A funny incident from life. What is drawn here! Meeting on the street

IMAGINE THAT AN ANCIENT SWORD WAS BROUGHT TO ONE MUSEUM. THE INscription WAS CARVED ON THE SWORD: “WITH THIS WEAPON SPARTAK DEFEATED ENEMIES. THE INSTRUCTION MADE BY FRIENDS

SPARTACUS 2 DAYS AFTER HIS DEATH IN 71 B.C. "THE SCIENTISTS WHO EXAMINED THE SWORD KNEW THAT THE LEADER OF THE REBELLION SLAVES NAMED SPARTAK REALLY DIED IN 71 B.C. DESPITE THIS, THEY STATED THEN THE INscription IS FALSE: IT IS MADE NOT FRIENDS OF SPARTAK, BUT MANY, MANY YEARS LATER. EXPLAIN WHY SCIENTISTS CAME TO THIS CONCLUSION

Please help me answer the history questions. 1. One student was a great inventor. He wrote an essay about the first farmers and

pastoralists. Here it is: “Harvest time has arrived. Relatives with sickles came out into the grain field. With their rough faces, flattened noses and heavy jaws advancing forward, they resembled monkeys. Three women staged a competition to see whose dreams would be greater. The youngest one won - her bunch of barley stalks with was the largest with ears of corn. “It’s not fair!” remarked the leader of the clan community, a black-haired guy who was supervising the work. “You have an iron sickle, but they have copper sickles.” Then, in the corral next to the field, sheep and goats bleated alarmingly. They broke the fence and ran into the forest. The wolves would not have eaten them! How to return the fugitives? There were no dogs in the village - in those days they had not yet been tamed. But soon the people became scared. A herd of mammoths was moving straight towards the village. A little more, and they would trample "and the field, and the huts. One of the relatives thought of setting fire to the grass and brushwood: the acrid smoke made the mammoths turn around, and they bypassed the village." There are no less than five historical errors in this essay. Find and describe them.

2. Find mistakes One day, a teacher invited fifth-graders to listen to a story on behalf of a boy living in Babylon. This teacher often did not listen to the student responding in class. If he spoke without hesitation, he received an A. Many people in the class used it. Judge for yourself - this is how one student began to complete the task: “We live on the banks of the Tigris. most beautiful place in Babylon! All houses here are built from baked bricks or white stone quarried nearby. That morning I was woken up by Pirkhum, who, even before I was born, came to our house, where he lives as a slave. His father once borrowed silver from my father, but was unable to pay it back on time. Now Pirkhum is very old and no longer dreams that his debt will be forgiven and his freedom will be returned... The path to school lay past the pier where a merchant ship was preparing to sail. It was loaded with copper ingots and logs. The Babylonian merchants hoped to sell both at a profit in foreign lands. Another ship arrived from afar: porters unloaded bags of grain, which the Babylonians so needed. Staring at the ships, I was almost late for school. He sat down in his usual place next to the girls, counting on their tips." "What a story! It’s a pity that there was no one who could tell you for yourself!” the teacher interrupted the respondent. This time he listened carefully. What was the teacher dissatisfied with?

3. An outstanding Roman poet named Martial, whose poems were loved both in Rome and beyond, claimed that he was more famous than Andremont's horse. Think about it, what does the horse have to do with it? What did the poet mean? 1. Imagine that the artist drew the handsome Andremon among the thoroughbred trotters. What kind of spectacle could this horse have taken part in? Where in Rome was it held? Describe how the artist depicted this spectacle. 2. Suggest why the stallion Andremon became the favorite of hundreds of thousands of residents of Rome. How do the fans (left) behave?

In almost every significant work art is a mystery, a “double bottom” or secret history, which I want to reveal.

Music on the buttocks

Hieronymus Bosch, "The Garden of Earthly Delights", 1500-1510.

Fragment of part of a triptych

Disputes about meanings and hidden meanings The most famous work of the Dutch artist has not subsided since its appearance. The right wing of the triptych called “Musical Hell” depicts sinners who are tortured in the underworld with the help of musical instruments. One of them has music notes stamped on his buttocks. Oklahoma Christian University student Amelia Hamrick, who studied the painting, translated the 16th-century notation into a modern twist and recorded “a 500-year-old butt song from hell.”

Nude Mona Lisa

The famous "La Gioconda" exists in two versions: the nude version is called "Monna Vanna", it was written by little-known artist Salai, who was a student and model of the great Leonardo da Vinci. Many art historians are sure that it was he who was the model for Leonardo’s paintings “John the Baptist” and “Bacchus”. There are also versions that Salai, dressed in a woman’s dress, served as the image of the Mona Lisa herself.

Old Fisherman

In 1902, the Hungarian artist Tivadar Kostka Csontvary painted the painting “ Old Fisherman" It would seem that there is nothing unusual in the picture, but Tivadar put into it a subtext that was never revealed during the artist’s lifetime.

Few people thought of placing a mirror in the middle of the picture. In each person there can be both God (the Old Man's right shoulder is duplicated) and the Devil (the Old Man's left shoulder is duplicated).

Was there a whale?

Hendrik van Antonissen, Shore Scene.

It would seem like an ordinary landscape. Boats, people on the shore and a deserted sea. And only an X-ray study showed that people gathered on the shore for a reason - in the original they were looking at the carcass of a whale washed ashore.

However, the artist decided that no one would want to look at a dead whale, and rewrote the painting.

Two "Breakfasts on the Grass"

Edouard Manet, "Luncheon on the Grass", 1863.

Claude Monet, "Luncheon on the Grass", 1865.

The artists Edouard Manet and Claude Monet are sometimes confused - after all, they were both French, lived at the same time and worked in the style of impressionism. Monet even borrowed the title of one of Manet’s most famous paintings, “Luncheon on the Grass,” and wrote his own “Luncheon on the Grass.”

Doubles at the Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci, "The Last Supper", 1495-1498.

When Leonardo da Vinci wrote " last supper", he attached particular importance to two figures: Christ and Judas. He spent a very long time looking for models for them. Finally, he managed to find a model for the image of Christ among the young singers. Leonardo was unable to find a model for Judas for three years. But one day he came across a drunkard on the street who was lying in a gutter. He was a young man who had been aged by heavy drinking. Leonardo invited him to a tavern, where he immediately began to paint Judas from him. When the drunkard came to his senses, he told the artist that he had already posed for him once. It was several years ago, when he sang in the church choir, Leonardo painted Christ from him.

"Night Watch" or "Day Watch"?

Rembrandt, "Night Watch", 1642.

One of Rembrandt’s most famous paintings, “The Performance of the Rifle Company of Captain Frans Banning Cock and Lieutenant Willem van Ruytenburg,” hung in different rooms for about two hundred years and was discovered by art historians only in the 19th century. Since the figures seemed to appear against a dark background, it was called “Night Watch,” and under this name it entered the treasury of world art.

And only during the restoration carried out in 1947, it was discovered that in the hall the painting had managed to become covered with a layer of soot, which distorted its color. After clearing the original painting, it was finally revealed that the scene represented by Rembrandt actually takes place during the day. The position of the shadow from Captain Kok's left hand shows that the duration of action is no more than 14 hours.

Overturned boat

Henri Matisse, "The Boat", 1937.

At the New York Museum contemporary art in 1961, Henri Matisse's painting "The Boat" was exhibited. Only after 47 days did someone notice that the painting was hanging upside down. The canvas depicts 10 purple lines and two blue sails on a white background. The artist painted two sails for a reason; the second sail is a reflection of the first on the surface of the water.
In order not to make a mistake in how the picture should hang, you need to pay attention to the details. The larger sail should be the top of the painting, and the peak of the painting's sail should be toward the top right corner.

Deception in self-portrait

Vincent van Gogh, "Self-Portrait with a Pipe", 1889.

There are legends that Van Gogh allegedly cut off his own ear. Now the most reliable version is that van Gogh damaged his ear in a small brawl involving another artist, Paul Gauguin.

The self-portrait is interesting because it reflects reality in a distorted form: the artist is depicted with his right ear bandaged because he used a mirror when working. In fact, it was the left ear that was affected.

Alien bears

Ivan Shishkin, "Morning in Pine forest", 1889.

The famous painting belongs not only to Shishkin. Many artists who were friends with each other often resorted to “the help of a friend,” and Ivan Ivanovich, who painted landscapes all his life, was afraid that his touching bears would not turn out the way he wanted. Therefore, Shishkin turned to his friend, the animal artist Konstantin Savitsky.

Savitsky drew perhaps the best bears in history Russian painting, and Tretyakov ordered his name to be washed off the canvas, since everything in the painting “from the concept to the execution, everything speaks about the manner of painting, about creative method, characteristic of Shishkin."

The innocent story of "Gothic"

Grant Wood, " American Gothic", 1930.

Grant Wood's work is considered one of the most strange and depressing in the history of American painting. The picture with the gloomy father and daughter is filled with details that indicate the severity, puritanism and retrograde nature of the people depicted.
In fact, the artist did not intend to depict any horrors: during a trip to Iowa, he noticed a small house in gothic style and decided to portray those people who, in his opinion, would be ideal as inhabitants. Grant's sister and his dentist are immortalized as the characters Iowans were so offended by.

Salvador Dali's Revenge

The painting "Figure at a Window" was painted in 1925, when Dali was 21 years old. At that time, Gala had not yet entered the artist’s life, and his muse was his sister Ana Maria. The relationship between brother and sister deteriorated when he wrote in one of the paintings “sometimes I spit on the portrait of my own mother, and this gives me pleasure.” Ana Maria could not forgive such shocking behavior.

In her 1949 book, Salvador Dali Through the Eyes of a Sister, she writes about her brother without any praise. The book infuriated Salvador. For another ten years after that, he angrily remembered her at every opportunity. And so, in 1954, the painting “A Young Virgin Indulging in the Sin of Sodomy with the Help of the Horns of Her Own Chastity” appeared. The woman’s pose, her curls, the landscape outside the window and the color scheme of the painting clearly echo “Figure at the Window.” There is a version that Dali took revenge on his sister for her book.

Two-faced Danae

Rembrandt Harmens van Rijn, "Danae", 1636 - 1647.

Many secrets of one of Rembrandt's most famous paintings were revealed only in the 60s of the twentieth century, when the canvas was illuminated with X-rays. For example, the shooting showed that in an early version the face of the princess, who entered into a love affair with Zeus, was similar to the face of Saskia, the painter’s wife, who died in 1642. In the final version of the painting, it began to resemble the face of Gertje Dirks, Rembrandt’s mistress, with whom the artist lived after the death of his wife.

Van Gogh's yellow bedroom

Vincent Van Gogh, "Bedroom in Arles", 1888 - 1889.

In May 1888, Van Gogh acquired a small studio in Arles, in the south of France, where he fled from Parisian artists and critics who did not understand him. In one of the four rooms, Vincent sets up a bedroom. In October, everything is ready, and he decides to paint “Van Gogh’s Bedroom in Arles.” For the artist, the color and comfort of the room were very important: everything had to evoke thoughts of relaxation. At the same time, the picture is designed in alarming yellow tones.

Researchers of Van Gogh's work explain this by the fact that the artist took foxglove, a remedy for epilepsy, which causes serious changes in the patient's perception of color: the entire surrounding reality is painted in green and yellow tones.

Toothless perfection

Leonardo da Vinci, "Portrait of Lady Lisa del Giocondo", 1503 - 1519.

The generally accepted opinion is that the Mona Lisa is perfection and her smile is beautiful in its mystery. However, American art critic (and part-time dentist) Joseph Borkowski believes that, judging by her facial expression, the heroine has lost many teeth. While studying enlarged photographs of the masterpiece, Borkowski also discovered scars around her mouth. “She “smiles” like that precisely because of what happened to her,” the expert believes. “Her facial expression is typical of people who have lost their front teeth.”

Major on face control

Pavel Fedotov, "Major's Matchmaking", 1848.

The public, who first saw the painting “Major's Matchmaking,” laughed heartily: the artist Fedotov filled it with ironic details that were understandable to the audience of that time. For example, the major is clearly not familiar with the rules of noble etiquette: he showed up without the required bouquets for the bride and her mother. And the bride herself was discharged by her merchant parents in the evening ball gown, although it is daytime (all the lamps in the room are extinguished). The girl obviously tried on a low-cut dress for the first time, is embarrassed and tries to run away to her room.

Why is Liberty naked?

Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix, "Freedom on the Barricades", 1830.

According to art critic Etienne Julie, Delacroix based the woman's face on the famous Parisian revolutionary - the laundress Anne-Charlotte, who went to the barricades after the death of her brother at the hands of royal soldiers and killed nine guardsmen. The artist depicted her with her breasts bare. According to his plan, this is a symbol of fearlessness and selflessness, as well as the triumph of democracy: the naked breast shows that Liberty, as a commoner, does not wear a corset.

Non-square square

Kazimir Malevich, "Black Suprematist Square", 1915.

In fact, “Black Square” is not black at all and not square at all: none of the sides of the quadrangle are parallel to any of its other sides, and to none of the sides of the square frame that frames the picture. A dark color- this is the result of mixing various colors, among which there was no black. It is believed that this was not the author’s negligence, but a principled position, the desire to create a dynamic, mobile form.

Specialists Tretyakov Gallery discovered the author's inscription on famous painting Malevich. The inscription reads: “The battle of the blacks in the dark cave.” This phrase refers to the title of the humorous painting by the French journalist, writer and artist Alphonse Allais, “The Battle of Negroes in a Dark Cave in the Dead of Night,” which was a completely black rectangle.

Melodrama of the Austrian Mona Lisa

Gustav Klimt, "Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer", 1907.

One of Klimt's most significant paintings depicts the wife of the Austrian sugar magnate Ferdinad Bloch-Bauer. All of Vienna was discussing whirlwind romance Adele and famous artist. The wounded husband wanted to take revenge on his lovers, but chose very unusual way: he decided to order a portrait of Adele from Klimt and force him to make hundreds of sketches until the artist began to vomit from her.

Bloch-Bauer wanted the work to last several years, so that the sitter could see how Klimt's feelings were fading. He made a generous offer to the artist, which he could not refuse, and everything turned out according to the scenario of the deceived husband: the work was completed in 4 years, the lovers had long since cooled off to each other. Adele Bloch-Bauer never knew that her husband was aware of her relationship with Klimt.

The painting that brought Gauguin back to life

Paul Gauguin, "Where do we come from? Who are we? Where are we going?", 1897-1898.

The most famous painting Gauguin has one peculiarity: it is “read” not from left to right, but from right to left, like the Kabbalistic texts in which the artist was interested. It is in this order that the allegory of human spiritual and physical life unfolds: from the birth of the soul (a sleeping child in the lower right corner) to the inevitability of the hour of death (a bird with a lizard in its claws in the lower left corner).

The painting was painted by Gauguin in Tahiti, where the artist escaped from civilization several times. But this time life on the island did not work out: total poverty led him to depression. Having finished the canvas, which was to become his spiritual testament, Gauguin took a box of arsenic and went to the mountains to die. However, he did not calculate the dose, and the suicide failed. The next morning, he swayed to his hut and fell asleep, and when he woke up, he felt a forgotten thirst for life. And in 1898, his business began to improve, and a brighter period began in his work.

112 proverbs in one picture

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, "Dutch Proverbs", 1559

Pieter Bruegel the Elder depicted a land inhabited by literal images of Dutch proverbs of those days. The painting contains approximately 112 recognizable idioms. Some of them are still used today, for example, such as: “swim against the current”, “banging your head against the wall”, “armed to the teeth” and “big fish eat little fish”.

Other proverbs reflect human stupidity.

Subjectivity of art

Paul Gauguin, "Breton Village in the Snow", 1894

Gauguin's painting "Breton Village in the Snow" was sold after the author's death for only seven francs and, moreover, under the name "Niagara Falls." The man holding the auction accidentally hung the painting upside down because he saw a waterfall in it.

Hidden picture

Pablo Picasso, "Blue Room", 1901

In 2008, infrared radiation revealed that hidden beneath the Blue Room was another image - a portrait of a man dressed in a suit with a bow tie and resting his head on his hand. “As soon as Picasso had new idea, he took up the brush and embodied it. But he didn’t have the opportunity to buy a new canvas every time a muse visited him,” explains possible reason this art critic Patricia Favero.

Unavailable Moroccans

Zinaida Serebryakova, “Naked”, 1928

Once Zinaida Serebryakova received tempting offer- go on a creative journey to depict the nude figures of oriental maidens. But it turned out that it was simply impossible to find models in those places. Zinaida's translator came to the rescue - he brought his sisters and fiancee to her. No one before or since has been able to capture closed oriental women naked.

Spontaneous insight

Valentin Serov, “Portrait of Nicholas II in a jacket,” 1900

For a long time, Serov could not paint a portrait of the Tsar. When the artist completely gave up, he apologized to Nikolai. Nikolai was a little upset, sat down at the table, stretching out his arms in front of him... And then it dawned on the artist - here is the image! A simple military man in an officer's jacket with clear and sad eyes. This portrait is considered best image the last emperor.

Another deuce

© Fedor Reshetnikov

The famous painting “Deuce Again” is only the second part of an artistic trilogy.

The first part is “Arrived on vacation.” Clearly a wealthy family the winter vacation, joyful excellent student.

The second part is “A deuce again.” A poor family from the working-class outskirts, the height of school year, the dejected stunner, who again grabbed the deuce. In the upper left corner you can see the painting “Arrived for Vacation”.

The third part is “Re-examination”. A rural house, summer, everyone is walking, one malicious ignoramus, who failed the annual exam, is forced to sit within four walls and cram. In the upper left corner you can see the painting “Deuce Again.”

How masterpieces are born

Joseph Turner, Rain, Steam and Speed, 1844

In 1842, Mrs. Simon traveled by train in England. Suddenly a heavy downpour began. The elderly gentleman sitting opposite her stood up, opened the window, stuck his head out and stared for about ten minutes. Unable to contain her curiosity, the woman also opened the window and began to look ahead. A year later, she discovered the painting “Rain, Steam and Speed” at an exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts and was able to recognize in it the same episode on the train.

Anatomy lesson from Michelangelo

Michelangelo, "The Creation of Adam", 1511

A pair of American neuroanatomy experts believe that Michelangelo actually left some anatomical illustrations in one of his most famous works. They believe that the right side of the painting depicts a huge brain. Surprisingly, even complex components can be found, such as the cerebellum, optic nerves and pituitary gland. And the eye-catching green ribbon perfectly matches the location of the vertebral artery.

"The Last Supper" by Van Gogh

Vincent Van Gogh, Café Terrace at Night, 1888

Researcher Jared Baxter believes that Van Gogh’s painting “Cafe Terrace at Night” contains an encrypted dedication to Leonardo da Vinci’s “Last Supper.” In the center of the picture stands a waiter with long hair and in a white tunic reminiscent of the clothes of Christ, and around him there are exactly 12 cafe visitors. Baxter also draws attention to the cross located directly behind the waiter in white.

Dali's image of memory

Salvador Dali, "The Persistence of Memory", 1931

It is no secret that the thoughts that visited Dali during the creation of his masterpieces were always in the form of very realistic images, which the artist then transferred to canvas. Thus, according to the author himself, the painting “The Persistence of Memory” was painted as a result of associations that arose from the sight of processed cheese.

What is Munch screaming about?

Edvard Munch, "The Scream", 1893.

Munch talked about how he came up with the idea of ​​one of the most mysterious paintings in world painting: “I was walking along a path with two friends - the sun was setting - suddenly the sky turned blood red, I paused, feeling exhausted, and leaned against the fence - I looked at the blood and flames over the bluish-black fjord and the city - my friends moved on, and I stood, trembling with excitement, feeling an endless cry piercing nature." But what kind of sunset could frighten the artist so much?

There is a version that the idea of ​​​​"The Scream" was born to Munch in 1883, when several powerful eruptions of the Krakatoa volcano occurred - so powerful that they changed the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere by one degree. Copious amounts of dust and ash spread throughout to the globe, even reaching Norway. For several evenings in a row, the sunsets looked as if the apocalypse was about to come - one of them became a source of inspiration for the artist.

A writer among the people

Alexander Ivanov, "The Appearance of Christ to the People", 1837-1857.

Dozens of sitters posed for Alexander Ivanov for his main picture. One of them is known no less than the artist himself. In the background, among travelers and Roman horsemen who have not yet heard the sermon of John the Baptist, you can see a character in a robe tunic. Ivanov wrote it from Nikolai Gogol. The writer communicated closely with the artist in Italy, in particular on religious issues, and gave him advice during the painting process. Gogol believed that Ivanov “has long since died for the whole world, except for his work.”

Michelangelo's Gout

Rafael Santi, " Athens school", 1511.

Creating the famous fresco "The School of Athens", Raphael immortalized his friends and acquaintances in the images of ancient Greek philosophers. One of them was Michelangelo Buonarotti “in the role” of Heraclitus. For several centuries, the fresco kept the secrets of Michelangelo's personal life, and modern researchers have suggested that the artist's strangely angular knee indicates that he had a joint disease.

This is quite likely, given the peculiarities of the lifestyle and working conditions of Renaissance artists and Michelangelo’s chronic workaholism.

Mirror of the Arnolfini couple

Jan van Eyck, "Portrait of the Arnolfini couple", 1434

In the mirror behind the Arnolfini couple you can see the reflection of two more people in the room. Most likely, these are witnesses present at the conclusion of the contract. One of them is van Eyck, as evidenced by the Latin inscription placed, contrary to tradition, above the mirror in the center of the composition: “Jan van Eyck was here.” This is how contracts were usually sealed.

How a disadvantage turned into a talent

Rembrandt Harmens van Rijn, Self-Portrait at the Age of 63, 1669.

Researcher Margaret Livingston studied all of Rembrandt's self-portraits and discovered that the artist suffered from strabismus: in the images his eyes look in different directions, which is not observed in the portraits of other people by the master. The illness resulted in the artist being able to perceive reality in two dimensions better than people with normal vision. This phenomenon is called "stereo blindness" - the inability to see the world in 3D. But since the painter has to work with a two-dimensional image, this very flaw of Rembrandt could be one of the explanations for his phenomenal talent.

Sinless Venus

Sandro Botticelli, "Birth of Venus", 1482-1486.

Before the appearance of the "Birth of Venus" the image of a naked female body in painting symbolized only the idea original sin. Sandro Botticelli was the first of the European painters to find nothing sinful in him. Moreover, art historians are sure that the pagan goddess of love symbolizes on the fresco Christian image: her appearance is an allegory of the rebirth of a soul that has undergone the rite of baptism.

Lute player or lute player?

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, "The Lute Player", 1596.

For a long time the painting was exhibited in the Hermitage under the title “The Lute Player”. Only at the beginning of the 20th century did art historians agree that the painting depicts a young man (probably Caravaggio’s acquaintance, the artist Mario Minniti, posed for him): on the notes in front of the musician one can see a recording of the bass line of Jacob Arkadelt’s madrigal “You know that I love you” . A woman could hardly make such a choice - it’s just hard on the throat. In addition, the lute, like the violin at the very edge of the picture, was considered a male instrument in Caravaggio’s era.

DRAWINGS-Tasks

Many different entertaining tasks are presented in the form of drawings with short explanatory texts or questions. Children love them very much due to their clarity, attractiveness, and clarity. These features make it possible to use task drawings to decorate playrooms and playgrounds in clubs, pioneer houses, in the courtyards of house administrations, in pioneer camps, and in children's parks. Shields and stands with task drawings always attract many spectators. Looking at the drawings, they then engage in solving the problems contained in them.

Drawings-tasks various types are constantly published in children's newspapers and magazines, in special collections of games. For showcases and stands, they can be enlarged either photographically or using an epidiascope. Epidiascope is a projection device that is used to obtain enlarged images of opaque objects and drawings on the screen. Having inserted a drawing intended for enlargement into the device, you can then place a sheet of white paper at a certain distance from it (instead of a screen) and trace all the lines on it with a pencil, reproducing the drawing in an enlarged form.

In order to use problem pictures wisely, you need to have a good understanding of their varieties. Below we present a number of the most typical task drawings. They can be roughly divided into the following main groups:

Rebus tasks. Puzzle problems are a variation of regular puzzles. They are much simpler, since in each case one technique or method is used to guess them. Due to their simplicity, they are widely available, and the ingenious method of encrypting words is of great interest. These types of tasks are located on pages 403 - 406.

Mysterious pictures. Mysterious pictures are most often based on the fact that in them individual characters (people or animals) are skillfully hidden, disguised in certain details of the picture: among tree branches, in the grass, between individual objects, etc. The players must find them (see fig. on page 407).

Sometimes, to find hidden patterns, the picture has to be rotated in different directions.

A variety of mysterious pictures is the drawing located on page 408. Among the randomly mixed up images, the player is asked to distinguish 15 animals.

Words starting with one letter. The essence of tasks based on selecting words starting with one letter is as follows. The picture shows many different objects. Players must find in the picture known number objects whose names begin with the same letter, for example “M” (tr. 413).

absurdities. Absurdities, absurdities, and artist's mistakes are a common and favorite theme for many entertaining problems in drawings. We present several options for such problems.

In the picture with the verses “Taras the Fisherman” (p. 409), there is only one mistake: the fisherman forgot to put a worm on the hook, and therefore the fish does not bite, but not everyone is able to find this mistake right away.

In the pictures “Where did the artist go wrong?” many different errors (p. 410).

The drawings on page 411 are very interesting. At first glance, everything in these drawings seems normal and correct, but after a thorough analysis of each of them, gross errors that were initially not noticed suddenly become apparent.

Similarities and differences. There are many tasks based solely on observation and attention. We present a task in which you need to find similar objects.

On page 412 there are 9 little people. All the drawings seem exactly the same, but upon closer examination it turns out that in some way one drawing differs from the other. Only two of the nine drawings are exactly the same.

Logic problems. Logical tasks are based on the ability to reason, compare, draw correct conclusions, in other words, think logically. A typical task of this kind is the “Name by Names” task (p. 419). Only

the correct chain of reasoning can help, based on the available data, determine the names of each of the five guys shown in the picture.

We present other variants of similar problems (see pp. 417 - 420).

In the “Nine Questions” task, you need to answer various questions based on various signs, which are sometimes difficult to detect.

In the "Odd Four" task, you need to be able to find common features that can unite various items into one group, and select “extra” items from them (for example, a tram, trolleybus, electric train are powered by electricity, a bus is powered by an internal combustion engine).

Optical deceptions or visual illusions are very numerous and extremely varied. It is not always possible to explain why such deceptions occur. Most often, hedgehogs depend on the imperfection of our eyes.

See page 421 for numerous examples visual illusions. It seems, for example, incredible that the two lines in Figure 5 are parallel, but yet they are; Looking at Figure 3, we are convinced that line AB is longer than line AC, and yet they are equal.

Visual self-deceptions are an interesting type of drawing tasks.

There are other types of problem drawings. For example, “What is drawn here?” (p. 414). Familiar objects depicted in the picture are difficult to recognize because they are presented from an unusual angle. On the table “Try to count!” (p. 415) you need to count hares, squirrels and bears, but in a special way, and this requires a lot of attention. There are other problems in various sections of our book.

STRANGE. LETTER (Joke)

WHERE ARE THESE BEASTS AND BIRDS GOING!

A MYSTERIOUS LETTER AND A COMPLETELY CLEAR ANSWER

MYSTERIOUS PICTURES

SO MANY BEASTS AND BIRDS!

TARAS-FISHERMAN

One morning Taras came out to the river with a fishing rod: “I’ll sit out of boredom, Maybe the pikes will bite!” Taras doesn’t take his eyes off the float for the fishing rod. An hour, two and three - I forgot everything in the world. Taras missed lunch, but there is no loot. This is such a torment - Where is this pike? A quiet evening is coming, the fish are not biting. “Well, at least there’s a crucian carp!” - Tarasik thinks. And Taras the fisherman sits and doesn’t know, the eccentric.” What is his mistake? The fish rejoice, What was my Taras’s mistake? I ask you to guess.

N. Konchalovskaya

WHAT DID THE ARTIST WRONG?

Find seven different mistakes made by the artist in this drawing.

EIGHT MISTAKES

FIND TWO THE SAME

FOURTEEN WORDS STARTING WITH THE LETTER “M”

WHAT'S Drawn HERE!

TRY COUNTING!

On this page there are hares, squirrels and bears, count them all, but only by special rule- you need to count everyone in a row, starting from the top line: “First hare, first squirrel, second hare? the first bear, the third hare, the second squirrel...”, etc. There are only a few animals, but you can’t count them all!

WHO IS DOING WHAT BUSINESS!

Look carefully at this drawing. Seven boys - and everyone is busy with some kind of business.

But what exactly it is, you must guess for yourself by the movement of their arms, legs, body. The tools that are drawn on the board will help you with this.

NINE QUESTIONS

Looking at the picture, answer the following questions:

1. How many tourists live in this camp?

2. When did they arrive here: today or a few days ago?

3. What did they use to come here?

4. How far is it from the camp to the nearest village?

5. Where does the wind blow from: north or south?

6. What time of day is it now?

7. Where did Shura go?

8. Who was on duty yesterday? (Call me by name.)

9. What day is it today in what month?

WITH WHAT SCORE DID THE MATCH END!

A very intense match! Eight goals scored. Eight fans, depicted by the artist, experience every goal. But with what score did the match end?

The answer will be given by fans of the same team. Understand their football sympathies.

CALL BY NAME

Here are five guys. One of them is called Kolya - he stands on the edge. If Nyura had stood next to Volodya, then Petya would have found himself next to his namesake. Determine who stands where.

MEETING ON THE STREET

Friends met on the street.

Hello, Stepa. Where are you going?

To house number twenty-three,” Styopa answered. - Where are you going, Petya?

And I’m going to see my friend Vanyusha. “He lives in the seventh house,” Petya answered.

Now tell me: which of them is called Stepa, and which is Petya?

FOURTH ONE

Various objects, plants and animals are drawn in the horizontal rows of this table. In each row, three of them can be combined according to some characteristic into one group, but the fourth does not fit into this group.

Indicate by what criteria the drawings can be combined and which drawing in each row is superfluous.

VISUAL ILLUSIONS

1. Which figure is larger, the top or the bottom?

2. Which ellipse is larger, the lower one or the inner upper one?

3. Which line is longer, AB or AC?

4. What do you see here - a staircase, a niche or a strip folded into a “harmonica”?

5. Are these two lines straight or concave?

6. Which line above is a continuation of the regular circle depicting the moon?

7. Which distance is greater: from the head of the left butterfly to the head of the middle one or from the middle head to the head of the right one?

8. Which flower has a larger core?

9. Do the squares inside the figure seem slanted to you?

10. What is greater, the base or the height of the figure?

11. Which line is longer, vertical or horizontal?

12. Which distance is greater, from A to B or from B to C?

13. How are the cubes arranged here? Where are the two cubes, top or bottom?

ANSWERS. DRAWINGS-Tasks

Strange letter

Who are the animals and all the objects

He'll name it in the picture.

Entertainer Seryozha

Where are these animals and birds going?

The picture shows: 1. Turkey. 2. Porcupine. 3. Hedgehog. 4. Bear. 5. Wolf. 6. Hare. 7. Monkey. 8. Deer. 9. Penguin. 10. Stork. 11. Cancer. 12. Crocodile. Let's go to the zoo.

Thaw

The sun began to warm up,

There is a thawed patch under the window.

We went for a walk in the forest,

My felt boots got wet.

A mysterious letter and a very clear answer

Let me write off the solution! Decide for yourself, it's useful

The story of how a fisherman was looking for a net

Once upon a time there lived a FISHERMAN. His name was LEV Ivanovich KOSHKIN. Once he WENT FAR into the sea. “I’m going to look for the PIKE,” he thinks, “for my net. I’ll see if there’s a lot of FISH there.” Suddenly the WAVES rose and the FISHERMAN was washed up in the REEDS. He stuck the oar into the water, wanted to pull it out, but the oar doesn't work. “I don’t UNDERSTAND,” said the FISHERMAN, “whose jokes are these? What is it, maybe a SHARK? “Come on,” he thinks, I’ll push myself, I’ll push myself again.” He shivered out of fear, pulled himself up and pulled out the oar. And there's a net on the oar, full of FISH. “This is what kind of FISHERMAN I am,” he thought. - Didn’t I set the net myself? And I’ve ALREADY forgotten.” He pulled the net into the boat. “Well, come on, BUNNY, FISH, out of the net! There will be a FLY for DINNER!”

Mysterious pictures

1. Between Misha’s arm and leg you can see Petya (rooster), and between Petya’s arm and leg you can see Misha (bear).

2. The silhouette of a hare can be seen between the boy and the girl.

How many animals and birds?

Crocodile, fox, elephant, swan, snake, buffalo, dog, pelican, crane, duck, cat, hare, bear, fawn, stork.

Taras forgot to put a worm on the hook.

Top drawing: 1. Cars move on the left side of the street. 2. The trolleybus is drawn with one contact arc. 3. There are two lights at the traffic light, not three. 4. On the house lamp there is the house number “O”. 5. On the poster “September 31” (September has 30 days).

Bottom picture: 1. There are no insulators on the pole with wires. 2. A truck and a passenger car are following the same track. How could they miss each other? 3. Big Dipper should be turned with the ladle in the other direction. 4. The position of the moon is incorrect. 5. The hare would not sit still if a car passes next to it. 6. The kilometer pole is turned in the wrong direction. 7. At this position of the moon, the shadow of the car is shown incorrectly.

Eight mistakes

1. If the scissors are brought together, then the ends; scissors won't fit, you can't cut with them.

2. The matchbox is pulled out further on one side than shown on the other side.

3. If you look closely at the shavings, it will become clear that their length is greater than the distance traveled by the plane along the board.

4. The minute hand of the clock is so long that it could not go around the dial when moving.

5. The scales of a fish go from the tail to the head. This doesn't really happen.

6. The halves of the chess box must be the same in height.

7. The tail of a chicken was drawn for the rooster.

8. The spout of the jug is not in place, it should be on the side.

Find two identical

Fourteen words starting with the letter "M"

Sea, cape, car, lighthouse, bridge, mill, ball, painter, shop, hammer, bag, broom, sailor, boy.

What is drawn here?

Saucer. Kettle. Scissors. Fork. Watch. Spoon. Razor. Hammer. Ticks. Meat grinder. Alarm. Pencil. Button.

1) Saws, 2) plays the violin, 3) skates, 4) chops, 5) skis, 6) sews, 7) digs.

1. There are four tourists (this can be seen from the number of spoons and plates).

2. Tourists stay for several days. The spider managed to spin a web between the tree and the tent.

3. They arrived by boat: there are oars near the tent.

4. The village is close: a chicken came from the village.

5. The direction of the wind can be determined by the flag. It is easy to determine where the south is by the nature of the tree foliage: the crowns of trees on the south side are more developed than on the north. Thus, the wind blows from the south.

6. Based on the shadows, we determine that the sun is in the east. So it's morning now.

7. Shura catches a butterfly with a net.

8. In the duty schedule we see the names of three boys: Kolya, Petya, Vasya. The fourth, as we know from the questions, is called Shura. The backpacks have initials on them - these are the backpacks of Vasya and Kolya. Kolya is rummaging through his backpack, Vasya is taking photographs (there is a camera tripod in his backpack). Consequently, Petya is on duty: he is at the fire. This means that Kolya was on duty yesterday.

9. From the duty schedule you can understand that today is the 8th; The month can be determined by the ripe watermelon lying near the plates. By July 8th, watermelons, as a rule, are not yet ripe. So, now it could be either August or September. On September 8, school classes are already underway, and the children cannot go on multi-day hiking trips. Therefore, today is August 8th.

What was the score of the match?

Analysis of the pictures shows that one team (the first) is supported (from left to right) by the 1st, 5th, 6th and 7th spectators, and the other team (the second) by the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 8th spectators. Knowing this, it is possible to determine by the behavior of the fans who scored each of the eight goals to whom. It turns out that the first team won the match with a score of 5:3.

According to the conditions of the problem, it is clear that neither of the two boys between whom Nyura stands is called Volodya; in order to be next to Volodya, the girl obviously needs to be in second place on the left. Then on the right there would be two namesakes next to each other. This means that Kolya is on the far left, Volodya is behind him, then Petya, Nyura and the second Petya.

Pay attention to the house number.

Houses with odd numbers are usually located on the left side of the street, if you go from the first number.

In the direction leading from the beginning of the street to the end of it, that is, in the direction of house number 23, a boy in a cap is walking. He is Styopa.

1. Harp, domra and guitar belong to the group plucked instruments. The violin is an instrument from the group of bowed instruments.

2. Porcini, boletus, boletus - edible mushrooms, fly agaric is an inedible, poisonous mushroom.

3. Cheese, butter, milk - dairy products; sausage is a meat product.

4. Hedgehog, bat, mole - useful animals; The gopher is a pest of fields.

5. A tram, trolleybus, and electric train move with the help of electricity, while a bus runs on an internal combustion engine.

Where to start drawing? Beginning artists often ask this question when they start working. However, experienced draftsmen have long known the answer to this, because in classical art school there is a wonderful principle of doing work. You should draw or write from the general to the specific, from the largest to the smallest.

To understand this clearly, just remember how little children draw. Often the child focuses on detailed drawing any object without thinking about its size or how it fits into its environment. Children can draw a small figure on a large piece of paper. It happens that the drawn object is somewhere in the corner of the sheet, and around empty space. Children, due to their age, do not perceive the entire sheet as a single whole, so they draw everything separately.

Something similar happens when novice artists begin drawing or painting. I would like to convey all the beauty of a single detail, to draw it in detail, without thinking about the unity of the picture, about how this detail should be subordinated to its surroundings. But when you look at a “conscientiously” worked fragment from afar, moving away from the easel, you see that everything is not as good as it seemed up close. The detail itself may have been a great success, however, it did not fit into the rest of the drawing, so overall everything turned out crooked. Let's look at this with an example.

Let's say an artist is painting a portrait. And he begins work immediately by drawing the eye, forgetting about everything else. Next he draws the nose, lips, the entire face and the contours of the head. Then he completes the entire portrait. That is, he started the drawing with the eye, and ended with the entire silhouette of the head (see illustration). As a result, the eye itself turned out, but shifted to the side. The same thing happened with the nose and lips. Therefore, the portrait came out not only different, but also crooked.

But why did this happen? Because the artist first began to draw small objects, and then finished with large forms. That is, he worked from the smallest to the largest. But if he had started working with the contours of the head, the oval of the face (i.e., from the large one), and then moved on to the nose, lips, eyes (smaller) - the above-described error would not have occurred (more precisely, the likelihood of this would have been less). After all, having outlined the basis of large forms, it is much easier to fit small details into it. It's easier to compare distances and proportions. And if you start with little things, without defining the big silhouettes, then it will be very difficult to fit one to the other later. Therefore, artists use a drawing sequence from largest to smallest. And although this method in itself does not guarantee success, it significantly helps in the work. But isn't it possible to draw the way you want? In any order? Great artists with great experience can start a drawing from point A and end at point B without thinking about the sequence. They succeed at everything already on an intuitive level, since they have vast experience behind them. But in most cases, it is recommended to start work not with small things, but with general, large masses, looking at the picture as a whole. After all, even great masters, even if they violate the classical stages of drawing, still see the picture in their minds as a whole, not in fragments.

See the whole among small parts very important for a number of reasons. One of them is the ability to generalize. Without generalization it is impossible to imagine either drawing or painting. Generalization is not only a way to make work easier. Through generalization, artists create an illusion in which a painting or drawing can come to life. Take, for example, a bouquet of flowers. If you start painting it from individual petals, and continue to work with such detailed writing until the end, then the painting may not only contain errors, but also be less expressive, “dry”. However, if the artist starts working with large masses, generalizing and combining flowers into groups, and then paints individual flowers in detail, then such a sequence will help not to get confused in the shades, to see the main thing, to enliven the painting. Revive with the effect of selection, when the artist generalizes the secondary and highlights the main thing. The juxtaposition of the detailed and the generalized creates an illusion in which the depicted view seems to come to life.

Such selection requires from a person the ability to see the big picture, the ability to pay attention to the main thing, and not focus on the little things. When an artist has an “eye” in this regard, he will be able to better determine what needs to be generalized and how to do it. Looking at the painting from this angle, the artist will be able to more accurately determine the proportions and better see color and tone relationships.