Psychological features of a healthy lifestyle (HLS). A healthy lifestyle is a guarantee of stress resistance
Often, very often, at the end of the working day, we are like a survived lemon. We complain of a breakdown, headache, aching tissues and joints, and are generally irritable and depressed. And there seems to be no reason for our ailments, although by and large, all the ailments themselves created. We violate the laws of the psychology of a healthy lifestyle.
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Modern life, with its exorbitant pace of life, with great demands on professional qualities, imposes on a person a maximum of efficiency, competitiveness, and, of course, health. In human psychology there is a concept: the psychology of occupational health is the science of the psychological conditions of health in any professional activity, of the methods and means of its development and preservation.
What are the signs of a healthy person? Three main ones can be distinguished among them.
First, the structural and functional safety of human systems and organs.
Secondly, individual adaptability to the physical and social environment.
Thirdly, the preservation and development of the potential physical and psychological capabilities of a healthy lifestyle and human activity.
Numerous studies prove that the true causes of the disease lie not in the features of physiology, but emotional conditions of human life. Primarily the disease occurs against the background of daily negative emotions that surrounds the modern professional.
Therefore, practical psychology should teach the rules and techniques of resisting negative emotional attacks of people around, the complexities of the psychological microclimate in the team, the development of positive character traits that contribute to the competent art of communication and self-preservation of one's psychological health.
Of course, the causes of diseases are certain character traits, character traits.
So people who do everything with care, quality, striving for success, fanatical in their work, possessing all this high emotionality, are most likely prone to cardiovascular diseases, increased arterial disease, heart rhythm disturbances, sciatica attacks. This is the "A" type of people.
But type "B" is prone to regularity, low level of activity and efficiency, lack of emotionality in communication, unwillingness for professional growth, lack of goals. low self-esteem. All this leads to a routine at work, and, accordingly, metabolic diseases, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, and gastrointestinal diseases.
Type C people, who are inferior in everything, are prone to melancholy, very strong emotionality, and even the desire to suppress it, drive it into themselves, such people can get cancer.
Based on these generalizations, the volitional development of positive character traits is the prevention of diseases. And if you have acquired these diseases, then the daily repetition of the settings for developing the necessary connections in the head, and then the rules of life, will lead to recovery.
This is very well described in the book by the American psychotherapist LOUISE HAY, The Newest Encyclopedia of Health and Happiness. It has been my reference book for a long time. And, in my opinion, for those who are now quite difficult on the path of restoring health, they should turn to this wonderful book.
It is easy to read, at the first meeting it seems to be not serious, but I read it once, the second, and you look at many things differently. But, most importantly, it restores optimism. Moreover, it is never too late to learn. The Russian people have a very clever proverb "learn until the cartilage grows together."
In her encyclopedia, Louise Hay challenges readers to positive attitudes need to create a happy and healthy life every day. Understand what dissatisfaction in life. In itself, an unsatisfied state is already an unhealthy state. The level of health and general dissatisfaction with life depends on:
The presence of a certain number of social connections and friendly contacts. It turns out that positive emotions from communicating with close, psychologically compatible people and generally good relationships allow you to overcome stressful situations.
It has been noticed that, unlike sociable, lonely people, to deal with stress, they more often resort to smoking, drinking alcohol, which worsens their condition;
- a strong family and the presence of children in them;
- an interesting and beloved work that brings moral satisfaction. It has been proven that unemployment has a negative impact on health, since the unemployed are constantly in a stressful state that provokes various diseases; and not only diseases - addiction to alcohol, this is also not a healthy condition.
- a special warehouse of personality, which is characterized by a desire to work not only for their own material well-being, but also realizing the importance and necessity of their activities for society;
- the presence of adequate goals, values, prospects in professional activity;
- optimism, faith in oneself, in the success of communication with other people, the prospects for the future.
It is well known that in order to maintain physical health, it is necessary to perform a set of physical exercises. According to academician N.M. Amosov, a person must do at least 1000 movements a day, these can be different exercises. For example, general health, or with an emphasis on maintaining the health of the cardiovascular system, or the prevention of the musculoskeletal system.
Over time, you yourself will develop a complex for different tasks, and this will be right. It is important to do all this gradually, systematically. And by the way, exercise will help create a good mood, satisfaction with life.
Likewise for development and maintaining positive character traits contributing to the formation of health psychology, it is important to master psychotechnical exercises. Here are some of them:
« Kind smile". Start every day with a positive attitude. Imagine that you radiate warmth, light, goodness. Smile to yourself with an “inner smile”, wish good morning to “your beloved”, your loved ones. With all the busyness, try to meet those around you with the same kind, sincere, friendly smile during the day, because only positive emotions come from you, do not allow yourself to be “infected” with the negative emotions of others. Maintain this state throughout the working day, in the evening analyze how you felt. Your health will improve dramatically.
."I'm glad to see you". When meeting with any person, even with someone you don’t know at all, your first phrase should be: “I’m glad to see you!” Say it from the bottom of your heart or think so, and only then start a conversation. If during the conversation you feel irritation or anger, then every 2-3 minutes say mentally or out loud: "I'm glad to see you!".
« Nice conversation". If the question that causes you unpleasant emotions is not too fundamental, strive to make communication with a person as pleasant as possible. Whether your interlocutor is right or wrong (now it does not matter in principle), try. So that this person feels good with you, calmly, and he has a desire to meet and talk with you again.
"The Contemplator". Learn to treat everything that happens to you, like an oriental sage, contemplatively, that is, before reacting to the words or actions of the people around you, ask yourself: “What would a calm, experienced, wise person do in my place? What would he say or do? So, set yourself up for a philosophical perception of reality, contemplate the problem for a few minutes, and only then make decisions and act.
These psychotechnical exercises must be performed systematically, preferably daily, and then a positive result will not keep you waiting, and you will find a positive mood and open up new opportunities for cooperation with people.
Attitude towards health has been a fundamental characteristic of human existence for many centuries.
In ancient Greece, doctors and philosophers associated the health of an individual not only with physiological parameters and living environment, but also with lifestyle and habits. Democritus wrote: “To live badly, unreasonably, intemperately means not to live badly, but to die slowly.” Psychological schools explain the activities, actions, intentions, desires of a person in different ways, but psycho-correction programs built on their basic principles are necessarily aimed at preserving and restoring human health.
From the branches of modern psychology studying health psychology should be distinguished: social, pedagogical, medical, clinical psychology, pathopsychology, psychodiagnostics, genetic psychology.
Modern practical psychology has come close to understanding the need and is ready to solve the problems of psychological support of a person throughout the life path. One of these top priorities is human health.
Health psychology is the science of the psychological causes of health, the methods and means of its preservation, strengthening and development. Health psychology includes the practice of maintaining human health from conception to death. Its object, with a certain degree of conventionality, is a "healthy", but not "sick" person.
Tvorogova N. D. believes thatHealth psychology can be viewed from different perspectives, for example:
1. A section of clinical psychology that studies the psychological component of individual health (health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, WHO Constitution, 1946); psychological aspects of public health; the emphasis is on health model-based prevention;
2. A branch of psychology that studies the relationship between the mental aspects of behavior and health and illness, i.e. the role of behavior in maintaining health and acquiring illness. health psychology, in the author's opinion, deals more with "normal", ordinary behavior and "normal" mental processes in connection with health and illness, than with pathological behavior and psychopathology;
3. An interdisciplinary field of psychological knowledge, including the study and description of the etiology of diseases, factors favorable for health and conditions for the development of individuality throughout a person's life path (B. F. Lomov, 1984);
4. Combining specific achievements of theoretical and practical psychology in order to improve and maintain health, prevent and treat diseases, determine the etiological and diagnostic correlates of health, disease and related dysfunctions, as well as improve the health care system and its health policy.
As part of the first approach Health psychology pays great attention to the concept of "subjective well-being", studies its psychological content.
Problems of health and illness are considered within the framework of medical, personal and social approaches. The term disease (B) best reflects the medical point of view, which describes D as a bodily condition characterized by abnormalities in measurable biological and somatic variables. Illness (H) is defined as a state of ill health mainly from the psychological side: in addition to somatic problems, subjective psychological symptoms play a significant role in determining H. Disease (З) is also a subjective concept that reflects social aspects and consequences, health disorders (morbidity is an indicator of the spread of diseases detected and registered during the year among the population as a whole or in separate specially selected groups). Persons with an ailment (N) or without an ailment (ND) may, from the doctor’s point of view, be carriers of the disease (B) or not having it (ND) and at the same time be ill (S) or not ill (ND) with subjective point of view. The problem of an adequate definition of health and illness is completely removed only if all three parameters coincide (for example, N+B+Z - for the case of terminal cancer; or HH+NB+NZ - for an absolutely healthy person)
Professionals involved in health psychology, more concerned with the perception of health problems and the subjective reflection of illness than with the relatively more objective biological, social and environmental aspects of health.
G S. Nikiforov revealing the formation, development, criteria and components health psychology puts emphasis on the national school and, first of all, on the works of Bekhterev. The author believes that the software for the development of domestic health psychology became Bekhterev's report on the topic "Personality and conditions for its development and health" (1905, Kyiv. 2nd Congress of Russian psychiatrists). In general, the 20th century, as the author notes, was marked by an increasing role in psychology of changing views on the relationship between the psyche and the soma. In the 1930s many researchers have drawn attention to the relationship between the emotional life of a person and his physiological processes. Research in this direction has led to the emergence of a new scientific field: psychosomatic medicine. In 1938, the journal "Psychosomatic Medicine" began to appear. The American Psychosomatic Society is formed. During the first 25 years of its existence, the interpretation of diseases was carried out mainly from psychoanalytic positions. Psychosomatic medicine relies mainly on the medical disciplines and especially on psychiatry. In the 1960s in the provisions of psychosomatic medicine, approaches and theories are formed that suggest the relationship of psychological, social factors and physiological functions of the body. And as a result, new hypotheses for the development and course of diseases are formed. In the early 1970s there is a scientific branch aimed at studying the role of psychology in the etiology of diseases - behavioral (behavioral) medicine . A close relationship between the psyche and soma is proved. Behavioral medicine focuses not only on the treatment but also on the prevention of disease. In addition to medicine, it relies on such sciences as psychology, pedagogy, and sociology. It uses methods of behavioral therapy, behavior modification (for example, in the treatment of hypertension, obesity, drug addiction). Within the framework of this direction, the therapeutic technique "biofeedback" has also been developed, the effectiveness of which has been confirmed in the treatment of hypertension, headache and other diseases. In the late 1970s established the Journal of Behavioral Medicine and associated society. The Department of Health Psychology was opened in the American Psychological Association in 1978. Since 1982, the journal Health Psychology has been published.
Psychosomatic and behavioral medicine, health psychology, with all the specificity of their own approaches, agree that health and disease are the results of the interaction of biological, psychological and social factors. This idea was reflected in the "biopsychosocial model" proposed in 1977 by D. Angel.
Biopsychosocial model
What causes disease? Man is a complex system, and disease can be caused by many factors:
Biological (eg, viruses, bacteria, structural defects, genetics); E. P. Sarafino. health psychology. biopsychosocial interaction. N.Y., 1998; J. Ogden. health psychology. Buckingham-Philadelphia, 1998.
Psychological (representations, emotions, behavior);
Social (norms of behavior, family, reference groups, work, belonging to a social class, belonging to an ethnic group, etc.).
Who is responsible for the disease? Man is not seen as a passive victim. Realizing, for example, the role of behavior in causing illness means that people can be made responsible for their health and illness.
How to treat diseases? Treatment should be holistic (holistic approach) and not only address individual biological changes that occurred during the disease. This can be reflected in behavior change, correction in the sphere of ideas, formation of a strategy for compliance with medical recommendations.
Who is responsible for the treatment? Since a person is being treated, and not just specific diseases of his body, therefore, the patient also bears part of the responsibility for his cure, changing his own ideas and behavior.
What is the relationship between health and disease? The concepts of "health" and "disease" should be considered as the poles of a continuum in which their relationship is represented to varying degrees. At the pole of well-being, the dominant state is health. At the opposite pole, disease predominates, turning into a lethal outcome in the limit. Approaching this pole is accompanied by an increase in destructive processes that give rise to characteristic signs, symptoms and ailments. People move along this continuum from health to illness and vice versa.
What is the relationship between mind and body? Mind and body interact.
The results of research in recent years indicate the growing stress on the human psyche. Information stress, the acceleration of the rhythm of life, the negative dynamics of interpersonal relations (decrease in the level of social support, etc.) and other pathogenic features of modern life lead to emotional stress, which becomes one of the factors in the development of various diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), for the XX century. The average prevalence of neuropsychiatric diseases per 1,000 people has more than quadrupled. Not only the number of patients in society is increasing, but also the growth rate of these disorders. If earlier in our country from 5 to 10 patients per 1000 people were registered, then in recent decades these figures have reached 29-33. The close connection of neuropsychiatric disorders with psychogenic factors and the more complicated social conditions of modern life leads to a significant increase in the number of neuroses and personality disorders (with the relative stability of psychoses), in the etiology of which endogenous factors are of the greatest importance. According to world statistics, currently personality disorders account for 40%, neuroses - 47%, and endogenous psychoses - 13% of the total number of neuropsychiatric diseases. WHO experts note a noticeable spread of neuropsychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Neurotic and neurosis-like states account for 63 cases per 1000 children. In Russia, persistent mental disorders are registered in approximately 15% of children. According to the Institute for Socio-Political Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the number of absolutely mentally healthy schoolchildren is decreasing from 30% in grades 1-3 to 16% in grades 9-11. In general, during the period of study, the state of health of students, according to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, worsens by 4-5 times, and 85% of those who fail are sick children. According to G. S. Nikiforov et al., from 30% to 50% of those who go to polyclinics and hospitals with somatic complaints are, in fact, practically healthy people who need only a certain correction of their emotional state. Statistics show that people who do not suffer from any mental disorders, that is, “absolutely healthy”, are currently only 35% on average. According to various authors, from 22 to 89% of the population are people with premorbid conditions (prenosological forms of mental maladaptation). However, half of the carriers of mental symptoms, according to experts, do not need psychiatric help. They independently adapt to the environment and may need only psychological counseling.
In modern Russia health psychology, as a new and independent scientific direction is still only going through the initial stage of its formation. In this regard, it is appropriate to note the contribution of the Department of Psychological Support of Professional Activities of St. Petersburg State University (Head of the Department, Professor G.S. Nikiforov), who published the textbook for universities “Psychology of Health” in 2006, Ed. G S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg: Peter.
Gurvich I. N. in the monograph "Psychology of Health", states that the obvious increase in interest in the problems of health psychology - and not only from representatives of psychological science - gives every reason to believe that in the foreseeable future it will become one of the avant-garde areas of Russian psychology .
In general, in a relatively short period health psychology has become a vast area of research. Thus, in the United States for 15 years (1975-1990) the number of implemented mental health programs increased from 200 to 5,000 or more. At present, one in ten psychologists in the United States deals with one or another problem of health psychology, and every third article in the main English-language psychological journals is devoted to various aspects of this area. In this direction, special journals are published, textbooks and monographs are published. Various organizational decisions are subject to wide practical implementation. For example, in the UK, the document “Health of the Nation” was adopted, and in Europe a similar initiative aimed at improving the mental and physical health of the population was called “Health for All”. The list of already functioning mental health clinics and centers is constantly updated, groups for the provision of assistance and self-help in strengthening one's own health are spreading throughout the West. Along with thorough general psychological training, specialists in the field of health psychology should receive in-depth knowledge of issues of mental hygiene, psychoprophylaxis, as well as psychosomatics of health and psychotherapy. Most professional health psychologists work in hospitals, clinics, college and university departments, scientific laboratories, health and psychological counseling centers, psychological relief rooms, family and marriage. J. Matarazzo is the head of the division of health psychology at the American Psychological Association, created in 1978. Concept health psychology interprets as follows. Health psychology is a set of specific educational, scientific and professional contributions of psychology as a scientific discipline in the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of diseases, the identification of etiological and diagnostic correlates of health, disease and related dysfunctions, as well as the analysis and improvement of the health care system and formation of a strategy (policy) of health. In foreign psychology, one can also find a more concise definition. For example, under Health psychology proposes to understand the totality of basic knowledge in psychology that can be used to understand health and disease .
After analyzing mainly foreign monographic publications of the last two decades in the field of health psychology, I. N. Gurvich concludes about their amazing thematic diversity. Therefore, he believes that at present it is very difficult to isolate the actual subject area of health psychology. Nevertheless, the author believes that the definition of it as a subject area seems to be the most adequate to the current state of health psychology, i.e. through the disclosure of a list of the main topics that make up the subject of theoretical and empirical research:
· tasks of research that are within the scope of interests of health psychology.
Definition of basic concepts of health psychology;
research and systematization of mental and social health criteria;
methods of diagnostics, assessment and self-assessment of mental and social health;
development of simple and self-administered tests to determine health and the initial stages of diseases;
factors of a healthy lifestyle (formation, preservation and promotion of health);
study of factors influencing attitudes towards health;
psychological mechanisms of healthy behavior;
formation of an internal picture of health;
correction of individual development;
prevention of mental and psychosomatic diseases;
Study of states of predisease personality and their prevention;
development of the concept of a healthy personality;
determination of ways and conditions for self-realization, self-fulfillment, disclosure of the creative and spiritual potential of the individual;
psychological mechanisms of stress resistance;
socio-psychological factors of health (family, organization of leisure and recreation, social adaptation, communication, etc.);
· gender aspects of mental and social health;
· development of individually oriented health programs taking into account the state of health, gender, age and personality characteristics of a person;
child and school health psychology;
psychological support of professional health;
· psychology of longevity, signs of mental aging and their prevention;
Psychological support at the end of life.
Considering Psychology of health, in our opinion, it is necessary to consider the concept of "health" and mental health from the standpoint of Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ "On the basics of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation"
Article 2. For the purposes of this Federal Law, the following basic concepts are used:
1) health - a state of physical, mental and social well-being of a person, in which there are no diseases, as well as disorders of the functions of organs and systems of the body;
2) protection of the health of citizens (hereinafter - health protection) - a system of measures of political, economic, legal, social, scientific, medical, including sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive), nature, carried out by the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation ; local authorities; their officials and other persons, citizens in order to prevent diseases, preserve and strengthen the physical and mental health of each person, maintain his long-term active life, provide him with medical care;
According to Article 2 of the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation, the protection of the health of citizens (health protection) is a set of various kinds of measures aimed at preserving and strengthening the health of each person, maintaining his active long life, providing him with medical care in case of loss of health.
This system includes methods of a political, scientific, medical, sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic nature.
Rice. 6. System of fundamentals of health protection
Health protection in the narrow sense equates to healthcare.
Health care is a system of socio-economic measures, the purpose of which is to maintain and improve the level of health of each individual person as a whole.
Medicine is a system of scientific knowledge and practical activities, the purpose of which is to strengthen and maintain health, prolong the life of people, prevent and treat human diseases.
To fulfill the existing tasks, medicine studies:
The structure and processes of vital activity of the body in normal and pathological conditions;
· Factors of the natural and social environment influencing the state of health;
Human diseases (causes, signs, mechanism of occurrence and development);
· Opportunities for the use and development of various physical, chemical, technical, biological and other factors and devices for the treatment of diseases.
In this way, Health the result of the interaction of the individual and the environment - the conditions of his existence, the leading motives of his life and attitude in general.
The leading social institution responsible for human health is health care - a system of state and public measures to prevent diseases and treat the sick. The scientific and practical basis of healthcare is medicine.
However, it should be remembered that the problem of preserving human health is the prerogative not only (and not so much) of public health, but of the entire state.
The current stage in the development of civilization has led, on the one hand, to a sharp change in the conditions of human existence, on the other hand, to the development of complex technologies that place high demands on the state of his health. The pace of social, technological, environmental and even climatic changes is increasing, requiring the individual to quickly adapt, pre- and re-adaptation in life and work. All this is a big test for the biological species Homo Sapiens.
Health is a very complex category, representing the result of the interaction of the individual and the environment - the conditions of his existence, the leading motives of his life and attitude in general.
Preservation and promotion of health is essentially a problem of health management.
Management process consists of the following formal steps:
collection and analysis of information about the state of the object,
his prognosis
Formation of a program of control actions,
its implementation;
· analysis of the adequacy and effectiveness of the control program (feedback).
The creation of healthy living conditions and an active position of recovery cannot be ensured without determining the essence of individual health.
Even Avicenna and Hippocrates identified several gradations of health. Galen formulated the concept of the "third state" - the transitional state between health and disease.
To one degree or another, I.M. Sechenov, S.P. Botkin, I.P. Pavlov, I.A. Arshavsky, N.M. Amosov, and others dealt with this problem.
At the end of the XIX century. I.I. Mechnikov in his speech “On the healing powers of the body” at the congress of natural scientists and doctors (1883) opposed the “etiological” point of view of the occurrence of diseases, which essentially put an equal sign between the cause (causative agent) of the disease and the disease itself, a different view. He interpreted the emergence of a disease as a process of interaction between the pathogen (cause) and the organism. However, the progress and successes of clinical medicine, based on the etiocentric approach, slowed down the development of the doctrine of these properties of the body.
The first modern attempt to formulate provisions on the mechanisms of health and methods of influencing them was made in the 60s by S.M. Pavlenko and S.F. Oleinik. They substantiated the scientific direction, which later received the name "sanology". It was the doctrine of the body's resistance to disease, which is based on "sanogenesis" - a dynamic complex of protective and adaptive mechanisms (physiological or pathological) that occurs when exposed to an extreme stimulus and develops throughout the entire disease process - from the state of pre-illness to recovery (S.M. Pavlenko, 1973). Although sanogenetic mechanisms are constantly operating in the body, the authors of the concept focused on their functioning at the risk of developing a disease (exposure to an extreme stimulus) and put forward “pre-illness” and “recovery” as the main categories.
A significant contribution to the development of the problem was made by representatives of military medicine in the 70s, who were engaged in medical support for people working under extreme conditions (divers, astronauts, etc.): military doctors have always faced the task of assessing the “quality” of the health of their wards (G.L. Apanasenko, 1974; R.M. Baevsky, 1972, etc.). The concept of “prenosological diagnostics” was formed, which was also successfully used in civil health care (V.P. Kaznacheev, R.M. Baevsky, A.P. Berseneva, 1980, etc.).
Health and disease are the main categories of scientific knowledge in medicine. It is generally accepted that these categories are of a medical-social and medical-biological nature, since The specificity of a person lies in the fact that his nature is biological, and his essence is social. A person realizes all his needs through the functioning of physiological systems, and the social is not realized without a biological substrate. Thus, the biological substrate is the implementer of the social essence of man.
When we talk about a disease, we clearly imagine that we are talking, first of all, about a pathological process mediated through the consciousness of an individual into his social status. A sick person loses active independence in the implementation of his life orientation, loses the optimal connection with the environment and the society surrounding him.
The development of a single theory of the disease cannot solve the problem of achieving high indicators of the health of the population.
Health is an abstract-logical category that can be described by various model characteristics. The most common model of health characteristics so far in practical medicine is based on the “healthy-sick” alternative. If, during the examination of the patient, the doctor does not find signs of a pathological process (functional indicators are “normal”), he makes a diagnosis of “healthy”.
With this approach, it is impossible to give a short-term and long-term forecast about the state of the future health of an individual. "Physiological norm" as a "functional optimum" (the most common definition of "norm") is not yet an objective reflection of health processes.
It is more correct to speak of health as a dynamic state that allows one to perform the greatest number of species-specific functions with the most economical use of the biological substrate. At the same time, the adaptive capabilities of a person are a measure of his ability to maintain the optimum of life even in inadequate environmental conditions. Thus, it is not in the ratio of pathology and the norm that one should look for evaluative criteria for health, but in the ability of the individual to fulfill his biological and social functions.
N.M. Amosov concretized these ideas by introducing the concept of “amount of health”.
According to N.M. Amosov, health is the maximum performance of organs and systems while maintaining the qualitative limits of their functions. Based on this definition, we can talk about the quantitative criteria of health.
When considering the categories of "health" and "illness", in our opinion, one should take into account the position expressed by one of the founders of Russian pathophysiology V. V. Podvysotsky. He argued that absolute disease and absolute health are unthinkable, between them there is an infinite number of forms of connections and mutual transitions (here we mean the biological substrate of these states). The same idea was confirmed by A.A. Bogomolets, who, back in the 1930s, formulated the position on the unity of norm and pathology, in which "the first includes the second as its contradiction." The model of communicating vessels: the higher the level of health, the less the possibility of development and manifestation of the pathological process, and vice versa: the development and manifestation of the pathological process is possible only when there is a lack of health reserves due to the weakening or power of the acting factor or factors.
Between the states of health and disease, a transitional, so-called third state is distinguished, which is characterized by "incomplete" health. Of the subjective manifestations of this condition, one can note recurring ailments, increased fatigue, a slight decrease in qualitative and quantitative performance indicators, shortness of breath with moderate physical exertion, discomfort in the heart, a tendency to constipation, back pain, increased neuro-emotional excitability, etc. P.
Objectively, a tendency to tachycardia, an unstable level of blood pressure, a tendency to hypoglycemia or a distortion of the sugar load curve, cold extremities, i.e. deviations in the state of health that do not yet fit into a specific nosological model.
Considering the "third state" in more detail, it should be noted that it is heterogeneous and includes, in turn, two states: the first - pre-illness - and the second, the nature of which is determined by an unmanifested pathological process. The main sign of pre-illness is the possibility of developing a pathological process without changing the strength of the acting factor due to a decrease in health reserves. The boundary of the transition from the state of health to the state of pre-disease is the level of health that cannot compensate for the changes taking place in the body under the influence of negative factors and, as a result, a tendency towards self-development of the process is formed. It is quite obvious that this “safe” level of health can differ significantly for people in different conditions of existence: for a pilot and a miner, greater reserves of health are needed than for an accountant in order to maintain the necessary optimum of “degrees of freedom”.
As the beginning of the disease, it is customary to consider the appearance of signs of the manifestation of the pathological process, i.e. the moment of onset of a decrease or loss of the ability to perform functions. Thus, the boundaries of the "third state" are outlined quite clearly. As for the ability to determine the boundary between pre-illness and the onset of an unmanifested pathological process, today this problem is unsolvable. It is here that normology (the doctrine of the norm) could play a leading role, but the indicators of the “norm” are so individual that it is impossible to make a judgment about the “normality” of functions in a particular individual. For example, differences in biochemical parameters (the content of iron, copper, zinc, creatinine, etc. in the blood plasma) reach tens and sometimes hundreds of times (R. Williams). In 5% of healthy people, blood pressure levels below 100/60 mm Hg are recorded, but there are no deviations in either health or performance (the so-called physiological hypotension, N. S. Molchanov).
The category "health" is based on the idea of the harmony and power of the bioenergy-information system, which is a person. It is the harmony and power of the biosystem that make it possible to talk about the viability and well-being of an individual from the point of view of his physical, mental and social essence.
“A person can be considered healthy,” wrote the American medical theorist G. Sigerist back in 1941, “who is distinguished by harmonious physical and mental development and is well adapted to the physical and social environment surrounding him. He fully realizes his physical and mental abilities, can adapt to changes in the environment, if they do not go beyond the norm, and contributes to the well-being of society, commensurate with his abilities. Health, therefore, does not mean simply the absence of disease: it is something positive, it is a cheerful and willing fulfillment of the duties that life places on a person.
The definition of health formulated in the preamble to the WHO Constitution in 1948 is based on the provisions put forward by G. Sigerist: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
From this perspective, the definition of human health is as follows : health is a holistic dynamic state of the body, which is determined by the reserves of energy, plastic and regulatory support of functions, is characterized by resistance to pathogenic factors and the ability to compensate for the pathological process, and is also the basis for the implementation of biological and social functions.
Three levels of personality (somatic, mental and spiritual) correspond to three aspects of health: somatic, mental and spiritual. It would be wrong to lose sight of the higher, specifically human aspects of health, especially if one considers that mutual compensation of some elements of health by others is possible. However, deviations in both the mental and spiritual aspects of health will certainly affect the lifestyle of the individual and, thereby, the state of the reserves of energy, plastic and regulatory support of functions, i.e. on the soma state. Therefore, the above definition is universal for health in general.
“Third state” is a transitional state between health and disease, limited, on the one hand, by the degree (level) of a decrease in health reserves and the possibility of developing a pathological process as a result of this under unchanged living conditions, on the other hand, by the initial signs of dysfunction - the manifestation of a pathological process . These limits can be quantitatively characterized by the corresponding level of health. An individual's health reserves largely depend on his physical condition and lifestyle.
The physical state- the ability of a person to perform physical work.
Lifestyle- a social category that includes quality, way of life and lifestyle. The way of life can also be characterized by the degree to which the forms of human life activity correspond to biological laws, which contributes (or does not contribute) to the preservation and increase of its adaptive capabilities, as well as the fulfillment of its biological and social functions. According to the WHO, a way of life is a way of being based on the interaction between living conditions and specific patterns of behavior of an individual. Thus, a “healthy” pattern of behavior for these specific conditions reduces the risk of disease. It is also obvious that different living conditions imply different models of "healthy" behavior. The lifestyle is shaped by the society or group in which the individual lives.
The quality of life- one of the characteristics of the lifestyle, which determines the degree of social and spiritual freedom of the individual in the broadest sense. To characterize the quality of life, life indicators are used that describe the distribution of desirable and undesirable conditions that accompany the life of an individual (education, average income, housing, availability of household appliances and vehicles, etc.).
Shaping health- a set of measures to optimize the reproduction, growth and development of the younger generation.
Health Preservation- a set of measures to maintain, strengthen and restore the health of the individual.
sanogenesis- physiological mechanisms that ensure the formation and preservation of the health of the individual. These mechanisms (homeostatic, adaptive, regenerative, etc.) are implemented both in a healthy and diseased organism.
Health education(WHO definition) – consciously shaped learning opportunities that should contribute to changing behavior in accordance with the formed end goal.
Introduction ................................................ ...................
....................... 2
1. The problem of a healthy lifestyle in psychology ....................... 4
1.1. The concept of health and its criteria .............................................. 6
1.2. The concept of a healthy lifestyle .............................................. 15
2. The study of social representations in social psychology 25
3. Analysis of the results of the study ............................................... .. thirty
2.1. Description of the methodology and organization of the study .............................. 30
2.2. Analysis of the results and their discussion ............................................... 32
Conclusion................................................. .................
..................... 45
Literature................................................. .................
...................... 47
Applications ................................................. .................
..................... 51
Introduction
The end of the 20th century is characterized, in particular, by an increase in morbidity and mortality against the backdrop of high achievements in medicine, the perfection of technical means for diagnosing and treating diseases. The current stage of development of our society is associated with a demographic crisis, a decrease in life expectancy, a decrease in the mental health of the country's population, which causes concern for many scientists and specialists.
(6; 9; 12; 31; 32; 38; 42; 48, etc.). But, given the traditional focus of the current healthcare system on the detection, definition and “elimination” of diseases, which has intensified due to the progressive socio-economic destruction of society, it becomes clear that medicine today and the foreseeable future will not be able to significantly affect the preservation of human health. This fact justifies the need to find more effective ways and means of maintaining and developing health.
It is known that the level of human health depends on many factors: hereditary, socio-economic, environmental, health care system. But, according to WHO, it is only 10-15% associated with the latter factor, 15-20% is due to genetic factors, 25% is determined by environmental conditions, and 50-55% is determined by the conditions and lifestyle of a person. Thus, it is obvious that the primary role in the preservation and formation of health still belongs to the person himself, his way of life, his values, attitudes, the degree of harmonization of his inner world and relations with the environment. At the same time, modern people in most cases shift the responsibility for their health to doctors. He is actually indifferent towards himself, is not responsible for the strength and health of his body, and at the same time does not try to explore and understand his soul. In reality, a person is busy not caring for his own health, but treating diseases, which leads to the currently observed decline in health against the backdrop of significant advances in medicine. In fact, the strengthening and creation of health should become the need and duty of every person.
It is not justified to see the causes of ill health only in poor nutrition, pollution of the environment and the lack of proper medical care.
Much more important for the global ill health of mankind is the progress of civilization, which contributed to the “liberation” of a person from efforts on himself, which led to the destruction of the body's defenses. The primary task for improving the level of health should not be the development of medicine, but the conscious, purposeful work of the person himself to restore and develop life resources, to take responsibility for his own health, when a healthy lifestyle becomes a need.
“Being healthy is a natural human desire,” writes K.V.
Dineika, considering as the main task facing a person in relation to his health, not the treatment of diseases, but the creation of health (20).
The first step in this direction can be the clarification of ideas about a healthy lifestyle in modern society in order to further correct them, as well as the formation of new ideas and attitudes towards health, a healthy lifestyle and illness. First of all, this is important for the younger generation, since their health is public health in 10-30 years. Therefore, in our study, we studied students' ideas about a healthy lifestyle. In addition, for fruitful joint work of representatives of different fields of knowledge in the direction of creating an ideology of public health, it is important that those who are called upon to put these ideas into practice, in particular, physicians, have ideas about a healthy lifestyle that correspond to modern scientific views. Based on this, we also chose practicing physicians and students of a medical college as the object of our study.
As we know, there are currently only a few studies of social perceptions of a healthy lifestyle. In addition, even the very concept of “health” is interpreted by different authors in different ways.
Thus, both the theoretical significance of the study devoted to the analysis of such categories as health, a healthy lifestyle, and its practical significance for possible further work towards the formation of adequate ideas about a healthy lifestyle and the creation of a creative attitude towards one's own health are obvious.
Hypothesis: the idea of doctors about a healthy lifestyle is more consistent with modern scientific ideas than that of future doctors and non-medical students.
1. The problem of a healthy lifestyle in psychology
1.1. The concept of health and its criteria
At all times, among all the peoples of the world, the enduring value of a person and society has been and is physical and mental health. Even in ancient times, it was understood by doctors and philosophers as the main condition for the free activity of man, his perfection.
But despite the great value attached to health, the concept
“health” has long had no specific scientific definition. And at present there are different approaches to its definition. At the same time, most of the authors: philosophers, physicians, psychologists (Yu.A. Aleksandrovsky,
1976; V.Kh. Vasilenko, 1985; V.P. Kaznacheev, 1975; V.V. Nikolaeva, 1991;
V.M. Vorobyov, 1995) regarding this phenomenon, they agree with each other only in one thing, that now there is no single, generally accepted, scientifically substantiated concept of “individual health” (54).
The earliest of the definitions of health - the definition of Alcmaeon, has its supporters up to the present day: "Health is the harmony of oppositely directed forces." Cicero described health as the right balance of various states of mind. The Stoics and Epicureans valued health above all else, opposing it to enthusiasm, the desire for everything immoderate and dangerous. The Epicureans believed that health is complete contentment, provided that all needs are fully satisfied.
According to K. Jaspers, psychiatrists view health as the ability to realize "the natural innate potential of human vocation."
There are other formulations: health is the acquisition by a person of his self, "realization of the Self", full and harmonious inclusion in the community of people (12). K. Rogers also perceives a healthy person as mobile, open, and not constantly using defensive reactions, independent of external influences and relying on himself. Optimally actualized, such a person constantly lives in each new moment of life.
This person is mobile and adapts well to changing conditions, is tolerant of others, emotional and reflective (46).
F. Perls considers a person as a whole, believing that mental health is associated with the maturity of the individual, manifested in the ability to realize one's own needs, constructive behavior, healthy adaptability and the ability to take responsibility for oneself. A mature and healthy person is authentic, spontaneous and internally free.
Z. Freud believed that a psychologically healthy person is one who is able to reconcile the principle of pleasure with the principle of reality. By
To K.G. Jung, a healthy person can be a person who has assimilated the content of his unconscious and is free from capture by any archetype. From the point
W. Reich neurotic and psychosomatic disorders are interpreted as a consequence of the stagnation of biological energy. Therefore, a healthy state is characterized by the free flow of energy.
The charter of the World Health Organization (WHO) states that health is not only the absence of disease and physical defects, but a state of complete social and spiritual well-being. In the corresponding volume of the 2nd edition of the BME, it is defined as the state of the human body, when the functions of all its organs and systems are balanced with the external environment and there are no painful changes. This definition is based on the category of health status, which is assessed on three grounds: somatic, social and personal.
(Ivanyushkin, 1982). Somatic - the perfection of self-regulation in the body, the harmony of physiological processes, maximum adaptation to the environment. Social - a measure of working capacity, social activity, an active attitude of a person to the world. A personality trait implies a person's life strategy, the degree of his dominance over the circumstances of life.
(32). I.A. Arshavsky emphasizes that the organism throughout its development is not in a state of equilibrium or balance with the environment. On the contrary, being a non-equilibrium system, the organism changes the forms of its interaction with environmental conditions all the time during its development (10). G. L. Apanasenko points out that considering a person as a bioenergy-information system characterized by a pyramidal structure of subsystems, which include the body, psyche and spiritual element, the concept of health implies the harmony of this system. Violations at any level affect the stability of the entire system
(3). G.A. Kuraev, S.K. Sergeev and Yu.V. Shlenov emphasize that many definitions of health proceed from the fact that the human body must resist, adapt, overcome, maintain, expand its capabilities, etc. The authors note that with such an understanding of health, a person is regarded as a militant creature in an aggressive natural and social environment. But after all, the biological environment does not give rise to an organism that is not supported by it, and if this happens, then such an organism is doomed already at the beginning of its development. Researchers propose to determine health based on the basic functions of the human body (implementation of the genetic unconditioned reflex program, instinctive activity, generative function, congenital and acquired nervous activity). In accordance with this, health can be defined as the ability of interacting body systems to ensure the implementation of genetic programs of unconditioned reflex, instinctive processes, generative functions, mental activity and phenotypic behavior aimed at the social and cultural spheres of life (32).
For a philosophical consideration of health, it is important to understand that it reflects a necessity arising from the essence of phenomena, and illness is an accident that does not have a universal character. Thus, modern medicine deals mainly with random phenomena - diseases, and not with health, which is natural and necessary (9).
I.A. Gundarov and V.A. Palessky note: “When determining health, one should take into account the opinion that health and disease do not correlate with each other according to the principle of dichotomy: either there is or not; either a person is healthy or sick. Health appears as a life continuum from 0 to 1, on which it is always present, although in varying amounts. Even a seriously ill person has a certain amount of health, although it is very small.
Absolutely complete disappearance of health is tantamount to death” (10, p. 27).
The vast majority of works emphasize that absolute health is an abstraction. Human health is not only a biomedical, but primarily a social category, ultimately determined by the nature and nature of social relations, social conditions and factors that depend on the mode of social production.
N.V. Yakovleva identifies several approaches to the definition of health that can be traced in applied research (54). One of them is the opposite approach, in which health is seen as the absence of disease. Within the framework of this approach, research is being carried out in medical psychology and personality psychology, especially those carried out by physicians.
Naturally, such consideration of the “health” phenomenon cannot be exhaustive. Different authors cite the following shortcomings of such an understanding of health: 1) in considering health as a non-disease, a logical error was initially laid down, since the definition of the concept through negation cannot be considered complete; 2) this approach is subjective, since health is seen in it as a denial of all known diseases, but at the same time, all unknown diseases are left out; 3) such a definition is descriptive and mechanistic, which does not allow revealing the essence of the phenomenon of individual health, its features and dynamics (32; 54). YU.
P. Lisitsyn notes: “It can be concluded that health is something more than the absence of diseases and injuries, it is an opportunity to fully work, rest, in a word, perform the functions inherent in a person, live freely, joyfully” (32; p. 13).
The second approach is characterized by N. V. Yakovleva as complex-analytical. In this case, when studying health, by calculating correlations, individual factors that affect health are identified. Then the frequency of occurrence of this factor in the living environment of a particular person is analyzed and, on the basis of this, a conclusion is made about his health. The author points out the following disadvantages of this approach: the possibility of a specific factor being insufficient for making a conclusion about a person's health; the absence of a single abstract standard of health as the sum of a set of factors; the absence of a single quantitative expression of a separate feature characterizing human health.
As an alternative to the previous approaches to the study of health problems, a systematic approach is considered, the principles of which are: refusal to define health as a non-disease; identification of systemic rather than isolated health criteria (gestalt criteria of the human health system); obligatory study of the dynamics of the system, the allocation of the zone of proximal development, showing how plastic the system is under various influences, i.e. to what extent its self-correction or correction is possible; transition from the selection of certain types to individual modeling (54).
A.Ya.Ivanyushkin offers 3 levels to describe the value of health: 1) biological - primordial health implies the perfection of the body's self-regulation, the harmony of physiological processes and, as a result, a minimum of adaptation; 2) social - health is a measure of social activity, an active attitude of a person to the world; 3) personal, psychological - health is not the absence of illness, but rather the denial of it, in the sense of overcoming it. Health in this case acts not only as a state of the body, but as a “strategy of human life” (27).
I. Illich notes that “health determines the process of adaptation:
...creates the ability to adapt to a changing external environment, to growth and aging, to treatment for disorders, suffering and peaceful expectation of death”
(9, p. 26). Health as the ability to adapt to environmental conditions, which is the result of interaction with the environment, is considered by R. M.
Baevsky and A.P. Berseneva (5). In general, it has become a tradition in Russian literature to link the state of health, illness, and transitional states between them with the level of adaptation. L. Kh. Garkavi and E. B. Kvakina consider health, prenosological states and transitional states between them from the standpoint of the theory of nonspecific adaptive reactions. The state of health in this case is characterized by harmonious anti-stress reactions of calm and increased activation (16).
I. I. Brekhman emphasizes that health is not the absence of disease, but the physical, social and psychological harmony of a person, friendly relations with other people, with nature and oneself (8).
He writes that “human health is the ability to maintain age-appropriate stability in conditions of sharp changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the triune source of sensory, verbal and structural information” (9, p. 27).
The understanding of health as a state of equilibrium, a balance between the adaptive capabilities (health potential) of a person and constantly changing environmental conditions was proposed by Academician V.P. Petlenko (1997).
One of the founders of valeology, T. F. Akbashev, calls health a characteristic of a person’s vitality, which is set by nature and is realized or not realized by a person (1).
When defining the concept of “health”, the question often arises about its norm.
At the same time, the very concept of the norm is debatable. So, in the article “norm”, published in the second edition of the BME, this phenomenon is considered as a conditional designation of the balance of the human body, its individual organs and functions in the external environment. Then health is defined as the balance of the organism and its environment, and disease - as a violation of the balance with the environment. But, as I. I. Brekhman notes, the organism is never in a state of equilibrium with the environment, since otherwise development would cease, and hence the possibility of further life. V.P. Petlenko, criticizing this definition of the norm, proposes to understand it as the biological optimum of a living system, i.e. the interval of its optimal functioning, which has movable boundaries, within which the optimal connection with the environment and the consistency of all body functions are maintained. And then normal functioning should be considered within the optimum, which will be considered as the health of the body (9). According to V. M. Dilman, it is in principle impossible to talk about the health of the body and its norm, because. individual development is a pathology, a deviation from the norm, which can only be attributed to the age of 20-25, which is characterized by a minimum frequency of major human diseases (19). I. I. Brekhman, considering the problem of health as one of the global problems of mankind, points out the illegitimacy of such an approach. He notes that the concept of the norm remains abstract because it means a condition that precedes the disease, and it may not be the same for different people. When defining health, the author departs from the relative and controversial category of the norm in the direction of understanding health from the standpoint of quality. He says that the problem of health, like all global problems, arises in a crisis situation. According to A. Peccei, “... the sources of this crisis lie inside, and not outside, the human being, considered as an individual and as a collective. And the solution of all these problems should come first of all from changes in the person himself, his inner essence (9, p. 23).
P. L. Kapitsa closely links health with the “quality” of people in a given society, which can be judged by life expectancy, a reduction in diseases, crime, and drug addiction (9).
N. M. Amosov drew attention to the fact that the health of the body is determined by its quantity, which can be estimated by the maximum performance of organs while maintaining the qualitative limits of their functions
(2). But maximum productivity can be achieved at the expense of high energy costs and endurance work, i.e. through overcoming fatigue and can have negative consequences for the body. In addition, appropriate criteria have not yet been developed to judge the qualitative limits of the functioning of various organs and their systems. Thus, this definition needs to be clarified.
(nine). A similar approach to understanding health is offered by M. E. Teleshevskaya and N.
I. Pogibko, who consider this phenomenon as the ability of the human body to refract the entire set of natural and social factors that make up the conditions of human life, without violating the harmony of physiological mechanisms and systems that ensure the normal functioning of a person (51). N. D. Lakosina and G. K. Ushakov define health as the structural and functional preservation of human organs and systems, high individual adaptability of the organism to the physical and social environment, and as the preservation of habitual well-being (51).
V.P. Kaznacheev points out that the health of an individual “can be defined as a dynamic state (process) of the preservation and development of biological, physiological and psychological functions, optimal working capacity and social activity with a maximum life expectancy” (30, p. 9), as “ valeological process of formation of the organism and personality” (29). In his opinion, this definition takes into account the usefulness of the performance of the basic socio-biological functions and life goals of the individual. Along with the health of an individual, V.P. Kaznacheev proposes to consider the health of a population, which he understands “as a process of socio-historical development of viability - biological and psychosocial - of the population in a number of generations, increasing the working capacity and productivity of collective labor, increasing ecological dominance, improving the species Homo sapiens” (30, p. 86). The criteria for the health of the human population, in addition to the individual properties of its constituent people, include the birth rate, the health of offspring, genetic diversity, the adaptability of the population to climatic and geographical conditions, readiness to perform diverse social roles, age structure, etc.
I. I. Brekhman, speaking about the problem of health, notes that it very often occupies not the first place in the hierarchy of human values, which is given to the material benefits of life, career, success, etc. (nine). IN.
P. Kaznacheev considers a possible hierarchy of needs (goals) for animals and humans, pointing out that for humans, the first place is “... performing social and labor activities with a maximum duration of active life. Preservation of genetic material.
Reproduction of full-fledged offspring. Ensuring the preservation and development of the health of this and future generations (30, p. 153). Thus, the author emphasizes that health should take the first place in the hierarchy of human needs.
So, health is considered as an integrative characteristic of a person, covering both her inner world and all the peculiarities of relationships with the environment and including physical, mental, social and spiritual aspects; as a state of equilibrium, a balance between the adaptive capabilities of a person and constantly changing environmental conditions. Moreover, it should not be regarded as an end in itself; it is only a means for the most complete realization of a person's life potential.
Observations and experiments have long allowed physicians and researchers to separate the factors that affect human health into biological and social. Such a division received philosophical reinforcement in the understanding of man as a biosocial being. Physicians, first of all, social factors include housing conditions, the level of material support and education, family composition, etc. Among the biological factors are the age of the mother when the child was born, the age of the father, the characteristics of the course of pregnancy and childbirth, the physical characteristics of the child at birth. Psychological factors are also considered as a result of biological and social factors (24). Yu.P. Lisitsyn, considering health risk factors, points to bad habits
(smoking, alcohol consumption, malnutrition), environmental pollution, as well as “psychological pollution” (strong emotional experiences, distress) and genetic factors (34). For example, long-term distress has been found to suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infections and malignant tumors; in addition, stress releases large amounts of stress hormones into the blood in reactive, easily angered individuals, which are believed to accelerate the formation of plaque on the walls of the coronary arteries (39).
G. A. Apanasenko proposes to distinguish between several groups of health factors that determine, respectively, its reproduction, formation, functioning, consumption and restoration, as well as characterizing health as a process and as a state. Thus, the factors (indicators) of health reproduction include: the state of the gene pool, the state of the reproductive function of parents, its implementation, the health of parents, the existence of legal acts protecting the gene pool and pregnant women, etc. The author considers the way of life to the factors of health formation, which includes the level of production and labor productivity; degree of satisfaction of material and cultural needs; general educational and cultural levels; features of nutrition, physical activity, interpersonal relationships; bad habits, etc., as well as the state of the environment. As factors of health consumption, the author considers the culture and nature of production, the social activity of the individual, the state of the moral environment, etc. Restoration of health is recreation, treatment, rehabilitation (4).
As I. I. Brekhman notes, in the conditions of the modern scientific and technological revolution, a large number of reasons lead to a certain disorganization of the natural foundations of the effective life of the individual, a crisis of emotionality, the main manifestations of which are emotional disharmony, alienation and immaturity of feelings, leading to poor health and diseases. The author states that a person's attitude to a long healthy life is of great importance for health. To preserve and improve health, a person should, even more than to get rid of diseases, adopt a new attitude to his life, to work (9).
As already noted, culture can be considered as one of the factors of health. According to V.S. Semenov, culture expresses the measure of a person's awareness and mastery of his relationship to himself, to society, nature, as well as the degree and level of self-regulation of his essential potentialities (47). If our ancestors were largely defenseless against various diseases due to their ignorance, and this state of affairs was partly saved only by various taboos, then modern man knows disproportionately more than his predecessors about nature, his own body, diseases, health risk factors, lives in much better conditions. But despite this, the incidence rate is quite high, and quite often people get sick with those diseases, for the prevention of which it is enough to lead a certain lifestyle. This situation I.I.
Brekhman explains that “very often people do not know what they are able to do with themselves, what huge reserves of physical and mental health they have, if they manage to save and use them, up to an increase in the duration of an active and happy life” (9, p.
fifty). The author points out that despite general literacy, people simply do not know much, and if they do, they do not follow the rules of a healthy life. He writes: “Health requires such knowledge that would become being” (9, p.
50).
V. Soloukhin considers the problem of the connection between culture and health as follows: a cultured person cannot afford to get sick; consequently, a high level of morbidity among the population (especially such chronic diseases as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, etc.), an increase in the number of overweight people, as well as smokers and alcohol drinkers, is an indicator of their low level of culture
(9).
O. S. Vasilyeva, paying attention to the presence of a number of components of health, in particular, such as physical, mental, social and spiritual health, considers the factors that have a predominant influence on each of them. So, among the main factors affecting physical health are: the system of nutrition, respiration, physical activity, hardening, hygiene procedures. Mental health is primarily affected by the system of a person's relationship to himself, other people, life in general; his life goals and values, personal characteristics. The social health of an individual depends on the conformity of personal and professional self-determination, satisfaction with family and social status, the flexibility of life strategies and their compliance with the sociocultural situation.
(economic, social and psychological conditions). And, finally, spiritual health, which is the purpose of life, is influenced by high morality, meaningfulness and fullness of life, creative relationships and harmony with oneself and the world around, Love and Faith. At the same time, the author emphasizes that the consideration of these factors as separately affecting each component of health is rather conditional, since all of them are closely interconnected (12).
So, as already noted, human health depends on many factors: hereditary, socio-economic, environmental, health system performance. But a special place among them is occupied by a person's lifestyle. The next part of this work is devoted to a more detailed consideration of the importance of lifestyle for health.
1.2. The concept of a healthy lifestyle
Human health by more than 50%, according to various sources, depends on his lifestyle (13; 32; 52). D. U. Nistryan writes: “According to some researchers, human health is 60% dependent on his lifestyle, 20% on the environment, and only 8% on medicine” (40, p.
40). According to WHO, human health is 50-55% determined by the conditions and lifestyle, 25% by environmental conditions, 15-20% by genetic factors, and only 10-15% by the activities of the healthcare system (6).
There are different approaches to the definition of the concept of “lifestyle”.
Thus, a number of authors believe that lifestyle is a biosocial category that determines the type of life activity in the spiritual and material spheres of human life (32; 43; 49). According to Yu. P. Lisitsyn, “a way of life is a certain, historically conditioned type, type of life activity or a certain way of activity in the material and non-material (spiritual) spheres of people's life activity” (32, p. 6). In this case, the way of life is understood as a category that reflects the most common and typical ways of material and spiritual life of people, taken in unity with natural and social conditions.
In another approach, the concept of lifestyle is considered as an integral way of being an individual in the external and internal world (21), as a “system of relationships between a person and himself and environmental factors”, where the system of relationships between a person and himself is a complex set of actions and experiences, the presence of good habits that strengthen the natural resource of health, the absence of harmful ones that destroy it
(50).
Most Western researchers define lifestyle as
“a broad category that includes individual forms of behavior, activity and the realization of one's capabilities in work, everyday life and cultural customs characteristic of a particular socio-economic structure” (23; p. 39).
A. M. Izutkin and G. Ts. Tsaregorodtsev represent the structure of the way of life in the form of the following elements: “1) transformative activity aimed at changing nature, society and man himself; 2) ways to meet material and spiritual needs; 3) forms of participation of people in social and political activities and in government; 4) cognitive activity at the level of theoretical, empirical and value-oriented knowledge; 5) communicative activity, including communication between people in society and its subsystems (people, class, family, etc.); 6) medical and pedagogical activity aimed at the physical and spiritual development of a person” (28, p. 20). Yu. P. Lisitsyn, N. V.
Polunina, E. N. Savelyeva, and others offer such components (aspects) of the lifestyle as industrial, socio-political, non-labor, medical activity (32; 34). Other authors in the concept of lifestyle include labor activity of a person, social, psycho-intellectual, motor activity, communication and domestic relationships (52), habits, regimen, rhythm, pace of life, features of work, rest and communication (11).
Yu. P. Lisitsyn, based on the classification of I.V. Bestuzhev-
Lada and other domestic sociologists and philosophers, distinguishes four categories in the way of life: “... economic - “standard of living”, sociological - “quality of life”, socio-psychological - “lifestyle” and socio-economic - “way of life” (32, p. 9). The standard of living or the level of well-being characterizes the size, as well as the structure of material and spiritual needs, thus the quantitative, measurable aspect of living conditions. The way of life is understood as the order of social life, life, culture, within the framework of which people live. Lifestyle refers to the individual characteristics of behavior as one of the manifestations of life. The quality of life is an assessment of the qualitative side of the conditions of life; it is an indicator of the level of comfort, satisfaction with work, communication, etc.
According to Yu. P. Lisitsyn, human health largely depends on the style and way of life.
Since ancient times, even before the emergence of professional medicine, people noticed the impact on health of the nature of work, habits, customs, as well as beliefs, thoughts, experiences. Well-known doctors from different countries paid attention to the peculiarities of the work and life of their patients, linking the occurrence of ailments to this.
If we turn to the historical aspect of the origin of ideas about a healthy lifestyle, then for the first time they begin to form in the East.
Already in ancient India 6 centuries BC. the Vedas formulate the basic principles of a healthy lifestyle. One of them is the achievement of a stable balance of the psyche. The first and indispensable condition for achieving this balance was complete inner freedom, the absence of a rigid dependence of a person on the physical and psychological factors of the environment. Another path leading to the establishment of inner balance was considered the path of the heart, the path of love. In bhakti yoga, love that gives freedom was not understood as love for an individual person, for a group of people, but love for all living things in this world as the highest expression of the essence of being. The third way to achieve inner freedom - the path of reason, reason - was proposed by jana yoga, which states that none of the yogas should renounce knowledge, because it increases vital stability.
In Eastern philosophy, the emphasis has always been on the unity of the mental and bodily in man. So, Chinese thinkers believed that the disharmony of the body arises as a result of mental disharmony. They singled out five painful moods: anger and irascibility, “cloudiness” with experiences, concern and despondency, sadness and sadness, fear and anxiety. The tendency to such moods, they believed, disrupts and paralyzes the energy of both individual organs and the whole organism as a whole, shortening a person's life.
Joy, on the other hand, gives harmonious elasticity to the body's energy flows and prolongs life (13).
In Tibetan medicine, in the well-known treatise “Chzhud-shi”, ignorance was considered the common cause of all diseases. Ignorance gives rise to a sick way of life, eternal dissatisfaction, leads to painful, pessimistic experiences, harmful passions, unjust anger, disapproval of people. Moderation in everything, natural naturalness and overcoming ignorance are the main components of a healthy lifestyle that determine the physical and mental well-being of a person (15).
Eastern philosophy is based on the understanding of a person as a whole, inextricably linked with the immediate environment, nature, space and is focused on maintaining health, revealing a person's enormous capabilities to resist ailments.
Ideas about a healthy lifestyle are also found in ancient philosophy. Thinkers of the ancient period are trying to identify specific elements in this phenomenon. So, for example, Hippocrates in his treatise “On a healthy lifestyle” considers this phenomenon as a kind of harmony, which should be strived for by observing a number of preventive measures. It focuses mainly on the physical health of a person. Democritus describes spiritual health to a greater extent, which is a “good state of mind”, in which the soul is in peace and balance, not worried by any passions, fears and other experiences.
In the ancient world, there are traditions of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The presence of good health was the main criterion for ensuring the intellectual development of the younger generation. So, young men, physically poorly developed, did not have the right to higher education. In Ancient
In Greece, the cult of the body is built into the framework of state laws, there is a strict system of physical education.
During this period, the first concepts of a healthy lifestyle appear: “know thyself”, “take care of yourself”. According to the latter concept, each person should have a certain course of action, carried out in relation to himself and including taking care of himself, changing, transforming himself. The peculiarity of the ancient period is that the physical component of a healthy lifestyle comes to the fore, pushing the spiritual to the background. In Eastern philosophy, there is an inextricable link between the spiritual and physical state of a person. Health is seen here as “a necessary stage of perfection and the highest value” (18). The provisions of Eastern medicine are based on the attitude towards a person as a person. It is expressed in the forms of dialogue between the doctor and the patient in the perspectives in which he sees himself, because no one but the person himself can change his way of life, habits, attitude to life and illness. This approach is based on the fact that many diseases are functional in nature and their symptoms are signals of serious emotional and social problems. But in any case, a person acts as an active participant in the preservation and acquisition of health. Therefore, in the foundations of Oriental medicine, it is especially emphasized that the problem of health cannot be solved only by perfect technical means of diagnosis and treatment. It should be approached from an individual perspective on health, including awareness of oneself and one's own lifestyle (13). This aspect is largely lost in modern medicine, which considers the disease as a violation of the well-being of the bodily condition of a person, the presence of specific, local abnormalities in organs and tissues, and the patient as a passive person receiving certain prescriptions, in the development of which he did not participate (37).
In Western and Russian science, the problem of a healthy lifestyle was touched upon by such doctors and thinkers as F. Bacon, B. Spinoza, H. De Roy, J. La Mettrie, P.
J. J. Cabanis, M. Lomonosov, A. Radishchev (17).
The 20th century gave a lot to mankind: electricity, television, modern transport. But at the same time, the end of the century is characterized by a deep discordance between the natural, social and spiritual foundations of man and the environment of his life (26). Significant changes have taken place in the consciousness of a person: if earlier he was both a producer and a consumer of various goods, now these functions are divided, which also affected the attitude of our contemporary to his health. In the old days, a person, “consuming” his health in hard physical labor and in the fight against the forces of nature, was well aware that he himself must take care of its restoration. Now it seems to people that health is as permanent as electricity and water supply, that it will always be (9). I.I. Brekhman notes: “The achievements of the scientific and technological revolution by themselves will not reduce the backlog of adaptive capabilities of a person from changes in the natural and socio-industrial environment of his habitat. The greater the automation of production and the conditioning of the environment, the less trained the body's defenses will be. Having generated an ecological problem with his production activity, concerned about the conservation of nature on a planetary scale, man forgot that he is part of nature, and directs his efforts mainly to preserve and improve the environment” (9, p. 48). Thus, humanity is faced with the task of not engaging in utopian plans to protect a person from all possible pathogenic effects, but to ensure his health in real conditions.
To preserve and restore health, it is not enough to passively wait for the nature of the organism to do its work sooner or later.
A person himself needs to do some work in this direction. But, unfortunately, most people realize the value of health only when there is a serious threat to health or it is largely lost, as a result of which there is a motivation to cure the disease, to restore health. But positive motivation to improve health in healthy people is clearly not enough. I.I.
Brekhman identifies two possible reasons for this: a person is not aware of his health, does not know the size of his reserves, and puts off taking care of him until later, until retirement or in case of illness (9). At the same time, a healthy person can and should focus in his lifestyle on the positive experience of the older generation and on the negative experience of sick people.
However, this approach does not work for everyone and with insufficient force.
Many people, by their image and behavior, not only contribute to health, but destroy it.
Yu. P. Lisitsyn notes that a healthy lifestyle is not just everything that has a beneficial effect on people's health. In this case, we are talking about all components of various activities aimed at protecting and improving health (33). The author points out that the concept of a healthy lifestyle is not limited to individual forms of medical and social activity.
(eliminating bad habits, following hygiene norms and rules, health education, seeking treatment or advice in medical institutions, observing the regime of work, rest, nutrition, and many others, although they all reflect certain aspects of a healthy lifestyle (32). “ Healthy
... a way of life is, first of all, the activity, activity of an individual, a group of people, a society that uses material and spiritual conditions and opportunities in the interests of health, harmonious physical and spiritual development of a person” (32, p. 35). Yu. P. Lisitsyn and I. V. Polunina also distinguish a number of criteria for a healthy lifestyle, which include, for example, a harmonious combination of biological and social in a person, hygienic justification of behavior patterns, non-specific and active ways of adapting the body and human psyche to adverse conditions of nature and social environment (34). B. N. Chumakov notes that a healthy lifestyle includes typical forms and methods of everyday life of people, which strengthen and improve the reserve capabilities of the body (52). At the same time, the concept of a healthy lifestyle is much broader than the regime of work and rest, the nutrition system, various hardening and developmental exercises; it also includes a system of relationships to oneself, to another person, to life in general, as well as the meaningfulness of being, life goals and values (12).
In practice, when determining individual criteria and goals of a healthy lifestyle, there are two alternative approaches. The objective of the traditional approach is to achieve the same behavior for everyone, which is considered correct: quitting smoking and drinking alcohol, increasing physical activity, limiting dietary intake of saturated fats and salt, maintaining body weight within the recommended limits. The effectiveness of promoting a healthy lifestyle and mass health promotion is measured by the number of people who adhere to the recommended behavior. But, as practice shows, the incidence inevitably turns out to be different with the same behavior of people with different geno- and phenotypes. The obvious disadvantage of this approach is that it can lead to equality of human behavior, but not to equality of final health.
Another approach has completely different guidelines, and a healthy style of behavior is considered that leads a person to the desired duration and the required quality of life. Given that all people are different, they need to behave differently throughout their lives. I. A. Gundarov and
V. A. Palessky states: “A healthy lifestyle, in principle, cannot and should not be identical. Any behavior should be assessed as healthy if it leads to the achievement of the desired health outcome” (10, p.
26). With this approach, the criterion for the effectiveness of the formation of a healthy lifestyle is not behavior, but a real increase in the amount of health. Therefore, if a person's health does not improve despite seemingly reasonable, cultural, socially useful behavior, it cannot be considered healthy (10). To assess the amount of health in this approach, a methodology has been developed that gives a person the opportunity, taking into account the health index and his position on the health scale, to decide on his own what behavior to consider healthy. So, within the framework of this approach, a healthy lifestyle is determined based on individual criteria, personal choice of the most preferred health measures and monitoring their effectiveness. Therefore, for people with a lot of health, any lifestyle that is normal for them will be quite healthy.
In valeopsychology, that is, the psychology of health, which develops at the intersection of valeology and psychology, purposeful consistent work is supposed to return a person to himself, master his body, soul, spirit, mind, develop an "internal observer" (the ability to hear, see, feel myself). To understand and accept yourself
"touch", pay attention to your inner world.
Knowing ourselves, listening to ourselves, we are already embarking on the path of creating health. This requires awareness of personal responsibility for life and, in particular, for health. For thousands of years, man gave his body into the hands of doctors, and gradually it ceased to be the subject of his personal concern.
Man ceased to be responsible for the strength and health of his body and soul. As a result of this, "the soul of man is darkness." And the only way to free consciousness from illusions and imposed schemes of life is our own experience.
Each person needs to believe that he has all the opportunities to enhance his own life potential, increase resistance to various pathogenic, stressful factors. As writes
V. I. Belov, having in mind, first of all, physical health, one can “achieve super-health and longevity, no matter what stage of illness or pre-illness a person is in” (7, p. 6). The author also provides methods and ways to improve the level of mental health at the disposal of everyone who is ready to become the creator of their own health (7). J. Rainwater, emphasizing the responsibility of a person for their own health and the great opportunities of each in shaping the latter, points out: “What kind of health each of us has depends largely on our behavior in the past - on how we breathed and moved, how we ate what thoughts and attitudes they preferred. Today, now, we determine our health in the future. We are responsible for it!” (45; p. 172). A person should be reoriented from the treatment of diseases, i.e. "pulling out weeds", to take care of your health; to understand that the cause of ill health is primarily not in poor nutrition, uncomfortable life, pollution of the environment, lack of proper medical care, but in a person’s indifference to himself, in the liberation, thanks to civilization, of a person from efforts on himself, which resulted in the destruction of the body’s defenses. Thus, improving the level of health is not associated with the development of medicine, but with the conscious, reasonable work of the person himself to restore and develop vital resources, to turn a healthy lifestyle into a fundamental component of the image of the Self.
For the improvement and formation of health, it is important to learn to be healthy, to be creative in your own health, to form the need, ability and determination to create health with your own hands using your own internal reserves, and not other people's efforts and external conditions. “Nature has endowed man with perfect life support and control systems, which are well-established mechanisms that regulate the activity of various organs, tissues and cells at various levels in close interaction with the central nervous and endocrine systems. The functioning of the organism on the principle of a self-regulating system, taking into account the state of the external and internal environment, makes it possible to carry out gradual training, as well as training and education of various organs and systems in order to increase its reserve capabilities” (25; p. 26). As E. Charlton notes, before it was believed that information about the health consequences of a certain style of behavior would be enough to form an appropriate attitude towards it and change it in a desirable direction. He emphasizes that this approach did not take into account many of the social and psychological factors involved in decision making, as well as the availability of decision making skills. The author sees the possibility of changing lifestyle and attitudes towards one's health in demonstrating the immediate consequences of undesirable behavior (51).
As a number of authors note, in the formation of a healthy lifestyle and the preservation of the health of an individual, creativity is of great importance, penetrating all life processes and having a beneficial effect on them (11; 31;
fourteen). Thus, F. V. Vasilyuk argues that only the values of creativity have the ability to turn potential destructive events into points of spiritual growth and health enhancement (14). V. A. Lishchuk also believes that the development of the spiritual world of a person, his creative abilities contribute to a change in lifestyle, the preservation and enhancement of health (35).
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the concept of a healthy lifestyle is multifaceted and has not yet been sufficiently developed.
At the same time, at the level of everyday consciousness, ideas about a healthy lifestyle have existed for many centuries. This work is devoted to the study of modern social ideas about a healthy lifestyle. But first I would like to dwell a little on the very concept of “social representations” and the history of their study.
1.3. The study of social representations in psychology
In the 60-70s. In the 20th century, as a reaction to the dominance in modern science of American samples of socio-psychological knowledge of the scientistic type, the concept of social representations arose in French social psychology, which was developed by S. Moskovisi with the participation of J. Abric,
J. Kodola, V. Douaz, K. Herzlisch, D. Jodale, M. Plona and others.
The key concept of the concept is the concept of social representation, borrowed from the sociological doctrine of E. Durkheim.
One of the well-established definitions of the concept of “social representation” is the interpretation of this phenomenon as a specific form of cognition, common sense knowledge, the content, functions and reproduction of which are socially conditioned. According to S. Moskovisi, social representations are a generalizing symbol, a system of interpretation, classification of phenomena. It is common sense, ordinary knowledge, folk-science (popular science), according to
S. Moskovisi, open access to the fixation of social representations (39). R.
Harre believes that social representations are a version of theories that are an integral part of the beliefs and practices shared by individuals. Thus, we can say that these theories (social representations) are ordered around one topic, have a classification scheme, descriptions, explanations and actions. In addition, as A. V. Ovrutsky notes, it can be assumed that these theories contain a series of examples intended to illustrate them, values, behaviors corresponding to them, as well as clichés that serve to recall this theory, recognize its origins and differentiate from others. (41).
S. Moskovisi points out that social (ordinary) ideas draw their content largely from scientific ideas, and this process is not necessarily associated with the deformation and distortion of the latter. On the other hand, social representations have a significant fusion on scientific representations, being a kind of problematic field for scientific research (39).
In the structure of social representations, it is customary to single out 3 important dimensions (structural components): information, the field of representations, and attitude.
Information (a certain level of awareness) is understood as the amount of knowledge about the object of study. On the other hand, information is considered as a necessary condition for their formation (22). Followers of the concept of social representations believe that people learn about nature and social worlds through sensory experience. An important provision in this conclusion is that all knowledge, beliefs and any other cognitive constructs have their origins only in the interaction of people and are not formed in any other way.
The field of representations is the original category of this concept and is defined as a more or less pronounced richness of content. This is a hierarchized unity of elements, where there are figurative and semantic properties of representations. The content of the representation field is characteristic of certain social groups. S. Moskovisi believes that social representations are a kind of hallmark of a social group
(40).
Attitude is defined as the relation of the subject to the representation object.
It is believed that the setting is primary, since it can exist with insufficient awareness and fuzziness of the field of representations (41).
Great importance in the concept of social representations is given to the allocation of the social functions of the latter. The most important of the functions is that they serve as an instrument of knowledge. According to the logic of the representatives of this theory, social representations first describe, then classify and, finally, explain the objects of representations. On the other hand, it is emphasized that social representations are not only a grid with which people process this or that information, but are a filter that partially and selectively transforms information from the outside world (39). S. Moskovisi says that it is social representations that subordinate the mental apparatus to external influences, encourage people to form habits or, conversely, not to perceive the events of the external world. In other words, a person sees the world around him not as he really is, but “through the prism of his own desires, interests and ideas” (22).
The second important function of social representations is the function of mediating behavior. Social representations crystallize in specific social structures (clans, churches, social movements, family, clubs, etc.) and have a coercive effect that extends to all members of a given community. This function is manifested both in outwardly observed behavior and in emotional manifestations. So, R. Harre, having studied the manifestation of emotions in different cultures, found that the appearance of certain emotions and their dynamic parameters depend on the social representations that exist in certain cultures. In other words, social representations are interpreted as an independent variable that determines the whole variety of human behavior.
The third function of social representations is adaptive, acting in two ways: firstly, social representations adapt new social facts, phenomena of scientific and political life to already formed and pre-existing views, opinions and assessments; secondly, they perform the function of adaptation of the individual in society. R. Harre points out that by their behavior people constantly transmit their own knowledge and skills in reading the social context, social semantics, which is necessary for a person to adapt in a particular social community. Thus, social representations are a kind of key to socialization (41).
The focus of attention of the founders of the concept of social representations is the problem of the dynamics of social representations. In particular, several dynamic trends stand out. First of all, changes and transformations take place between the ideas of common sense and scientific ideas. So, S. Moskovisi writes that scientific ideas daily and spontaneously become ideas of common sense, and the latter turn into scientific ones (39).
The undoubted merit of this concept was that it initiated numerous socio-psychological studies on topics relevant to modern society, as well as topics that are not traditional for classical social psychology. Among these topics are the following: the transformation of cultural inconsistencies (the problem of getting used to and adaptation of emigrants), the problem of the development of the middle class, the analysis of life history
(analysis of autobiographies), ideas about leisure and the problem of its organization, children's social competence, the problem of ecological consciousness and the study of social ideas related to ecology, the study of the socio-psychological components of ideologies and propaganda, the analysis of social ideas about democracy in everyday and reflective thinking
(41). In addition, systems of ideas about psychoanalysis have been studied (S.
Moskovisi), about the city (St. Milgrem), about a woman and childhood (M.-J. Chambard de
Lov), about the human body (D. Jodel), about health and disease (K. Herzlish) and others (44).
Within the framework of the concept of social representations, the following areas of analysis of social representations have developed: 1) at the level of an individual picture of the world, social representation is considered as a phenomenon that resolves the tension between familiar and new content, adapting the latter to existing systems of representations using the so-called
“fixation models” and turning the unusual into the banal; 2) at the level of a small group, social representation appears in the concept of social representations as a phenomenon of reflexive activity in intragroup interaction (thus, the existence of a hierarchical system of ideas about the elements of an interaction situation, as well as the effect
“over-correspondence of the Self”, which is expressed in the construction by the subject of an idea of himself as a person more appropriate to the requirements of the situation than other people; 3) in terms of intergroup relations, social representation is understood as an element of reflexive relations between groups, determined, on the one hand, by general social factors, and, on the other hand, by particular situational features of interaction; 4) at the level of large social groups, an approach was created to study the elements of everyday consciousness
(41, 44).
2. Analysis of the results of the study
2.1. Description of the methodology and organization of the study
To study ideas about a healthy lifestyle, we developed a questionnaire consisting of 2 parts (Appendix 1).
The first part includes 6 questions, 3 of which are open-ended and represent unfinished sentences, and in the other three paragraphs, the subject must choose one of the proposed answers and justify his choice.
When processing the first part of the questionnaire, content analysis was used.
The second part of the questionnaire consists of two items. The first point is an abbreviated version of M. Rokeach's method of value orientations.
The subject is offered a list of 15 terminal values, which must be ranked according to their significance for the subject. The second paragraph indicates the components of a healthy lifestyle, which also need to be ranked in order of importance for a healthy lifestyle.
During processing, the average ranks were determined separately for each group of subjects.
To analyze unconscious ideas about a healthy lifestyle, the subjects were also asked to draw a picture that reflects their ideas about a healthy lifestyle. Participants in the experiment received the following instruction: “Please draw what you imagine when you hear the expression “healthy lifestyle”.
When analyzing the drawings, such aspects of a healthy lifestyle as sports, no habit of smoking, communication with nature, no addiction to alcohol, proper nutrition, no habit of drugs, friendly attitudes towards other people, family, love, optimistic attitude towards life, the absence of promiscuity, self-development, peace on Earth and the functioning of the health system.
The experiment involved 20 girls - 2nd year students of the Basic Medical College aged 18 to 20 years, 35 2nd year students of the Faculty of Law of the Donetsk branch of the Rostov Institute of Management, Business and Law (17 girls and 18 boys) aged 18 to 20 years and 20 doctors of Hospital No. 20 (17 women and 3 men) aged 22 to 53 years.
The results obtained in the study are presented in the following sections.
2.2. Research results and discussion
Table 2.1
Table of Ranks of Value Orientations in Samples of Medical Practitioners, Medical College Students, and Law Students
| values | doctors | Students | girls-|boys- |
| | | I'm a doctor | lawyers | lawyers |
| | | and | | |
| carefree life | 15 | 14 | 14 | 15 |
| Education | 5 | 4 | 9 | 9 |
| financial security | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
| Health | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Family | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| friendship | 6 | 7-8 | 4 | 7 |
| beauty | 11 | 11 | 7-8 | 10 |
| happiness of others | 12 | 13 | 10 | 13 |
| love | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| Knowledge | 10 | 10 | 13 | 8 |
| development | 8 | 7-8 | 11 | 6 |
| self-confidence | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 |
| creativity | 13 | 12 | 12 | 11 |
| interesting work | 9 | 9 | 7-8 | 12 |
| entertainment | 14 | 15 | 15 | 14 |
As Table 2.1 shows, for all groups of subjects, health takes 1st place in the system of value orientations. At the same time, the analysis of the results of the questionnaire allows us to conclude that, despite the fact that the rank of health in all groups is the same, the number of people who give priority to health among other values is different, which gives reason to judge the differences in attitudes towards their own health. test subjects. Thus, 55% of medical college students, 53% of female lawyers and 45% of doctors give the first place in a number of values to health, while among law students only 33.3% of such persons (i.e., only one in three consider health the greatest value in life).
Thus, we can talk about the lack of influence of medical education on the importance of health for a person. Rather, it can be concluded that women generally attach more importance to health than men.
When analyzing the open questions of the questionnaire, a number of components of a healthy lifestyle were identified that characterize this phenomenon from the point of view of the subjects.
Thus, the subjects pointed to such aspects of a healthy lifestyle as sports, lack of addiction to drugs, a meaningful life, communication with nature, a positive attitude towards oneself, harmonious relationships in the family, a sense of happiness, lack of addiction to alcohol, moderate alcohol consumption, correct nutrition, spiritual life, self-harmony, no smoking habit, self-development, no promiscuous sex life, hardening, hygiene, optimistic attitude to life, activities for the benefit of society, daily routine. Here, some subjects also included material and physical well-being, and the health of others, considering them as health factors.
The distribution of these responses for different groups of subjects is presented in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2
Components of a healthy lifestyle
| | Doctors | students | girls-yur | boys-yur |
| components of a healthy lifestyle | | | Physicians | ists | ists |
| sports | 25 | 70 | 64.7 | 56 |
| lack of habit to | 25 | 60 | 64.7 | 28 |
| drugs | | | | |
| meaningful life | 10 | 15 | 11.8 | - |
| communication with nature | 10 | 5 | 41.2 | 5 |
| positive attitude to | 5 | 10 | 5.9 | - |
| yourself | | | | |
| harmonious relationship in | 25 | - | 5.9 | 5 |
| family | | | | |
| feeling of happiness | 30 | - | - | - |
| lack of addiction to | 35 | 65 | 58.9 | 50 |
| Alcohol | | | | |
| moderate use | 5 | - | 11.8 | 5.6 |
| Alcohol | | | | |
| Proper nutrition | 5 | 55 | 58.9 | 39 |
| Spiritual life | 5 | - | 5.9 | 5.6 |
| harmony with yourself | 25 | 10 | - | - |
| lack of habit to | 30 | 60 | 76.5 | 56 |
| Smoking | | | | |
| moderate smoking |- |- |5.9 |- |
| friendly relations | 10 | - | 5.9 | 5.6 |
| to others | | | | |
| self-development | - | 5 | 11.8 | 5.6 |
| no disorderly | - | 10 | - | 5.6 |
| sex life | | | | |
| hardening | - | - | - | 5.6 |
| Hygiene | - | - | 5.9 | 5.6 |
| optimistic attitude to | - | 5 | - | - |
| life | | | | |
| activity for the benefit of | - | 10 | - | - |
| society | | | | |
| daily routine | 5 | 20 | - | 28 |
| material well-being | 10 | 10 | - | - |
| physical well-being | 20 | - | - | - |
| health of others | 5 | - | - | - |
As Table 2.2 shows, the components of a healthy lifestyle for doctors form the following sequence: 1) no addiction to alcohol, 2) no habit of smoking, a feeling of happiness, 3) playing sports, no habit of drugs, harmonious relationships in the family, harmony with oneself , 5) physical well-being, 6) a meaningful life, communication with nature, a benevolent attitude towards others, material well-being,
7) a positive attitude towards oneself, moderate alcohol consumption, proper nutrition, spiritual life, daily routine, health of others.
For students of the medical school, the components of a healthy lifestyle are arranged in the following order: 1) playing sports, 2) no addiction to alcohol, 3) no habit of drugs, no habit of smoking, 4) proper nutrition, 5) daily routine, 6) meaningful life , 7) material well-being, activities for the benefit of society, the absence of promiscuity, harmony with oneself, a positive attitude towards oneself, 8) communication with nature, self-development, hardening, an optimistic attitude towards life.
For female lawyers, the components of a healthy lifestyle are presented as follows: 1) no smoking habit, 2) playing sports, no drug addiction, 3) no addiction to alcohol, proper nutrition, 4) communication with nature, 5) moderate alcohol consumption, self-development, meaningful life, 6) positive attitude towards oneself, harmonious relationships in the family, spiritual life, moderate smoking, friendly attitude towards others, hygiene.
For young lawyers, this sequence has the following form: 1) playing sports, no habit of smoking, 2) no addiction to alcohol, 3) proper nutrition, 4) daily routine, no habit of drugs, 6) hygiene, hardening, no disorderly sexual life, self-development, benevolent attitude towards others, spiritual life, positive attitude towards oneself, harmonious relations in the family.
Therefore, ideas about a healthy lifestyle among young people, regardless of their education, primarily come down to sports, the absence of bad habits and proper nutrition. At the same time, doctors name the most important components of a healthy lifestyle as a feeling of happiness, harmony with oneself, harmonious relationships in the family, which is more in line with modern ideas about a healthy lifestyle, not limited only to physical health factors. It is also noteworthy that moderate consumption of alcohol and cigarettes is not considered by some of the subjects as non-compliance with a healthy lifestyle. So, moderate alcohol consumption is allowed not only by students - not doctors, but also by doctors.
As the main sign of a healthy lifestyle, the subjects named the following indicators: doctors (health - 35%, well-being - 25%, good mood - 15%, inner peace - 15%, harmonious relationships in the family - 10%, sports - 10%, lack of alcohol habit - 5%, friendly attitude towards others - 5%); medical school students (good mood - 60%, health - 35%, good health
- 25%, no smoking habit - 20%, moderate alcohol consumption
- 20%, good figure - 20%, inner peace -20%, sports - 10%, self-development - 10%, no drug addiction - 10%, meaningful life - 5%, fresh air - 5%, creativity - 5% ); female lawyers (good mood - 29.4%, good health - 29.4%, health - 23.5%, sports -
23.5%, self-confidence - 5.9%, inner peace - 5.9%, mode -
5.9%, proper nutrition - 5.9%, success in business - 5.9%, live as it turns out
- 5.9%, youth - 5.9%); young lawyers (sports - 50% of the subjects, good mood - 27.8%, absence of illness - 22.2%, proper nutrition - 16.7%, good figure - 16.7%, good health - 11.1%, friendly attitude towards others - 5.6%, hardening - 5.6%, no bad habits
- 5,6%).
Thus, as the main sign of a healthy lifestyle, both the components of a healthy lifestyle and health indicators are noted, which at the subjective level is assessed as good health and good mood.
Based on the analysis of the ranking data for the components of a healthy lifestyle, proposed in the methodology, the following results were obtained.
Table 2.3
Healthy Lifestyle Ranking Table for Medical Practitioners, Medical College Students, and Law Students
| Components of a healthy | Physicians | students - | girls - | boys - |
| lifestyle | | doctors | lawyers | lawyers |
| sports | 6-7 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Do not use | 4 | 1 | 6-7 | 7 | |
| Drugs | | | | |
| meaningful life | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
| positive attitude | 6-7 | 11 | 10 | 4 |
| to yourself | | | | |
| harmonious relationship | 2 | 8 | 1 | 5-6 |
| in the family | | | | |
| do not drink alcohol | 12 | 3 | 6-7 | 11 |
| eat right | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 |
| complete spiritual | 5 | 10 | 11 | 8 |
| life | | | | |
| do not smoke | 11 | 5 | 9 | 9 |
| Do not conduct disorderly | 10 | 7 | 12 | 12 | |
| sex life | | | | |
| benevolent attitude to | 8 | 9 | 8 | 10 |
| other | | | | |
| self-improvement | 9 | 12 | 5 | 5-6 |
As Table 2.3 shows, the components (factors) of a healthy lifestyle for doctors are arranged in the following order: in the first place - a meaningful life, then - harmonious relationships in the family, proper nutrition, non-use of drugs, the fifth method is occupied by a full-fledged spiritual life, sports and positive attitude towards oneself, benevolent attitude towards oneself, self-improvement, absence of promiscuous sex life, absence of the habit of nicotine, absence of the habit of alcohol. Thus, doctors have a broader idea of a healthy lifestyle than a statement of the absence of bad habits, since a meaningful life and harmonious relationships in the family are more significant for them, and the absence of the habit of nicotine and alcohol ranks last.
Medical school students have the following picture: no drug use, sports, no alcohol habit, meaningful life, no nicotine habit, proper nutrition, no promiscuous sex life, harmonious family relationships, a friendly attitude towards others, a full spiritual life, a positive self-improvement, self-improvement. As you can see, the first places belong to such components of a healthy lifestyle as the absence of bad habits, playing sports, which traditionally refers to a complete and exhaustive description of a healthy lifestyle at the level of everyday consciousness.
Female lawyers arranged the components of a healthy lifestyle in the following sequence: harmonious relationships in the family, proper nutrition, sports, a meaningful life, self-improvement, the sixth and seventh places are occupied by the absence of the habit of alcohol and drugs, then there is a benevolent attitude towards others, the absence of the habit of smoking, a positive attitude towards oneself, a full-fledged spiritual life, and in last place - the absence of promiscuity. As can be seen from this list, for girls, proper nutrition and exercise are more important for a healthy lifestyle than the absence of bad habits.
For young lawyers, a meaningful life is in the first place among the components of a healthy lifestyle, followed by proper nutrition, sports, a positive attitude towards oneself, harmonious family relationships and self-improvement share the fifth and sixth places, then drug abstention, a full-fledged spiritual life, the absence of the habit of smoking, a friendly attitude towards others, the last places are occupied by non-drinking of alcohol and promiscuous sex life.
Such a sequence of components of a healthy lifestyle, moving the absence of bad habits to lower positions can be seen as contributing to the methodology of expanding ideas about a healthy lifestyle, not limiting it solely to sports and the absence of bad habits.
Table 2.4
Components of a healthy lifestyle at the level of unconscious ideas
| components of a healthy lifestyle | Doctors | students-m | girls-yur | boys-yu |
| | | Ediki | ists | risty |
| sports | 15 | 30 | 35 | 50 |
| lack of habit | 5 | 20 | 24 | 33 |
| Smoking | | | | |
| benevolent | - | 5 | 6 | - |
| Relationships with others | | | | | |
| family | 10 | 10 | 12 | - |
| optimistic attitude to | 25 | 45 | 6 | 11 |
| life | | | | |
| nature | 30 | 65 | 47 | 11 |
| lack of habit to | 10 | 25 | 18 | 11 |
| Alcohol | | | | |
| no messy | - | 5 | 18 | 6 | |
| sex life | | | | |
| lack of habit | 10 | 25 | 12 | 11 |
| drugs | | | | |
| Proper nutrition | 10 | - | 6 | 6 |
| self-development | 15 | - | - | - |
| love | 10 | - | - | - |
| system activity | 5 | - | - | - |
| health care | | | | | |
As a result of the analysis of the drawings, we can draw a number of conclusions about unconscious ideas about a healthy lifestyle.
Thus, as can be seen from Table 2.4, more components of a healthy lifestyle were identified in the sample of doctors than in samples of medical school students and law students, which may indicate a greater complexity and versatility of their ideas about a healthy lifestyle compared to other groups. The components of a healthy lifestyle are arranged in the following sequence: 1) communication with nature, 2) an optimistic attitude towards life, 3) self-development, sports, 4) family, no alcohol habit, no drug habit, proper nutrition, love, 5) lack of habit of smoking, activity of the health care system. Thus, in the figures, the place of bad habits among doctors has become lower compared to conscious ideas. At the same time, although an insignificant role in ensuring a healthy lifestyle of the population, the activity of the healthcare system plays for them, which is no longer noted in any of the groups as a component of a healthy lifestyle. This can be seen both as taking on the mission to be the guides of a healthy lifestyle, and as shifting responsibility for health, including one's own, to medicine.
For medical school students, the components of a healthy lifestyle based on drawings represent the following order in order of importance for a healthy lifestyle: 1) communication with nature, 2) an optimistic attitude towards life, 3) playing sports, 4) no alcohol habit, no drug habit , 5) no habit of smoking, 6) family, 7) friendly attitude towards others, no promiscuity. As you can see, sports activities and the absence of bad habits in girls are reflected in the drawings less often than in unfinished sentences, but, nevertheless, they form the main content of their unconscious ideas about a healthy lifestyle.
For female lawyers, the components of a healthy lifestyle are arranged in the following order: 1) communication with nature, 2) playing sports, 3) no habit of smoking, 4) no habit of alcohol, no promiscuity, 5) no habit of drugs, family, 6) friendly relations with others, proper nutrition, optimistic attitude towards life.
For young men, the picture is as follows: 1) going in for sports, 2) no habit of smoking, 3) an optimistic attitude to life, communication with nature, no habit of alcohol, no habit of drugs, no promiscuous sex life, proper nutrition. It is not difficult to see that young lawyers have unconscious ideas about a healthy lifestyle to a large extent coincide with conscious ideas that can be reduced to playing sports and the absence of bad habits, especially since “communication with nature”, reflected in the drawings, practically comes down to playing sports outdoors. air (skiing from the mountains, sailing on a yacht).
Among the drawings, there were also those that reflected rather than the components of a healthy lifestyle, but the advantages that it brings to a person.
For example, there was a drawing with a scepter and an orb, which we interpret as an opportunity to achieve great success in life through a healthy lifestyle.
In general, the analysis of the figures shows that the most multifaceted ideas about a healthy lifestyle are inherent in doctors, and the most superficial, when a healthy lifestyle is understood as the absence of bad habits and playing sports, are observed among young lawyers. Broader ideas about a healthy lifestyle among physicians can be associated both with work experience and with broader life experience. And for a more accurate determination of the mediation of ideas about a healthy lifestyle by medical education and work experience, it is necessary to compare the ideas about a healthy lifestyle of people of the same age groups with medical and non-medical education, which may be a further stage of this work.
Differences were also revealed in the attitude of the subjects to health (either as a means or as an end). Thus, 40% of doctors and medical students see health as an end and 60% see it as a means. At the same time, there is a different ratio among lawyers: 88% of girls consider it as a means and only 12% see health as an end. Wherein
29% of girls note that they define health as a means only because they have it, which can be considered as something that they admit that health can be a goal if there are any problems with it. 27.8% of young lawyers consider health as an end, 61.1% - as a means, 1 person noted that he defines health as both an end and a means, and one person described it as neither one nor the other.
As an explanation why health is considered as a goal, the following are noted: longevity, disease prevention, health is the most important thing in life, health is the key to a happy life, the key to an easy, problem-free life, loss of meaning in life when health is lost, and so on.
Thus, often when stating that health is the goal of life, it is actually seen as a means to achieve various life goals, and considering it as a goal only emphasizes the undoubted importance of health for a given person.
When considering health as a means, the following arguments are given: the achievement of other life goals; health as a guarantee of a happy life; health is considered as a means, because it exists (29.4% of female lawyers and 5.6% of male lawyers answered this way), i.e. it is assumed that health can become a goal in case of some problems with it; health is a means because I do not always strive to live a healthy lifestyle (such an argument implies that health could also be a goal under certain favorable conditions
We also determined how necessary the subjects consider a healthy lifestyle.
It turned out that 100% of young men believe that a healthy lifestyle is necessary, substantiating their answer with the following arguments: a healthy lifestyle is the key to longevity (11%), disease prevention (38.9%), not being a burden to relatives in old age (11%), A healthy lifestyle contributes to the development of strength (11%), is necessary to achieve various goals in life (27.8%), for the prosperity of the state
(5.6%). Thus, young men view a healthy lifestyle in most cases not positively (for development, improvement), but negatively (as a way to prevent diseases).
Among female lawyers, 80% indicated that a healthy lifestyle is necessary,
20% find it difficult to unequivocally speak about its necessity. And, like young men, the main significance of a healthy lifestyle is seen by girls in the prevention of diseases, and not in creation, development. In addition, 10% each noted that a healthy lifestyle is a guarantee of longevity, good mood and a fulfilling life. Such reasons for the need for a healthy lifestyle were also indicated, such as the health of children (5%), the promotion of creating a family (5%).
The need for a healthy lifestyle was indicated by 60% of girls - students of a medical college, and 40% could not unequivocally answer the question about its necessity. In the first case, the girls justified their answer as follows: a healthy lifestyle is a way to maintain health (40%), a healthy lifestyle promotes peace of mind (15%), is the key to a full life (10%), longevity (10%), beauty (5%), healthy offspring (5%), success (5%), benefiting society (10%).
When analyzing the answers to the question about the degree of implementation of a healthy lifestyle, the following results were obtained: for doctors this figure was 57.4%, for students of a medical college - 63.3%, for female lawyers
- 71.4% and among young lawyers - 73.1%. Thus, young men consider themselves to be the most adherents of a healthy lifestyle, and medical practitioners take the last place in this indicator. Such results can be easily explained based on the ideas of a particular group about a healthy lifestyle. So, they are limited mainly to the absence of bad habits and sports, while for doctors a healthy lifestyle is a more capacious concept, and therefore, it is more difficult to provide
100% of its implementation.
The subjects themselves name the following reasons for not achieving a 100% implementation of a healthy lifestyle: medical students (irregular sports activities - 45%, smoking - 20%, irregular meals - 10%, alcohol consumption - 10%, insufficient sleep - 10%, bad ecology -
10%), female lawyers (malnutrition - 23.5%, smoking - 11.8%, non-systematic sports - 6%, alcohol consumption - 6%, poor environment - 6%), young lawyers (alcohol consumption - 22.2%, smoking -
22.2%, malnutrition - 16.7%, lack of time for a healthy lifestyle - 11.1%, insufficient sleep - 5.6%, non-compliance with the regimen - 5.6%). As can be seen from the above answers, a healthy lifestyle is reduced to the factors that ensure physical health. In addition, young men consider it as requiring special conditions for its implementation, in particular additional time.
We also analyzed such an issue as the desire to change one's own way of life. We correlated the desire to lead a healthier lifestyle with the degree of its realization.
It was revealed that 80% of doctors, 75% of medical students, 65% of female lawyers and 55.6% of male lawyers would like to lead a healthier lifestyle. As can be seen from the above data, the less realized the subjects consider a healthy lifestyle, the more often they have a desire to lead a healthier lifestyle. And since doctors rank last in terms of the degree of implementation of a healthy lifestyle, in this case they have the primacy in striving for a healthier lifestyle.
Conclusion
The aim of our work is to study the ideas of a healthy lifestyle among practicing and future doctors, as well as among non-medical students.
This goal is specified in the form of the following tasks:
1) determining the place of health in the value system of doctors and students;
2) comparative analysis of conscious and unconscious ideas about a healthy lifestyle;
3) consideration of the correlation of physical and mental aspects in these representations;
4) a comparative analysis of ideas about a healthy lifestyle among students of medical and economic colleges, as well as among doctors and students of a medical college;
5) comparative analysis of ideas about a healthy lifestyle among girls and boys;
6) revealing the degree of compliance of ideas about a healthy lifestyle of doctors and students with modern scientific ideas.
Analysis of the results of the study allows us to draw a number of conclusions regarding the ideas about a healthy lifestyle in adolescence, as well as among doctors and future doctors.
So, for all groups of subjects, health takes 1st place in the system of value orientations, but at the same time, the number of people who give priority to health among other values is different, which gives reason to judge the differences in attitudes towards their own health among the subjects. We can talk about the lack of influence of medical education on the importance of health for a person. Rather, it can be concluded that women generally attach more importance to health than men.
Ideas about a healthy lifestyle among adolescents, regardless of their education, primarily come down to sports, the absence of bad habits and proper nutrition. At the same time, doctors name the most important components of a healthy lifestyle as the feeling of happiness, harmony with oneself, harmonious relationships in the family, which is more consistent with modern ideas about a healthy lifestyle that is not limited not only by physical health factors.
As the main sign of a healthy lifestyle, both the components of a healthy lifestyle and health indicators are noted, which at the subjective level is assessed as good health and good mood.
An analysis of the figures shows that the most multifaceted ideas about a healthy lifestyle are inherent in doctors, and the most superficial, when a healthy lifestyle is understood as the absence of bad habits and playing sports, are observed among young lawyers. Broader ideas about a healthy lifestyle among physicians can be associated both with work experience and with broader life experience.
Differences were also revealed in the attitude of the subjects to health (either as a means or as an end).
We found that most of the subjects consider a healthy lifestyle necessary.
It was determined that the less realized the subjects consider a healthy lifestyle, the more often they have a desire to lead a healthier lifestyle. And since doctors rank last in terms of the degree of implementation of a healthy lifestyle, they also hold the primacy in the pursuit of a healthier lifestyle.
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APPS
Instruction
Each of us has heard the expression “healthy lifestyle” and each of us has an idea of what it is. To find out the differences in these perceptions, please take part in our survey.
You are offered a questionnaire, which consists of two parts: part A and part B.
Part A includes two types of questions. Some of them (questions No. 1, 2, 5) represent the beginning of sentences. Read them carefully and complete.
Other questions (No. 3, 4, 6) contain options for possible answers, from which you should choose the answer that you consider correct for yourself. Then write why you chose this answer.
Do not waste time thinking, write what comes to mind first.
Part B includes only 2 points.
Item 1 presents a list of 15 values. Read them carefully and put them in order of importance for you: the value that is the most important for you in life, assign number 1 and put it in brackets next to this value. Then, from the remaining values, select the most important one and put the number 2 in front of it. Thus, evaluate all the values in terms of importance and put their numbers in brackets opposite the corresponding values.
If in the course of work you consider it necessary to change some values in places, you can correct your answers.
In paragraph 2, you are offered a list of 12 components of a healthy lifestyle. Read them carefully and choose the sign that you consider the most important for a healthy lifestyle. In the cell next to it, put the number 1. Then, from the remaining components, select the one that, in your opinion, is the most important and put the number 2 in front of it.
Thus appreciate the importance for a healthy lifestyle of all signs.
The least important will remain last and will be number 12.
If in the course of work you deem it necessary to change your mind, you can correct your answers.
Thank you in advance for your participation.
Answer sheet
FULL NAME.....................
DATE OF
FLOOR.......................
“.....”.................. 1999
1. I believe that a healthy lifestyle is. . .
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2. The main sign of a healthy lifestyle is this. . .
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3. Health for me is: a) an end b) a means
Explain why?
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4. Do you think that a healthy lifestyle is necessary? a) yes b) difficult to answer c) no
Why do you think so?
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5. I believe that I maintain a healthy lifestyle by ..............% because I
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6. I would like to lead: a) a healthier lifestyle b) the same lifestyle as at the moment
1. material security (
) health
() the beauty
() happiness of others
() cognition
() development
() self-confidence
() creation
2. do sports
() do not use drugs (
) lead a meaningful life (
) positive attitude towards oneself (
) harmonious relationships in the family () do not drink alcohol (
) eat fully and properly () live a full spiritual life () do not smoke
() not to be promiscuous () benevolent attitude towards others () self-development, self-improvement ()
A healthy lifestyle is not just proper nutrition, daily routine, physical activity, it is also the ability to maintain a normal psycho-emotional state. Maintaining excellent health and good physical shape is impossible with a negative perception of life, even with the advice of nutritionists and doctors. It is known that any negative emotion affects the state of internal organs and, accordingly, the appearance. In the same way, positive emotions have a beneficial effect on the one who experiences them. And since our well-being, both physical and psycho-emotional, largely depends on our emotions, then speaking about a healthy lifestyle, one cannot but take into account the ability to control one's emotions. Despite the fact that the mastery of these skills is perfectly achieved by long-term practice, there are still some rules, the observance of which today will help you cope with the disharmony of your psycho-emotional state and lead a truly healthy lifestyle.
Psychological rules for a healthy lifestyle
- The world is as I see it. And it depends on me what I see, good or bad. I determine if I have been deceived or given a lesson. It depends on me whether I want to know the truth or want to be deceived. The world reflects my inner state. And if someone is rude to me, then I show serious dissatisfaction in something like that, it’s something or someone that annoys me. And if I have difficulties at work, then it’s me, for some reason, perhaps not realized by me, that I don’t want to work there.
- My decision depends only on my choice. I choose: rake other people's problems for me or live my own life. I choose how to act: how others want or what is best for me. I am responsible for all my decisions, even if I don't like some of them. So no one can force me to do something, it depends only on my choice whether I agree or not. Therefore, in what I have chosen, there are no other guilty and responsible, except for me. So, if I lend money to someone and remain without repaying the debt, then this is the result of my choice, and no matter why others could not or did not want to repay the debt, it was only my decision: to give or not to give.
- I have the right to make mistakes. Only those who do nothing do not make mistakes. Not all of my actions may be correct, but I can always recognize and correct mistakes. It is better to do something and, if something goes wrong, correct the mistakes than to do nothing at all. Only the one who goes to it reaches the goal, and not the one who stands and cannot decide to do something, even with mistakes.
- I get out of life only what I let into my life and nothing more. And if I don’t even admit in my thoughts that I can be a happy person, do my favorite thing, have enough money to implement my plans, then all my claims to life are meaningless. Even if I exclude the possibility that something, until today, unusual and impossible, may be in my life, then it is unlikely that my life will be filled with bright moments, because I personally do not let these joys into my life. And the more trouble I expect, the more I get.
- Everything I do, I do with love. I take on any business, even those that I don’t want to do, only in the context of the fact that I like what I am doing now. I can motivate myself for all my deeds so that any of these deeds becomes my pleasure. And if so, then I do not expect any gratitude from anyone. Doing something, I already get the joy of doing it, and if they also thank me for it in some way, then these are my bonuses.
- My present creates my future. If today I am in a good mood and my thoughts are positively colored, then this is my tomorrow, in which something happens so that I again experience joyful emotions. If today it’s hard for me and I’m in a depressed state, it means that in some past days I did everything to get into such a state today. And if I continue to “press sadness” now, then this will affect my tomorrows, and gray-black tones will again await my future. So if I want to repaint my future in more joyful colors, then today I need to find a good way to change my mood in a positive way.
- I am me, you are you. I allow myself to be a special person, not like others, a person with my own thoughts, with my desires, with my own characteristics. And I let other people be themselves. I don’t think for others, I don’t make decisions for them, I don’t remake others, I am responsible for myself, I improve, I love, I rejoice, I communicate, I take care if I want all this.
Introduction
1. The problem of a healthy lifestyle in psychology
1.1. The concept of health and its criteria
1.2. The concept of a healthy lifestyle
2. The study of social representations in social psychology
3. Analysis of the results of the study
3.1. Description of the methodology and organization of the study
3.2. Analysis of the results and their discussion
Conclusion
Literature
Applications
Introduction
The end of the 20th century is characterized, in particular, by an increase in morbidity and mortality against the backdrop of high achievements in medicine, the perfection of technical means for diagnosing and treating diseases. The current stage of development of our society is associated with a demographic crisis, a decrease in life expectancy, a decrease in the mental health of the country's population, which causes concern for many scientists and specialists (6; 9; 12; 31; 32; 38; 42; 48, etc.). But, given the traditional focus of the current healthcare system on the detection, definition and “elimination” of diseases, which has intensified due to the progressive socio-economic destruction of society, it becomes clear that medicine today and the foreseeable future will not be able to significantly affect the preservation of human health. This fact justifies the need to find more effective ways and means of maintaining and developing health.
It is known that the level of human health depends on many factors: hereditary, socio-economic, environmental, health care system. But, according to WHO, it is only 10-15% associated with the latter factor, 15-20% is due to genetic factors, 25% is determined by environmental conditions, and 50-55% is determined by the conditions and lifestyle of a person. Thus, it is obvious that the primary role in the preservation and formation of health still belongs to the person himself, his way of life, his values, attitudes, the degree of harmonization of his inner world and relations with the environment. At the same time, modern people in most cases shift the responsibility for their health to doctors. He is actually indifferent towards himself, is not responsible for the strength and health of his body, and at the same time does not try to explore and understand his soul. In reality, a person is busy not caring for his own health, but treating diseases, which leads to the currently observed decline in health against the backdrop of significant advances in medicine. In fact, the strengthening and creation of health should become the need and duty of every person.
It is not justified to see the causes of ill health only in poor nutrition, pollution of the environment and the lack of proper medical care. Much more important for the global ill health of mankind is the progress of civilization, which contributed to the “liberation” of a person from efforts on himself, which led to the destruction of the body's defenses. The primary task for improving the level of health should not be the development of medicine, but the conscious, purposeful work of the person himself to restore and develop life resources, to take responsibility for his own health, when a healthy lifestyle becomes a need. “Being healthy is a natural desire of a person,” writes K. V. Dineika, considering as the main task facing a person in relation to his health, not the treatment of diseases, but the creation of health (20).
The first step in this direction can be the clarification of ideas about a healthy lifestyle in modern society in order to further correct them, as well as the formation of new ideas and attitudes towards health, a healthy lifestyle and illness. First of all, this is important for the younger generation, since their health is public health in 10-30 years. Therefore, in our study, we studied students' ideas about a healthy lifestyle. In addition, for fruitful joint work of representatives of different fields of knowledge in the direction of creating an ideology of public health, it is important that those who are called upon to put these ideas into practice, in particular, physicians, have ideas about a healthy lifestyle that correspond to modern scientific views. Based on this, we also chose practicing physicians and students of a medical college as the object of our study.
As we know, there are currently only a few studies of social perceptions of a healthy lifestyle. In addition, even the very concept of “health” is interpreted by different authors in different ways.
Thus, both the theoretical significance of the study devoted to the analysis of such categories as health, a healthy lifestyle, and its practical significance for possible further work towards the formation of adequate ideas about a healthy lifestyle and the creation of a creative attitude towards one's own health are obvious.
Hypothesis: The idea of doctors about a healthy lifestyle is more consistent with modern scientific ideas than that of future doctors and non-medical students.
1. The problem of a healthy lifestyle in psychology
1.1. The concept of health and its criteria
At all times, among all the peoples of the world, the enduring value of a person and society has been and is physical and mental health. Even in ancient times, it was understood by doctors and philosophers as the main condition for the free activity of man, his perfection.
But despite the great value attached to health, the concept of “health” has not had a specific scientific definition for a long time. And at present there are different approaches to its definition. At the same time, most of the authors: philosophers, physicians, psychologists (Yu.A. Aleksandrovsky, 1976; V.Kh. Vasilenko, 1985; V.P. Kaznacheev, 1975; V.V. Nikolaeva, 1991; V.M. Vorobyov, 1995) regarding this phenomenon, they agree with each other only on one point, that there is currently no single, generally accepted, scientifically based concept of “individual health” (54).
The earliest of the definitions of health - the definition of Alcmaeon, has its supporters up to the present day: "Health is the harmony of oppositely directed forces." Cicero described health as the right balance of various states of mind. The Stoics and Epicureans valued health above all else, opposing it to enthusiasm, the desire for everything immoderate and dangerous. The Epicureans believed that health is complete contentment, provided that all needs are fully satisfied. According to K. Jaspers, psychiatrists view health as the ability to realize "the natural innate potential of human vocation." There are other formulations: health is the acquisition by a person of his self, "realization of the Self", full and harmonious inclusion in the community of people (12). K. Rogers also perceives a healthy person as mobile, open, and not constantly using defensive reactions, independent of external influences and relying on himself. Optimally actualized, such a person constantly lives in each new moment of life. This person is mobile and adapts well to changing conditions, is tolerant of others, emotional and reflective (46).
F. Perls considers a person as a whole, believing that mental health is associated with the maturity of the individual, manifested in the ability to realize one's own needs, constructive behavior, healthy adaptability and the ability to take responsibility for oneself. A mature and healthy person is authentic, spontaneous and internally free.
Z. Freud believed that a psychologically healthy person is one who is able to reconcile the principle of pleasure with the principle of reality. According to C.G. Jung, a person who has assimilated the contents of his unconscious and is free from capture by any archetype can be healthy. From the point of view of W. Reich, neurotic and psychosomatic disorders are interpreted as a consequence of the stagnation of biological energy. Therefore, a healthy state is characterized by the free flow of energy.
The charter of the World Health Organization (WHO) states that health is not only the absence of disease and physical defects, but a state of complete social and spiritual well-being. In the corresponding volume of the 2nd edition of the BME, it is defined as the state of the human body, when the functions of all its organs and systems are balanced with the external environment and there are no painful changes. This definition is based on the category of health status, which is assessed on three grounds: somatic, social and personal (Ivanyushkin, 1982). Somatic - the perfection of self-regulation in the body, the harmony of physiological processes, maximum adaptation to the environment. Social - a measure of working capacity, social activity, an active attitude of a person to the world. A personality attribute implies a person's life strategy, the degree of his dominance over the circumstances of life (32). I.A. Arshavsky emphasizes that the organism throughout its development is not in a state of equilibrium or balance with the environment. On the contrary, being a non-equilibrium system, the organism changes the forms of its interaction with environmental conditions all the time during its development (10). G. L. Apanasenko points out that considering a person as a bioenergy-information system characterized by a pyramidal structure of subsystems, which include the body, psyche and spiritual element, the concept of health implies the harmony of this system. Violations at any level affect the stability of the entire system (3). G.A. Kuraev, S.K. Sergeev and Yu.V. Shlenov emphasize that many definitions of health proceed from the fact that the human body must resist, adapt, overcome, maintain, expand its capabilities, etc. The authors note that with such an understanding of health, a person is regarded as a militant creature in an aggressive natural and social environment. But after all, the biological environment does not give rise to an organism that is not supported by it, and if this happens, then such an organism is doomed already at the beginning of its development. Researchers propose to determine health based on the basic functions of the human body (implementation of the genetic unconditioned reflex program, instinctive activity, generative function, congenital and acquired nervous activity). In accordance with this, health can be defined as the ability of interacting body systems to ensure the implementation of genetic programs of unconditioned reflex, instinctive processes, generative functions, mental activity and phenotypic behavior aimed at the social and cultural spheres of life (32).
For a philosophical consideration of health, it is important to understand that it reflects a necessity arising from the essence of phenomena, and illness is an accident that does not have a universal character. Thus, modern medicine deals mainly with random phenomena - diseases, and not with health, which is natural and necessary (9).
I.A. Gundarov and V.A. Palessky note: “When determining health, one should take into account the opinion that health and disease do not correlate with each other according to the principle of dichotomy: either there is or not; either a person is healthy or sick. Health appears as a life continuum from 0 to 1, on which it is always present, although in varying amounts. Even a seriously ill person has a certain amount of health, although it is very small. Absolutely complete disappearance of health is tantamount to death” (10, p. 27).
The vast majority of works emphasize that absolute health is an abstraction. Human health is not only a biomedical, but primarily a social category, ultimately determined by the nature and nature of social relations, social conditions and factors that depend on the mode of social production.
N.V. Yakovleva identifies several approaches to the definition of health that can be traced in applied research (54). One of them is the opposite approach, in which health is seen as the absence of disease. Within the framework of this approach, research is being carried out in medical psychology and personality psychology, especially those carried out by physicians. Naturally, such consideration of the “health” phenomenon cannot be exhaustive. Different authors cite the following shortcomings of such an understanding of health: 1) in considering health as a non-disease, a logical error was initially laid down, since the definition of the concept through negation cannot be considered complete; 2) this approach is subjective, since health is seen in it as a denial of all known diseases, but at the same time, all unknown diseases are left out; 3) such a definition is descriptive and mechanistic, which does not allow revealing the essence of the phenomenon of individual health, its features and dynamics (32; 54). Yu. P. Lisitsyn notes: “It can be concluded that health is something more than the absence of diseases and injuries, it is an opportunity to fully work, rest, in a word, perform the functions inherent in a person, live freely, joyfully” (32; p. 13) .
The second approach is characterized by N.V. Yakovleva as complex-analytical. In this case, when studying health, by calculating correlations, individual factors that affect health are identified. Then the frequency of occurrence of this factor in the living environment of a particular person is analyzed and, on the basis of this, a conclusion is made about his health. The author points out the following disadvantages of this approach: the possibility of a specific factor being insufficient for making a conclusion about a person's health; the absence of a single abstract standard of health as the sum of a set of factors; the absence of a single quantitative expression of a separate feature characterizing human health.
As an alternative to the previous approaches to the study of health problems, a systematic approach is considered, the principles of which are: refusal to define health as a non-disease; identification of systemic rather than isolated health criteria (gestalt criteria of the human health system); obligatory study of the dynamics of the system, the allocation of the zone of proximal development, showing how plastic the system is under various influences, i.e. to what extent its self-correction or correction is possible; transition from the selection of certain types to individual modeling (54).
A.Ya.Ivanyushkin offers 3 levels to describe the value of health: 1) biological - primordial health implies the perfection of the body's self-regulation, the harmony of physiological processes and, as a result, a minimum of adaptation; 2) social - health is a measure of social activity, an active attitude of a person to the world; 3) personal, psychological - health is not the absence of illness, but rather the denial of it, in the sense of overcoming it. Health in this case acts not only as a state of the body, but as a “strategy of human life” (27).
I. Illich notes that “health determines the process of adaptation: ... it creates the ability to adapt to a changing external environment, to growth and aging, to treatment for disorders, suffering and peaceful expectation of death” (9, p. 26). Health as the ability to adapt to environmental conditions, which is the result of interaction with the environment, is considered by R. M. Baevsky and A. P. Berseneva (5). In general, it has become a tradition in Russian literature to link the state of health, illness, and transitional states between them with the level of adaptation. L. Kh. Garkavi and E. B. Kvakina consider health, prenosological states and transitional states between them from the standpoint of the theory of nonspecific adaptive reactions. The state of health in this case is characterized by harmonious anti-stress reactions of calm and increased activation (16).
I. I. Brekhman emphasizes that health is not the absence of disease, but the physical, social and psychological harmony of a person, friendly relations with other people, with nature and oneself (8). He writes that “human health is the ability to maintain age-appropriate stability in conditions of sharp changes in the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the triune source of sensory, verbal and structural information” (9, p. 27).
The understanding of health as a state of equilibrium, a balance between the adaptive capabilities (health potential) of a person and constantly changing environmental conditions was proposed by Academician V.P. Petlenko (1997).
One of the founders of valeology, T. F. Akbashev, calls health a characteristic of a person’s vitality, which is set by nature and is realized or not realized by a person (1).
When defining the concept of “health”, the question often arises about its norm. At the same time, the very concept of the norm is debatable. So, in the article “norm”, published in the second edition of the BME, this phenomenon is considered as a conditional designation of the balance of the human body, its individual organs and functions in the external environment. Then health is defined as the balance of the organism and its environment, and disease - as a violation of the balance with the environment. But, as I. I. Brekhman notes, the organism is never in a state of equilibrium with the environment, since otherwise development would cease, and hence the possibility of further life. V.P. Petlenko, criticizing this definition of the norm, proposes to understand it as the biological optimum of a living system, i.e. the interval of its optimal functioning, which has movable boundaries, within which the optimal connection with the environment and the consistency of all body functions are maintained. And then normal functioning should be considered within the optimum, which will be considered as the health of the body (9). According to V. M. Dilman, it is in principle impossible to talk about the health of the body and its norm, because. individual development is a pathology, a deviation from the norm, which can only be attributed to the age of 20-25, which is characterized by a minimum frequency of major human diseases (19). I. I. Brekhman, considering the problem of health as one of the global problems of mankind, points out the illegitimacy of such an approach. He notes that the concept of the norm remains abstract because it means a condition that precedes the disease, and it may not be the same for different people. When defining health, the author departs from the relative and controversial category of the norm in the direction of understanding health from the standpoint of quality. He says that the problem of health, like all global problems, arises in a crisis situation. According to A. Peccei, “... the sources of this crisis lie inside, and not outside, the human being, considered as an individual and as a collective. And the solution of all these problems should come first of all from changes in the person himself, his inner essence (9, p. 23).
P. L. Kapitsa closely links health with the “quality” of people in a given society, which can be judged by life expectancy, a reduction in diseases, crime, and drug addiction (9).
N. M. Amosov drew attention to the fact that the health of an organism is determined by its quantity, which can be estimated by the maximum productivity of organs while maintaining the qualitative limits of their functions (2). But maximum productivity can be achieved at the expense of high energy costs and endurance work, i.e. through overcoming fatigue and can have negative consequences for the body. In addition, appropriate criteria have not yet been developed to judge the qualitative limits of the functioning of various organs and their systems. Thus, such a definition requires refinement of (9). A similar approach to understanding health is offered by M. E. Teleshevskaya and N. I. Pogibko, who consider this phenomenon as the ability of the human body to refract the entire set of natural and social factors that make up the conditions of human life, without violating the harmony of physiological mechanisms and systems that ensure normal functioning human (51). N. D. Lakosina and G. K. Ushakov define health as the structural and functional preservation of human organs and systems, high individual adaptability of the organism to the physical and social environment, and as the preservation of habitual well-being (51).
V.P. Kaznacheev points out that the health of an individual “can be defined as a dynamic state (process) of the preservation and development of biological, physiological and psychological functions, optimal working capacity and social activity with a maximum life expectancy” (30, p. 9), as “ valeological process of formation of the organism and personality” (29). In his opinion, this definition takes into account the usefulness of the performance of the basic socio-biological functions and life goals of the individual. Along with the health of an individual, V.P. Kaznacheev proposes to consider the health of a population, which he understands “as a process of socio-historical development of viability - biological and psychosocial - of the population in a number of generations, increasing the working capacity and productivity of collective labor, increasing ecological dominance, improving the species Homo sapiens” (30, p. 86). The criteria for the health of the human population, in addition to the individual properties of its constituent people, include the birth rate, the health of offspring, genetic diversity, the adaptability of the population to climatic and geographical conditions, readiness to perform diverse social roles, age structure, etc.
I. I. Brekhman, speaking about the problem of health, notes that it very often occupies not the first place in the hierarchy of human values, which is given to the material benefits of life, career, success, etc. (nine). V.P. Kaznacheev considers a possible hierarchy of needs (goals) in animals and humans, indicating that in humans, the first place is “... performing social and labor activities with a maximum duration of active life. Preservation of genetic material. Reproduction of full-fledged offspring. Ensuring the preservation and development of the health of this and future generations (30, p. 153). Thus, the author emphasizes that health should take the first place in the hierarchy of human needs.
So, health is considered as an integrative characteristic of a person, covering both her inner world and all the peculiarities of relationships with the environment and including physical, mental, social and spiritual aspects; as a state of equilibrium, a balance between the adaptive capabilities of a person and constantly changing environmental conditions. Moreover, it should not be regarded as an end in itself; it is only a means for the most complete realization of a person's life potential.
Observations and experiments have long allowed physicians and researchers to separate the factors that affect human health into biological and social. Such a division received philosophical reinforcement in the understanding of man as a biosocial being. Physicians, first of all, social factors include housing conditions, the level of material support and education, family composition, etc. Among the biological factors are the age of the mother when the child was born, the age of the father, the characteristics of the course of pregnancy and childbirth, the physical characteristics of the child at birth. Psychological factors are also considered as a result of biological and social factors (24). Yu.P. Lisitsyn, considering health risk factors, points to bad habits (smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet), environmental pollution, as well as “psychological pollution” (strong emotional experiences, distress) and genetic factors (34). For example, long-term distress has been found to suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infections and malignant tumors; in addition, stress releases large amounts of stress hormones into the blood in reactive, easily angered individuals, which are believed to accelerate the formation of plaque on the walls of the coronary arteries (39).
G. A. Apanasenko proposes to distinguish between several groups of health factors that determine, respectively, its reproduction, formation, functioning, consumption and restoration, as well as characterizing health as a process and as a state. Thus, the factors (indicators) of health reproduction include: the state of the gene pool, the state of the reproductive function of parents, its implementation, the health of parents, the existence of legal acts protecting the gene pool and pregnant women, etc. The author considers the way of life to the factors of health formation, which includes the level of production and labor productivity; degree of satisfaction of material and cultural needs; general educational and cultural levels; features of nutrition, physical activity, interpersonal relationships; bad habits, etc., as well as the state of the environment. As factors of health consumption, the author considers the culture and nature of production, the social activity of the individual, the state of the moral environment, etc. Restoration of health is recreation, treatment, rehabilitation (4).
As I. I. Brekhman notes, in the conditions of the modern scientific and technological revolution, a large number of reasons lead to a certain disorganization of the natural foundations of the effective life of the individual, a crisis of emotionality, the main manifestations of which are emotional disharmony, alienation and immaturity of feelings, leading to poor health and diseases. The author states that a person's attitude to a long healthy life is of great importance for health. To preserve and improve health, a person should, even more than to get rid of diseases, adopt a new attitude to his life, to work (9).
As already noted, culture can be considered as one of the factors of health. According to V.S. Semenov, culture expresses the measure of a person's awareness and mastery of his relationship to himself, to society, nature, as well as the degree and level of self-regulation of his essential potentialities (47). If our ancestors were largely defenseless against various diseases due to their ignorance, and this state of affairs was partly saved only by various taboos, then modern man knows disproportionately more than his predecessors about nature, his own body, diseases, health risk factors, lives in much better conditions. But despite this, the incidence rate is quite high, and quite often people get sick with those diseases, for the prevention of which it is enough to lead a certain lifestyle. I. I. Brekhman explains this situation by the fact that “very often people do not know what they are able to do with themselves, what huge reserves of physical and mental health they have, if they manage to save and use them, up to an increase in the duration of an active and happy life ” (9, p. 50). The author points out that despite general literacy, people simply do not know much, and if they do, they do not follow the rules of a healthy life. He writes: “Health requires such knowledge that would become being” (9, p. 50).
V. Soloukhin considers the problem of the connection between culture and health as follows: a cultured person cannot afford to get sick; consequently, a high level of morbidity among the population (especially such chronic diseases as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, etc.), an increase in the number of overweight people, as well as smokers and alcohol drinkers, is an indicator of their low level of culture (9).
O. S. Vasilyeva, paying attention to the presence of a number of components of health, in particular, such as physical, mental, social and spiritual health, considers the factors that have a predominant influence on each of them. So, among the main factors affecting physical health are: the system of nutrition, respiration, physical activity, hardening, hygiene procedures. Mental health is primarily affected by the system of a person's relationship to himself, other people, life in general; his life goals and values, personal characteristics. The social health of an individual depends on the conformity of personal and professional self-determination, satisfaction with family and social status, the flexibility of life strategies and their compliance with the sociocultural situation (economic, social and psychological conditions). And, finally, spiritual health, which is the purpose of life, is influenced by high morality, meaningfulness and fullness of life, creative relationships and harmony with oneself and the world around, Love and Faith. At the same time, the author emphasizes that the consideration of these factors as separately affecting each component of health is rather conditional, since all of them are closely interconnected (12).
So, as already noted, human health depends on many factors: hereditary, socio-economic, environmental, health system performance. But a special place among them is occupied by a person's lifestyle. The next part of this work is devoted to a more detailed consideration of the importance of lifestyle for health.
1.2. The concept of a healthy lifestyle
Human health by more than 50%, according to various sources, depends on his lifestyle (13; 32; 52). D. U. Nistryan writes: “According to some researchers, human health is 60% dependent on his lifestyle, 20% on the environment, and only 8% on medicine” (40, p. 40). According to WHO, human health is 50-55% determined by the conditions and lifestyle, 25% by environmental conditions, 15-20% by genetic factors, and only 10-15% by the activities of the healthcare system (6).
There are different approaches to the definition of the concept of “lifestyle”.
Thus, a number of authors believe that lifestyle is a biosocial category that determines the type of life activity in the spiritual and material spheres of human life (32; 43; 49). According to Yu. P. Lisitsyn, “a way of life is a certain, historically conditioned type, type of life activity or a certain way of activity in the material and non-material (spiritual) spheres of people's life activity” (32, p. 6). In this case, the way of life is understood as a category that reflects the most common and typical ways of material and spiritual life of people, taken in unity with natural and social conditions.
In another approach, the concept of lifestyle is considered as an integral way of being an individual in the external and internal world (21), as a “system of relationships between a person and himself and environmental factors”, where the system of relationships between a person and himself is a complex set of actions and experiences, the presence of good habits that strengthen the natural resource of health, the absence of bad habits that destroy it (50).
Most Western researchers define lifestyle as “a broad category that includes individual forms of behavior, activity and the realization of one’s capabilities in work, everyday life and cultural customs characteristic of a particular socio-economic structure” (23; p. 39).
A. M. Izutkin and G. Ts. Tsaregorodtsev represent the structure of the way of life in the form of the following elements: “1) transformative activity aimed at changing nature, society and man himself; 2) ways to meet material and spiritual needs; 3) forms of participation of people in social and political activities and in government; 4) cognitive activity at the level of theoretical, empirical and value-oriented knowledge; 5) communicative activity, including communication between people in society and its subsystems (people, class, family, etc.); 6) medical and pedagogical activity aimed at the physical and spiritual development of a person” (28, p. 20). Yu. P. Lisitsyn, N. V. Polunina, E. N. Savelyeva and others offer such components (aspects) of the lifestyle as industrial, socio-political, extra-labor, medical activity (32; 34). Other authors in the concept of lifestyle include labor activity of a person, social, psycho-intellectual, motor activity, communication and domestic relationships (52), habits, regimen, rhythm, pace of life, features of work, rest and communication (11).
Yu. P. Lisitsyn, based on the classification of I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada and other domestic sociologists and philosophers, identifies four categories in the way of life: “... economic - “standard of living”, sociological - “quality of life”, socio-psychological - “lifestyle” and socio-economic - “way of life”. life” (32, p. 9). The standard of living or the level of well-being characterizes the size, as well as the structure of material and spiritual needs, thus the quantitative, measurable aspect of living conditions. The way of life is understood as the order of social life, life, culture, within the framework of which people live. Lifestyle refers to the individual characteristics of behavior as one of the manifestations of life. The quality of life is an assessment of the qualitative side of the conditions of life; it is an indicator of the level of comfort, satisfaction with work, communication, etc. According to Yu. P. Lisitsyn, human health largely depends on the style and way of life.
Since ancient times, even before the emergence of professional medicine, people noticed the impact on health of the nature of work, habits, customs, as well as beliefs, thoughts, experiences. Well-known doctors from different countries paid attention to the peculiarities of the work and life of their patients, linking the occurrence of ailments to this.
If we turn to the historical aspect of the origin of ideas about a healthy lifestyle, then for the first time they begin to form in the East. Already in ancient India 6 centuries BC. the Vedas formulate the basic principles of a healthy lifestyle. One of them is the achievement of a stable balance of the psyche. The first and indispensable condition for achieving this balance was complete inner freedom, the absence of a rigid dependence of a person on the physical and psychological factors of the environment. Another path leading to the establishment of inner balance was considered the path of the heart, the path of love. In bhakti yoga, love that gives freedom was not understood as love for an individual person, for a group of people, but love for all living things in this world as the highest expression of the essence of being. The third way to achieve inner freedom - the path of reason, reason - was proposed by jana yoga, which states that none of the yogas should renounce knowledge, because it increases vital stability.
In Eastern philosophy, the emphasis has always been on the unity of the mental and bodily in man. So, Chinese thinkers believed that the disharmony of the body arises as a result of mental disharmony. They singled out five painful moods: anger and irascibility, “cloudiness” with experiences, concern and despondency, sadness and sadness, fear and anxiety. The tendency to such moods, they believed, disrupts and paralyzes the energy of both individual organs and the whole organism as a whole, shortening a person's life. Joy, on the other hand, gives harmonious elasticity to the body's energy flows and prolongs life (13).
In Tibetan medicine, in the well-known treatise “Chzhud-shi”, ignorance was considered the common cause of all diseases. Ignorance gives rise to a sick way of life, eternal dissatisfaction, leads to painful, pessimistic experiences, harmful passions, unjust anger, disapproval of people. Moderation in everything, natural naturalness and overcoming ignorance are the main ones that determine the physical and mental well-being of a person (15).
Eastern philosophy is based on the understanding of a person as a whole, inextricably linked with the immediate environment, nature, space and is focused on maintaining health, revealing a person's enormous capabilities to resist ailments.
Ideas about a healthy lifestyle are also found in ancient philosophy. Thinkers of the ancient period are trying to identify specific elements in this phenomenon. So, for example, Hippocrates in his treatise “On a healthy lifestyle” considers this phenomenon as a kind of harmony, which should be strived for by observing a number of preventive measures. It focuses mainly on the physical health of a person. Democritus describes spiritual health to a greater extent, which is a “good state of mind”, in which the soul is in peace and balance, not worried by any passions, fears and other experiences.
In the ancient world, there are traditions of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The presence of good health was the main criterion for ensuring the intellectual development of the younger generation. So, young men, physically poorly developed, did not have the right to higher education. In ancient Greece, the cult of the body is built into the framework of state laws, there is a strict system of physical education.
During this period, the first concepts of a healthy lifestyle appear: “know thyself”, “take care of yourself”. According to the latter concept, each person should have a certain course of action, carried out in relation to himself and including taking care of himself, changing, transforming himself. The peculiarity of the ancient period is that the physical component of a healthy lifestyle comes to the fore, pushing the spiritual to the background. In Eastern philosophy, there is an inextricable link between the spiritual and physical state of a person. Health is seen here as “a necessary stage of perfection and the highest value” (18). The provisions of Eastern medicine are based on the attitude towards a person as a person. It is expressed in the forms of dialogue between the doctor and the patient in the perspectives in which he sees himself, because no one but the person himself can change his way of life, habits, attitude to life and illness. This approach is based on the fact that many diseases are functional in nature and their symptoms are signals of serious emotional and social problems. But in any case, a person acts as an active participant in the preservation and acquisition of health. Therefore, in the foundations of Oriental medicine, it is especially emphasized that the problem of health cannot be solved only by perfect technical means of diagnosis and treatment. It should be approached from an individual perspective on health, including awareness of oneself and one's own lifestyle (13). This aspect is largely lost in modern medicine, which considers the disease as a violation of the well-being of the bodily condition of a person, the presence of specific, local abnormalities in organs and tissues, and the patient as a passive person receiving certain prescriptions, in the development of which he did not participate (37).
In Western and Russian science, the problem of a healthy lifestyle was touched upon by such doctors and thinkers as F. Bacon, B. Spinoza, H. De Roy, J. Lametrie, P. J. Cabanis, M. Lomonosov, A. Radishchev (17).
The 20th century gave a lot to mankind: electricity, television, modern transport. But at the same time, the end of the century is characterized by a deep discordance between the natural, social and spiritual foundations of man and the environment of his life (26). Significant changes have taken place in the consciousness of a person: if earlier he was both a producer and a consumer of various goods, now these functions are divided, which also affected the attitude of our contemporary to his health. In the old days, a person, “consuming” his health in hard physical labor and in the fight against the forces of nature, was well aware that he himself must take care of its restoration. Now it seems to people that health is as permanent as electricity and water supply, that it will always be (9). I.I. Brekhman notes: “The achievements of the scientific and technological revolution by themselves will not reduce the backlog of adaptive capabilities of a person from changes in the natural and socio-industrial environment of his habitat. The greater the automation of production and the conditioning of the environment, the less trained the body's defenses will be. Having generated an ecological problem with his production activity, concerned about the conservation of nature on a planetary scale, man forgot that he is part of nature, and directs his efforts mainly to preserve and improve the environment” (9, p. 48). Thus, humanity is faced with the task of not engaging in utopian plans to protect a person from all possible pathogenic effects, but to ensure his health in real conditions.
To preserve and restore health, it is not enough to passively wait for the nature of the organism to do its work sooner or later. A person himself needs to do some work in this direction. But, unfortunately, most people realize the value of health only when there is a serious threat to health or it is largely lost, as a result of which there is a motivation to cure the disease, to restore health. But positive motivation to improve health in healthy people is clearly not enough. I. I. Brekhman identifies two possible reasons for this: a person is not aware of his health, does not know the size of his reserves, and puts off taking care of him until later, to retirement or in case of illness (9). At the same time, a healthy person can and should focus in his lifestyle on the positive experience of the older generation and on the negative experience of sick people. However, this approach does not work for everyone and with insufficient force. Many people, by their image and behavior, not only contribute to health, but destroy it.
Yu. P. Lisitsyn notes that a healthy lifestyle is not just everything that has a beneficial effect on people's health. In this case, we are talking about all components of various activities aimed at protecting and improving health (33). The author points out that the concept of a healthy lifestyle is not limited to certain forms of medical and social activity (eliminating bad habits, following hygiene norms and rules, health education, seeking treatment or advice in medical institutions, observing the regime of work, rest, nutrition and many others, although they all reflect certain aspects of a healthy lifestyle (32). harmonious physical and spiritual development of a person” (32, p. 35). Yu. P. Lisitsyn and I. V. Polunina also distinguish a number of criteria for a healthy lifestyle, which include, for example, a harmonious combination of biological and social in a person, hygienic substantiation of forms of behavior, non-specific and active ways of adapting the body and the human psyche to adverse conditions pits of nature and social environment (34). B. N. Chumakov notes that a healthy lifestyle includes typical forms and methods of everyday life of people, which strengthen and improve the reserve capabilities of the body (52). At the same time, the concept of a healthy lifestyle is much broader than the regime of work and rest, the nutrition system, various hardening and developmental exercises; it also includes a system of relationships to oneself, to another person, to life in general, as well as the meaningfulness of being, life goals and values (12).
In practice, when determining individual criteria and goals of a healthy lifestyle, there are two alternative approaches. The objective of the traditional approach is to achieve the same behavior for everyone, which is considered correct: quitting smoking and drinking alcohol, increasing physical activity, limiting dietary intake of saturated fats and salt, maintaining body weight within the recommended limits. The effectiveness of promoting a healthy lifestyle and mass health promotion is measured by the number of people who adhere to the recommended behavior. But, as practice shows, the incidence inevitably turns out to be different with the same behavior of people with different geno- and phenotypes. The obvious disadvantage of this approach is that it can lead to equality of human behavior, but not to equality of final health.
Another approach has completely different guidelines, and a healthy style of behavior is considered that leads a person to the desired duration and the required quality of life. Given that all people are different, they need to behave differently throughout their lives. I. A. Gundarov and V. A. Palessky state: “A healthy lifestyle, in principle, cannot and should not be identical. Any behavior should be assessed as healthy if it leads to the desired health outcome” (10, p. 26). With this approach, the criterion for the effectiveness of the formation of a healthy lifestyle is not behavior, but a real increase in the amount of health. Therefore, if a person's health does not improve despite seemingly reasonable, cultural, socially useful behavior, it cannot be considered healthy (10). To assess the amount of health in this approach, a methodology has been developed that gives a person the opportunity, taking into account the health index and his position on the health scale, to decide on his own what behavior to consider healthy. So, within the framework of this approach, a healthy lifestyle is determined based on individual criteria, personal choice of the most preferred health measures and monitoring their effectiveness. Therefore, for people with a lot of health, any lifestyle that is normal for them will be quite healthy.
In valeopsychology, that is, the psychology of health, which develops at the intersection of valeology and psychology, purposeful consistent work is supposed to return a person to himself, master his body, soul, spirit, mind, develop an "internal observer" (the ability to hear, see, feel myself). To understand and accept yourself, you need to "touch", pay attention to your inner world.
Knowing ourselves, listening to ourselves, we are already embarking on the path of creating health. This requires awareness of personal responsibility for life and, in particular, for health. For thousands of years, man gave his body into the hands of doctors, and gradually it ceased to be the subject of his personal concern. Man ceased to be responsible for the strength and health of his body and soul. As a result of this, "the soul of man is darkness." And the only way to free consciousness from illusions and imposed schemes of life is our own experience.
Each person needs to believe that he has all the opportunities to enhance his own life potential, increase resistance to various pathogenic, stressful factors. As V. I. Belov writes, having in mind, first of all, physical health, one can “achieve super-health and longevity, no matter what stage of illness or pre-illness a person is in” (7, p. 6). The author also provides methods and ways to improve the level of mental health at the disposal of everyone who is ready to become the creator of their own health (7). J. Rainwater, emphasizing the responsibility of a person for their own health and the great opportunities of each in shaping the latter, points out: “What kind of health each of us has depends largely on our behavior in the past - on how we breathed and moved, how we ate what thoughts and attitudes they preferred. Today, now, we determine our health in the future. We are responsible for it!” (45; p. 172). A person should be reoriented from the treatment of diseases, i.e. "pulling out weeds", to take care of your health; to understand that the cause of ill health is primarily not in poor nutrition, uncomfortable life, pollution of the environment, lack of proper medical care, but in a person’s indifference to himself, in the liberation, thanks to civilization, of a person from efforts on himself, which resulted in the destruction of the body’s defenses. Thus, raising the level of health is not associated with the development of medicine, but with the conscious, reasonable work of the person himself to restore and develop vital resources, to turn a healthy lifestyle into a fundamental component of the image of the Self. To improve and form health, it is important to learn to be healthy, to be creative to their own health, to form the need, ability and determination to create health with their own hands at the expense of their internal reserves, and not other people's efforts and external conditions. “Nature has endowed man with perfect life support and control systems, which are well-established mechanisms that regulate the activity of various organs, tissues and cells at various levels in close interaction with the central nervous and endocrine systems. The functioning of the body on the principle of a self-regulating system, taking into account the state of the external and internal environment, makes it possible to carry out gradual training, as well as training and education of various organs and systems in order to increase its reserve capabilities” (25; p. 26). As E. Charlton notes, before it was believed that information about the health consequences of a certain style of behavior would be enough to form an appropriate attitude towards it and change it in a desirable direction. He emphasizes that this approach did not take into account many of the social and psychological factors involved in decision making, as well as the availability of decision making skills. The author sees the possibility of changing lifestyle and attitudes towards one's health in demonstrating the immediate consequences of undesirable behavior (51). As noted by a number of authors, in the formation of a healthy lifestyle and the preservation of the health of an individual, creativity is of great importance, penetrating all life processes and having a beneficial effect on them (11; 31; 14). Thus, F. V. Vasilyuk argues that only the values of creativity have the ability to turn potential destructive events into points of spiritual growth and health enhancement (14). V. A. Lishchuk also believes that the development of the spiritual world of a person, his creative abilities contribute to a change in lifestyle, the preservation and enhancement of health (35).
So, health largely depends on lifestyle, however, speaking of a healthy lifestyle, first of all, they mean the absence of bad habits. This is, of course, a necessary but by no means sufficient condition. The main thing in a healthy lifestyle is the active creation of health, including all its components. Thus, the concept of a healthy lifestyle is much broader than the absence of bad habits, the regime of work and rest, the nutrition system, various hardening and developmental exercises; it also includes a system of relationships to oneself, to another person, to life in general, as well as the meaningfulness of being, life goals and values, etc. (12). Therefore, the creation of health requires both an expansion of ideas about health and diseases, and the skillful use of the entire range of factors that affect various components of health (physical, mental, social and spiritual), mastery of health-improving, restorative, nature-friendly methods and technologies, and the formation of an orientation towards healthy lifestyle.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the concept of a healthy lifestyle is multifaceted and has not yet been sufficiently developed. At the same time, at the level of everyday consciousness, ideas about a healthy lifestyle have existed for many centuries. This work is devoted to the study of modern social ideas about a healthy lifestyle. But first I would like to dwell a little on the very concept of “social representations” and the history of their study.
1.3. The study of social representations in psychology
In the 60-70s. In the 20th century, as a reaction to the dominance in modern science of American samples of socio-psychological knowledge of the scientistic sense in French social psychology, the concept of social representations arose, which was developed by S. Moskovisi with the participation of J. Abric, J. Caudole, V. Doise, K. Herzlish, D. Jodale, M. Plona and others.
The key concept of the concept is the concept of social representation, borrowed from the sociological doctrine of E. Durkheim. One of the well-established definitions of the concept of “social representation” is the interpretation of this phenomenon as a specific form of cognition, common sense knowledge, the content, functions and reproduction of which are socially conditioned. According to S. Moskovisi, social representations are a generalizing symbol, a system of interpretation, classification of phenomena. It is common sense, everyday knowledge, folk-science (popular science), according to S. Moskovisi, that open access to fixing social ideas (39). R. Harre believes that social representations are a version of theories that are an integral part of the beliefs and practices shared by individuals. Thus, we can say that these theories (social representations) are ordered around one topic, have a classification scheme, descriptions, explanations and actions. In addition, as A. V. Ovrutsky notes, it can be assumed that these theories contain a series of examples intended to illustrate them, values, behaviors corresponding to them, as well as clichés that serve to recall this theory, recognize its origins and differentiate from others. (41).
S. Moskovisi points out that social (ordinary) ideas draw their content largely from scientific ideas, and this process is not necessarily associated with the deformation and distortion of the latter. On the other hand, social representations have a significant fusion on scientific representations, being a kind of problematic field for scientific research (39).
In the structure of social representations, it is customary to single out 3 important dimensions (structural components): information, the field of representations, and attitude.
Information (a certain level of awareness) is understood as the amount of knowledge about the object of study. On the other hand, information is considered as a necessary condition for their formation (22). Followers of the concept of social representations believe that people learn about nature and social worlds through sensory experience. An important provision in this conclusion is that all knowledge, beliefs and any other cognitive constructs have their origins only in the interaction of people and are not formed in any other way.
The field of representations is the original category of this concept and is defined as a more or less pronounced richness of content. This is a hierarchized unity of elements, where there are figurative and semantic properties of representations. The content of the representation field is characteristic of certain social groups. S. Moskovisi believes that social representations are a kind of hallmark of a social group (40).
Attitude is defined as the relation of the subject to the representation object. It is believed that the setting is primary, since it can exist with insufficient awareness and fuzziness of the field of representations (41).
Great importance in the concept of social representations is given to the allocation of the social functions of the latter. The most important of the functions is that they serve as an instrument of knowledge. According to the logic of the representatives of this theory, social representations first describe, then classify and, finally, explain the objects of representations. On the other hand, it is emphasized that social representations are not only a grid with which people process this or that information, but are a filter that partially and selectively transforms information from the outside world (39). S. Moskovisi says that it is social representations that subordinate the mental apparatus to external influences, encourage people to form habits or, conversely, not to perceive the events of the external world. In other words, a person sees the world around him not as he really is, but “through the prism of his own desires, interests and ideas” (22).
The second important function of social representations is the function of mediating behavior. Social representations crystallize in specific social structures (clans, churches, social movements, family, clubs, etc.) and have a coercive effect that extends to all members of a given community. This function is manifested both in outwardly observed behavior and in emotional manifestations. So, R. Harre, having studied the manifestation of emotions in different cultures, found that the appearance of certain emotions and their dynamic parameters depend on the social representations that exist in certain cultures. In other words, social representations are interpreted as an independent variable that determines the whole variety of human behavior.
The third function of social representations is adaptive, acting in two ways: firstly, social representations adapt new social facts, phenomena of scientific and political life to already formed and pre-existing views, opinions and assessments; secondly, they perform the function of adaptation of the individual in society. R. Harre points out that by their behavior people constantly transmit their own knowledge and skills in reading the social context, social semantics, which is necessary for a person to adapt in a particular social community. Thus, social representations are a kind of key to socialization (41).
The focus of attention of the founders of the concept of social representations is the problem of the dynamics of social representations. In particular, several dynamic trends stand out. First of all, changes and transformations take place between the ideas of common sense and scientific ideas. So, S. Moskovisi writes that scientific ideas daily and spontaneously become ideas of common sense, and the latter turn into scientific ones (39).
The undoubted merit of this concept was that it initiated numerous socio-psychological studies on topics relevant to modern society, as well as topics that are not traditional for classical social psychology. Among these topics are the following: the transformation of cultural inconsistencies (the problem of getting used to and adaptation of emigrants), the problem of the development of the middle class, the analysis of life history (analysis of autobiographies), ideas about leisure and the problem of its organization, children's social competence, the problem of environmental consciousness and the study of social ideas related to ecology, the study of the socio-psychological components of ideologies and propaganda, the analysis of social ideas about democracy in everyday and reflective thinking (41). In addition, systems of ideas about psychoanalysis (S. Moskovisi), about the city (St. Milgram), about women and childhood (M.-J. Chaumbard de Love), about the human body (D. Jodel), about health and disease (K. Herzlish) and others (44).
Within the framework of the concept of social representations, the following areas of analysis of social representations have developed: 1) at the level of an individual picture of the world, social representation is considered as a phenomenon that resolves the tension between familiar and new content, adapts the latter to existing systems of representations using the so-called “fixation models” and transforms unusual to banal; 2) at the level of a small group, social representation appears in the concept of social representations as a phenomenon of reflexive activity in intragroup interaction (for example, the existence of a hierarchical system of ideas about the elements of the interaction situation, as well as the a person more appropriate to the requirements of the situation than other people; 3) in terms of intergroup relations, social representation is understood as an element of reflexive relations between groups, determined, on the one hand, by general social factors, and on the other hand, by particular situational features of interaction; 4) at the level of large social groups, an approach has been created to study the elements of ordinary consciousness (41, 44).
2. Analysis of the results of the study
2.1. Description of the methodology and organization of the study
To study ideas about a healthy lifestyle, we developed a questionnaire consisting of 2 parts (Appendix 1).
The first part includes 6 questions, 3 of which are open-ended and represent unfinished sentences, and in the other three paragraphs, the subject must choose one of the proposed answers and justify his choice.
When processing the first part of the questionnaire, content analysis was used.
The second part of the questionnaire consists of two items. The first point is an abbreviated version of M. Rokeach's method of value orientations. The subject is offered a list of 15 terminal values, which must be ranked according to their significance for the subject. The second paragraph indicates the components of a healthy lifestyle, which also need to be ranked in order of importance for a healthy lifestyle.
During processing, the average ranks were determined separately for each group of subjects.
To analyze unconscious ideas about a healthy lifestyle, the subjects were also asked to draw a picture that reflects their ideas about a healthy lifestyle. Participants in the experiment received the following instruction: “Please draw what you imagine when you hear the expression “healthy lifestyle”.
When analyzing the drawings, such aspects of a healthy lifestyle as sports, no habit of smoking, communication with nature, no addiction to alcohol, proper nutrition, no habit of drugs, friendly attitudes towards other people, family, love, optimistic attitude towards life, the absence of promiscuity, self-development, peace on Earth and the functioning of the health system.
The experiment involved 20 girls - 2nd year students of the Basic Medical College aged 18 to 20 years, 35 2nd year students of the Faculty of Law of the Donetsk branch of the Rostov Institute of Management, Business and Law (17 girls and 18 boys) aged 18 to 20 years and 20 doctors of Hospital No. 20 (17 women and 3 men) aged 22 to 53 years.
The results obtained in the study are presented in the following sections.
2.2. Research results and discussion
Table 2.1
Table of Ranks of Value Orientations in Samples of Medical Practitioners, Medical College Students, and Law Students
| values | doctors | medical students | lawyer girls | young lawyers |
| carefree life | 15 | 14 | 14 | 15 |
| education | 5 | 4 | 9 | 9 |
| material security | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
| health | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| family | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| friendship | 6 | 7-8 | 4 | 7 |
| the beauty | 11 | 11 | 7-8 | 10 |
| the happiness of others | 12 | 13 | 10 | 13 |
| love | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| knowledge | 10 | 10 | 13 | 8 |
| development | 8 | 7-8 | 11 | 6 |
| self-confidence | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 |
| creation | 13 | 12 | 12 | 11 |
| interesting job | 9 | 9 | 7-8 | 12 |
| entertainment | 14 | 15 | 15 | 14 |
As Table 2.1 shows, for all groups of subjects, health takes 1st place in the system of value orientations. At the same time, the analysis of the results of the questionnaire allows us to conclude that, despite the fact that the rank of health in all groups is the same, the number of people who give priority to health among other values is different, which gives reason to judge the differences in attitudes towards their own health. test subjects. Thus, 55% of students of a medical college, 53% of female lawyers and 45% of doctors give the first place in a number of values to health, while among law students only 33.3% of such persons (i.e., only one in three consider health the greatest value in life).
Thus, we can talk about the lack of influence of medical education on the importance of health for a person. Rather, it can be concluded that women generally attach more importance to health than men.
When analyzing the open questions of the questionnaire, a number of components of a healthy lifestyle were identified that characterize this phenomenon from the point of view of the subjects.
Thus, the subjects pointed to such aspects of a healthy lifestyle as sports, lack of addiction to drugs, a meaningful life, communication with nature, a positive attitude towards oneself, harmonious relationships in the family, a sense of happiness, lack of addiction to alcohol, moderate alcohol consumption, correct nutrition, spiritual life, self-harmony, no smoking habit, self-development, no promiscuous sex life, hardening, hygiene, optimistic attitude to life, activities for the benefit of society, daily routine. Here, some subjects also included material and physical well-being, and the health of others, considering them as health factors.
The distribution of these responses for different groups of subjects is presented in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2
Components of a healthy lifestyle
healthy lifestyle components |
Doctors | medical students | lawyer girls | young lawyers |
| sports | 25 | 70 | 64.7 | 56 |
| 25 | 60 | 64.7 | 28 | |
| meaningful life | 10 | 15 | 11.8 | - |
| communication with nature | 10 | 5 | 41.2 | 5 |
| positive attitude towards yourself | 5 | 10 | 5.9 | - |
| harmonious family relationships | 25 | - | 5.9 | 5 |
| feeling of happiness | 30 | - | - | - |
| no addiction to alcohol | 35 | 65 | 58.9 | 50 |
| moderate drinking | 5 | - | 11.8 | 5.6 |
| proper nutrition | 5 | 55 | 58.9 | 39 |
| spiritual life | 5 | - | 5.9 | 5.6 |
| harmony with yourself | 25 | 10 | - | - |
| 30 | 60 | 76.5 | 56 | |
| moderate smoking | - | - | 5.9 | - |
| kindness towards others | 10 | - | 5.9 | 5.6 |
| self-development | - | 5 | 11.8 | 5.6 |
| - | 10 | - | 5.6 | |
| hardening | - | - | - | 5.6 |
| hygiene | - | - | 5.9 | 5.6 |
| - | 5 | - | - | |
| activities for the benefit of society | - | 10 | - | - |
| daily regime | 5 | 20 | - | 28 |
| material well-being | 10 | 10 | - | - |
| physical well-being | 20 | - | - | - |
| the health of others | 5 | - | - | - |
As Table 2.2 shows, the components of a healthy lifestyle for doctors form the following sequence: 1) no addiction to alcohol, 2) no smoking habit, a feeling of happiness, 3) playing sports, no drug addiction, harmonious relationships in the family, harmony with oneself , 5) physical well-being, 6) a meaningful life, communication with nature, a benevolent attitude towards others, material well-being, 7) a positive attitude towards oneself, moderate alcohol consumption, proper nutrition, spiritual life, daily routine, health of others.
For students of the medical school, the components of a healthy lifestyle are arranged in the following order: 1) playing sports, 2) no addiction to alcohol, 3) no habit of drugs, no habit of smoking, 4) proper nutrition, 5) daily routine, 6) meaningful life , 7) material well-being, activities for the benefit of society, the absence of promiscuity, harmony with oneself, a positive attitude towards oneself, 8) communication with nature, self-development, hardening, an optimistic attitude towards life.
For female lawyers, the components of a healthy lifestyle are presented as follows: 1) no smoking habit, 2) playing sports, no drug addiction, 3) no addiction to alcohol, proper nutrition, 4) communication with nature, 5) moderate alcohol consumption, self-development, meaningful life, 6) positive attitude towards oneself, harmonious relationships in the family, spiritual life, moderate smoking, friendly attitude towards others, hygiene.
For young lawyers, this sequence has the following form: 1) playing sports, no habit of smoking, 2) no addiction to alcohol, 3) proper nutrition, 4) daily routine, no habit of drugs, 6) hygiene, hardening, no disorderly sexual life, self-development, benevolent attitude towards others, spiritual life, positive attitude towards oneself, harmonious relations in the family.
Therefore, ideas about a healthy lifestyle among young people, regardless of their education, primarily come down to sports, the absence of bad habits and proper nutrition. At the same time, doctors name the most important components of a healthy lifestyle as a feeling of happiness, harmony with oneself, harmonious relationships in the family, which is more in line with modern ideas about a healthy lifestyle, not limited only to physical health factors. It is also noteworthy that moderate consumption of alcohol and cigarettes is not considered by some of the subjects as non-compliance with a healthy lifestyle. So, moderate alcohol consumption is allowed not only by students - not doctors, but also by doctors.
As the main sign of a healthy lifestyle, the subjects named the following indicators: doctors (health - 35%, well-being - 25%, good mood - 15%, inner peace - 15%, harmonious relationships in the family - 10%, sports - 10%, lack of alcohol habit - 5%, friendly attitude towards others - 5%); medical school students (good mood - 60%, health - 35%, good health - 25%, no smoking habit - 20%, moderate alcohol consumption - 20%, good figure - 20%, inner peace -20%, sports - 10 %, self-development - 10%, lack of addiction to drugs - 10%, meaningful life - 5%, fresh air - 5%, creativity - 5%); female lawyers (good mood - 29.4%, well-being - 29.4%, health - 23.5%, sports - 23.5%, self-confidence - 5.9%, inner peace - 5.9% , regime - 5.9%, proper nutrition - 5.9%, success in business - 5.9%, live as it turns out - 5.9%, youth - 5.9%); young lawyers (sports - 50% of the subjects, good mood - 27.8%, absence of illness - 22.2%, proper nutrition - 16.7%, good figure - 16.7%, good health - 11.1%, friendly attitude towards others - 5.6%, hardening - 5.6%, absence of bad habits - 5.6%).
Thus, as the main sign of a healthy lifestyle, both the components of a healthy lifestyle and health indicators are noted, which at the subjective level is assessed as good health and good mood.
Based on the analysis of the ranking data for the components of a healthy lifestyle, proposed in the methodology, the following results were obtained.
Table 2.3
Healthy Lifestyle Ranking Table for Medical Practitioners, Medical College Students, and Law Students
| components of a healthy lifestyle | Medics | medical students | lawyer girls | young lawyers |
| sports | 6-7 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
not to use drugs |
4 | 1 | 6-7 | 7 |
| meaningful life | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
positive attitude |
6-7 | 11 | 10 | 4 |
harmonious relationship |
2 | 8 | 1 | 5-6 |
| do not drink alcohol | 12 | 3 | 6-7 | 11 |
| Healthy food | 3 | 6 | 2 | 2 |
full spiritual |
5 | 10 | 11 | 8 |
| Do not smoke | 11 | 5 | 9 | 9 |
| do not have promiscuous sex life | 10 | 7 | 12 | 12 |
| kindness towards others | 8 | 9 | 8 | 10 |
| self improvement | 9 | 12 | 5 | 5-6 |
As Table 2.3 shows, the components (factors) of a healthy lifestyle for doctors are arranged in the following order: in the first place - a meaningful life, then - harmonious relationships in the family, proper nutrition, non-use of drugs, the fifth method is occupied by a full-fledged spiritual life, sports and positive attitude towards oneself, benevolent attitude towards oneself, self-improvement, absence of promiscuous sex life, absence of the habit of nicotine, absence of the habit of alcohol. Thus, doctors have a broader idea of a healthy lifestyle than a statement of the absence of bad habits, since a meaningful life and harmonious relationships in the family are more significant for them, and the absence of the habit of nicotine and alcohol ranks last.
Medical school students have the following picture: no drug use, sports, no alcohol habit, meaningful life, no nicotine habit, proper nutrition, no promiscuous sex life, harmonious family relationships, a friendly attitude towards others, a full spiritual life, a positive self-improvement, self-improvement. As you can see, the first places belong to such components of a healthy lifestyle as the absence of bad habits, playing sports, which traditionally refers to a complete and exhaustive description of a healthy lifestyle at the level of everyday consciousness.
Female lawyers arranged the components of a healthy lifestyle in the following sequence: harmonious relationships in the family, proper nutrition, sports, a meaningful life, self-improvement, the sixth and seventh places are occupied by the absence of the habit of alcohol and drugs, then there is a benevolent attitude towards others, the absence of the habit of smoking, a positive attitude towards oneself, a full-fledged spiritual life, and in last place - the absence of promiscuity. As can be seen from this list, for girls, proper nutrition and exercise are more important for a healthy lifestyle than the absence of bad habits.
For young lawyers, a meaningful life is in the first place among the components of a healthy lifestyle, followed by proper nutrition, sports, a positive attitude towards oneself, harmonious family relationships and self-improvement share the fifth and sixth places, then drug abstention, a full-fledged spiritual life, the absence of the habit of smoking, a friendly attitude towards others, the last places are occupied by non-drinking of alcohol and promiscuous sex life.
Such a sequence of components of a healthy lifestyle, moving the absence of bad habits to lower positions can be seen as contributing to the methodology of expanding ideas about a healthy lifestyle, not limiting it solely to sports and the absence of bad habits.
Table 2.4
Components of a healthy lifestyle
at the level of unconscious ideas
| healthy lifestyle components | Doctors | medical students | lawyer girls | young lawyers |
| sports | 15 | 30 | 35 | 50 |
| no habit of smoking | 5 | 20 | 24 | 33 |
| friendly relationships with others | - | 5 | 6 | - |
| family | 10 | 10 | 12 | - |
| optimistic attitude towards life | 25 | 45 | 6 | 11 |
| nature | 30 | 65 | 47 | 11 |
| lack of alcohol habit | 10 | 25 | 18 | 11 |
| lack of promiscuity | - | 5 | 18 | 6 |
| no addiction to drugs | 10 | 25 | 12 | 11 |
| proper nutrition | 10 | - | 6 | 6 |
| self-development | 15 | - | - | - |
| love | 10 | - | - | - |
| health system activities | 5 | - | - | - |
As a result of the analysis of the drawings, we can draw a number of conclusions about unconscious ideas about a healthy lifestyle.
Thus, as can be seen from Table 2.4, more components of a healthy lifestyle were identified in the sample of doctors than in samples of medical school students and law students, which may indicate a greater complexity and versatility of their ideas about a healthy lifestyle compared to other groups. The components of a healthy lifestyle are arranged in the following sequence: 1) communication with nature, 2) an optimistic attitude towards life, 3) self-development, sports, 4) family, no alcohol habit, no drug habit, proper nutrition, love, 5) lack of habit of smoking, activity of the health care system. Thus, in the figures, the place of bad habits among doctors has become lower compared to conscious ideas. At the same time, although an insignificant role in ensuring a healthy lifestyle of the population, the activity of the healthcare system plays for them, which is no longer noted in any of the groups as a component of a healthy lifestyle. This can be seen both as taking on the mission to be the guides of a healthy lifestyle, and as shifting responsibility for health, including one's own, to medicine.
For medical school students, the components of a healthy lifestyle based on drawings represent the following order in order of importance for a healthy lifestyle: 1) communication with nature, 2) an optimistic attitude towards life, 3) playing sports, 4) no alcohol habit, no drug habit , 5) no habit of smoking, 6) family, 7) friendly attitude towards others, no promiscuity. As you can see, sports activities and the absence of bad habits in girls are reflected in the drawings less often than in unfinished sentences, but, nevertheless, they form the main content of their unconscious ideas about a healthy lifestyle.
For female lawyers, the components of a healthy lifestyle are arranged in the following order: 1) communication with nature, 2) playing sports, 3) no habit of smoking, 4) no habit of alcohol, no promiscuity, 5) no habit of drugs, family, 6) friendly relations with others, proper nutrition, optimistic attitude towards life.
For young men, the picture is as follows: 1) going in for sports, 2) no habit of smoking, 3) an optimistic attitude to life, communication with nature, no habit of alcohol, no habit of drugs, no promiscuous sex life, proper nutrition. It is not difficult to see that young lawyers have unconscious ideas about a healthy lifestyle to a large extent coincide with conscious ideas that can be reduced to playing sports and the absence of bad habits, especially since “communication with nature”, reflected in the drawings, practically comes down to playing sports outdoors. air (skiing from the mountains, sailing on a yacht).
Among the drawings, there were also those that reflected rather than the components of a healthy lifestyle, but the advantages that it brings to a person. For example, there was a drawing with a scepter and an orb, which we interpret as an opportunity to achieve great success in life through a healthy lifestyle.
In general, the analysis of the figures shows that the most multifaceted ideas about a healthy lifestyle are inherent in doctors, and the most superficial, when a healthy lifestyle is understood as the absence of bad habits and playing sports, are observed among young lawyers. Broader ideas about a healthy lifestyle among physicians can be associated both with work experience and with broader life experience. And for a more accurate determination of the mediation of ideas about a healthy lifestyle by medical education and work experience, it is necessary to compare the ideas about a healthy lifestyle of people of the same age groups with medical and non-medical education, which may be a further stage of this work.
Differences were also revealed in the attitude of the subjects to health (either as a means or as an end). Thus, 40% of doctors and medical students see health as an end and 60% see it as a means. At the same time, there is a different ratio among lawyers: 88% of girls consider it as a means and only 12% see health as an end. At the same time, 29% of girls say that they define health as a means only because they have it, which can be considered as something that they admit that health can be the goal if there are any problems with it. 27.8% of young lawyers consider health as an end, 61.1% - as a means, 1 person noted that he defines health as both an end and a means, and one person described it as neither one nor the other.
As an explanation why health is considered as a goal, the following are noted: longevity, disease prevention, health is the most important thing in life, health is the key to a happy life, the key to an easy, problem-free life, loss of meaning in life when health is lost, and so on. Thus, often when stating that health is the goal of life, it is actually seen as a means to achieve various life goals, and considering it as a goal only emphasizes the undoubted importance of health for a given person.
When considering health as a means, the following arguments are given: the achievement of other life goals; health as a guarantee of a happy life; health is considered as a means, because it exists (29.4% of female lawyers and 5.6% of male lawyers answered this way), i.e. it is assumed that health can become a goal in case of some problems with it; health is a means because I do not always strive to live a healthy lifestyle (such an argument implies that health could also be a goal under certain favorable conditions
We also determined how necessary the subjects consider a healthy lifestyle.
It turned out that 100% of young men believe that a healthy lifestyle is necessary, substantiating their answer with the following arguments: a healthy lifestyle is the key to longevity (11%), disease prevention (38.9%), not being a burden to relatives in old age (11%), A healthy lifestyle contributes to the development of strength (11%), is necessary for achieving various goals in life (27.8%), for the prosperity of the state (5.6%). Thus, young men view a healthy lifestyle in most cases not positively (for development, improvement), but negatively (as a way to prevent diseases).
Among female lawyers, 80% indicated that a healthy lifestyle is necessary, 20% find it difficult to unambiguously speak about its necessity. And, like young men, the main significance of a healthy lifestyle is seen by girls in the prevention of diseases, and not in creation, development. In addition, 10% each noted that a healthy lifestyle is a guarantee of longevity, good mood and a fulfilling life. Such reasons for the need for a healthy lifestyle were also indicated, such as the health of children (5%), the promotion of creating a family (5%).
The need for a healthy lifestyle was indicated by 60% of girls - students of a medical college, and 40% could not unequivocally answer the question about its necessity. In the first case, the girls justified their answer as follows: a healthy lifestyle is a way to maintain health (40%), a healthy lifestyle promotes peace of mind (15%), is the key to a full life (10%), longevity (10%), beauty (5%), healthy offspring (5%), success (5%), benefiting society (10%).
Among doctors, 85% noted the need for a healthy lifestyle, and 15% could not unambiguously indicate its necessity, noting that promoting health to prolong life does not mean improving its quality. The largest number of doctors see the importance of a healthy lifestyle in ensuring a happy family life (30%) and preventing diseases (30%); 20% consider a healthy lifestyle as a guarantee of children's health, 10% define a healthy lifestyle as contributing to longevity, another 10% point to its contribution to the preservation of life on Earth. Again, the vision of a healthy lifestyle as a way, first of all, to prevent diseases attracts attention. The greater proportion of such a reason for the need for a healthy lifestyle as the health of children is most likely due to the fact that the majority of the sample of doctors are women with families and children.
When analyzing the answers to the question about the degree of implementation of a healthy lifestyle, the following results were obtained: for doctors this figure was 57.4%, for students of a medical college - 63.3%, for female lawyers - 71.4% and for male lawyers - 73.1%. Thus, young men consider themselves to be the most adherents of a healthy lifestyle, and medical practitioners take the last place in this indicator. Such results can be easily explained based on the ideas of a particular group about a healthy lifestyle. So, they are limited mainly to the absence of bad habits and sports, while for doctors a healthy lifestyle is a more capacious concept, and therefore, it is more difficult to ensure its 100% implementation.
The subjects themselves name the following reasons for not achieving a 100% implementation of a healthy lifestyle: medical students (irregular sports activities - 45%, smoking - 20%, irregular meals - 10%, alcohol consumption - 10%, insufficient sleep - 10%, bad ecology - 10%), female lawyers (malnutrition - 23.5%, smoking - 11.8%, non-systematic sports - 6%, alcohol consumption - 6%, poor ecology - 6%), young lawyers ( alcohol consumption - 22.2%, smoking - 22.2%, unhealthy diet - 16.7%, lack of time for a healthy lifestyle - 11.1%, insufficient sleep - 5.6%, non-compliance with the regimen - 5.6 %). As can be seen from the above answers, a healthy lifestyle is reduced to the factors that ensure physical health. In addition, young men consider it as requiring special conditions for its implementation, in particular additional time.
We also analyzed such an issue as the desire to change one's own way of life. We correlated the desire to lead a healthier lifestyle with the degree of its realization.
It was revealed that 80% of doctors, 75% of medical students, 65% of female lawyers and 55.6% of male lawyers would like to lead a healthier lifestyle. As can be seen from the above data, the less realized the subjects consider a healthy lifestyle, the more often they have a desire to lead a healthier lifestyle. And since doctors rank last in terms of the degree of implementation of a healthy lifestyle, in this case they have the primacy in striving for a healthier lifestyle.
Conclusion
The aim of our work is to study the ideas of a healthy lifestyle among practicing and future doctors, as well as among non-medical students.
This goal is specified in the form of the following tasks:
1) determining the place of health in the value system of doctors and students;
2) comparative analysis of conscious and unconscious ideas about a healthy lifestyle;
3) consideration of the correlation of physical and mental aspects in these representations;
4) a comparative analysis of ideas about a healthy lifestyle among students of medical and economic colleges, as well as among doctors and students of a medical college;
5) comparative analysis of ideas about a healthy lifestyle among girls and boys;
6) revealing the degree of compliance of ideas about a healthy lifestyle of doctors and students with modern scientific ideas.
Analysis of the results of the study allows us to draw a number of conclusions regarding the ideas about a healthy lifestyle in adolescence, as well as among doctors and future doctors.
So, for all groups of subjects, health takes 1st place in the system of value orientations, but at the same time, the number of people who give priority to health among other values is different, which gives reason to judge the differences in attitudes towards their own health among the subjects. We can talk about the lack of influence of medical education on the importance of health for a person. Rather, it can be concluded that women generally attach more importance to health than men.
Ideas about a healthy lifestyle among adolescents, regardless of their education, primarily come down to sports, the absence of bad habits and proper nutrition. At the same time, doctors name the most important components of a healthy lifestyle as the feeling of happiness, harmony with oneself, harmonious relationships in the family, which is more consistent with modern ideas about a healthy lifestyle that is not limited not only by physical health factors.
As the main sign of a healthy lifestyle, both the components of a healthy lifestyle and health indicators are noted, which at the subjective level is assessed as good health and good mood.
An analysis of the figures shows that the most multifaceted ideas about a healthy lifestyle are inherent in doctors, and the most superficial, when a healthy lifestyle is understood as the absence of bad habits and playing sports, are observed among young lawyers. Broader ideas about a healthy lifestyle among physicians can be associated both with work experience and with broader life experience.
Differences were also revealed in the attitude of the subjects to health (either as a means or as an end).
We found that most of the subjects consider a healthy lifestyle necessary.
It was determined that the less realized the subjects consider a healthy lifestyle, the more often they have a desire to lead a healthier lifestyle. And since doctors rank last in terms of the degree of implementation of a healthy lifestyle, they also hold the primacy in the pursuit of a healthier lifestyle.
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APPS
Questionnaire
Instruction
Each of us has heard the expression “healthy lifestyle” and each of us has an idea of what it is. To find out the differences in these perceptions, please take part in our survey.
You are offered a questionnaire, which consists of two parts: part A and part B.
Part A includes two types of questions. Some of them (questions No. 1, 2, 5) represent the beginning of sentences. Read them carefully and complete.
Other questions (No. 3, 4, 6) contain options for possible answers, from which you should choose the answer that you consider correct for yourself. Then write why you chose this answer.
Do not waste time thinking, write what comes to mind first.
Part B includes only 2 items.
In paragraph 1 a list of 15 values is presented. Read them carefully and put them in order of importance for you: the value that is the most important for you in life, assign number 1 and put it in brackets next to this value. Then, from the remaining values, select the most important one and put the number 2 in front of it. Thus, evaluate all the values in terms of importance and put their numbers in brackets opposite the corresponding values.
If in the course of work you consider it necessary to change some values in places, you can correct your answers.
In paragraph 2 You are offered a list of 12 components of a healthy lifestyle. Read them carefully and choose the sign that you consider the most important for a healthy lifestyle. In the box next to it, put the number 1. Then, from the remaining components, select the one that, in your opinion, is the most important and put the number 2 in front of it. Thus, evaluate the importance of all signs for a healthy lifestyle. The least important will remain last and will be number 12.
If in the course of work you deem it necessary to change your mind, you can correct your answers.
Thank you in advance for your participation.
Answer sheet
Full name..................... DATE
FLOOR....................... "....."................... 1999
Part A
1. I believe that a healthy lifestyle is. . .
2. The main sign of a healthy lifestyle is this. . .
3. Health for me is:
b) means
Explain why?
4. Do you think that a healthy lifestyle is necessary?
a) yes b) difficult to answer c) no
Why do you think so?
5. I believe that I follow a healthy lifestyle by .............%, because
6. I would like to lead:
a) a healthier lifestyle
b) the same way of life as at the moment
Part B
1. material security
health
the happiness of others
knowledge
development
self-confidence
creation
2. do sport
do not use drugs
lead a meaningful life
positive attitude towards yourself
harmonious family relationships
do not drink alcohol
eat well and properly
live a full spiritual life
Do not smoke
do not have promiscuous sex life
kindness towards others
self-development, self-improvement
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