When the scheme is used in English will du. Modal verbs. Formation of conditional sentences

The verb would in English is used:

• 1. As an auxiliary verb for the formation of verb forms Future in the Past (future in the past) in the 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural (instead of the verb will).

He says he will come to see me tomorrow.
He says that (he) will visit me tomorrow.

BUT:
Not said(that) he would come next day.
He said he would visit me the next day

He said he would come early.
He said he would come early.

• 2. To express a strong desire to refuse to perform an action. In relation to inanimate objects, would in these cases expresses resistance to human efforts.

Not wouldn't go to the doctor.
He doesn't want to go to the doctor for anything.

I tried to close the case but it wouldn't.
I tried to close the suitcase, but it wouldn't close.

In expressions:

a) would like instead of the verb want ( to want) in the present tense to express a more polite form.

I would like to see you. I would like to see you.
I would like an (some) ice-cream. I would like ice cream.

b) would like in interrogative sentences to express an offer of something, an invitation to something.

Would you like to try on this hat?
Would you like to try on this hat?

Would you like a well-done steak?
Would you like a well-roasted steak?

Would you like another cup of coffee?
(Would you like) another cup of coffee? (Want to…?)

in) would care instead of the verb want (want) in the meaning of the present tense, but only in interrogative and negative sentences.

Would you care to see my etchings?
Do you want to see my engravings?

Would you care to have some more tea?
Would you like some more tea?

G) if only + would to express regret for an action that was not taken.

If only he would drive more slowly.
If only he drove slower.

If only she would go by train.
If only she had taken the train.

• 3. As a modal verb in the following cases:

a) to express intention, desire.

Didn't say he would lend me some money to buy a car.
He said he would lend me money to buy a car.

BUT: In the affirmative form, if would expresses intention, it is used in a subordinate clause.

I said that I would help him.
I said I would help him.

In the negative form, would is used independently in the meaning of unwillingness to do something - wouldn't (often with a hint of "for nothing", "under no pretext").

I wouldn't lend him money to buy a car.
I don't want to lend him money to buy a car. (I refused…)

He wouldn't come to see me. (He refused to come.)
He didn't want to visit me. (He refused to come.)

b) to express the repetition of an action or persistence.

Not would wait for me at the corner of our house.
He used to wait for me at the corner of our house. (Or: And he (but he) was still waiting for me on the corner of our house.- Depending on the context.)

c) to express a polite request.

Would you show me that suit?
Please, show me that suit over there.

Would you tell where is the nearest underground station?
Can you tell me where the nearest metro station is?

Two forms that we use in English speech. This is the present tense form. will, and the past tense form - would. Both the first and second forms can work as auxiliary verbs in English. Will in combination with the infinitive is needed for education, and would in the same company to create the future tense in the past () and subjunctive forms. For example:

I will visit this museum when I come back to Kiev. – I will visit this museum when I come to Kyiv again.

She told me you would invite friends to this cafe. She said that you would invite friends to the cafe.

I knew she would be asked at once. “I knew she would be asked right away.

Modal verb will and modal verb would have both similar and different situations of use, so let's talk about each separately.

Modal verb WILL

Modal verb will needed to express:

1. Desire, determination, intention, promise, consent.
   

   She will not tell me what is wrong. She doesn't want to tell me what happened. (what's wrong)

   They will help him. “They will help him. (Promise)

   I will have my own way. - I'll do it my way. (determination)

2. Order.
   

   You will tell your parents that I wish to speak to them. Tell your parents that I want to talk to them.

   Stop chatting, will you? - Don't talk, okay?

3. Please, polite questions.
   

   Will you say it again? - Could you say it again?

   Will you close the window? – Could you please close the window?

4. Perseverance, perseverance, resistance in negative sentences.
   

   The door will not open. - The door won't open.

   The pen will not write. - The pen does not write.

Modal verb WOULD

We reread the cases of using the modal verb will and note that points 1, 3 also apply to the modal verb would. This can be seen in the following examples:

He was poor and would do any work. He was poor and was willing to do any job.

Would you tell me the time, please? - Please, tell me what time it is.

But the modal verb would there are also certain meanings inherent only to him. Among them, we remember cases in which the modal verb would expresses:

1. Stubborn unwillingness to perform some action in the past (this works in negative sentences).
   

   She asked him twice to give up drinking, but he wouldn't listen to her. She asked him twice to stop drinking, but he didn't want to listen to her.

2. A repeated habitual action in the past. Therefore, in this case, it approaches the value known to us, which is used everywhere.
   

   He would always say hello. - He always said hello.

Modal verb will and modal verb would are the latest in a series of articles devoted to this section of English grammar. I hope you understand the material and there will be no difficulties in the process of studying it.

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The verb will (past tense would) has two functions in English:
The first is the action which is planned for the future:

I will go there. (I'll go there).

The second - which helps to express desire, readiness, determination to take action: She will have her own way. (She'll do things her way.)

As well as some degree of confidence and perseverance of the speaker:

That will be a doctor at the door. (Looks like the doctor has come.)

A bit of history

It is curious that in ancient English there was no special. The fact that the action is planned, people guessed with the help of context. For Russian speakers, it will help to remember the main lexical meaning of the verb, the consonant word "will". After all, in fact, one of the most popular uses of will is precisely the will to do something (or, on the contrary, refuse to act).

A feature of modern English is that it does not have a form of the future tense, without additional shades: necessity, coercion, desire, speaking or writing. This must be taken into account when using the verbs will and would.

It should be recalled that until recently, teachers of classical English grammar for the education of the Simple Future Tense () required the verb shall to be used in the 1st person. Nevertheless, the language lives and develops, and today will is almost universally considered the colloquial norm for all persons and numbers. On rare occasions, the use of shall gives the speech a more formal or mentoring tone.

The main uses of the verb will

• To indicate intention, desire, promise:
  He will help you. He will help you.
  We will come and see you next week. We will visit you next week.
• To express a request, an order:
  You will tell me all secrets! You tell me all the secrets!
  This form of categorical command, almost a threat, is noticeably softened by the use of please:
  Will you close the dour, please? Could you please close the door?
• To express some degree of certainty:
  We'll see you tomorrow. We'll see you tomorrow.
  He will be about fifty. He must be about fifty years old.

The main uses of the verb would

To express the possibility of certain actions in the past (, translated using the particle “would”).

If he knew, he would be glad. If he knew, he would be glad.

It is important to remember here that in English there is a strict rule for coordinating tenses. Therefore, if in the main clause they used the past tense, then in the subordinate clause, Future in the Past is used. For this purpose, we just use would. The difficulty, which often gives rise to errors, is that in Russian, the subordinate clause is translated simply by the future tense.

I knew that you would give me a chance. I knew you would give me a chance.

In the present tense, this form is used for especially polite, non-categorical requests.:

Would you come in? Won't you come in?
Would you close the window? Will you close the window?

To describe habitual actions in the past:

He would visit her every day. He used to visit her every day.

Used in reasoning and conjecture:

I wonder whether he would object … I wonder if he'll mind...

Sometimes the same verb is used to describe and convey direct speech:

She said she would leave. She said she would leave.

Abbreviated and negative forms of the verbs will and would

In English speech, the abbreviated (reduced) form of verbs is quite often used. In cases where the proposal is affirmative, everything is quite simple:

I will - I'll
I'll. visit this museum
I will visit this museum.

He (she) will -he'll (she'll)
He'll (she will) ask me about it. He/she will ask for it

We will - We'll
We'll (we will) look after the children.
We will look after the children.

The abbreviated form would be even easier to use. It is formed according to one rule, reduced to a short "‘d":
We were confident that he'd (he would) find a solution. We were confident that he would keep his promise.

Some difficulties may arise when using the shortened negative form of the verb will. In this case, you need to remember that you cannot use the general principle of reduction for this verb! The forms willn't and willnot don't exist! The correct ones are won't from will (will not);

We won't invite them. We will not invite them.

The verb would forms a short negative form according to the general rule: wouldn't

We knew that they wouldn't go to Moscow. We knew that they would not go to Moscow.

Features of the use of the verbs will and would

It is curious that in colloquial speech won't is pronounced exactly the same as the verb want (want, wish). You can recognize their meaning with the help of context, as well as a strict grammatical requirement. The verb want has its own meaning. It is not modal, therefore, it must be separated from another verb by the to particle.

Let's take two sentences as an example:

• We won't invite them. We will not invite them.
• We want to invite them; already translated: We want to invite them.

With the verb would, there are several set expressions (idioms) that are popular in colloquial speech: would rather; would be better; would sooner.

• I would rather go on the next train. I'll probably take the next train.
• You would better look after him. You better look after him.
• She said she would sooner stay at home. She would rather stay at home.

You can also memorize with these verbs, which will make your speech more natural and help you remember verbs better:

• Hawks will not pick hawks' eyes.- in literal translation, we are talking about hawks. Russian equivalent: A raven to a crow, it won't peck out its eye.
• Many words will not fill a bushel.- Words won't help.

In addition to the main modal verbs, the following turns can be used in the modal meaning:
to be able to, had better, used to.

What do modal verbs express?

Modal verbs, unlike all other verbs, do not denote an action or state, but express an attitude towards it, that is, the possibility, ability, necessity, desirability of performing an action, for example:
You May wait here. - You can wait here (permission)
You can wait here. - You can wait here. (existing possibility)
You must wait here. - You must wait here (need)

Most modal verbs have more than one meaning, which makes it possible to present the relation to the action expressed by the semantic verb in all its diversity.

Grammatical features of modal verbs

Modal verbs are considered insufficient or defective, since they do not have a number of grammatical forms (infinitive, forms ending - ing) and do not form complex verb forms. Modal verbs must, ought to, should, need have only one temporary form. Verbs can, may, to be to have the form of present and past tense (Present Simple, Past Simple): can- could; May - might; to be to - was to/were to. Modal verb to have to has the form of present, past and future tense (Present, Past, Future Simple): have to (has to), had to, shall/will have to. In the missing tenses, modal verbs are replaced by modal turns:
I can do the work on time. - I can complete the work on time.
I will be able to do the work on the time. - I can complete the work on time.

A modal verb cannot express an action; the semantic verb that follows it does it for it. Therefore, the modal verb is not used without the semantic verb. The modal verb and the infinitive of the semantic verb following it form a compound verbal predicate. The infinitive is usually used without particle to(excluding verbs) ought to, to have to, to be to and turns to be able to, used to):
You can see him at the institute. - You can see him at the institute.
Not must leave for London tonight. He must leave for London tonight.
She should be more careful about her health. She needs to take better care of her health.
You ought to give up smoking. - You should stop smoking.

Modal verbs do not change in persons and numbers, therefore, in the third person singular ( he, she, it ) in present simple they don't end -s:
I can do it. - I can do it.
Not can do it. - He can do it.

Modal verbs form interrogative and negative forms without the help of auxiliary verbs do or did(except for the verb to have to):
Can did you read this text? - Can you read this text?
I cannot (can't) read this text. - I can't read this text.
Do you have to go home? - You have to go home?
We don't have to go home. - We don't have to go home.

Modal verbs can be used with the perfect infinitive of the semantic verb to express the past:
You should help her. - You have to help her.
You should have helped her. - You should have helped her.

Modal verbs can be used without the infinitive of the semantic verb in disjunctive questions and in short answers to questions:
- You can tell me the truth, can't you? - You can tell me the truth, can't you?
- Can you meet me? - Can you meet me?
- Yes, I can. - Yes I can.

CAN

Forms

Modal verb can has two temporary forms: can (Present Simple) - could (Past Simple).

In the missing forms instead of a verb can modal turnover is used to be able to(in negative sentences to be unable to/to be unable to).

Meaning and usage

1. Ability

• Verb can used in the present tense to express the ability (innate or acquired, physical or mental) due to physical data, knowledge and skills of a person:
She is only 3 but she can read rather well. She is only three years old, but she can already read quite well.
I can type.- I can type (on a typewriter).

In relation to the past:

can form applied could or modal turnover to be able to/ to be unable to at the appropriate time:
He couldn't (was unable to) swim when he was a little boy.- He couldn't swim when he was little.
I have never been able to speak in public. I have never been able to perform in front of a large audience.

If an action in the past occurred as a result of some specific conditions, especially due to luck, and did not become the result of abilities due to physical data, knowledge and skills of a person, then the form is used was able to/were able to or phrase managed to do something:
We missed the last train yesterday but we were able to get a taxi.- Last night we missed the last train, but we managed to catch a taxi.

In relation to the future:

can form applied will be able to:
At the end of the course you will be able to speak English fluently. - At the end of the course, you will be able to speak English fluently.

• Verb can used to express the ability that arises as a result of a combination of circumstances. In this sense, it can be translated as "to be able":
Can you take those home? - You can take me home?
He can't come to that birthday party. - He can't come to my birthday.

• Verb can used in the present tense in combination with verbs of physical perception ( to see, to hear, to feel, to taste, to smell) to describe the intense manifestation of the corresponding feeling at the moment of speech:
I can't see you.- I do not see you.
Can you hear that strange noise? Do you hear that strange noise?

In relation to the past:

To convey this meaning in relation to the past instead of can form applied could:
I listened carefully but couldn't hear anything. I listened carefully, but heard nothing.

2. Opportunity

Verb can used to express the ability to perform an action. He points to:

• the possibility of a general plan:
There's a lot of snow here. We can ski. - There is a lot of snow here. We can ski.
Friendship cannot always stand on one side. - Friendship should be mutual. (proverb)

The verb is also used in this sense. could, but, unlike can, expresses a less likely action.

• a possibility that happens from time to time:
She can be very tough sometimes. - Sometimes she can be very tough.
It can be cold and windy here.- It can be cold and windy here.

In relation to the past

To convey the meaning of possibility in relation to the past, instead of can form applied could:
In his time such a wound could be mor tat. “In his time, a wound like that could have been fatal.
I could go home on foot when I worked not far from here.- I could walk home when I worked not far from here.

If the verb can, expressing the possibility, is combined with the infinitive of the active voice, then it is translated into Russian by the word can(can you can etc.):
I can do this work today. - I can do this job today.

If the verb can, expressing the possibility, is combined with the infinitive of the passive voice, then it is translated into Russian by the word can:
This work can be done today. - This work can be done today.

If the verb can in the negative form is combined with the infinitive of the passive voice, then it is translated by the word it is forbidden:
This work can't be done today. - This work cannot be done today.

Combination cannot but in combination with the infinitive of the active voice is translated I can't, I can't:
I cannot but see the difference. - I I can't help but see the difference.

3. Request, permission or prohibition

• can used to make a request or ask permission to do something. It sounds less polite than a verb could, which is also used in this sense:
Can you give it to me?- Can you give it to me?
Can I use your phone? - Can I use your phone?

Use of the negative form in interrogative sentences can't makes the request more insistent:
Can't I go with you, please? - Can't I go with you? Oh please!

• In affirmative sentences, the verb can used to give permission to do something:
You can stay here if you like.- You can stay here if you want.

In relation to the past:

To convey this meaning in relation to the past instead of can form applied could:
On Saturdays we could stay up late. - On Saturdays we were allowed to stay up late.

If permission for some action in the past was given and the action occurred, then instead of the form could the phrase is used was/were allowed:
Not had a visa so he was allowed to enter the country.- He had a visa, so he was allowed to enter the country.

• In negative sentences, the verb can is used to refuse a request or to prohibit an action:
- Can I borrow your pen?- Can I borrow your pen?
- No, you can "t. I need it myself.- No you can not. I need her myself.
You can't smoke here.- You can't smoke here.

4. Strong doubt

In interrogative and negative sentences, the verb can can express strong doubt, surprise and disbelief in relation to any action. The form could occurs in the same situations, but it expresses the necessary emotions a little weaker. Verb can in such cases it is translated into Russian as really, it can't be that, hardly:
Can it be true?- Is that really true? Not can "t be a good father.- Yes, he can not be a good father.

In this sense, the verb can, like could, can be used:

• with a simple infinitive if the action refers to the present:
Can (Could) she be your age? You look much younger. Is she really the same age as you? You look much younger.
You can "t (couldn" t) be thirsty already. You "ve just had a glass of water. - It may not be that you were already thirsty. You just drank a glass of water.

• with infinitive Continuous
Can (Could) they still be waiting for us? Are they still waiting for us?
Not can "t (couldn" t) still be working. He's 80 years old.- He probably still works. He is already eighty years old.

I can't (couldn't) have told her that! - I couldn't tell her!
Can't (couldn't) have left without saying good-bye. He couldn't leave without saying goodbye.

• with infinitive perfect continuous, if doubt is expressed in relation to an action that takes place over a period of time:
Not can "t have been working since morning. He" s written just a paragraph. - It can't be that he has been working since morning. He wrote only one paragraph.

In indirect speech

In indirect speech, the verb can replaced with the form could:

Useful Expressions

Expressions can't help doing And couldn't help doing are used to indicate an action that could not be prevented:
They can't help doing it.- They can't do it.
I couldn't help laughing.- I couldn't help laughing.

COULD

Forms

Modal verb could in its own modal meanings it has one tense form.

Meaning and usage

1 Opportunity

Verb could, like the verb can, is used to express the possibility of a general plan, but in contrast to it indicates a less likely action:
- Where is Nick?- Where's Nick?
- Could not be in the attic. He could be still fixing his telescope. - He might be in the attic. Perhaps he is still repairing his telescope.

In this meaning, along with the verb could, the verbs May And might. Unlike the verb could these verbs express an assumption with a slightly higher degree of probability, however, in speech this often does not matter:
Not might/could be driving the car himself. - Maybe he drives the car himself.

2. Request

In interrogative sentences, the verb could used to make a request or ask permission to do something. It sounds much more polite than a verb can, which is also used in the same sense, and is more preferable in speech:
Could you lend me some money? - Can you lend me some money?
Could you give those a hand with this bag?- Could you help me carry this bag?

Along with the form could a modal verb is also used to express a polite request would.

3 Strong doubt

In interrogative and negative sentences, the verb could can express strong doubt, surprise and disbelief in relation to a particular action. In this sense, it is also used can, but he expresses these feelings more definitely and emotionally:
Couldn't have won the election. - He maybe he won the election.
Could she make such jam herself?- Does he make such jam himself?

The relation of the action to some time in such sentences is determined by the form of the infinitive.

4 Opportunity subject to condition

Verb could expresses the possibility of action in the future (if there is any condition):
If the work is not done today, I could stay here for the night. - If the work is not done today, I can stay here for the night. Could the flight be delayed by fog? - Can a flight be delayed due to fog?

5 Possibility/ability in the past

Verb could can express a possibility that existed in the past. To do this, it is used in the form of the subjunctive mood (in combination with the perfect infinitive). This grammatical construction is used in the following cases:

• if some action could have happened and we don't know if this action happened or not:
Anybody could have taken my notes. I put them here. - Anyone could take my notes. I put them here.

• if the action could have happened but didn't:
I could have given him a lift but he didn't asked for it. - I could give him a lift, but he didn't ask me.

• if the action could have happened, but did not happen, and we want to express reproach or dissatisfaction about it:
You could have told me about it before. - You could have told me about it earlier.

6 Offer

Verb could It is also used when we want to address someone with a proposal:
You could have supper with us.- You could have dinner with us.
Could I offer you some coffee? - Would you like to have some coffee?

However, proposals from could sound more uncertain than sentences with can:
We can phone him now.- We can call him now.
We could phone him now.- We could call him now.

MAY

Forms

Modal verb May has two forms: May (Present Simple) - might (Past Simple).

In modern English might, as the past tense form of the verb May, is used almost exclusively in indirect speech and in historical narratives of this type:
In Middle Ages peasants might have the right to graze cattle on common land.- In the Middle Ages, peasants could have the right to graze cattle on communal lands.

Meaning and usage

1 Permission

Verb May used to ask for or give permission to do something. Verb May sounds more formal and polite than a verb can/could, which is also used in this sense:
You may take that car. - You can take my car.
May I borrow your umbrella?- Can I borrow your umbrella?

Permission for some action can be asked using the form might, but in this case, this request will sound very polite and even uncertain:
Might I make a suggestion? - He could would I make an offer?

In relation to the past:

To convey this meaning in relation to the past instead of a verb May turnover applies to be allowed to followed by an infinitive:
You may stay here. - You can stay here.
I was allowed to stay here.- I was allowed to stay here.

2 Possibility

Verb May might, but might indicates a less likely action:
It may rain tonight.- It might rain tonight.
She may not believe you. She may not believe you.

In interrogative sentences, the verb May rarely used in this sense:
When may we see you next?- When can we see you again?

The question is often built in the form of a sentence. Do you think...? or with turnover to be likely:
Do you think he may accept our offer? Do you think he will accept our offer? Is it likely that the train will he late? - Can the train be late? Are they likely to catch this train? - Can they take this train?

3 Possibility in the past

Verb May, like might, in combination with the perfect infinitive can be used to express the possibility of an action in the past. Both verbs can convey uncertainty that an action has taken place:
I may /might have been there.- Maybe I've been there.

If it is known for sure that the action happened or did not happen, then only the verb is used. might+ perfect infinitive.

4 Wish

Verb May can be used to express wishes in phrases of the following type:
May you live to be a hundred!- We wish you to live to be a hundred years old!
May there never be wars!- May there never be wars!

In indirect speech

In indirect speech instead of May the form is used might:

MIGHT

Forms

Verb might has only one temporary form.

Meaning and usage

1 Permission

Verb might, like May, is used when we want to ask for or give permission to perform some action. Unlike May, verb might sounds more polite, and sometimes indicates indecision on the part of the speaker:
May I open the window?- Will you let me open the window?
Might he see his father? - Could he see his father?^

2 Possibility

Verb might used to express the possibility of an action related to the present and future. The form is also used in the same sense. May, but it indicates a more likely action:
Might be waiting outside. He may be waiting outside.
They might want to come with us. They might want to come with us.
Do you think we might not be able to pay?- Do you think he might not pay?

3. Opportunity in the past

Verb might, like May, in combination with the perfect infinitive can be used to express the possibility of an action in the past. Both verbs can convey uncertainty that an action has taken place:
The letter may/might have been sent to the wrong address. - The letter was sent to the wrong address.

If it is known for sure that the action occurred, then only the form is used might not+ perfect infinitive:
We might not have bought the tickets.- We could not buy tickets. (But we bought them.)
They might not have met.- They might not have met. (But they met.)

If it is known for sure that the action did not occur, then only the form is used might+ perfect infinitive:
We might have won the first prize. - We could win first prize. (But we didn't win it.)

4 suggestion, suggestion, request

Verb might used to express a suggestion, suggestion or request with a hint of uncertainty:
Might feel better if he drinks less beer.- Perhaps he will feel better if he drinks less beer.
It might be better for us to stay out of it."Perhaps we'd better not get involved in this."

5 Rebuke

Verb might used to express reproach or remark. The form might+ simple infinitive refers to the present and future tenses. Might+ perfect infinitive expresses reproach about an imperfect action in the past:
You might do it yourself. - You could do it yourself. (Action is still possible.)
You might have done it yourself. - You could do it yourself. (The action has not been completed and is no longer possible.)

Useful expressions:

• Expression might as well is used to indicate an action that is permissible in certain circumstances:
It "s not far, so we might as well go on foot.- It's not far, we could easily walk.

• Expression might just as well is used to indicate an action that would be better in certain circumstances:
The traffic is so slow that we might just as well walk.- Traffic moves so slowly that we could equally well walk.

MUST

Forms

Modal verb must form present simple.

Meaning and usage

1 Responsibility

Verb must used to express an obligation, duty or the need to perform an action due to certain circumstances. This action may refer to the present and sometimes the future. In this sense, the verb must translates as must, need, need etc.:
Not must get up earlier in the morning. - He must get up early in the morning.
They must wear uniform on duty. - Ha they must be in uniform on duty.

In relation to the past:

To express obligation in the past tense instead of must to have to in Past Simple ( had to ):
He had to stop smoking. - He had to quit smoking.
Girls had to wear dark dresses to school. - Girls had to wear dark dresses to school.

In relation to the future:

To express obligation in the future tense, a modal verb is used instead of must to have to in Future Simple ( will/shall have to ):
He"ll have to train very hard for these matches.- He will have to train a lot to prepare for these matches.
You will have to thank your grandfather for his wonderful present. You will need to thank your grandfather for his wonderful gift.

In this meaning must often used in written instructions, orders, rules, job orders etc.:
Staff must be at their desks by 9.00. - The staff must be at the workplace by 9.00.
Doors must be lacked on the inside. - Doors must be locked from the inside.

In response to a question containing must, in the affirmative answer is used must, and in the negative - needn"t.
- Should I go there?- Should I go there?
- Yes, you must. - Yes, you should.
- No, you needn "t.- No, you don't.

Except the verb must the meaning of obligation can be conveyed by modal verbs should And to have to. They often replace each other, but there are differences between them.

Verb must used to express advice, recommendation or invitation:
You must see this film. It's superb. - You must watch this movie. He is excellent.
You must come and see us in summer. - You should come and visit us in the summer.
You mustn "t leave your suitcases here. This place is full of thieves. - You mustn't leave your suitcases here. This place is full of thieves.

3 Prohibition

Verb must in the negative form expresses a ban on any action:
You mustn't park here.- You shouldn't park here.
Mustn't take more than two pills at once.- He should not take more than two tablets at a time.

In this meaning must often used in announcements, orders and rules:
Candidates must not ask more than five questions.- Candidates should not ask more than five questions.
Staff must not smoke when serving customers.- Personnel must not smoke while serving customers.

4 Irritation

In interrogative sentences must may express irritation or dissatisfaction with some repetitive action:
Must you always interrupt me when I"m speaking? Do you have to interrupt me when I speak?

5 Sure Guess

Verb must is used to express an assumption with a high degree of probability. In such cases must translates as must be probably probably probably. In this meaning must used:

• with a simple infinitive if the action refers to the present:
You must be that son's friends. You must be my son's friends.
Doesn't have to be really interested in this job. - He must be very interested in this job.

• with infinitive Continuous, if the action refers to the moment of speech or the current period:
The pavement is wet. It must be raining.- The pavement is wet. It's probably raining.

• with the perfect infinitive if the action refers to the past:
They must have learned the news from my mother.- In all likelihood, they learned the news from my mother.

• with infinitive perfect continuous, if the action takes place over a period of time:
She must have been working at school for about twenty years. She has been working at the school for probably twenty years.

In the meaning of supposition, the verb must used only in affirmative sentences. To convey the assumption in negative sentences, other language means are used:
They can "t have recognized me then. - They hardly recognized me then.
I "m nearly sure they didn't recognize me then. “I’m pretty sure they didn’t recognize me then.

In relation to the future:

To convey this value in relation to the future instead of must words and phrases are used: probably(probably), to be likely / to be unlikely, I don't think...:
He will probably call me in the evening. He will probably call me in the evening.
It "s likely to snow tomorrow. - It will probably snow tomorrow.
She is unlikely to come to your party. - It is unlikely that she will come to your party.
I don "t think he will win the bet. - It is unlikely that he will win the bet.

In indirect speech

In indirect speech, the verb must usually does not change. When expressing advice, it can be replaced by a verb advise with infinitive:

Useful Expression

Expression if you must know is colloquial in nature and is translated into Russian as if you want to know, by the way, so that you know:
If you must know, I have never seen this girl before.- If you want to know, I've never seen this girl before.
If you must know, I am the author of this book. - Just so you know, I'm the author of this book.

TO HAVE

Forms

Modal verb to have to has the forms Present Simple ( have/has to ), Past Simple ( had to ), Present Perfect ( have/has had to ) and Future Simple ( will/shall have to ).

Interrogative and negative forms of the verb to have to are formed as in semantic verbs:

• in present simple And past simple with an auxiliary verb do/does And did respectively:

Time	affirmative form	Interrogative form	negative form
present simple	I/you/we/they have to go He/she/it has to go	Do I/you/we/they have to go? Does he/she/it have to go?	I/you/we/they do not (don "t) have to go he/she/it does not (doesn't) have to go
past simple	I/you/he/she/it/we/they had to go	Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they have to go?	I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not (didn't) have to go

• in Present Perfect And Future Simple by changing the word order (interrogative form) and using a negative particle not(negative form):

Time	affirmative form	Interrogative form	negative form
Present Perfect	I/you/we/they have had to go He/she/it has had to go	have I/you/we/they had to go? Has he/she/it had to go?	I/you/we/they have not (haven "t) had to go He/she/it has not (hasn't) had to go
Future Simple	I/we will/shall ("ll) have to go you/he/she/it/ they will ("ll) have to go	Will/Shall I/we have to go? Will you/he/she/it/they have to go?	I/we will not (won "t) / shall not (shan" t) have to go you/he/she/it/they will not (won't) have to go

Meaning and usage

Modal verb to have to expresses a forced obligation and the need to perform some action (in the affirmative and interrogative forms) and the absence of such an obligation or necessity (in a negative form) and is translated as have to, have to, have to.
Do you have to be in school so early? - Do you have to be at school so early?
We had to take a taxi to go to the airport.- We had to take a taxi to get to the airport.
I "ve had to remind him two times to return my book. I had to remind him twice to return my book to me.

Modal verbs to have to, must And should express obligation and often replace each other. However, there are certain differences between them.

In addition, the verb to have to in past simple And Future Simple used instead of a verb must:

In British English, along with the forms have/has to And don't/doesn't have to frequently used forms have/has got to And haven't/hasn't got to. These forms differ in meaning:

• have / has to and don "t / does" t have to express a repetitive, ordinary action:
I have to take the children to school every day.- I have to take the children to school every day.
Doesn't have to take the children to school on Saturdays. He shouldn't take the kids to school on Saturdays.

• have / has got to and haven "t / hasn" t got to express a single action:
I "ve got to take the children to school this Saturday. I have to take the children to school this Saturday.
He is glad he hasn "t got to take the children to school this Saturday. - He's glad he doesn't have to drive the kids to school this Saturday.

Except the verb to have to(in the shape of don't / doesn't have to) the absence of the need to perform some action can express a modal verb need in negative form ( needn"t). The differences between these verbs echo the differences between to have to And must:

• needn"t expresses the lack of need for action from the point of view of the speaker in the form of advice or orders:
You needn "t go on foot. I will give you a lift. - You don't have to walk. I'll take you.
You needn "t call me Mrs. Smith. We all use first names here.- You don't have to call me Mrs. Smith. We all call each other by our first names here.

• don"t /doesn"t have to indicates a fact due to external circumstances:
Doesn't have to cook for himself. Fie gets his meals in the cafe. - He doesn't you have to cook for yourself. He eats in a cafe.

NEED

Forms and grammatical features

Verb need can be both semantic and modal verb. Acting as an ordinary, regular semantic verb, it means "to need something" and is used in all tenses:
We need some water. - We need water.
Did the windows need washing? Did the windows need to be washed?
I will need your help a week from now. - I will need your help in a week.

Like a modal verb need is an insufficient verb:
it has only one temporary form - present simple.

Modal verb need used with an infinitive without a particle to.

Meaning and usage

1. Necessity to perform an action

Verb need in combination with a simple infinitive expresses the need to perform an action related to the present or future, or the absence of such a need. into Russian need translates as need, need, need. Verb need in a modal sense it is used in interrogative and negative sentences, as well as in affirmative sentences in which there are adverbs with a negative meaning hardly, scarcely and only:
Need I tell them about it? Do I need to tell them about this?
You needn "t clean the window. It is not dirty.- You don't need to wash the window. It's not dirty.
You need hardly remind us of it. - To you we hardly need to be reminded of this.

In modern English, the regular, semantic verb often appears in the modal meaning to need. The interrogative and negative forms of this verb are formed with the help of an auxiliary verb. They very often replace modal verb forms. Instead of Need I say? used Do I need to say? , instead of needn't say - don "t/ doesn't need to say :
You don't need to go there.- You don't have to go there.
She doesn't need to carry bags by herself. We'll help her. She doesn't have to carry the bags herself. We will help her.

No need for any action along with the verb need expresses and modal verb to have to .

2. No need for the past

Verb need in negative form ( needn"t) in combination with the perfect infinitive indicates an action in the past that was performed, although it was not necessary:
You needn "t have come so early. - You shouldn't have come so early. (This was not necessary.)
I needn "t have made this promise. - In vain I made this promise. (I didn't have to do it.)

• Form needn"t+ the perfect infinitive differs in meaning from the Past Simple form of the semantic verb to need (didn "t need to). The form didn't need to also indicates an action in the past that was not necessary, but this action still did not happen.
I needn "t have got up so early. - I had to get up so early. (But I got up.)
I didn't need to get up so early. - I didn't have to get up so early. (And I didn't get up.)

• Form needn"t+ the perfect infinitive is often used with a verb could, which, in combination with the perfect infinitive, indicates an action that could be performed instead of an action that was not necessary:
- You needn "t have walked on foot. You could have taken a taxi. - You didn't have to walk. You could take a taxi

• Instead of a form needn"t+ perfect infinitive you can use the form shouldn't+ perfect infinitive. There is only some stylistic difference between these forms:
shouldn't+ perfect infinitive indicates criticism from the speaker, a needn"t+ the perfect infinitive does not imply such criticism:
She shouldn't have stood in a queue. - She shouldn't have stood in line. (It was unreasonable of her.)
She needn "t have stood in a queue. - She didn't have to stand in line. (This was not necessary.)

Useful Expressions

Need anybody know? Does anyone need to know about this?
They needn "t be told this. - They don't have to say it.
I needn "t tell you that .. - I don't need to tell you that ...

SHOULD

Forms and grammatical features

Verb should should does not have its own lexical meaning and is used to form the future in the past (Future-in-the-Past) and forms of the subjunctive mood:
I said I should miss him.- I said I would miss him.
If I were you I should read as many English books as possible.- If I were you, I would try to read as many English books as possible.

Like a modal verb should

Meaning and usage

Modal verb should is used to express duty, moral obligation, advice or recommendation and is translated into Russian as should, should, should, should:
You should spend more time with your children.- You should spend more time with your children.
Shouldn't ring me up and apologize. - He should call me and apologize. Should I inform the police about it?- I should report this to the police.

In this meaning should used:

• with a simple infinitive if the action refers to the present or future:
She should eat more fruits and vegetables. She should eat more fruits and vegetables.
You shouldn't be late for the meeting. - You shouldn't be late for the meeting.

• with infinitive Continuous, if the action refers to the moment of speech or the current period:
We shouldn't be telling you all this. - We don't have to tell you all this.
Should you be watching TV the whole day? - Do you have to watch TV all day?

should expresses modal verb ought to. These verbs do not differ in meaning. Just ought used in speech much less often than should.

Advice or recommendation will sound more insistent if instead of should use modal turnover had(d)better(affirmative form) or had(d)better not(negative form). This turnover is used:

• where urgent action is needed:
The entrance door is open. You "d better call the police.- The front door is open. You must call the police.
I hear our bank is in trouble. We "d withdraw better the money.- I heard that our bank has problems. We need to take money from there.

• to express a warning or threat:
We "d better not drink the water from this well. It can be bad. - We'd better not drink water from this well. It can be bad.
You "d better put that bag back or I" ll report the theft.- Return my bag to its place, otherwise I will report the theft.

In addition to the verb should, the meaning of obligation, musts can convey modal verbs must And to have to. They often replace each other. However, there are certain differences between them:

• must expresses the need for some action from the point of view of the speaker:
You must work hard to improve your English.- You have to work hard to make progress in English.
She mustn "t tell everyone about her problems. It will only make things worse. - She shouldn't tell everyone about her problems. This will only make things worse.

• to have to expresses the need for some action due to external circumstances:
I have to work hard to improve my English. I am going to need English in my work.- I need to work hard to make progress in English. I will need English for work.
She doesn't have to tell everyone about her problems. She will be the talk of the town. She doesn't need to tell everyone about her problems. The whole town will talk about her.

• should expresses the need for some kind of action from the point of view of common sense:
You should work hard to improve your English. Good English will help you to get a good job.- You should work hard to achieve success in English. Good knowledge of English will help you get a good job.
She shouldn't tell everyone about her problems. It won't help to solve them. - To her You shouldn't tell everyone about your problems. It won't help solve them.

2 Reproach or disapproval

Verb should, like the verb ought to, is used to express reproach about an imperfect action and disapproval of a perfect action. In this sense, these verbs are used with the perfect infinitive. In this case, it is important in what form the modal verb is used:

• affirmative form should/ought to in combination with the perfect infinitive shows that the action was desired, but it did not happen (in this case should/ought to expresses reproach):
You ought to have cleared up the mess long ago.- You should have cleared up this misunderstanding long ago. (But didn't find out.)
She should have been more attentive to her family. - She should have been more attentive to her family. (But she didn't.)

• negative form shouldn't/ oughtn't to in combination with the perfect infinitive shows that this action happened, but was undesirable (in this case should/ought to expresses disapproval):
She shouldn't have opened my letter. - She shouldn't have opened my letter. (But she did.)
I oughtn "t have called him.- I shouldn't have called him. (But I called.)

3. Probability

Verb should can express the probability of a particular action. In such cases, it is translated as it should be, probably should. In this meaning should used:

She should be at home. - She should be at home.
You shouldn't have any difficulty in translating the text.- You should not have difficulty translating this text.

• with infinitive Continuous, if the action refers to the moment of speech or the current period:
Should her plane be taking off now? - Should her plane take off now?
Should not be working on this project from morning till night. He is probably working on this project from morning to night.

• with the perfect infinitive if the action is in the past tense:
The train should have arrived by now. - The train has probably already arrived.
They should have started the rehearsal. They should have started rehearsal by now.

Except the verb should will. These verbs can replace each other. However, there are also differences between them:

• should expresses probability with a lower degree of certainty than will:
This book should be interesting for you. This book will probably be of interest to you. (I assume such a possibility.)
This book will be interesting for you. - This book will be of interest to you. (I am sure about that.)

• should not used to express a probability that is unpleasant for the speaker. In such cases, use will:
I don't want to go there in summer. It will be hot there.- I don't want to go there in the summer. It will be too hot there. .

4. Surprise, bewilderment or indignation

Verb should used to express surprise, bewilderment or indignation at some action. In such cases, it is used only in direct and indirect questions that begin with the words why And how:
Why should I go there?- Why should I go there? How should I know his address? How can I know his address?
I don't know why you should think that you can do it.- I don't know why you think you can do it.

In indirect speech

In indirect speech should should expresses advice, in indirect speech verbs are often used instead to advise(advise), to warn(warn), etc. with the infinitive:

OUGHT TO

Forms

Modal verb ought to has only one temporary form.

Verb ought to always used with particle infinitive to.

Meaning and usage

Verb ought to used to express obligation, moral duty, advice on action related to the present and future. into Russian ought to translates as should, should, should:
You ought to visit your parents more often. You should visit your parents more often.
Not oughtn "t to do it the other way. - He shouldn't do it any other way.
Ought I to put this box here?- Should I put this box here?

In this meaning ought to used:

• with a simple infinitive if the action refers to the present or future:
This letter ought to be sent back.- This letter should be sent back.
She ought to be more serious. She should be more serious.

• with infinitive continuous, if the action refers to the moment of speech or the current period:
We ought to be studying for the exam now. We should be preparing for the exam now.
I ought to be writing the last chapter this week.- I have to write the last chapter this week.

The meaning of obligation/advice along with the verb ought to expresses and modal verb should. These verbs do not differ in meaning. Just ought used in speech much less often than should.

Modal turnover had better conveys the meaning of advice or recommendation more strongly than should or ought to.

2. Reproach or disapproval

Modal verb ought to, like the verb should, is used to express reproach about an imperfect action and disapproval of a perfect action. In this sense, these verbs are used with the perfect infinitive. In this case, it is important in what form the modal verb is.

In indirect speech

In indirect speech ought to remains unchanged. In cases where the verb ought to expresses advice, in indirect speech verbs can be used instead to advise, to warn u etc. with infinitive:

TO BE TO

Forms

Modal verb to be to has the forms Present Simple ( am/is/are to ) and Past Simple ( was/were to ). Interrogative and negative forms are formed as in other cases of using the verb to be:

Time	affirmative form	Interrogative form	negative form
present simple	I am to come He/she/it is to come you/we/they are to come	Am I to come? Is he/she/it to come? Are you/we/they to come?	I am not to come he/she/it is not to come you/we/they are not to come
past simple	I/he/she/it was to come you/we/they were to come	was I/he/she/it to come? Were you/we/they to come?	I/he/she/it was not to come you/we/they were not to come

Meaning and usage

1. Necessity in accordance with the plan, arrangement, schedule

Verb to be to used to express the need to perform an action due to a plan, arrangement or schedule. It is translated into Russian as should, agreed, agreed, to be u etc. In this meaning, it is often found in official announcements:
We are to meet at the cinema. We agreed to meet at the cinema.
The prime minister is to make a special statement tomorrow.- The Prime Minister will make a special address tomorrow.

Regarding the past:

To convey this meaning in relation to the past, the form is used past simple combined with a simple or perfect infinitive. The form of the infinitive has a great semantic meaning:

• the perfect infinitive indicates that the action was planned but not carried out:
He was to have given me the answer yesterday, hut I still don "t have it. - He should have given me an answer yesterday, but I still don't have it.
The plane was to have landed an hour ago. The plane was supposed to land an hour ago.

• the simple infinitive indicates that the action was planned, but does not indicate whether it was performed or not.
They were to be married on Sunday. - They were supposed to get married on Sunday. (Most likely it happened, but we don't know for sure.)

In relation to the future:

To convey this meaning in relation to the future instead of a modal verb to be to modal verb used to have to in the shape of Future Simple:
Not will have to go there alone. - To him you have to go there alone.

2 Order or command

Verb to be to used in affirmative and interrogative sentences in order to give an order or instruction or ask for an indication:
You are to stay here until I return. - You must stay here until I return.
What are we to do?- What should we do?

3 Prohibition

Verb to be to used in negative sentences to denote prohibition:
You are not to take these things with you. You don't have to take these things with you.
Is not to watch television today. - He is not allowed to watch TV today.

4 Predetermined action

Verb to be to is used to express the predetermination of an action and is translated as destined or was destined:
They didn't know that they were never to meet again. They didn't know they weren't destined to meet again.
If we are to live in the same building we should get to know each other better. - If we are destined to live in the same house, we should get to know each other better.

Useful Expressions

What is to be done?- What to do?
You are not to say anything.- You don't need to say anything.

SHALL

Verb shall shall used to form future tenses in the first person singular (Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous). In these cases, the verb shall simply indicates an action in the future:
I shall work in a big office. - I will work in a big office.
We shall be seeing each other at the meeting. - I'll see you at the meeting.
I shall have done the work by the end of the day. - I will do this work before the end of the day.
Next Monday we shall have been working here for two years. - Next Monday it will be two years since we have been working in here.

In some cases the verb shall

Modal verb shall has only one temporary form - Future Simple and, like the auxiliary verb, it is used in the first person singular and plural. It forms the interrogative and negative forms in the same way as the auxiliary verb.

Short affirmative form "ll used only in colloquial and informal writing.

Shortened negative form shan"t almost never used by Americans.

Meaning and usage

1. Forecast for the future

Modal verb shall, like will, used to predict the future (verb will can replace shall and in the first person singular and plural):
I "m afraid I shall / will be late. - I'm afraid I might be late.
We shan "t (won" t) make enough money to start our business.- We will not earn as much money as it takes to start our own business.

2 Intention

Modal verb shall, like will, is used to express intention. In this sense, it is rare, but at the same time it sounds more weighty than will and can be used in all faces:
I shall/will do it as soon as I can. - I I will do it as soon as I can.
We shall/will fight and we shall win. - We will fight and we will win. Don't shan't come here.- He won't come here. (We will not allow this.)

3 Promise

Modal verb shall, like will, is used when we want to make a promise. Verb shall expresses a much stronger promise than will, and can be used in all faces:
I shall/will ("ll) buy you this car for your birthday. - I will buy you this car for your birthday.
You shall go with us. I promise.- You will come with us. I promise. Modal verb shall(but not will) is used when we want to ask for advice:
Shall we wait any longer for him? - Shall we wait for him?
What shall I wear tomorrow? - What do I wear tomorrow?

5 Offer

Modal verb shall(but not will) is used if we want to hear an offer from someone or offer something ourselves:
Shall we take a taxi?- Why don't we get a taxi?
Let's meet at the cafe, shall we?- Let's meet at the cafe, okay?

Via shall(but not will) we can offer our help to someone:
Shall I bring you some water?- Should I bring you some water?
Shall I help you pack? Can I help you pack your things?

6 Order

Verb shall may express a formal command or order, usually in writing. In this sense, it is used in the third person and is translated as it should:
The committee's decision shall be final. - The decision of the commission shall be considered final.
The chairman and secretary shall be elected annually.- The chairman and secretary must be elected annually.

In indirect speech

shall should or would(depending on the meaning) or gives way to the infinitive (if we are talking about a proposal or promise):

WILL

Forms and grammatical features

Verb will It can be both an auxiliary and a modal verb. Acting as an auxiliary verb, will used to form future tenses (Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous). In these cases, the verb will simply indicates an action in the future:
The film will start in five minutes. The movie will start in five minutes. They will be playing tennis at 10 o "clock tomorrow. - Tomorrow at ten o'clock they will play tennis.
The book will have been published by the end of the year. - The book will be published- forged by the end of the year.
Tomorrow I will have been working on this play for two months.- Tomorrow it will be two months since I've been working on this play.

In some cases the verb will not only indicates an action in the future, but also conveys a number of modal meanings, acting as a modal verb.

Modal verb will has only one temporary form - Future Simple and forms the interrogative and negative forms in the same way as the auxiliary verb.

Meaning and usage

1 Forecast for the future

Modal verb will, like shall, is used to predict the future:
It will rain tomorrow.- It will rain tomorrow.
Your help won't be needed. - Your help will not be required.

Together with will/won"t verbs and phrases are often used that express hope, expectations, fears, doubts etc.: to think, to expect, to believe, to suppose, to hope, to fear, to assume, to be afraid, to be sure, doubt and m. P.:
Everyone believes they will win the game. Everyone thinks they will win this game.
I don "t think he will come. - It is unlikely that he will come.

Different degrees of confidence in the forecast verb will often conveyed with the help of adverbs perhaps, probably, perhaps, surely:
They will probably bring their children with them. They will probably bring their children with them.
Perhaps she'll change her mind. She might change her mind.

2. Spontaneous decision

Verb will used to express a spontaneous decision made at the moment of speech:
The phone's ringing. I'll answer it. - The phone rings. I'll come.
I won "t eat this beefsteak. It looks rare. - I won't eat this steak. It doesn't look like it's fried.

In this meaning will used primarily in the first person. Intentions towards other persons are conveyed through turnover to be going to:
Are you going to leave without giving me the answer? Are you leaving without giving me an answer?
She "s going to clean the carpets now. - She will now clean the carpets.

A deliberate decision or a planned intention can also be conveyed using the turnover to be going to:
I am not going to have porridge for breakfast. I "m on a diet. - I won't have oatmeal for breakfast. I'm on a diet.

3. Determination, intention, refusal

Verb will used to express the determination to take or not to take this or that action in the present or future:
I will help you with this task. I will definitely help you complete this task.
They will take part in the competition. - They will definitely compete.

The form won't expresses a stubborn refusal to perform some action in the present:
Don't won't sell the house. He stubbornly refuses to sell the house.
The door won't open.- The door won't open.

With the help of a verb will threat is often expressed:
You"ll regret this!- You'll regret it! He "ll pay for his mistakes. He will pay for his mistakes.

4. Request

Verb will
Will you please open the window? - You won't you open the window?
Will you call back later?- Call later, please.

In such cases, the request sounds somewhat harsh. A more polite request can be expressed using modal verbs. would or could :
Would you please give me that book? - You Could you give me that book?
Could you go faster?- Could you drive faster?

An informal request can also be expressed with:

• dividing question:
You "ll write to those, won't you? - Are you going to write to me?

• imperative sentence:
Mind your own business, will you? - Mind your own business, okay?

5 Offer, promise

Verb will used to express a proposal, a promise to perform an action:
What will you have for dessert?- What will you have for dessert?
I will help you to tidy the room.- I'll help you clean the room. We won't leave you here.- We won't leave you here.

6 Order

Verb will used to express an order that can be given by a person with power over other people (army commander, coach, ship captain, school director etc.). In this sense, it is translated by the word as it should:
The team will report to the gymnasium for the training. - The team must come to the gym for training.
You will not mention it to anyone. - You don't have to tell anyone about it.

7 Repetitive, habitual action

Verb will is used to denote a repeated action when we want to draw attention not so much to this action as to characterize the person who performs this action. From a grammatical point of view, it replaces the semantic verb in Present Simple:
An Englishman will always show you the way in the street. - Any Englishman will always show you the way.
Boys will be boys. - Boys are boys.

In relation to the past:

To convey this meaning in the past, the verb is used would or turnover used to :
On Sunday he used to go/would get up early and go fishing. On Sundays he got up early and went fishing.

Sometimes a verb will indicates a repetitive action that the person stubbornly does or stubbornly refuses to do. In this sense, the verb will can, contrary to the rules, be used in the subordinate clause of the condition:
If you will go to bed so late, no wonder you "re tired.- If you go to bed so late all the time, it's no wonder you get tired.
If she won't read, how can she know literature?- If she does not want to read, how can she study literature?

8 Assumption, probability

Verb will is used to express the assumption that we consider the most probable. In this sense it is used:

• with a simple infinitive if the action refers to the present or future:
Ring his work number. He'll be at work now. - Call him at work. He's probably at work right now.
They won't have difficulty in finding the way home.“It won’t be difficult for them to find their way home.

• with infinitive Continuous if the action refers to the moment of speech or a certain period in the future:
Will not be expecting us now.- I'm sure he's waiting for us.
She will be staying at her mother's. She will probably stay with her mother.

• with the perfect infinitive if the action refers to the past:
Will not have finished his call. He must have finished talking on the phone.
She won't have returned from the trip. - It is unlikely that she returned from a trip.

Except the verb will the value of the probability of an action can also be conveyed by a modal verb should. These verbs often replace each other.

In indirect speech

In indirect speech modal verb will behaves like an auxiliary verb, that is, if the main sentence uses the past tense, it is replaced by would or gives way to the infinitive (if it is a proposal, promise or request):

WOULD

Forms and grammatical features

Verb would It can be both an auxiliary and a modal verb. Acting as an auxiliary verb, would used to form the future in the past (Future-in-the-Past) and forms of the subjunctive mood:
Didn't say that he would get the book as soon as possible. He said he would get the book as soon as possible.
I would call on you, but I "m leaving for Moscow. - I would come to you, but I'm leaving for Moscow.
If I were you, I wouldn't do it. - Ha If I were you, I wouldn't do it.

Like a modal verb would has only one temporary form.

Meaning and usage

1 Wish, offer, invitation

Verb would used to express wishes, suggestions and invitations:
- I "d like some coffee please. - I would like some coffee.
- What would you prefer? - What would you preferred?
- What would you like to do? - Whatever you wanted to do?
- Would you like me to open the door? - Would you like me to open the door?
- Would you like to go for a walk? - Would you like to take a walk?
- I "d like to.- With pleasure.
- I'd love to.- With great pleasure.

2 Preference

turnover would rather ("d rather) combined with an infinitive without a particle to used to express preference and has the meaning "would prefer":
I "d rather play cards than dominoes. - I'd rather play cards than dominoes.
- Would you like wine?- Would you like some wine?
- I "d rather have beer.- I would prefer beer.

Using the negative form would rather than You can politely decline an offer or request:
- Are you coming with us? - Are you coming with us?
- I "d rather not. - I think no.

3 request

Verb would used to express a request:
Would you please close the window? - Could you please close the window?
If you would sign here. - Sign here, please.
Would you be so kind as to keep me informed?- I would be very grateful to you if you kept me informed.

Modal verb will also expresses a request, but it sounds less polite than a request with would:
Will you give me a lift home? - Can you drive me home?
Would you give me a lift home? - You do not could you drive me home?

except would verb expresses a polite request could. Would And could in this meaning are often interchangeable. However, there is a slight difference between them:
would indicates a readiness or desire to comply with a request, while could indicates the ability to fulfill a request:
Could you lend those some money? - Could you lend me some money? (Do you have this option?)
Would you lend me some money? - Could you lend me some money? (Do you have such a desire?)

4. Repetitive, characteristic action in the past, refusal

Verb would used to express an action in the past that happened often or constantly:
In fine weather he would often go for long walks. In fine weather, he often went for walks.
We tried to stop him eating at night but he would do it. We tried to convince him not to eat at night, but he did it anyway.

The form wouldn't indicates a refusal or stubborn unwillingness to perform a particular action in the past:
They wouldn't say where they had found the coin. - They refused to say where they found the coin.
The car wouldn't start this morning. - This morning the car wouldn't start at all.

Beyond the verb would turnover is also used to describe repeated actions in the past used to:
Every morning he would/used to take a cold shower. He took a cold shower every morning.

However, between would And used to there is an important difference:

• would denotes only actions:
Wouldn't often go fishing in summer. - In the summer, he used to go fishing often.

• used to denotes both actions and states:
Not used to wear a beard when he was a student. He used to quarrel about it with his mother.- When he was a student, he wore a beard. He often fought over her with his mother.

6. Wish

Verb would used to express a wish. In such cases, it is used in the subjunctive meaning in constructions I wish... would And If only... would:
I wish you would come here sooner. - I would like you to come here soon.
If you would only help me with this problem! If only you could help me solve this problem!

DARE

Forms and grammatical features

Verb dare can be both a semantic verb and a modal one, while expressing one basic meaning - to dare to perform some action. semantic verb to dare combines with an infinitive with a particle to and is used in all tenses:
I didn't dare to tell him about my departure. I didn't dare tell him about my departure. She doesn't dare to say anything in his presence. She does not dare to say anything in his presence.
I dare you to catch me.- I bet you won't catch me.
Wouldn't dare to criticize our plan. - He wouldn't dare criticize our plan.

Modal verb dare used with an infinitive without a particle to and has two temporary forms - Present Simple ( dare ) and Past ( dared ).

Affirmative form of the verb dare occurs rarely, mainly in sentences with a negative meaning:
I hardly dare tell you the reason. - I do not I dare to point you to the reason.

Along with the forms given in the table, the verb dare forms interrogative and negative forms as a semantic verb - with the help of auxiliary verbs:
Dare you see? = Do you dare to see?
I daren't tell = I don't dare tell
he dared not go = he didn't dare go

These forms are now used in speech much more often than forms without auxiliary verbs.

Meaning and usage

Modal verb dare expresses reproach, indignation, indignation at some action. It is especially used in sentences beginning with how:
Don't you dare come up to me!- Don't you dare come near me!
How dare they suggest such a thing! - How dare they suggest such a thing!
How dare he use my name! How dare he use my name!
- I "m going to smash this vase! - I I'll break this vase!
Just dare! - Just try!

Useful Expressions

How dare you!- How dare you!
I daresay you are aiming for the promotion. - I think you're looking for a promotion.

05.08.2014

The phenomenon of modal verbs is a special topic for study in English, which needs to be given sufficient attention, since such verbs are very often used in English.

Will And would are English modal verbs, and in order to confidently use these verbs in your speech, the main thing is to understand the difference when to put will, and when would. So I propose to consider the features of using will And would in English.

Use cases for will

Will used to refer to situations in the simple future tense. In statements that refer to the future:

• They will have two extra meetings this afternoon.
• I will be in my mid twenties next year.

We also use this modal verb to refer to spontaneous, instantaneous decisions:

• Somebody is ringing the bell. I'll go and see.
• What will you drink? Well, I'll have a cup of coffee.

When we ask someone to do something for us, or when we need to ask something about the future tense, use will as pertinent as ever:

• Will you tell Jane that we expect her for dinner?
• Will you copy these files and print them for all students, please?

Also used to indicate a promise, offer or prediction. will:

• I will always remember you.
• Can't you do this task? Don't worry, dad will soon come and help you.
• Those people won't tell you the truth.

Modal verb will used in the structure of conditional sentences of the first type:

• We will go fishing at the weekend if the weather is good.
• You will pass the exam, if you study well.

Use cases for would

First of all, would is the past tense form of the verb will.

• Jack said he would finish the work the next day.
• Ann said she would write us soon.
• He hoped she would come.

Would used in the structure of conditional sentences of the second and third types:

• I would phone Sue, if I had her number.
• We would have gone fishing at the weekend if the weather had been good.

In the case where it is possible to use will And would, a more polite form would be a sentence with a verb would:

• Would you like some juice?
• It's hot in here, would you mind opening the window?

Some more modal verb examples would:

• Would you like a piece of apple cake? (sentence)
• I'd like to have some milk. (request)
• I'd like to learn French very well. (wish, plan)
• I'd rather have a glass of water than juice now. (preference)

And now attention - let's practice! Go back to the beginning of the article and look at the picture.

Your task is to write an answer to the question - What would you do if you could change the world?