined, underline homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. For a Dymkovo clay painted toy for a long time didn't pay attention. Interest and then the present global recognition came to her in our days. After all, today there is an acute shortage of goodness.


For a long time, no attention was paid to the Dymkovo clay painted toy. Interest, and then real world recognition, has come to her in our days. After all, today there is an acute shortage of goodness.
Dymkovka is a childish, joyful, optimistic view of the world. There are caring, serious nannies with children here; graceful playful water bears; funny colorful rams with golden horns; harmless nobles - arrogant and funny. These are happy young people riding a boat; cheerful active buffoons on horses; shy young ladies with umbrellas. And how funny is the rider on a spotted horse in his arrogant, majestic pose!
The famous Dymkovo toy is alien to halftones and imperceptible transitions. These are eye-catching, brightly colored optimistic toys.