Although, for now we will formally assume that the tense of the verb, which is called Future Simple Tense, is the main way to express the future tense in English. By the way, in complex sentences of time and conditions in English, which will be discussed in this lesson, Future Simple Tense is used.

1. What are adverbial clauses of time and conditions?

They can refer to the present and future tenses (real conditions), as well as unreal. In this lesson, we will focus on complex sentences that refer to the future, type

If the weather is good, I will go for a walk.

Such sentences in English are called conditional sentences of the FIRST TYPE (First Conditionals). Another name is When and If Sentences / First Conditional and Time Clauses.

Please note that in the example in Russian in both parts: in the first part (subordinate) and in the second part (main), the future tense is used.

However, the RULE works in English: there is no future after IF / WHEN.

It means that in the subordinate clause instead of Future Simple, you need to use Present Simple.

NOTE. Instead of the union IF, any other can stand union of time or condition.

Now it's time to get acquainted with the unions of time and condition.

2. Unions of time and conditions in English

If you are a beginner, then remember the two main unions if (if) And when (when).

• I will stay if she comes. - I'll stay if she will come.
• I will leave when he comes. - I'll leave, when he will come.

A. Conditional conjunctions in English:

1. if - if
2. unless - if not
3. on condition that - provided that

1. I will stay if she comes. - I'll stay if she will come.
2. I will stay providing she comes. — I will stay provided that only she will come.
3. I won't stay unless she comes. - I won't stay if she not will come.

Note that there is no comma in English conditional sentences.

B. Unions of time in English

1. when - when
2. as soon as - as soon as
3. till (until) - until (until)
4. before - before, before
5. after - after

1. I will leave when he comes. - I'll leave, when he will come.
2. I will leave as soon as he comes. - I'll leave, as soon as he will come.
3. I won't leave till he comes. - I will not leave, till is he not will come.
4. I had left before he came. - I left before he came.
5. I left after he had come. - I left after he came.

So, let's summarize this topic and formulate once again the main RULE.

In subordinate clauses relating to the future, after conjunctions when And if and others instead of the future tense (Future Simple), you must use the present (Present Simple). Such sentences in English are called First Conditional and Time Clauses.

Please select the correct option for self-test.

I hope you have carefully read the rule, examples and translation. If your opinion differs from the opinion of the MOST, then return to the beginning of the lesson. And we move on to the exercises.

3. Clauses of time and conditions in English. Exercises on First Conditionals

ATTENTION! These offers are not conditional. The rules don't work!
I'd like to know when Dan will be back. I would like to know when Dan will return.
I don't know if she will come home. I don't know if she will come home.

Exercise (introductory).

1. I wonder if he (laugh) all day.
2. She will buy a new bag when she (arrive) to London.
3. I will stay here till he (come).
4. Tell him about it if he (want).
5. I wonder when somebody (come and tell) her what to do.
6. Do you know if your uncle (come back) from his trip tomorrow?
7. Don't tell her about it before she (ask).
8. I will know all about it when I (get) a letter from her.
9. She will catch bad cold unless she (go and change) her wet shoes.
10. I wonder when you (be ready) and if you (be on time).
11. I am not sure when she (return).
12. Will you wait until he (come)?
13. Please, book a return ticket if you (get) to New York.
14. I shall cut some sandwiches in case they (be) hungry.

Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with when or if conjunctions.

Do the exercise if you are confusing when and if conjunctions.

1. … I go home tonight, I'll have a bath.
2. … there is a good program on TV, I’ll watch it.
3. … there’s nothing in the fridge, we’ll eat out.
4. We'll go skiing next winter ... we have enough money.
5. …it’s a nice day tomorrow, we’ll go swimming.
6. I'm coming to London tomorrow. I'll phone you … I arrive.
7. We're thinking of going to Spain for our holidays. … we decide to go, I'll let you know.

Exercise 2 . Insert when or if dots instead.

A similar exercise, but in the second part there is sometimes an imperative mood.

1. … you can't do your homework, ask for help.
2. I'll give the money back to you, … I see you next time.
3. I'll come to bed … this program ends.
4. … anyone phones me, tell them I'm out.
5. Come on! … we hurry, we’ll catch the bus!
6. … I play tennis with Justin, he always wins.
7. The shops are full of things to buy… Christmas comes.
8. "I've lost my bag." - "... I find it, I'll let you know."

Exercise 3 . Make a compound sentence out of two simple ones using the conjunctions given in brackets. Apply rule 1.

SAMPLE: I'll wait here. You'll get back. ( until) - I'll wait here until you get back.

1. Give me a ring. You'll hear some news. (when)
2. The TV program will end. I'll do my homework. (after)
3. I'll go to work. I'll have a bath. (before)
4. She'll be in Paris. She'll visit friends. (when)
5. The lesson will end. I'll go home. (as soon as)
6. I won't leave the house. The postman will call. (until)
7. Can you feed the cats? I'll be away (when)
8. I'll tell you about the holiday. I'll get back. (when)
9. I'll study English. I'll speak it perfectly. (until)

Exercise 4 . Your friend is going on vacation. Ask him questions about his trip.

SAMPLE: What/do/miss/plane? — What will you do if you miss the plane?

1. What/do/plane/be delayed?
2. Where/stay/hotels/be full?
3. Who/talk to/not make any friends?
4. What/do/not like the food?
5. Where/go/beaches/be crowded?
6. What/do/get sunburnt?

Exercise 5 . Open the brackets using the correct tense Future Simple And present simple.

SAMPLE. When I (see) Tom tomorrow, I (invite) him to our party. — When I see Tom tomorrow, I will invite him to our party.

1. Before you (leave), don't forget to shut the windows. 2. I (phone) you as soon as I (arrive) in London. 3. Please don't touch anything before the police (come). 4. Everyone (be) very surprised if he (pass) the exams. 5. When you (see) Brian again, you (not/recognize) him. 6. We (not/start) dinner until Jack (arrive). 7. (you/ feel) lonely without me while I (be) away? 8. If I (need) any help, I (ask) you. 9. Come on! Hurry up! Ann (be) annoyed if we (be) late.

Exercise 6 Combine two sentences into one according to the model. Use unions of time or conditions according to the meaning.

SAMPLE. You are going to leave soon. You must visit the doctor before that. — You must visit the doctor before you leave.

1. I'll find somewhere to live. Then I'll give you my address.
2. It's going to start raining. Let's go out before that.
3. I'm going to do the shopping. Then I'll come home straight.
4. You'll be in London next month. You must come and see me then.
5. I'm going to finish reading this book. Then I'll get the dinner ready. (when)
6. We'll make our decision. Then we'll let you know. (as soon as)

Exercise 7. Insert if or when instead of dots.
1. … I see Tom tomorrow, I'll invite him to our party.
2. … it rains this evening, I won't go out.
3. I'll phone you … I get back.
4. I'm feeling very tired. I think I'll go straight to bed … I get home.
5. I'll be very surprised ... he doesn't get the job.

Exercise 8 Make up semantic chains of sentences according to the model using if and will.

SAMPLE. If the earth gets warmer, the sea will get warmer. — If the sea gets warmer, the ice at the North and South Poles will melt. — If the ice …, etc.

1. the earth gets warmer
2. the sea gets warmer
3. the ice at the North and South Poles melts
4. the sea level rises
5. there are floods in many parts of the world

Exercise 9 . Your friend is going abroad. Ask him questions.

SAMPLE: What/do/fall ill? - What will you do if you fall ill?

1. What/do/lose your passport?
2. What/do/not like/the food?
3. Where/go/need to phone your parents?
4. What/do/want/to make friends?
5. What/do/decide to improve your pronunciation?

Exercise 10 . Put the verbs given in brackets into the correct form. The proposals are for the future.

1. If you (eat) another cake, you (be) sick. 2. You (fail) your exam if you (not/study) hard. 3. What do you (do) if you (fail)? 4. Our children and grandchildren (suffer) if we (not/look after) our planet. 5. If you (be) late, I (go) without you. 6. If she (pass) her driving test, she (buy) a car. 7. If my neighbors (not/stop) making a noise, I (complain).

We recall how to correctly build conditional sentences in English. Exercises with answers, translation and explanations for each task. Here you will find 3 types of exercises:

• Choose from the proposed options the appropriate one, so that you get a grammatically correct conditional sentence.
• Substitute the verb in the correct form for the ellipsis.
• Translate conditional sentences from Russian into English.

After completing the task, click on "Show correct answer" and check your answer with the correct one.

If in some task you meet an unfamiliar English word, then just double-click on it to get a translation.

You will find a detailed explanation of the rules for constructing conditional sentences in this article.

Exercise 1.

Next to each task you see two possible answers. Choose the appropriate option, and then click on the "Show correct answer..." button and check the correct answer.

Exercise 2.

In the conditional sentences below, open the brackets using the verb in the conditional form. Enter your answer in the text field and then compare with the correct answer. If necessary, add auxiliary verbs will, would, had.

Exercise 3.

Open the brackets to make the correct conditional sentence. If necessary, add auxiliary verbs will, would, had.

Exercise 4.

Open the brackets to make the correct sentence. If necessary, add auxiliary verbs will, would, had.

Exercise 5.

Translate the conditional sentences from Russian into English. Compare your translation with the correct answer.

We continue to work on conditional (Conditional Sentences in the Future) and temporary sentences (Adverbial Clauses of time in the Future) in the future. We always start with simple exercises, namely:

First, you need to understand and memorize subordinating conjunctions (linking words). Learning from a list is a waste of time; the most win-win option is to keep track of conjunctions in sentences. Union exercises: ; already written. When translating English conditional and temporary sentences, it is necessary to understand the difference between

Secondly, it is necessary to “see” in English sentences the grammatical rule for the formation of subordinate clauses of condition and tense in the future. To do this, you need to read as many English sentences as possible in a given grammatical field. Then the new, just learned grammar will be recognizable.

Having dealt with the unions and having mastered the basic rule of conditional and temporary clauses in the future, you can go to the intermediate level (intermediate).

Open the brackets in the following sentences and put the verbs in the correct tense. It goes without saying that sentences must be translated.

1. Before John (to start) for London he (to come) to my place to say good-bye.

2. You (to invite) Tom to our party when you (to see) him?

3. Your granny (to be amazed) when you (to see) the view.

4. I (to catch) the train if I (to take) a taxi?

5. You (not to go) until I (to know) the truth.

6. You (to phone) me as soon as you arrive in London?

7. If Ann (to look after) the luggage, I (to buy) the tickets.

8. What he (to do) if he (to fail) his exam?

9. You (to have) a bicycle of your own when you (to be) older.

10. If a beggar (to ask) you for money, you (to give) him any?

11. What do you (to do) when you (to graduate from) your University?

12. Let's go to the cafe when the concert (to be over).

13. I hope we (to see) before you (to leave).

14. You (to forgive) Tom if he (to apologize) to you?

15. Stay at home until your husband (to return). Give him the note as soon as he (to come).

16. What do you (to do) if you (to want; to hire) a taxi?

17. If I (to meet) Mary today I (to speak) to her.

18. The child (not to improve) unless his elder brother (to set) him a good example.

19. You (must; to help) him if he (to be) in trouble.

20. Henry (to be busy) when we (to return) home?

21. I (not to go) to the party unless you (to come) with me.

22. You (can; to play) the piano if you (to like).

23. The boy (to complain) if I (to punish) him?

24. Don't get off the bus until it (to stop).

25. You (can; to do) this work If he (to fail) you?

26. I (not to express) an opinion until I (to know) the facts.

27. If he (to make) another attempt, he (to succeed)?

28. The river (not to begin; to rise) until some rain (to fall).

29. I (to write) to you when I (to leave) England.

30. As soon as Henry (to spend) that money He (to try; to borrow) some more.

31. We (to go) to the country tomorrow if the weather (to be) fine?

32. The train (not can; to move) until the snow (to fall).

33. If you (to take) more interest in the language you (to succeed).

34. Don't leave the house until you (to wash) your face.

35. What do you (to do) if your children (to behave) badly?

36. When John (to grow) a beard, even his closest friends (not to recognize) him.

37. You (to go) with us to the ZOO tomorrow if you (to be) a good boy.

38. You (to help) me if I (to need) you?

39. If you (to leave) the letter on the table, my sister (to post) it for you.

40. What do you (to do) if you (not to share) your companion's opinion?

So, it's time to summarize everything learned on the topic and check in practice how well you distinguish real and unreal condition in English. Offers exercises on the topic "Conditions". These exercises belong to the intermediate level, since the most complex (mixed) condition left behind the scenes. For beginners to study this topic, I recommend that you first perform

Conditionals. Exercises for all types of conditional sentences (review)

Exercise 1. Use the verbs given in brackets so that the sentences express the actual condition.

1. If I (see) John, I'll tell him your news. 2. He (be) very pleased if it (be) really true. 3. If you (go) to town on Monday, you (meet) my brother Tom. 4. If you (need) help my father (help) you. 5. We (have) a picnic lunch if the day (be) fine. 6. If you (ask) a policeman, he (tell) you the way. 7. I (finish) the job tomorrow if I (can). 8. I (not/take) an umbrella if (not/rain). 9. If they (catch) the bus now, they (arrive) at half past nine. 10. He (find) the answers if he (look) in the keys. 11. If he (write) to her, she (answer) at once. 12. He (lose) weight if he (stop) eating too much. 13. If she (be) patient, I (try) to explain. 14. If we (leave) at once, we (catch) the early train. 15. If she (drink) this medicine, she (feel) much better.

The exercise 2. Open the brackets so that the sentences express: a) the real condition; b) unrealistic condition.

1. If I (know) I (tell) you. 2. If she (want) to talk, she (ring up). 3. If he (have) enough money, he (buy) a large house. 4.She (feel) lonely if Peter (go) away. 5. We (be) pleased to see you if you (arrive). 6. If we (can) come on Sunday, we (come). 7. I (understand) Mr Smith if he (speak) slowly. 8.We (not/go) by ship unless there (be) no other way.

Exercise 3. Choose the most appropriate types of conditional sentences and open the brackets.

1. If it (rain), I won't go out. 2. You would learn more if you (study) sometimes. 3. If he (ask) me, I would have told him the answer. 4. You would have done well if you (take) my advice. 5. I wouldn't phone you here unless it (be) urgent. 6. She'll catch cold, if her feet (get) wet in this weather. 7. Unless you apologize at once, I never ( speak) to you again. 8. If we (have) nothing to do, life would be boring.

The exercise 4. Make up sentences by matching between the left and right columns.

1. If I go on a diet	a. we'll make a snowman.
2. If it's sunny tomorrow	b. I'll buy you some sweets.
3. If John doesn't hurry	with she'll have to take a taxi.
4. If it snows	d. I'll lose weight.
5. If there are no buses	e. he'll be late.
6. If you are a good girl	f. we'll go for a picnic.

The exercise 5. Finish suggestions.

1. If I had enough money….
2. If it doesn't rain soon ... .
3. I'll stay at home if … .
4. I wouldn't have come to the theater on time if …
5. If I left home for work earlier ….
6. If I won a prize … .
7. If I were a king … .
8. If I told my parents the truth….
9. If I were you….
10. If I were rich….

The exercise 6.Mark the sentences with errors.

I.
a) What would you study when you went to college next year?
b) What will you study if you go to the college next year?

II.
a) What will you be when you grow up?
b) What would you be if you grow up?

III.
a) If she hadn't broken the window, she wouldn't have had to pay for it.
b) If she hasn't broken the window, she wouldn't have had to pay for it.

IV.
a) I wouldn't do that if I were you.
b) I wouldn't do that if I was you.

v.
a) My mother will blame me if she knew.
b) My mother will blame me if she knows.

The exercise 7.

1. If I see him, I (tell) him the news. 2. The table will break if you (stand) on it. 3. If he (eat) all the cakes, he will be ill. 4. If I find your book, I (let) you know. 5. The police (arrest) him if they catch him. 6. If he (read) late at night, he is sleepy in the morning. 7. If he (need) a pen, he can borrow mine. 8. Your car (be stolen) if you left it unlocked. 9. The teacher will get angry if you (make) many mistakes. 10. She will be furious if she (hear) this. 11. If you boil some water, I (make) tea. 12. If you leave your bag here, it (be lost). 13. You'll miss the bus if you (not/leave) at once. 14. If you come late, they (not/let) you in.

The exercise 8. Put the verbs given in brackets into the correct form.

1. If I tell you a secret, you (promise) to keep it? 2. If I had a player typewriter, I (listen) to music. 3. If I (know) her address, I'd write a letter to her. 4. If he worked slowly, he (not/make) so many mistakes. 5. I could tell you the truth if I (know). 6. He might get fat if he (not/stop) eating much. 7. I (have) a car if I could afford it. 8. What would you do if you (get) stuck between two floors? 9. If he (know) that it was dangerous he wouldn't come. 10. If I (win) a big money prize, I'd give up my job.

The exercise 9. Put the verbs given in brackets into the correct form.

1. If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.
2. I shouldn't have believed it if I (not/see) it with my own eye.
3. If you had told me that beforehand, I (find) some money for you.
4. If he had asked you, you (answer)?
5. If I (have) a book, I wouldn't have been bored.
6. If you (speak) slowly, he might have understood you.
7. I (take) a taxi if I had understood that it was too late.
8. If I (be) ready when he called, he would have taken me with him.
9. She had a headache, otherwise she (come).
10. If my mother (know) about the party, she would have baked a cake.
11. If I (try) again, I think that I would have succeeded.
12. If I were you, I (not/buy) such expensive things.
13. If I (live) in the country, I (have) a dog.
14. What did you (do) if someone gave you a million pounds?
15. If I (be) you, I (look) for another job.

But for - if not

1. But for the rain we (reach) the station on time.
2. But for the weather I (enjoy) my holidays.
3. But for the mosquitoes I (sleep) well.

Exercise 10 Combine the sentences according to the model.

Sample. I'll pass this exam. I'll go to the university. =

If I pass this exam, I'll go to the university.

1. He can find a cheap flat. He'll stay here for two more weeks.
2. They don't speak English, so his English doesn't improve.
3. The baby is a girl. They'll call her Ann.
4. He doesn't work overtime. He doesn't earn much.
5. He didn't help me. I didn't do my work on time.
6. I didn't see the signal, so I didn't stop.
7. We didn't visit the museum because we had no time.
8. You will come late. You need to a taxi.
9. The shop is closed. I can't buy milk for supper.

Exercise 11 Open the brackets using the correct form of the verbs.

Laura (live) in a big city. if she (live) in the country, she (have) a dog. Laura (share) a flat with three other girls. But if it (be) possible, she (live) on her own. if she (live) in the country, she (buy) a little cottage, and she (grow) her own flowers and vegetables. In town, she (travel) by underground and (go) shopping in big department stores, but she (not/like) this at all. if she (be) in the country, she (ride) her bike and she (buy) things in the little village shop. She (love) walking and often (go) for a walk in town, but the streets are noisy. In the country, she (walk) across the fields with her dog.

Exercise 12 Translate to English

1. If you see Tom, ask him to call me. 2. I would get this job if I had had a degree. 3. If I had a car, I would not have missed the train. 4. If he knew that you were at home yesterday, he would come in. 5. If I were you, I would ask her for help.

Exercise 13 Translate into English. Designate (RC- real conditionUC - unreal condition)

1. I will buy bread if the store is still open.
2. If I were you, I would follow my parents' advice. (follow)
3. If you call after 8pm, it's cheaper.
4. If we arrive early, it won't be difficult to buy concert tickets.
5. If I had 5 thousand euros, I would go to Haiti (Haiti).
6. If I didn't have to go, I'd love to chat with you.
7. You should do something new if you're bored.
8. This cake would taste better if you added more sugar.
9. If I had more friends, I would be happier.
10. If we go out for a meal, let's go to a restaurant.
11. The plant dries up if you don't water it.
12. If I sleep little at night, I fall asleep during the lessons. (feel sleepy)

For example. If you (to be) free, I (to come) to see you.

If you are free, I shall come to see you.

If you were free, I should come to see you.

If you had been free, I should have come to see you.

If I (to see) her, I (to be) glad.

If I see her, I shall be glad.

If I saw her, I should be glad.

If I had seen her, I should have been glad.

1. If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) you alone. 2. If my friend (to come) to see me, I (to be) very glad. 3. If mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea party. 4. If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry). 5. If you (not to work) systematically, you (to fail) the exam. 6. If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 7. If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the Philharmonic. 8. If I (to live) near a wood, I (to gather) a lot of mushrooms. 9. If my father (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together. 10. If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the university.

Answers: 1.1) If you are busy, I shall leave you alone. 2) If you were busy, I should leave you alone. 3) If you had been busy, I should have left you alone. 2. 1) If my friend comes to see me, I shall be very glad. - If a friend comes, I will be glad. 2) If my friend came to see me, I should be very glad. - If a friend came, I would be glad. (dream) 3) If my friend had come to see me, I should have been very glad. - If a friend came (but he did not), I would be glad. (regret) 3. 1) If mother buys a cake, we shall have a very nice tea party. 2) If mother bought a cake, we should have a very nice tea party. 3) If mother had bought a cake, we should have had a very nice tea party. 4. 1) If we receive a telegram from him, we shall not worry. 2) If we received a telegram from him, we should not worry. 3)If we had received a telegram from him, we should not have worried. 5. 1) If you don't work systematically, you will fail the exam. 2) If you did not work systematically, you would fail the exam. 3) If you had not worked systematically, you would have failed the exam. 6. 1) If I live in Moscow, I shall visit the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 2) If I lived in Moscow, I should visit the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 3) If I had lived in Moscow, I should have visited the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 7. 1) If I get a ticket, I shall go to the Philharmonic. 2) If I got a ticket, I should go to the Philharmonic. 3) If I had got a ticket, I should have gone to the Philharmonic. 8. 1) If I live near a wood, I shall gather a lot of mushrooms. 2) If I lived near a wood, I should gather a lot of mushrooms. 3) If I had lived near a wood, I should have gathered a lot of mushrooms. 9. 1) If my father returns early, we shall watch TV together. 2) If my father returned early, we should watch TV together. 3) If my father had returned early, we should have watched TV together. 10. 1) If she knows English, she will try to enter the university. 2) If she knew English, she would try to enter the university. 3) If she had known English, she would have tried to enter the university.

Exercise 2. Rewrite each of the following sentences twice, forming sentences of an unrealistic condition: a) relating to the present or future (type II); b) relating to the past (type III).

1. If I am not too busy, I shall go to the concert. 2. They will all be surprised if I make such a mistake. 3. If he doesn't come in time, shall we have to wait for him? 4. If no one comes to help, we shall be. bound to do the work ourselves. 5. If you put on your glasses, you will see better. 6. What shall we do if they are late? 7. Will you be very angry if we don't come? 8. Will he be very displeased if I don't ring him up?

Answers: 1.1) I were not too busy, I should go to the concert. 2) If I had not been too busy, I should have gone to the concert. 2. 1) They would all be surprised if I made such a mistake. 2) They would all have been very surprised if I had made such a mistake. 3. 1) If he didn't come in time, should we have to wait for him? 2) If he hadn't come in time, should we have had to wait for him? 4. 1) If no one came to help, we should be obliged to do the work ourselves. 2) If no one had come to help, we should have been obliged to do the work ourselves. 5. 1) If you put on your glasses, you would see. 2)f you had put on your glasses, you would have seen better. 6. 1) What should we do if they were late? 2) What should we have done if they had been late? 7. 1) Would you be very angry if we didn't come? 2) Would you have been very angry if we hadn't come? 8. 1) Would he be very displeased if I didn't ring him up? 2) Would he have been very displeased if I hadn't rung him up?

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verbs.

1. If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not to have) so many admirers. 2. If you (to give) me your address, I shall write you a letter. 3. If she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better student. 4. If my sister does not go to the south, we (to spend) the summer in St. Petersburg together. 5. If they (not to go) to Moscow last year, they would not have heard that famous musician. 6. If you (not to get) tickets for the Philharmonic, we shall stay at home. 7. If you were not so careless about your health, you (to consult) the doctor. 8. I should be delighted if I (to have) such a beautiful fur coat. 9. If it (to rain), we shall have to stay at home. 10. If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 11. If it is not too cold, I (not to put) on my coat. 12. I (to write) the composition long ago if you had not disturbed me. 13. If he (not to read) so much, he would not be so clever. 14. If my friend (to be) at home, he will tell us what to do.

Answers: 1. He would not have. 2. You give. 3. She was not. 4. We shall spend. 5. They had not gone. 6. You don't get. 7. You would consult. 8. I had. 9. It rains. 10. He had worked. 11. I shall not put. 12. I should have written. 13. He did not read. 14. My friend is.

Exercise 4. Form conditional sentences.

1. Not busy and does not come to see us. If … 2. The girl did not study well last year and received bad marks. If … 3. He broke his bicycle and so he did not go to the country. If … 4. He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If … 5. I had a bad headache yesterday, that’s why I did not come to see you. If … 6. The ship was sailing near the coast, that’s why it struck a rock. If … 7. He was not in town, therefore he was not present at our meeting. If … 8. The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If … 9. The sea is rough, and we cannot sail to the island. If … 10. They made a fire, and the frightened wolves ran away. If … 11. It is late, and I have to go home. If … 12. I was expecting my friend to come, that’s why I could not go to the cinema with you. If … 13. He always gets top marks in mathematics because it is his favorite subject and he works a lot at it. If … 14. I did not translate the article yesterday because I had no dictionary. If … 15. We lost our way because the night was pitch-dark. If … 16. The box was so heavy that I could not carry it. That's why I took a taxi. If…

Answers: 1. If he were not busy, he would come to see us. 2. If the girl had studied well last year, she would not have received bad marks. 3. If he had not broken his bicycle, he would have gone to the country. 4. If he had (more) practice, he would speak English better. 5. If I had not had a bad headache yesterday, I should have come to see you. 6. If the ship had not sailed near the coast, it would not have struck a rock. 7. If he had been in town, he would have been present at our meeting. 8. If the pavement had not been so slippery, I should not have fallen and hurt my leg. 9. If the sea were not (so) rough, we should (could) sail to the island. 10. If they had not made a fire, the wolves would not have run away. 11. If it were not late, I should not have to go home. 12. If I had not expected my friend to come, I should (could) have gone to the cinema with you. 13. If mathematics were not his favorite subject and he did not work a lot at it, he would not always get top marks. 14. If I had had a dictionary, I should have translated the article yesterday. 15. If the night had not been pitch-dark, we should not have lost our way. 16. If the box had not been so heavy, (I could have carried it and) I should not have taken a taxi.

Exercise 5. Open the brackets using the correct subjunctive after "I wish".

1. I wish I (to have) a season ticket to the Philharmonic next winter. 2. I wish I (to consult) the teacher when I first felt that mathematics was too difficult for me. 3. I love sunny weather. I wish it (to be) warm and fine all the year round. 4. I wish I (not to lend) Nick my watch: he has broken it.5. I wish you (to send) word as soon as you arrive. 6. I wish I (not to have) to do my homework every day. 7. I wish you (to go) skiing with me yesterday: I had such a good time! 8. I wish I (to know) Spanish. 9. I wish I (not to drink) so much coffee in the evening: I could not sleep half the night. 10. I wish you (to read) more in the future. 11. I wish I never (to suggest) this idea. 12. I wish I (to be) at yesterday's party: it must have been very merry. 13. I wish we (to meet) again next summer. 14. Don't you wish you (to see) that performance before? 15. They wished they (not to see) this horrible scene again. 16. The unfortunate pupil wished he (not to forget) to learn the rule.

Answers: 1. I had. 2. I had consulted. 3. They were. 4. I had not lent. 5. You sent. 6. I did not have. 7. You had gone. 8. I knew. 9. I had not drunk. 10. You read. 11. I had never suggested. 12. I had been. 13. We met. 14. You had seen. 15. They didn't see. 16. He had not forgotten.

Exercise 6. Paraphrase the following sentences using "I wish".

E.g. It's a pity you are ill.

I wish you weren't ill.

1. Unfortunately they won't return before Christmas. 2. The student was sorry he had not studied the material better and had shown such poor knowledge at the exam. 3. It's a pity that you did not send for us last night. 4. It's a pity you are not with us these days. 5. My friend regrets not having entered the university. 6. He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his paper. 7. It's a pity we shan't be able to reach home before teatime. 8. I am sorry I made you upset by telling you this news. 9. What a pity you don't know enough physics.

Answers: 1.I wish they returned before Christmas. 2. The student wished he had studied the material better and shown better knowledge at the exam. 3. I wish you had sent for us last night. 4. I wish you were with us these days. 5. My friend wishes he had entered the university. 6. He wished he had had enough time to finish his paper. 7. I wish we were able to reach home before teatime. 8. I wish I had not made you upset by telling you this news. 9. I wish you knew enough physics.

Exercise 7. Translate into English using "I wish".

• 1. a) It is a pity that he is so frivolous,
• b) It is a pity that he is not serious enough.
• 2. a) I now regret that I did not listen to his advice,
• b) I now regret that I followed his advice.
• 3. a) It’s a pity that you came so late,
• b) It is a pity that you did not come early.
• 4. a) It's a shame that we left before he arrived.
• b) It's a shame that we did not wait for his arrival.
• 5. a) Unfortunately, they don't know anything yet
• b) Unfortunately, they already know about it.

Answers: 1.a) I wish he were not so light-minded. b) I wish he were more serious. 2. a) Now I wish I had listened to his advice (had followed his advice). b) Now I wish I had not followed his advice. 3. a) I wish you had not come so late. b) I wish you had come earlier. 4. a) I wish we had not gone before he came. b) I wish we had waited till he came. 5. a) I wish they knew it already. b) I wish they did not know about it.

Exercise 8. Translate into English using "I wish".

1. Oh, if you had told her about it last Sunday! 2. It would be nice if we had a vacation now. 3. If he came tonight! 4. We regretted that we did not ask for his advice. 5. It is a pity that you refused to take part in the picnic. 6. It is a pity that you are not interested in this subject. 7. We would like you to mention these facts. 8. It is a pity that we missed the train. 9. It's a pity that you turned on the TV so late. 10. If I were free now! 11. It is a pity that yesterday I had little time. 12. It would be nice if you wrote to her about it yourself. 13. It is a pity that you did not pay attention to his warning. 14. He regretted that he left the university. 15. It's a pity that it's too late to go there. 16. Ah, if only I had come to the station on time! 17. It is a pity that you have not read such a wonderful book. 18. It is a pity that she makes so many mistakes in speech. 19. It is a pity that you did not visit the exhibition. 20. It is a pity that I found out about it so late. 21. What a pity that we did not find Kolya at home. 22. She regretted that she had not told us this story earlier.

Answers: 1. Oh, how I wish you had told her about it last Sunday! 2. I wish we had holidays now. 3. Oh, I wish he came tonight! 4. We wished we had asked his advice. 5. I wish you had not refused to take part in the picnic. 6. I wish you were interested in this subject. 7. We wish you mentioned these facts. 8. I wish we had not missed the train. 9. I wish you had turned on the TV earlier. 10. I wish I were free now! 11. I wish I had had more time yesterday. 12. I wish you wrote her about it yourself. 13. I wish you had paid attention to his warning. 14. He wished he had not left the university. 15. I wish it were not too late to go there. 16. Oh, how I wish I had come to the railway station on time! 17. I wish you had read this wonderful book. 18. I wish she did not make so many mistakes in her speech. 19. I wish you had visited the exhibition. 20. I wish I had learned about it earlier. 21. I wish we had found Nick at home. 22. She wished she had told us this story before.

pay attention to mixed cases the use of tenses in conditional sentences of type II and III:

If I were acquainted with this famous professor, I should have rung him up yesterday.

The condition refers to the present (type II), and the consequence refers to the past (type III).

If I had written the composition yesterday, I should be free now.

The condition refers to the past tense (type III), and the consequence refers to the present (type II).

Exercise 9. Form conditional sentences. Don't forget mixed cases.

1. I shall go to the dentist because I have a toothache. If … 2. He is groaning with pain now because he did not go to the dentist to have his tooth filled. If … 3. She does not go to the polyclinic because she does not need any treatment. If … 4. He will not go to see the play as he was present at the dress rehearsal. If … 5. He went to Moscow specially to hear this famous singer because he is fond of him. If … 6. We did not go to the cafeteria to have a glass of lemonade because we were not thirsty. If … 7. She could not mend her dress herself because she had no needle. If … 8. He is not a first-class sportsman now because he did not train enough last year. If … 9. The pupils were active because they wanted to understand this difficult material. If … 10. The pupils did not understand the homework because they were inattentive. If … 11. The pupils worked hard and did well in their exams. If … 12. She won’t try to enter the foreign languages ​​department because she is not good at foreign languages. If…

Answers: 1. If I did not have a toothache, I should not go to the dentist. 2. If he had gone to the dentist to have his tooth filled, he would not be groaning with pain now. 3. If she needed some treatment, she would go to the polyclinic. 4. If he had not been present at the dress rehearsal, he would go to see the play. 5. If he were not fond of this famous singer, he would not have gone to Moscow specially to hear him. 6. If we had been thirsty, we should have gone to the cafeteria to have a glass of lemonade. 7. If she had had a needle, she would (could) have mended her dress herself. 8. If he had trained enough last year, he would be a first-class sportsman now. 9. If the pupils had not wanted to understand this difficult material, they would not have been so active. 10. If the pupils had been more attentive, they would have understood the homework. 11. If the pupils had not worked hard, they would not have done well in their exams. 12. If she were good at foreign languages, she would try to enter the foreign languages ​​department.

Exercise 10. Translate into English.

1. He has changed so much! If you met him, you would not recognize him. 2. If I were you, I would consult with my parents. 3. If a tram came up now, we would not be late. 4. If he knew that this would upset you, he would be more careful. 5. If you could help me solve this problem, I would be very grateful to you. 6. It's a pity that it didn't occur to us earlier to look for a book in the library. We would have done the work on time and would be free now. 7. It is a pity that we had so few lessons. If we had worked more, we would have known the language better. 8. If he had not regularly attended sports training, he would not have achieved such success in competitions. 9. If you had warned me in advance, I would have already been in Moscow. 10. It is a pity that she has already left. If you'd called earlier, she'd be here right now. 11. If he had been smarter, he would not have gone to the forest yesterday. 12. If she had not sent this letter yesterday, my brother would be at home now. 13. What would we be doing now if mom had not baked a pie yesterday? 14. It is a pity that you have not heard the music of Rachmaninoff. If you heard her, you would know what a wonderful composer she is. 15. I am sure that everyone would be happy if the evening took place.

Answers: 1. He has changed so much! If you met him, you would not recognize him. 2. If I were you, I should consult my parents. 3. If a tram came now, we should not be late. 4. If he had known that this would upset you, he would have been more careful. 5. If you helped me to solve this problem, I should be very grateful to you. 6. I wish it had occurred to us before to look for the book in the library. We should have done the work in time and now we should be free, 7. I wish we had had more lessons. If we had worked more, we should know the language better. 8. If he had not attended sports trainings regularly, he would not have achieved such success in the competitions. 9. If you had warned me before, I should already be in Moscow. 10. I wish she had not gone. If you had called before, she would be here now. 11. If he were cleverer, he would not have gone to the wood yesterday. 12. If she had not sent this letter yesterday, my brother would be at home now. 13. What should we be doing now if mother had not baked a pie yesterday? 14. I wish you had heard Rakhmaninov's music. If you had heard it, you would know what a wonderful composer he was. 15. I am sure that everybody would be glad if the party took place.