Psychological statuses. Social psychological status. Types of manifestation in interpersonal relationships

In the process of interaction between individuals in the composition small group a person develops a system of social expectations, which he attributes to the group and which thereby become motives in his activities and communication.

Social expectation - this is the expectation of fulfilling those norms and methods of behavior that are established in the group and act on the part of the participants in social interaction.

In the process of interaction between the individual and society, social expectation largely determines human behavior. It is difficult for a person to allow himself to behave in a way that goes against the expectations of the group. In everyday interactions, a person conforms his actions and statements with the values ​​and expectations of the group to which he belongs. The group approves and encourages this behavior. When behavior contradicts social expectations, sanctions follow.

Knowing the value orientations and attitudes of the group, we can to some extent judge the possible reactions or behavior of an individual in certain situations.

One of the important areas of socio-psychological analysis of personality types is comparison in terms of the relationships of some people to others. American psychologist A. Maslow, in his works on self-actualization of the “I,” emphasized that one person can treat another as himself, and this other can perceive the people around him in the same way as he perceives things, and treat them accordingly.

The nature and features of the interaction of individuals in the process of active interaction are analyzed using the concepts "role" And "status".

Social role is the fixation of a certain position occupied by one or another individual in the system of social relations. More specifically, a role is understood as “a function, a normatively approved pattern of behavior expected of everyone occupying a given position” (Kohn). These expectations, which determine the general contours of the social role, do not depend on the consciousness and behavior of a particular individual; their subject is not the individual, but society. This is a set of norms that determine the behavior of persons acting in a social system depending on their status or position, and the behavior itself that implements these norms.

A social role always bears the stamp of social evaluation: society can either approve or disapprove of some social roles. In this case, it is not a specific person who is approved or disapproved, but primarily a certain type of social activity. Thus, by pointing to a role, we “attribute” a person to a certain social group and identify him with the group.

In reality, each person fulfills several social roles: he can be an accountant, a father, a trade union member, a football team player, etc. However, the social role itself does not determine the activity and behavior of each specific bearer in detail: everything depends on how much the individual learns and internalizes the role. The act of internalization is determined by a number of individual psychological characteristics of each specific bearer of a given role.

A role can be defined as a mechanism through which public interests determine human behavior(Kretschmer).

Social status is the position of an individual, established in terms of rights, duties and privileges. Social status characterizes a person’s position in society.

Components social status: - prestige, powers, reward.

Symbols social status in the eyes of others - position, title, level wages, number of books read, size of apartment, etc.

Personality typology according to E. Shostorov.

The American scientist E. Shostrom specified this statement of A. Maslow and named the first personality type actualizer, and second - manipulator. Investigating the mental properties that both exhibit, he discovered that actualizers exhibit honesty and sincerity in relationships with people, a stable interest in them, independence and openness in expressing their position, faith in themselves and in those with whom they communicate. And among manipulators, he found carefully disguised falsehood in contacts with people, imitation of experiences with actual indifference to people, deliberate prudence in the selection of means of influencing them, and carefully hidden cynicism in relation to the basic values ​​of life and culture.

Comparing manipulators, he identified differences between them, affecting the characteristic attitude of each of them both towards himself and towards other people, and most importantly, the way in which this attitude is expressed in everyday behavior. Based on this, E. Shostrom identified eight types of manipulators:

-"dictator"- characterized by an openly forceful manner of behavior;

- "rag" - characterized by a seemingly endless game of giveaway;

- "calculator" - characterized by cold prudence;

- "stuck" - characterized by imitation of defenselessness and constant need for care;

- "hooligan" - characterized by terrorizing others in their own interests;

- “nice guy” - characteristically playing “one’s own”;

- “judge” - typical demonstration in relation to the objects of manipulation of the accusatory

- "defender"- characteristically hypocritical playing the role of their defender, but again with

in order to get what they want from them.

Jung's typology.

This is one of important areas socially – psychological analysis personality types, including introverted (energy is predominantly directed towards the inner world) and ecatraverted (energy is predominantly directed to the outside world) attitudes of the individual’s psyche. This typology was supplemented by him by introducing additional differences within these types of four mental functions: thinking, emotions, sensations, intuition. Accordingly, in his personality typology he identified: thinking, emotional, feeling And intuitive types.

Typology by K. Horney.

Depending on the attitude towards communication with other people, three personality types have been identified:

"Attachment type" - a person has an increased need for communication, the most important thing for him is to be loved, respected, to be cared for by someone - such a person approaches the assessment of another person with the question: “Will he love and care for me?”

"Aggressive type" - characterized by treating other people as a means of achieving one’s goals. Such people strive to dominate, do not tolerate objections, and consider the other person from the point of view: “Will he be useful to me?”

"Aloof Type" - for such people a certain emotional distance from other people is necessary, because they view communication as a necessary evil, they are not inclined to participate in group discussion and believe that recognition should be ensured to them based on their merits; when meeting other people, they ask secretly

Question to yourself: “Will he leave me alone?”

Typology according to Nokaridze.

Depending on the relationship between a person’s behavior and internal motives, three personality types are distinguished:

Harmonious personality - there are no conflicts between behavior and internal motives: desires, a sense of duty and a person’s actual behavior are harmoniously combined with each other, have a social orientation and adequacy.

Conflict, contradictory personality - there is an inherent discord between behavior and motives, i.e. actions are contrary to desires.

Impulsive personality - acts only according to his own desire, or, if a person does not have clearly expressed desires, then he acts in accordance with external influences - a “weather vane”, who acts in accordance with the immediate situation, although he can mask his inconsistency with efficiency and democratic collegiality.

The word "status" came to sociology from Latin language. IN Ancient Rome it denoted a state legal status legal entity. However, in late XIX centuries, scientists gave it a new sound. Status is the social position of a person in society. Social status- a generalized characteristic covering a person’s profession, economic situation, political opportunities, and demographic properties.

Although status is perhaps the most widespread concept in sociology, a unified interpretation of its nature has not been achieved in this science. F. Bates writes that status is usually understood as a designation of rank, place in social structure associated with a specific set of norms.

M. Weber considered social status in the meaning of prestige and associated it with the high position of the individual in society.

The classic formulation was proposed in the 1930s by the American anthropologist and sociologist Ralph Linton. He clearly separated status from role, saying that a person’s status occupies like a certain cell, and a person needs to play a role. Therefore, status is a position in the social structure, and behind the role are certain thoughts and actions. If status indicates a person’s place in society or a group, then role indicates a way or model of behavior.

Let us consider the manifestations in interpersonal relationships in the social status of adolescents.

A. Gazel, an American psychologist wrote:

13 years old - teenager. Inward-looking (introversion), self-criticism, sensitive to criticism, critical of parents, selective in friendship.

14 years old - teenager. Extroversion, energetic, sociable, self-confident, shows interest in other people, discusses and compares himself with others, with heroes.

15 years old - teenager. Individual differences are “acquired”: a spirit of independence, freedom from external control, the beginning of conscious self-education, vulnerability, susceptibility to harmful influences.

Psychological characteristics of this age: the emergence of sexual desires, the formation of self-awareness of one’s “I”, selectivity in learning, a feeling of “adulthood” arises, a relationship between oneself and the ideal occurs, the amount of memory increases, the ability to independently understand complex issues, self-affirmation of one’s independence and originality.

They develop two systems of relationships: one with adults, the other with peers. Relationships with peers are equal, while others are unequal. The teenager begins to spend more time with peers. Peer group relationships become stable and begin to follow stricter rules.

There are three different types of relationships that differ from each other in the degree of intimacy, content and the functions they perform in life. External, episodic, business contacts serve to satisfy momentary interests and needs that do not deeply affect the individual. If in early adolescence there are friendly relations, then in older adolescence they become friendly (they allow solving issues of an emotional and personal nature). Communication takes a lot of time and is no less important than other things. They develop a desire to live a group life. Dysfunctional relationships are difficult to experience. They do everything possible to attract the attention of their comrades; sometimes they violate social norms and conflict with their parents. Friendly relationships are based on the “code of partnership” - this is respect for the personal dignity of another person, loyalty, equality, humanity, decency, readiness to help. Selfishness, greed, breaking one's word, and betrayal are condemned - such behavior causes responses. Personal attention from a leader is very valuable. Teenagers become close when they have similar interests. Sometimes the desire to be friends with a friend is the reason for interest in the matter. Interest in opposite sex, the desire to be liked - hence the attention to one’s appearance, clothes, and demeanor. Relationships become more romantic (they write notes, make dates, go to the cinema), and engage in self-education. . Become less irritable adequate self-esteem, and sometimes overpriced. However, many difficulties are still not understood or believed. If parents correctly understand the essence of the phenomena of this age and react reasonably to behavior, then no special conflicts arise and this period occurs safely and painlessly. The main thing is awareness of your individuality.

The term "sociometry" means the measurement of interpersonal relationships in a group. The founder of sociometry is the famous American psychiatrist and social psychologist J. Moreno. The totality of interpersonal relationships in a group constitutes, according to J. Moreno, that primary socio-psychological structure, the characteristics of which are largely determined not only by the holistic characteristics of the group, but also state of mind person.

Sociometric technique is used to diagnose interpersonal and intergroup relations in order to change, improve and improve them. With the help of sociometry you can study typology social behavior people in group activities, judge the socio-psychological compatibility of members of specific groups.

Each member of the group evaluates others, so a chain of preferences and alienations gradually develops. Sociometric methods make it possible to express intragroup relations in the form of numerical values ​​and graphs and thus obtain valuable information about the state of the group.

A sociometric procedure may aim to:

a) measuring the degree of cohesion-disunity in the group;

b) identification of “sociometric positions,” i.e., the relative authority of group members on the basis of sympathy and antipathy, where the “leader” of the group and the “rejected” are at the extreme poles;

c) detection of intragroup subsystems, cohesive formations, which may have their own informal leaders at their head.

The use of sociometry makes it possible to measure the authority of formal and informal leaders to regroup people in teams so as to reduce tension in the team that arises due to the mutual hostility of some group members.

Sociometric status characterizes individual properties individual as a member of a group. This is the number of choices (preferences) that each group member receives based on the results of a sociometric survey. Positive sociometric status characterizes the leadership position of a group member. Leaders are people or social roles capable of exerting greater influence on the team than others. They typically occupy a central position in the group's communication structure, and their initiatives are more effective than those of other group members, that is, they outline the course of action, direct them and lead their group members, who follow the path they set out and implement their recommendations. They play the most important role in choosing the direction of the group, in preserving its traditions and customs, and they give other group members confidence in achieving their goals. The functions of leaders are the function of a specialist in a specific field (expert), who initiates the structure for a long time in accordance with the task facing it, and the function of a specialist in the field of interpersonal relations, who regulates the psychological microclimate in the group. Negative sociometric status characterizes disorganizing tendencies in the behavior of a group member.

A special technique for measuring sociometric status is sociometry. The simplest method for determining sociometric status is the procedure of secret voting for a particular candidate in competitive elections. The choice process may reveal within-group formations such as dyads (which occur whenever there is a mutual choice) and triads (which can occur when all three people like each other, when one is attracted to two others who do not particularly like each other, or when two people depend on a third party who exploits them). Moreno also speaks of formations, stars, which consist of a natural leader and his followers.

Conclusions to Chapter I

In the first chapter we look at psychological characteristics adolescence, domestic and foreign psychologists.

Determining the psychological content of adolescence still remains a controversial issue in our country. Despite a large number of studies, there is no consensus regarding such key aspects of this problem as the leading activity of adolescence, central neoplasms of age. And the question of whether adolescence should be classified as a stable or crisis age remains open.

We also consider such concepts as adolescence, confidence and status, social status.

Vygotsky L.S. and Raig F. understand adolescence as a special period of human ontogenetic development, the uniqueness of which lies in its intermediate position between childhood and adulthood, characterized as a turning point, transitional, critical.

Rüdiger and Rita Ulrich understand self-confidence as the ability of an individual to make demands and requests in interaction with the social environment and to achieve their implementation.

A confident person can be distinguished from an insecure person by appearance, behavior, speech, gait, etc. When observing a person, you can hear and see the following characteristic signs:

1. smooth speech, with one tempo and maintaining it when changing the volume;

2. absence of pauses and hesitations;

3. fast and firm gait;

5. takes a stable, comfortable position;

6. frequent and justified use of personal expressions (I, mine, in my opinion...);

7. the ability to be the first to start and finish communication;

8. use of imperative verbs (go, bring, give...);

9. when laughing, the chest is flat or convex, the shoulders are straight or laid back;

10. When communicating, the whole body is positioned towards the interlocutor;

11. tries to occupy the center of space in a room or group;

These and many other signs allow you to understand how much a person knows what he says and does, and determine whether it is worth interacting with him.

Confidence appears during personal development, as a result of gaining knowledge about yourself, your capabilities and the consequences of your activities.

Status is understood as a position in the social structure, and behind the role there are certain thoughts and actions.

A person performs both roles simultaneously; the interpersonal role influences the style of performing the social role and is associated with emotional relationships between partners.

IN business communication behavior should be determined primarily social role, a person in a work environment must be able to control the way he performs an interpersonal role.

In any joint action, the degree to which an individual can vary the performance of a role and present his individuality is inversely proportional to the degree of formalization of relationships in the organization.

Types of situations and variations in role performance:

1. Observance of rituals. The more accurately the ritual is observed, the better. For example, rituals of meeting and greeting, making presentations and seeing off. Minimal variation, although management style may vary.

2. Actions according to instructions in a hierarchical organization, the administrator has a very limited opportunities Self-expression and impersonal relationships are encouraged.

3. Standard, repeating situations determined by norms - the choice of certain behavioral options within a scenario, for example, a method of negotiating, methods of authorization.

4. Critical situation- in an unpredictable situation, the opportunity to show your individuality is maximum. If quick decisions are needed within an organized structure, special

Social status is understood as a generalized characteristic covering profession, economic status, political opportunities, and demographic properties of a person.

Self-doubt as conceived by W. Wendlandt and H.-W. Höfert manifests itself at the most different stages the process of regulating behavior - when setting goals for behavior, when planning actions, when performing actions. Uncertainty also manifests itself in the results of actions and in their evaluation. Uncertainty has been defined as a condition that occurs when the usual or planned course of activity is “disturbed”, if something happens in an unusual or unplanned way.

Uncertainty is also characterized by insufficiently clear formulations of intentions; incomplete action plans; a negative assessment of the results of actions leading to the emergence of “defective” or “deficient” behavioral stereotypes.

Low status in adolescence plays main role, since in society a teenager interacts with peers, which is very important for his further self-realization.

Thus, each person simultaneously performs one of the social roles, but the style of its execution is determined by the accepted interpersonal role (in different groups the same social role is performed differently).

Social status- the position occupied by an individual in the system of interpersonal relations (in the social structure of a group/society), which determine his responsibilities, rights and privileges. The hierarchy of social statuses is fixed by the concept of prestige, which reflects the significance of certain individual positions.

Social status characterizes a person’s position in social community, his position in the system of interpersonal relations and those rights, duties, powers and privileges that he receives due to his position.

A person’s social status is preserved as long as he lives in accordance with established (conventional) rules and norms that govern the behavior of people in this category.

Levels of a person’s status position:

1. personal status– the position of an individual in a small group (family, school class, student group, community of peers, etc.), which is determined individual qualities personality and depends on how it is assessed and perceived by members of a small group;

2. social group status- this is the position of an individual in society, which he occupies as a representative of a large social group(race, nation, gender, class, stratum, religion, profession, etc.). It depends on the position of a social group in the social stratification of society.

Types of social statuses:

1. innate and ascribed status - acquired by a person automatically at birth and does not depend on the efforts and aspirations of the person (nationality, gender, race, membership in the royal family, etc., as well as statuses according to the kinship system - son, daughter, brother, sister.);

2. ascribed, but not innate, statuses are acquired due to a combination of certain circumstances, and not by the personal will of the individual, for example, due to marriage (mother-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, sister-in-law, etc.);

3. achieved status - acquired through the efforts of the person himself with the help of various social groups.

Achieved statuses are divided into defined ones:
a) position (for example, director, manager);

b) ranks (general, National artist, honored teacher, etc.);
c) scientific degree (Doctor of Science, Professor);
d) professional affiliation (People's Artist of Russia or Honored Master of Sports);

4) basic statuses are fairly permanent statuses (innate, ascribed, achieved, personal);

5) non-main statuses due to a short-term situation (passerby, patient, witness, spectator).

A person cannot be completely deprived of social status or several statuses; if he leaves one of them, he necessarily finds himself in another.

Each person has several statuses relative to different groups (director (by position), husband (for his wife), father (for children), son (for parents), etc.). These statuses are not equal. The main social status is usually a position in society, which is based on position and profession. Thanks to this status, a person’s “value resources” are usually determined, such as wealth, prestige, power.

The initial status of an individual influences his assessment in society, forms a point of view on the world, which largely determines his further behavior. People with different initial social statuses have unequal conditions of socialization.
Social statuses are reflected in clothing, jargon, manners, as well as attitudes, value orientations, and motives.

Social status can increase or decrease, which implies an adequate change in behavior. If this does not happen, intrapersonal conflict arises.

Social role - This is a model of individual behavior aimed at fulfilling rights and responsibilities that correspond to accepted norms and is determined by status (expected behavior determined by social status).

A social role is a status in motion, i.e. a set of real functions and expected behavioral stereotypes. Expectations can be fixed in certain institutionalized social norms: legal documents, instructions, regulations, charters, etc., or may be in the nature of customs, mores, and in both cases they are determined by status.

Role expectations are primarily related to functional expediency. Time and culture have selected the most appropriate for each given status typical features personality and consolidated them in the form of samples, standards, and norms of personal behavior.
However, each individual, in the course of socialization, develops his own idea of ​​how he should act in interaction with the world of other social statuses. In this regard, a complete coincidence between role expectations and role performance is impossible, which causes the development of role conflicts.

Types of role conflicts:

1) intrapersonal – arises in connection with conflicting demands placed on the behavior of an individual in different or in the same social role;

2) intra-role – arises on the basis of a contradiction in the requirements for the fulfillment of a social role by different participants in the interaction;

3) personal-role – the reason is the discrepancy between a person’s ideas about himself and his role functions;

4) innovative - arises as a result of the divergence between pre-existing value orientations and the requirements of the new social situation.

Main characteristics of the role (according to Paranson):
1) emotionality - roles differ in the degree of manifestation of emotionality;

3) the method of obtaining - some roles can be prescribed, others can be won;

4) structuredness - some roles are formed and strictly limited, others are blurred;

5) formalization - some roles are implemented in strictly established templates and algorithms, others are implemented arbitrarily;

6) motivation - a system of personal needs that are satisfied by playing a role.

Types of social roles depending on norms and expectations:

1) represented roles – a system of expectations of the individual and certain groups;

2) subjective roles – a person’s subjective ideas about how he should act in relation to persons with other statuses;
3) roles played - the observed behavior of a person who has this status, in relation to another person with a different status.

Normative structure for fulfilling a social role:

1) descriptions of behavior characteristic of this role;
2) instructions – requirements for behavior;
3) assessing the performance of the prescribed role;
4) sanctions for violation of prescribed requirements.

To realize social status, a person plays many roles, which together constitute a role set, individual for each person. That is, a person can be considered as a complex social system, consisting of a set of social roles and its individual characteristics.

The significance of the role for a person and identification of oneself with role played determined by the individual characteristics of the individual, its internal structure.

A person can strongly “get used to” his role, which is called role identification, or, on the contrary, strongly distance himself from it, moving from the actual part of the sphere of consciousness to the periphery or even displacing it from the sphere of consciousness completely. If an objectively relevant social role is not recognized as such by the subject, then this results in the development of internal and external conflict.

Internal position of the individual- these are the individual values ​​and meanings of a person, his views and attitude towards the world, norms, attitudes and motives. Everything that is formed in the conditions of family and social upbringing, because the internal needs or motives of a person include part of social motives and needs. However, in the process of communication, each person shows his individual internal position, his own view on a situation or attitude towards someone.

A person’s own position is formed through a system of personal meanings. Personal meanings are the individual value orientations of a person, which he assimilates and creates from the first years of life. Plus, personal meanings include a certain line behavior that a person chooses independently to defend his values.

So, from early childhood, a person learns the norms and values ​​of society in general and his family in particular. Based on what has been learned, one’s own motives, views and attitude towards the world are formed, i.e. some information is accepted, some is rejected, and some is transformed and modified. This is how we get our own personal position.

A person’s needs also constitute his internal position, because motives for behavior and the formation of value orientations are closely related to them. Satisfied needs become only a condition for personal development, and not a source of development.

It is believed that a person cannot become an individual without the conditions of the social environment, since it is through society that a person appropriates spiritual experience, historical values, norms and morality. In addition, without communication, a person cannot develop such aspects of personality as emotional, volitional and rational, and it is through the development of aspects of personality that personal growth occurs.

Thus, internal position personality, as well as its development, takes place in conditions of social interaction, which allows a person to use the accumulated collective experience and form his own values, motives and attitude towards the world. In addition, under these same conditions, the formation of self-attitude, understanding of oneself and one’s place in the world occurs.

Question 7. Social and psychological approaches to the study of personality in foreign psychology.

Psychoanalytic approach. According to psychoanalytic theory Z. Freud, many types of behavior, including dreams and slips of the tongue, are caused by unconscious motives. Personality is mainly determined by biological needs. According to Freud, the beginning and basis of a person’s mental life are various instincts, drives and desires, initially inherent to the human body. According to Freud's theory of personality structure, personality consists of the id, ego, and superego, which often come into conflict. “It” operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of biological impulses. The ego obeys the reality principle, postponing the satisfaction of needs until such time as it can be achieved in socially acceptable ways. The superego (conscience) imposes moral standards on the individual. In a well-integrated personality, the ego maintains a strong but flexible control over the id and superego.

Behaviorist approach. American psychologist Skinner emphasized intensive analysis of the characteristics of a person's past experiences and unique innate abilities. According to Skinner, the study of personality involves finding the distinctive nature of the relationship between an organism's behavior and the outcomes that reinforce it. According to this view, individual differences between people should be understood in terms of behavior-environment interactions over time. Studying the supposed properties and effects of some hypothetical structures inside a person is only a waste of time.

Humanistic approach. Focuses on the subjective experience of the individual, and was created as an alternative to psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches. Humanistic psychologists believe that a person’s concept of himself determines his desire for growth and self-actualization. There are two main directions in the humanistic theory of personality. The first, “clinical” (focused primarily on the clinic), is presented in the views of the American psychologist C. Rogers. The founder of the second, “motivational” direction is the American researcher A. Maslow. Representatives of humanistic psychology consider innate tendencies towards self-actualization to be the main source of personality development. Personal development is the development of these innate tendencies. According to K. Rogers, there are two innate tendencies in the human psyche. The first, which he called a “self-actualizing tendency,” initially contains in a compressed form the future properties of a person’s personality. The second, the “organismic tracking process,” is a mechanism for monitoring personality development. Based on these tendencies, a person develops a special personality structure"I", which includes the "ideal self" and the "real self". These substructures of the “I” structure are located in difficult relationships– from complete harmony (congruence) to complete disharmony. A. Maslow identified two types of needs that underlie personal development: “deficit” needs, which cease after their satisfaction, and “growth”, which, on the contrary, only intensify after their implementation. In total, according to Maslow, there are five levels of motivation:

1) physiological (needs for food, sleep);

2) security needs (need for an apartment, work);

3) affiliation needs, reflecting the needs of one person for another person, for example, to create a family;

4) level of self-esteem (need for self-esteem, competence, dignity);

5) the need for self-actualization (meta-needs for creativity, beauty, integrity, etc.).

Existential approach. IN general outline existentialism can be defined as the desire to understand a person without splitting him into subject and object. Its basic concept is that man exists, emerges from reality, actively and freely acting in the world. This term emphasizes the opposite of those theories that perceive man as a highly structured object or box overflowing with instincts. which would always react to the corresponding stimulus with the same natural reaction. Thus, existentialism means the primacy of spiritual substance, and personality for it is subject-object.

Interactionist approach. This name traditionally combines a whole “palette” of theoretical models of socialization, which have in common an emphasis on the analysis of a person’s interaction with his social environment. personality is formed on the basis of many interactions between people and the world around them. In the process of these interactions, people create their “mirror self.” The Mirror Self consists of three elements:

1) how we think others perceive us;

2) how we think they react to what they see;

3) how we respond to the reactions we perceive from others

According to J. Mead, the process of personality formation includes three different stages. First - imitation. At this stage, children copy the behavior of adults without understanding it. Then follows game stage when children understand behavior as the performance of certain roles: doctor, fireman, race driver, etc. The third stage, according to J. Mead, stage of collective games when children learn to be aware of the expectations of not only one person, but also the entire group. At this stage, a feeling is acquired social identity. Therefore, within this theoretical direction driving force social development personality is social interaction, not internal mental states and not factors social environment. The focus of researchers is on an active, intelligent, active subject.

QUESTION 8. Concept, stages, factors and mechanisms of personality socialization.(by lectures)

Socialization of a personality is a two-way process of an individual assimilating the social experience of the society to which he belongs, on the one hand, and the active reproduction and expansion by him of the systems of social connections and relationships in which he develops, on the other. The first side of the socialization process - the assimilation of social experience - is a characteristic of how the environment affects a person; its second side characterizes the moment of a person’s influence on the environment through activity. The assimilation of various social roles is the most important component of the process of socialization of the individual.

Stages (stages) of socialization:

1. Pre-work:

· Early socialization (from birth to school)

· Stage of training (school, university)

2. Labor (from start to finish labor activity)

3. Post-work.

Socialization factors:

1. Social:

1. Macro factors (country, its culture)

2. Meso-factors (terrain, regional conditions, type of population, media)

3. Micro factors (family, school, team)

2. Individual: personal factors (character)

The concept of socio-psychological status determines a person’s position in the system of interpersonal relations and the extent of his psychological influence on group members. A person can occupy different places in the system of interpersonal relations in a team, and in one group he can occupy a very high status, and in the other group, on the contrary, it is very low.

Social and psychological status cannot be fully understood and explained based only on the individual characteristics of a person and his psychological qualities. When characterizing status, it is necessary to take into account the relations of the broader social system in which it is included. this group and in which it operates.

The socio-psychological status of a person influences his authority and, in turn, is largely determined by it.

Typically, status is understood as the position of an individual, defined in terms of rights, responsibilities and privileges. Prestige, powers, rewards - these are components of the social status of each individual.

Peculiar symbols of the social status of an individual in the eyes of the members around him labor collective may be the position he holds, rank, salary, number of books read or the presence of a personal library, the size of the apartment he occupies, access to sources of information, residence in a certain area of ​​the city, etc. Naturally, in the modern world, there are different prices and different weights of these symbols in the eyes of representatives of different social groups and classes.

In the West, the social status of an individual is determined by such characteristics as income, occupation, and membership in a particular social group.

Status characteristics Russian man, as in pre-perestroika times, what remains, first of all, are labor successes and achievements, the level of education, the social prestige of the profession, the breadth of cultural and spiritual needs and interests. A person enjoys more or less respect and authority, is accepted or rejected by various groups, depending on the place of his qualities in the range of values ​​accepted in a given social environment.

Now let's talk about prestige: Many people confuse status with prestige. Prestige is one of the most important characteristics status, a unique measure of society’s recognition of the merits of an individual whose behavior and activities are in accordance with the social expectations of the group to which he belongs and society as a whole. Gaining or losing prestige serves as one of the mechanisms of interaction between society and the individual. The basis for gaining prestige is usually the socially significant characteristics of an individual: high moral qualities, participation in socially useful affairs, achievements in certain areas of activity. The assignment of public prestige usually occurs at two levels: official and unofficial. In the first case, it is carried out by certain government or public organizations"in the form of awarding official signs of prestige - orders," titles; degrees, etc. In the second, prestige is awarded directly by a social group and is expressed in a feeling of love and respect for a given individual, public recognition of his value.

These two levels are interconnected and inseparable from each other in all cases; when the norms, value orientations, and social expectations of the work group correspond to the social values ​​of the social system as a whole. Knowing the position occupied by an individual in the structure of a particular social group, i.e. Having an idea of ​​her social status, we can correlate her with certain standards of behavior that are expected and required of a person in a given situation.

Personal status represents a kind of center for the concentration of his rights and obligations, a diagram of the individual’s position in society. The status is characterized by stability and duration. It can be whole or partial. The status fragment is associated with occupation, income, level of education, ethnicity, gender characteristics, etc. Generalization of private statuses allows us to determine the general profile of the status.
The status of an individual is determined by the existing system of social relations and is objectively determined by the individual’s place in the social structure. This connection first arises at the time of the birth of a child and corresponds to the status of the parents, their economic, legal, political, and cultural position in society. With the beginning of independent social and labor activity, a person’s own status is created. It retains connections with the status of the family and contains its signs, although it may move away from it.
Personal status is an objective characteristic but it can be realized by a person adequately or inadequately, actively or passively, completely, partially or completely. Scientific analysis the status of an individual covers the study of its real economic status (property characteristics, total earnings, housing provision, real budget in relation to the structure of consumption, etc.), political and legal status as a certain balance of rights and responsibilities of a citizen (the rights and responsibilities of the individual form the core status, studied by legal sciences).
Concept of status should be supplemented by the concept of the position of the individual, characterizing the subjective - active, active - side of the position of the individual in the structure of society, in complex by nature public relations each personality can occupy several positions that differ from each other in their meaning, certainty and other characteristics. For example, a person can occupy a professional position, family, socio-political, cultural, national, etc.
Knowledge of the status and position of the individual necessary to determine its social roles. A role is generally considered as a dynamic aspect of status, as the implementation of connections defined by the individual’s positions in society. According to I. S. Kon’s definition, the role of an individual is a social function, a normatively approved pattern of behavior that is expected from everyone who occupies this position. These expectations that determine general outlines social role, do not depend on the consciousness and behavior of a particular individual. They are given to him as something that is external, more or less obligatory, their subject is. not an individual, but a society or some specific social group.
A common characteristic for sociologists and psychologists of the roles of the individual is: social functions is value orientation groups and individuals, common goals of activity, life orientation or motivation of people’s behavior. Values ​​can be divided into material, socio-political, and spiritual.
An important socio-psychological characteristic of a person is his ring. The rank of an individual, its scale and significance for society are determined by many factors, among which the most important is the productivity of the individual’s main activities, in particular creative activity. Thanks to this, the individual’s creation of socially significant material and spiritual values ​​is ensured, and his contribution to the treasury of public goods is determined. The rank of a person corresponds to his prestige, reputation, authority, popularity in a group, team, society.

This aspect of the socio-psychological characteristics of the individual is manifested in the existence of the so-called supra-individual subsystem. In classical psychology, this was first pointed out by V. James, when he noted that a person’s personality is not limited to his own body, but embraces “his” things, the products of his own labor, and also extends to people with whom this individual is related by family, friendship, professional, spiritual relationships. This fact is felt by the individual at the moment of severing ties through death, illness, moving loved one and so on. In modern psychology, this phenomenon is studied as a phenomenon of personalization, according to which each person has a need to be represented, continued in another person with his thoughts, feelings, worldview, etc.

Thanks to this, the unity of people is formed not only by genetic characteristics, by which we all belong to a single genus Homo sapiens, there is, in the distant depths of millennia, a continuous series of common ancestors, and in the future - common destiny single human population. Thanks to personalization, people are connected with each other into a single spiritual whole, social, cultural community. This community is formed in the course of communication, when spiritual, cultural values. So, the problem of biological and spiritual immortality of the human race is being solved.
Personal ability to communicate includes motivational, communication, perceptual, interactional and emotional components. The sphere of communication of an individual is formed nearby psychological mechanisms, uses many means - from oral and writing in mathematical, physical, chemical symbols and formulas, technical graphics, artistic symbolism, pantomimic sign language, etc.