Information about the pseudonyms of the Russian writers. Literary pseudonyms of children's writers. Voltaire real name Francois-Marie Arouet

A) Pseudoandronym(from the Greek pseudos - false and aner, Andros - man) - male name and surname adopted by a woman author.

Often, writers were afraid that the publisher would not accept the manuscript, upon learning that it belonged to a woman, the reader would put the book aside for the same reason, and the critic would scold it. Overcoming the long-standing prejudice towards the creative work of women has not been easy. Therefore, women - writers often signed their works with male names.

AND I. Panaeva under the pseudonym I. Stanitsky published (together with NA Nekrasov) the novels "Three countries of the world" and "Dead Lake". She also performed under the same name on her own (the novels "Woman's Lot", "Little Things in Life", etc.)

B) Pseudoginim (from the Greek. Gynе - woman) - female name and surname, adopted by the male author.

The authors - men, who, on the contrary, signed themselves with female names - also had a penchant for similar hoaxes.

L.N. Tolstoy in 1858 he mystified the editor of the newspaper Den I.S. Aksakov: having written the story "Dream", he put N.O. - the initials of N. Okhotnitskaya, who lived with Tolstoy's aunt T. Ergolskaya. The story was not published, it was first published only in 1928.

Comic aliases

Paizonim (from the Greek raizein - to joke) is a comic pseudonym intended to produce a comic effect.

Comedians have always tried to subscribe in such a way as to achieve a comic effect. This was the main purpose of their pseudonyms; the desire to hide his name here faded into the background.

The tradition of funny pseudonyms in Russian literature dates back to the magazines of Catherine's time ("Anything and everything", "Neither that, nor this", "Truten", "Mail of spirits").

ON. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, broker Nazar Vymochkin of the Literary Exchange.

I.S. Turgenev the feuilleton "The Six Years Censor" was signed by: Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov.

Collective aliases

A) Koinonym (from the Greek koinos - common) is a common pseudonym adopted by several authors writing together.

There are many cases when it was not the names of the co-authors that were masked, but the very fact of collective creativity: the work was signed with one surname, but two authors and even more stood behind it. One of the most striking examples is the famous Kozma Prutkov - a pseudonym L.N. Tolstoy and brothers Alexey, Alexander, Vladimir Zhemchuzhnikov... Calling the name Kozma Prutkov, we can say that this is a collective pseudonym and a parody personality (mask) of a literary official, created by writers. For him, the authors also composed a biography with the exact dates of birth and death: “He was born on April 11, 1803; died on January 13, 1863 ". Satirical verses, aphorisms of Kozma Prutkov ridiculed mental stagnation, political "good intentions", parodied the stupidity of officials. For the first time, the name appeared in print in 1854 on the pages of the Literary Jumble, a humorous supplement to the Sovremennik magazine. But few people know that Kozma Prutkov had a real prototype in life - the valet of the Zhemchuzhnikovs, who bore this name and surname. ( Allonim (or heteronym) - the surname or name of a real person adopted as a pseudonym).

The play "Happy Day", written by A.N. Ostrovsky together with N. Ya. Soloviev in the estate of the first, Shchelykov, was published in Otechestvennye zapiski (1877) signed by Sch ..., i.e. Shchelykovsky. ( Toponym - an alias associated with a specific location)

So in the magazine "Pantheon", in three issues is printed an extensive poetic feuilleton "Provincial clerk in St. Petersburg" ON. Nekrasov under the pseudonym - Theoklist Bob, and after a few numbers the continuation “The provincial clerk is back in St. Petersburg. The inevitable misfortune and mighty joy "already under the pseudonym Ivan Gribovnikov. Later, I. A. Pruzhinin, K. Pupin, Alexander Bukhalov and others will appear; almost nothing is printed under his own name.

Didn't come up with it yourself

It happened that the pseudonym was not chosen by the author himself, but at the editorial office of a magazine or newspaper, where he brought his first work, or friends, or by a person who helped publish the book.

This is, for example, one of the signatures ON. Nekrasov, concealing a hint of censorship harassment. For a long time the poet was not allowed to publish the second edition of the poems. Finally, in 1860, one of the courtiers, Count Adlerberg, who enjoyed great influence, procured the necessary visa from the censorship office, but subject to the introduction of numerous bills. “But all the same, they cut you off, put a muzzle on you! - he said to the poet. - You can now subscribe to the humorous verses like this: Muzzle ". Nekrasov followed this advice by signing his satirical poems Savva Namordnikov.

Neutronym - a pseudonym that does not cause any associations

In addition to the reasons for the emergence of pseudonyms, which are considered in the abstract, there are many more that do not lend themselves to classification. In addition, it is not always possible to accurately determine the motives for which certain pseudonyms are taken. There can be several options for explaining any one case of using a pseudonym instead of a real name, unless, of course, there is evidence of the owner of the pseudonym himself or his contemporary.

Writers, especially beginners, often take on literary pseudonyms, the reasons for this may be very different. And it often happens that these pseudonyms of them "grow together" with the authors so much that many of them replace real names and surnames in real life.

A.P. Chekhov and his pseudonyms

The greatest master of inventing pseudonyms was Chekhov. He had more than forty of them.

And the most famous, which everyone knows about from school, of course, was Antosha Chekhonte. It was under this pseudonym, while still a medical student, that Chekhov sent his first humorous stories to magazines. One of the gymnasium teachers jokingly called the young student Chekhov Antosha Chekhonte.

And it is all the more surprising that out of so many pseudonyms, none of them "caught on". For all Chekhov, he was and remains Chekhov.

Green Alexander - Grinevsky Alexander Stefanovich

At school, the guys called Alexander shortly - "Green!", And one of his childhood nicknames was "Green pancake". Therefore, he chose such a pseudonym for himself, without much hesitation. " I only feel like Green, and it seems strange to me when someone says: Grinevsky. Is it someone stranger to me". Even his third wife received a passport in the name of Nina Green when her last name was changed.

Chukovsky Kornei Ivanovich - Korneichukov Nikolay Vasilievich

The fact that he was illegitimate, in his youth, greatly weighed Chukovsky. And having taken up literary activity, he began to use a pseudonym, which was his surname, divided into two parts: Korneichukov = Korney + Chukov + sky.

Subsequently, without further ado, he came up with a patronymic for him - "Ivanovich". After the revolution, changing his real name, patronymic and surname to a pseudonym, he became Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky also by passport.

Anna Akhmatova - according to the passport Anna Gorenko

After her divorce from Gumilyov, Anna took Akhmatova's surname as a pseudonym. The female branch of her mother descended from the Tatar khan Akhmat. She later recalled: “ Only a seventeen-year-old crazy girl could choose a Tatar surname for a Russian poetess ... That is why it occurred to me to take a pseudonym for myself, that when my dad found out about my poems, he said: "Don't shame my name." - "And I don't need your name!" - I said…»

Ilya Ilf - Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg

There are several versions of the origin of this alias, and one of them is as follows:
In his youth, Ilya Fainzilberg worked as a journalist, wrote articles for newspapers. But his last name did not fit well for a signature - it was too long and difficult to pronounce. Therefore, Ilya often abbreviated it - now "Ilya F", then "IF", then "Falberg". And, in the end, it turned out - "Ilf".

Evgeny Petrov - Evgeny Petrovich Kataev

Eugene was the younger brother of the famous writer Valentin Kataev by that time. Not wanting to enjoy the fruits of his fame, he invented a literary pseudonym for himself, forming it on behalf of his father, that is, from his patronymic. So Evgeny Kataev became Evgeny Petrov.

Arkady Gaidar - Golikov Arkady Petrovich

Arkady Golikov, under his real name, wrote only the first book - "In the days of defeats and victories." All the rest were published under the pseudonym Gaidar, under which he became a well-known writer.
As for the origin of this pseudonym, this is anyone's guess.
Perhaps he came from the Mongolian "Gaidar" - "rider galloping in front".

According to another version, while on duty in Khakassia, Gaidar often had to ask local residents - "haidar"? ("where to go"?). Perhaps this word - "haidar" stuck to him like that.

Daniil Kharms - Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev

The writer Daniil Yuvachev also invented many pseudonyms for himself (Kharms, Haarms, Dandan, Charms, Karl Ivanovich Shusterling, etc.), signing one of them, then another. Until I finally settled on one thing - Daniil Kharms. However, its meaning is interpreted ambiguously. "Sharm" in French means "charm", while "charm" translated from English means "harm", "suffering". But if we proceed from what Kharms once wrote in his diary: “ Daddy told me yesterday that as long as I'm Harms, I will be haunted by needs", Then the English version is still preferable. The writer adored this pseudonym to such an extent that he even manually added it to his last name in his passport.

In Western literature, there are also many examples when pseudonyms supplanted the real names of the authors:

O. Henry - Hive Sydney Porter
Lewis Carroll - Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
Voltaire - Francois-Marie Arouet
Stendhal - Marie-Henri Baile
Mark Twain - Samuel Langhorn Clemens

The widest distribution of pseudonyms was also found in oriental literature. So, everyone has heard the name of the Japanese poet who lived in the 17th century - Basho.

But this is also a pseudonym, and it means “ banana tree O". At his house, the poet planted a banana tree, which he looked after. The neighbors began to call him - "fable" - an old man living by a banana. His real name - Matsuo Munzfusa - is known to very few people.

And in continuation of the literary theme.

Municipal educational institution of the city of Noyabrsk

"Secondary school No. 5"

Research

Riddles of the pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets

Completed: students 6B, 9B grades

Project Manager:

Sabinina I.A., teacher

Russian language and literature

2016

Content:

I. Introduction. From the history of aliases ………………………………………………… ..3

II. Main part……………………………………………………………………………4

1. The theoretical aspect of the study of pseudonyms …………………………………… ..5

1.1. Science anthroponymics ……………………………………………………………… ... 6

1.2. Definition of the concept of "alias". Different approaches to determining ..................... 7

1.3. Types of aliases. Methods of their formation, classification. Causes

appearance and use of pseudonyms …………………………………………… 8

1.4. Reasons for the appearance and use of aliases ………………………………… 9

2. Literary pseudonyms …………………………………………………………… 10

2.1. Pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets …………………………………………… .11

3. Aliases in the modern world …………………………………………………… ..12

III. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………… 13

IY. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..14

Y. Applications……………………………………………………………………………...15

The motive for choosing a research topic and the relevance of the research.

One of the most important sections of modern Russian onomastics is anthroponymy - the science of naming person, which includes personal names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms, etc. Names, patronymics, surnames have long been the subject of interested attention of scientists, they are collected, described and investigated in various aspects. Pseudonyms are a large layer of unofficial naming- not yet sufficiently studied from the point of view language theory, therefore they represent a special linguistic interest.

By researching this topic and focusing only on writers and poets, we hope that some of our peers will have a completely different view of such a subject as a book, perhaps that a teenager who never reads will want to read something. Therefore, we believe that theme our research quite relevant .

The purpose of the research work is:

research of a significant layer of literary pseudonyms used by Russian writers and poets;

study of the reasons for the appearance of pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets, their classification according to the methods of education ;

finding out the reasons why people give up their real name and take pseudonyms.

Research objectives:

1) consider different approaches to the definition of the concept pseudonym;

2) study the origins and causes of the emergence of pseudonyms;

3) determine the ways of forming pseudonyms;

4) identify the most popular literary pseudonyms of Russian writers

and poets;

5) having studied the biographies of poets and writers, find out with what pseudonyms they signed their works;

6) find out the main reasons prompting them to take a pseudonym;

7) find out how relevant the use of pseudonyms is in modern times. The object of the research is section of the science of anthroponymy - pseudonymy (the science of false names), the names of famous Russian writers.

Subject of study : pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets, whose work is studied in grades 5-11 according to the program of V.Ya. Korovina.

In the course of the work, the following were used research methods :

theoretical (analysis of facts from literary and Internet sources, generalization of the material);

mathematical (statistical processing of the material).

The practical significance of research work: materials and results of the work can be used in the classroom in the course of teaching Russian language and literature at school.

Hypothesis: pseudonyms allow a fuller presentation of the history of literature, a closer acquaintance with the biography and work of writers.

1. Introduction.

From early childhood and throughout life, a person does not hear a single word as often as his name. And what is a name, why is it needed and how does it affect our lives? After all, the name is what remains after us.

The name of the person is shrouded in a veil of secrets. Maria, Elena, Anna, Dmitry, Anton, Oleg ... What is it? Are they just names that allow us not to get lost in the crowd or something more - their own path, winding, not quite clear?

What is hidden behind the name that we receive at birth, as a fragile and expensive gift, and is it possible, knowing the name, to illuminate from the darkness at least a hint of a person's life path? There is no consensus on this matter - there are only assumptions and versions.

People have had personal names at all times. Each person can be called only by name, thanks to the name all his good and bad deeds become known.

The choice of a name is a serious task, because it is given to a person for the rest of his life.

In our country, it is customary for a person, immediately after birth, to receive a name, patronymic and surname. But throughout our lives, many of us acquire middle names: pseudonyms, nicknames or nicknames.

Sometimes, additional names in terms of frequency of use come out on top, thereby displacing the name, patronymic and surname given by the parents at the birth of their child. Previously, people were proud of their names and surnames, because they associated them with their ancestors and their great achievements. Why do so many of us try to forget about it? Why are we giving ourselves a new alternate name?

Who was the first to come up with aliases, not known for certain. But there is a widespread opinion on this topic. Our ancestors believed in the mysterious power of the name over the fate of a person.

It was believed that the name can protect a person from evil spirits, therefore

it turns out that the first aliases appeared along with the name. The child was given two names: one, by which everyone called him, and the second, real, which only the priests (clergy), parents and the person himself knew. Thus, all the names that were in use were in fact aliases.

2. What is an alias? From the history of pseudonyms.

In linguistics, there is a special section dedicated to the "art of naming" - onomastics and its "daughter" - anthroponymy, the science of naming a person.

"A name is the sweetest sound for a person in any language," wrote the famous psychologist Dale Carnegie. All people in all civilizations had personal names. What he said remains true to this day. Each person has a name, and each name, whether its owner likes it or not, stores a huge amount of information about its bearer.
The results of the study indicate that most of the writers whose works are offered for study in the school curriculum had pseudonyms. Why did they do this? What are their motives?

Alias ​​(pseudos -lies, onyma - name; Greek) - a fictitious name or conventional sign with which the author signs his work. The pseudonym replaces the author's real name or surname, sometimes both.

The law does not allow disclosure of a pseudonym without the consent of the author, unless the pseudonym is used to falsify authorship.The science of pseudonyms is sometimes referred to as pseudonomastics.

The custom of changing one's name to another arose long ago, even before the invention of printing. Who was the first of the writers to use the pseudonym is not known for certain. But nicknames are even older than pseudonyms. Sometimes nicknames became literary names regardless of the will of their bearers.

The real names of the creators of many wonderful epic works have not reached us, but we know the nicknames of their authors.

Thus, one of the first Indian poets who wrote the Ramayana (5th century BC) is known as Valmiki, that is, "anthill" (in Sanskrit). Where does such a strange nickname come from? Legend has it that in his youth he was engaged in robbery, and in old age, having repented and became a hermit, for many years he sat so motionless that the ants built their dwelling on it ...

We do not know the real name of the ancient Indian poet, whose drama "Shakuntala" (about love

king and a simple girl) gained world fame. We only know the author's nickname -

Kalidasa, that is, the slave of Kali, the goddess who personified the birth and death of all living things.

Some nicknames were associated with the appearance of the author. So, the first ancient Roman poet, whose works have survived to our time, is known not as Appius Claudius, but as Appius Claudius the Blind.

The name of the famous Roman orator - Cicero - a nickname received for a wart (cicero - a pea), the ancient Roman poets Ovid and Horace also had third names, which marked the features of their appearance: the first - Nazon (nosed); the second is Flaccus (lop-eared).

Sometimes the nickname emphasized some feature in the character of the author, his life or work. So, the Roman fabulist, who first introduced the genre of satire into literature, where people were depicted under the guise of animals, was nicknamed Phaedrus (in Greek - funny). He lived in the first century AD. NS.

In ancient times, when surnames did not yet exist, the names of the authors could coincide, which caused confusion. So, in ancient Greek literature, there are as many as four Philostratus, which have to be distinguished by numbers: Philostratus I, Philostratus II, etc.

To avoid confusion, various methods have been used. One of them was based on the use of the name of the father or grandfather. The famous scientist of the 11th-12th centuries, who lived in Bukhara, went down in history as Ibn-Sina, that is, the son of Sina (in the Latinized form this name became Avicenna). In fact, it was the embryo of a surname: after all, Ivanovs and Petrovs appeared here because one of the more or less distant ancestors was called Ivan or Peter.

The first dictionaries of pseudonyms appeared in the 17th century. At the same time, the Frenchman Andrienne Baye wrote a treatise, which for the first time described the reasons for writers to replace their names with others, as well as the ways by which these replacements were made.

In Russia, the study of this issue was taken up a little later. In 1874, the "List of Russian anonymous books with the names of their authors and translators", compiled by N. Golitsyn, appeared.

The most authoritative Russian source on this topic to this day is Masanov's dictionary, the last (four-volume) edition of which dates from 1956-1960. It contains over 80 thousand pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures. Relatively recently, the works of another Russian researcher V.G. Dmitriev were written: "Those who hid their name" (1977) and "Invented names" (1986) .The main attention in them is paid to precisely those questions that are at the forefront of our research. ...

Dmitriev offers the most universal scheme for the classification of pseudonyms, based on the method of forming pseudonyms and dividing them into two large groups: associated with true names and not associated with them. In the first case, the author's name can be deciphered, in the second it is not.

3. Classification of aliases: types (types) of aliases.

All pseudonyms, whatever they may be, are divided into certain groups, which are based on the principle of their formation. According to researchers, there are now over fifty different types of pseudonyms. So, Dmitriev V.G. in the book "Those Who Hidden Their Names" identifies 57 classification groups of pseudonyms.

* aliases - characteristics

* literary masks

* comic pseudonyms

* collective aliases

* did not come up with

Acrostic is a poem in which the initial letters of the lines form some word or phrase.

Allonim, or heteronym, is the surname or name of a real person accepted as a pseudonym.

Anagram is a kryptonym obtained by rearranging letters. I don’t know how the classics liked this group of pseudonyms, but their “lion's” share belongs to them.

Anonymous is a literary work published without indicating the name of the author.

An antionym is a pseudonym formed by contrast, in contrast to the meaning with the true surname of the author or with the surname (pseudonym) of some famous person.

Apoconym is a kryptonym obtained by dropping the beginning or end of the first and last name.

ON. Dobrolyubov under the famous article "The Dark Kingdom" signed by N.-bov

Sometimes only the final letters were left from the name and surname.

Comic pseudonyms are made from the first syllables of the name and surname: Nick-Nek -ON. Nekrasov .

Aristonim is a signature with the addition of a title, which most often does not actually belong to the author.

Astronym - a signature consisting of one or more asterisks.

These are a kind of pseudonyms-riddles. The number of stars in these signatures varied (from one to seven), as well as the arrangement (in one row, triangle, rhombus). They put asterisks instead of their last nameON. Nekrasov, S.N. Turgenev, F.I. Tyutchev (Derzhavin, Baratynsky, Pushkin, Odoevsky, Gogol, etc.).

Atelonim - kryptonym obtained by omitting part of the letters of the first and last name.

More often, however, the beginning and end were left from the surname, and the middle was replaced by dots or dashes. At the same time, there were coincidences: for example, the same signature T ... b is also under the poems of F.I. Tyutchev in "Galatea" (1829), and under the letter of I.S. Turgenev on the death of Gogol in the "Moscow Gazette" (1852).

Geonym, or troponym, - a pseudonym associated with a geographic. The geonym can serve as an addition to the real surname: Mamin - Sibiryak.

Geronim - the surname of a literary character adopted as a pseudonym: or a mythological creature.

Hydronym - a special case of a geonym - a signature based on the name of a river, sea, lake.

Zoonim - a signature based on the name of the animal.

Initials - the initial letters of the first and last name (or first and patronymic, or first, patronymic and last name).

Incognitonym - a signature underlining that the author wants to remain anonymous.

The signatures N. and N.N., which were abbreviations of the Latin words nemo (no one) and nomen nescio (I don’t know the name, but in a figurative sense, a certain person), were very common. These pseudonyms were used by dozens of authors, both Russian and foreign, for their works, since this was the simplest way to remain incognito, without bothering to invent a pseudonym or encrypting their surname. N.N.'s signature putON. Nekrasov (Derzhavin, Karamzin, Griboyedov, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Kuprin ).

Ichthyonym is a signature based on the name of the fish.

Calca is a pseudonym formed by translating the first and last name into another language.

Koinonym is a common pseudonym adopted by several authors writing together.

Contamination is the combination of two or more words into one.

Latinism is a pseudonym formed by altering the name and surname in the Latin way.

A literary mask is a signature that gives deliberately incorrect information about the author, characterizing the fictional person to whom he attributes the authorship.

A matronym is a pseudonym formed from the name or surname of the author's mother.

Mesostikh is a poem in which letters taken from the middle of each line form a word or phrase.

A metagram is a permutation of the initial syllables in words standing next to each other.

Metonym is a pseudonym formed by analogy, by the similarity of meaning with a real surname.

So, N.G. Chernyshevsky signed by Ethiopian (Ethiopian - Negro - Black - Chernyshevsky).

A pseudonym is the name of the plagiarist or the surname mistakenly substituted for the real one.

Negatonym is a signature denying the author's belonging to a particular profession, party, etc. or contradicting it to one or another writer.

Neutronym is a fictional surname that does not evoke any associations and is put as a signature.

Ornithonym is a signature based on the name of the bird.

Paizonim is a comic pseudonym intended to produce a comic effect.

Comedians have always tried to subscribe in such a way as to achieve a comic effect. This was the main purpose of their pseudonyms; the desire to hide his name here faded into the background.

The tradition of funny pseudonyms in Russian literature dates back to the magazines of Catherine's time ("Anything and everything", "Neither that, nor this", "Truten", "Mail of spirits").

ON. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky,.

I.S. Turgenev

Palynonym is a kryptonym formed by reading the first and last name from right to left.

Paronym - a pseudonym formed by the similarity of sound with a real surname.

Patronym - a pseudonym formed from the name of the author's father.

So prosaic talesL.N. Tolstoy Mirza-Turgen was signed. This pseudonym goes back to the legendary forefather of the Turgenev family, from which the author came from the side of his mother, Alexandra Leontievna, nee Turgeneva.

Polyonym is a signature that gives an idea of ​​the number of authors who write under it together.

A semi-allonim is a pseudonym consisting of a combination of a surname belonging to a real person with another, not his name.

Prenonym is a signature consisting of one author's name.

Proxonym - a pseudonym formed from the names of persons close to the author.

Pseudoandronym - male name and surname adopted by the author by a woman.

A pseudo-geonym is a signature disguising the author's true place of birth or residence.

Pseudoginim - female name and surname adopted by a male author.

Pseudo-initials are letters that do not correspond to the true initials of the author. Some encrypted titlonims may look like initials.

Pseudotitlonim - a signature indicating the position, title or profession of the author, which do not correspond to the true ones.

A pseudophrenonym is a signature that gives information about the character of the author that runs counter to the content of the work.

A pseudo-ethnonym is a signature disguising the author's true nationality.

Stigmonim is a signature made up of punctuation marks or mathematical symbols.

Tahallus is a literary name of the phrenonym type among the writers of the peoples of the East.

Telestikh is a poem in which the last letters of the lines form some word or phrase.

Titlonim is a signature indicating the title or position of the author.

Physionym is a pseudonym based on the name of a natural phenomenon.

Fitonym is a pseudonym based on the name of the plant.

Phrenonym is a pseudonym indicating the main character trait of the author or the main feature of his work.

Chromatonym is a pseudonym based on the name of the color.

Digit - a surname or initials, encrypted by replacing letters with numbers. This group of pseudonyms was awarded the title of the most rare among the known pseudonyms.

For example, the Roman numeral X was signedON. Dobrolyubov.

Eidonym - a pseudonym or nickname that characterizes the appearance of the author.

Entomonym is a pseudonym based on the name of an insect.

Ethnonym is a pseudonym indicating the nationality of the author.

Among the Russian writers and poets, whose work is studied at school, 17 groups of pseudonyms were identified according to the method of their formation. Here is some of them:

* aliases - characteristics

* literary masks

* comic pseudonyms

* collective aliases

* did not come up with

* an alias that does not cause any associations

* aliases associated with true name

* aliases not associated with the real name

* pseudonyms replacing the real surname.

As a result of researching the types of pseudonyms, we found out that the pseudonyms of these people can be classified as follows:

A. P. Chekhov Apoconym: Anche; Paronym: Antosha Chekhonte

Paizonim: Man without a spleen, Doctor without patients, Champagne, Nut # 6

M. Gorky - real name - A.M. Peshkov.Paizonim: Yehudiel Chlamis

Rasul Gamzatov - real name: Tsadasa Rasul Gamzatovich:Patronymic

Anna Akhmatova - real name: Anna Gorenko:Matronym

Sasha Cherny - real name - A.M. Glikberg:Chromatonym

Georges Sand - real name - Aurora Dudevant:Pseudoandronym

Erich Maria Remarque - real name - E. Kramer: Palynonym

4 . Reasons for the appearance of aliases

Most literary works have an author, whose name appears on the cover. But this is not always the true surname of the writer.

There are cases when works are not signed, are presented as a find or translation, are attributed to another person, but more often, in order to hide the authorship, they resort to a pseudonym. Why is a pseudonym needed? Why aren't people happy with their own first and last names? There are many reasons for this phenomenon. Here is some of them:

* Dissonant, funny surname, everyday life of a real name;

* test of the pen (fear of debut);

* fear of censorship ( the desire to avoid persecution for compositions of an incriminating * nature);

*social status;

* presence of namesakes;

* desire to mystify the reader;

* it was fashionable to write under a pseudonym;

* on the advice of other people;

* comic effect.

We compiled a table to see if the reasons for using aliases were the same at all times. For the analysis, we chose the pseudonyms of fifteen famous writers and poets of the 19th and 20th centuries.

19th century

XX century

Alexander N. ksh.p –

A. S. Pushkin

L.- M. Yu. Lermontov

V. Alov -

N.V. Gogol

Antosha Ch. -

A. P. Chekhov

Nikolay Shchedrin -

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin

Friend of Kuzma Prutkov - F.M.Dostoevsky

N.N. - N. A. Nekrasov

T. L. - I.S.Turgenev

L.N. - L. N. Tolstoy

Maksim Gorky –

A. M. Peshkov

Anna Akhmatova -

A.A. Gorenko

Alexander Green -

A. S. Grinevsky

Andrey Bely –

B. N. Bugaev

Demyan Bedny -

E. A. Pridvorov

A.A. B.- A. A. Blok

Igor Severyanin -

Igor Lotarev

Revealed for what reasonthe authors of the works turned to the choice of pseudonyms:

1 ... Attempt at writing

Perhaps one of the most common cases. A rare novice author is one hundred percent sure of his success. Why not use a pseudonym or subscribe at all.

Below are the names of poets falling into this category and their pseudonyms pertaining to the occasion.

S.A. Yesenin - 1) Meteor 2) Ariston
N.V. Gogol - V. Alov
I.A. Krylov - 1) unsigned 2) I.Kr. 3) Cr.
M.Yu. Lermontov - L.
V.V. Mayakovsky - 1) -b 2) V. 3) M. 4) V. M.
ON. Nekrasov - N.N.
A.S. Pushkin -1) Alexander N. ksh.p. 2) P 3) 1 ... 14-16
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin - St.
I.S. Turgenev - 1) ... vb 2) T.L.
A.A. Fet - A.F.

2. Comic effect

Another case found among poets is pseudonyms, the purpose of which was to create a comic effect, called paizonyms (from the Greek paizein - to joke). As a rule, they were temporary and arose not so much to conceal the real name, as for the sake of a joke, or in order to emphasize the satirical nature of the work.

VA Zhukovsky - Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, chairman of the commission on the construction of the Muratov house, author of a cramped stable, fire-breathing ex-president of an old vegetable garden, cavalier of three liver and Commander Galimatiya.
N.A. Nekrasov - Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum

A.S. Pushkin - Feofilakt Kosichkin.

They decided to combine the material in a table and find out the percentage of the reasons that prompted the authors of the works to use pseudonyms.

Attempt at writing

Alexander N.K.Sh.P. -

A. S. Pushkin The first poem by Pushkin (then a 15-year-old lyceum student) that appeared in print - "To a friend the poet" - was secretly sent to the "Bulletin of Europe" by his lyceum comrade Delvig. No signature was given.

In 1814-1816. Pushkin ciphered his surname, signing Alexander N.K.Sh.P., or - II -, or 1 ... 14-16.

V. Alov - N.V. Gogol

Antosha Ch. - A. P. Chekhov

The 19-year-old did the same Nekrasov, on the first book of poems "Dreams and Sounds" (1840) put only his initials N.N, following the advice of V.A. Zhukovsky, to whom he brought the manuscript to get his opinion. Zhukovsky positively assessed only two poems, saying: "If you want to publish, then publish without a name, later you will write better, and you will be ashamed of these poems."

His first fable Ivan Andreevich Krylov signed I. Kr., then either did not sign the fables at all, or put one letter under them TO... And only at the age of 37 he began to sign his name.

Below the first lines printedI.S. Turgenev (he was then 20 years old) - the poems "Evening" and "To Venus of the Medici" in "Sovremennik" (1838) - stood ... in. Then the future author of "Notes of a Hunter" signed TL for a number of years, i.e. Turgenev - Lutovinov (his mother was nee Lutovinova). Under these initials his first book was published - the poem "Parasha" (1843).

20 year old A.A. Fet hid his name and surname on the first book of poetry - "Lyric Pantheon" (1840) underinitials A.F.

22 year old ON. Dobrolyubov in Sovremennik he published his 6 poems under the pseudonym Volgin, this was the first publication of his poetic heritage.

24 year old L.N. Tolstoy , then the officer, his first work - "Stories of my childhood" (so the editorial board of "Sovremennik" without the knowledge of the author changed the name of "Childhood") - signed in 1852.L.N., those. Lev Nikolaevich.

A. M. Peshkov-

M. Gorky

Alexander Green

A. S. Grinevsky

A.A. B.-

A. A. Blok

Andrey Bely

B. N. Bugaev

Censorship

A.N. Radishchev

N. G. Chernyshevsky

Nikolay Shchedrin -

M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin

T. L. - I. S. Turgenev

Dr. Friken-

S. Ya. Marshak

Estate prejudices

K.G. Paustovsky had not yet finished his grammar school when he brought his first story, entitled On the Water, to the Kiev magazine Ogni. This was in 1912. “Did you sign the story with your real name? - asked the young author. - Yes. - In vain! Our magazine is leftist, and you are a schoolboy. There may be troubles, come up with a pseudonym. " Paustovsky followed this advice and appeared in print under the name K. Balagin, which he subsequently did not resort to any more.

Friend of Kuzma Prutkov-

F.M. Dostoevsky

A. A. Akhmatova

A.A. Gorenko

Anna Akhmatova

Another profession

A. I. Kuprin

A. A. Perovsky

Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky served as a trustee of the educational district. His novels were signed by Anthony Pogorelsky , according to the name of his estate Pohoreltsy.

L.- Lermontov

Alexander Green

Andrey Bely

B. N. Bugaev

Comic effect

A. P. Chekhov

A. S. Pushkin

Among the journalistic pseudonyms of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the most expressive and significant is Feofilakt Kosichkin.

N. A. Nekrasov - Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen, literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.

ON. Nekrasov often signed himself with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky,Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.

I.S. Turgenev the feuilleton "The Six Years Censor" was signed by: Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov.

Demyan Bedny

E.A. Of the courtiers

The presence of namesakes.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.

In the 80s of the XIX century in the satirical magazines "Alarm", "Dragonfly", "Shards", stories began to appear signed by Antosha Chekhonte, Doctor without patients, Gadget No. 6, Akaki Tarantulov, Someone, My brother's brother, Nettle, Hot-tempered man .

Many do not know that Anton Pavlovich had brothers Mikhail and Alexander, who also performed in the literary field. (Mikhail signed

M. Bohemsky (under the influence of the legend that the Chekhovs are from the Czech Republic), in addition - Maxim Khalyava, Captain Cook, S. Vershinin, K. Treplev.

Alexander used other pseudonyms - A. Sedoi, A. Chekhov-Sedoi, Agafond Edinitsyn.)

They didn’t come up with it ourselves.

This is, for example, one of the signatures ON. Nekrasov, harboring a hint of censorship harassment. For a long time the poet was not allowed to publish the second edition of the poems. Finally, in 1860, one of the courtiers, Count Adlerberg, who enjoyed great influence, procured the necessary visa from the censorship office, but subject to the introduction of numerous bills. “But all the same, they cut you off, put a muzzle on you! - he said to the poet. - You can now subscribe to the humorous verses like this: Muzzle ". Nekrasov followed this advice by signing his satirical poems Savva Namordnikov.

Sometimes its creator, in order to convince the public that the author invented by him exists in reality, described his appearance in the preface (on behalf of the publisher) or even attached his portrait to the book, allegedly written from life. A classic example is Belkin's Tale. Acting as their publisher, Pushkin in the preface gives a verbal portrait I.P. Belkin, gives information about his parents, his character, lifestyle, occupations, circumstances of his death ...

So Pushkin tried to assure readers of the reality of the existence of an author invented by him, whose name he put on the book instead of his own with the addition: "Published by A.P."

2. LITERARY PSEUDONYMS

2.1. Pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets

As already indicated, aliases are used by writers and poets, politicians and criminals, actors, directors and other people who would not want to know their autonym (the real name of a person hiding under alias).

In this section, we will consider the pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets.

Anna Akhmatova(1889-1966). Anna Akhmatova's notebooks contain notes: “Everyone considers me a Ukrainian. Firstly, because my father's surname is Gorenko, secondly, because I was born in Odessa and graduated from Fundukleevskaya gymnasium, and thirdly, and mainly because N. S. Gumilyov wrote: “From the city of Kiev , // from Zmiev's lair, // I took not a wife, but a witch ... "Soon after the wedding of 1910, Nikolai Stepanovich and Anna Andreevna settled in Tsarskoe Selo in the house of Gumilyov's mother. In St. Petersburg N. Gumilev introduced his young wife to famous poets. She read poetry in their circle, began to publish under the pseudonym Anna Akhmatova, which later became her surname. In her short autobiographical notes, Anna Akhmatova writes: “They named me after my grandmother Anna Yegorovna Motovilova. Her mother was the Tatar princess Akhmatova, whose last name, not realizing that I was going to be a Russian poet, I made my literary name. " So Anna Gorenko, who was considered a Ukrainian, became a Russian poet with a Tatar surname.

Yesenin Sergei(1895-1925). He signed his first poetic experiments Meteor... And for the first publication (the poem "Birch" in the magazine "Mirok", 1914) he chose a different pseudonym Ariston, although he was discouraged from this in every possible way. In the future, he did not use pseudonyms.

Krylov Ivan(1769-1844). His first work - an epigram in the journal "Medicine for boredom and worries" (1786) - the future great fabulist signed I.Kr. And he printed the first fables without a signature at all, then put the letter under them TO. or Navi Volyrk... He began to sign his full name only at the age of 37.

Lermontov Mikhail(1814-1841). The first publication of Lermontov - the poem "Spring" - refers to 1830. There was a letter under the poem L. For the first time, the author's full name appears five years later - “Haji Abrek” was published in the “Library for reading”. But this happened without the knowledge of the author: the poem was taken to the editorial office by one of his comrades in the cadet school.

Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich(1799-1837). Alexander Sergeevich also often used pseudonyms, especially at the dawn of his creative biography.

Several more of Pushkin's pseudonyms are associated with his lyceum past. it Arz. under the epigram in "Northern Flowers for 1830" and Art. under one article in the "Moscow Telegraph" (1825) - Arzamasets and Old Arzamasets, respectively (in 1815-1818 Pushkin was a member of the literary circle "Arzamas"). And St. ... ch.k under the poem "To the dreamer" in "Son of the Fatherland" (1818) and Cattle under the poems "Kalmychka" and "Answer" in the "Literary Gazette" (1830). The first stands for Cricket (the nickname of Pushkin the Lyceum student), the second is an abbreviated palynonym. The poem "Skull" in "Northern Flowers for 1828" the poet signed I AM.... Another playful pseudonym of Pushkin is known, with which he signed two articles in Telescope: Feofilakt Kosichkin.

Nikolay Nekrasov(1821-1877 / 78). The first book of poems by Nekrasov "Dreams and Sounds" (1840), signed with initials NN. was greeted very coldly, in particular by Zhukovsky and Belinsky. Nekrasov acted like Gogol: he collected all unsold copies in bookstores and burned them. Nekrasov actively resorted to pseudonyms while working for Literaturnaya Gazeta: he signed most of his articles Naum Perepelsky... Also used such comic pseudonyms as Petersburg resident F. A. Belopyatkin(in the satirical poem "The Talker"), Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Churmen(probably from "mind me!"), Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.

Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Efgrafovich(1826-1889) also began as a poet - with the poem "Lear", signing it with the initials From... He was then 15 years old. The writer also had other pseudonyms - M. Nepanov(the first story "Contradictions") and M. S.(story "Confused Business").

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich(1820-1892). Under the first printed poems of Turgenev ("Contemporary", 1838) stood ... in... Then he began to subscribe T.L., i.e. Turgenev-Lutovinov (his mother is nee Lutovinova). Under these initials his first book was published - the poem "Parasha" (1843).

Chukovsky Korney(1882-1969). The poet's pseudonym is very close to his real name (in fact, it was formed from him): Nikolai Vasilievich Korneichukov. Anna Akhmatova once told how this pseudonym appeared: supposedly, in the heat of polemics, someone used the phrase "Korneichuk's approach."

Maksim Gorky (1868-1936) published the first story in 1892 under a pseudonym bitter, which characterized the writer's hard life, this pseudonym was used in the future. At the very beginning of his literary career, he also wrote feuilletons in "Samarskaya Gazeta" under the pseudonym Yehudiel Chlamis... M. Gorky himself emphasized that the correct pronunciation of his surname is Peshkov, although almost everyone calls it Peshkov.

The most inventive in coming up with pseudonyms was Anton Pavlovich Chekhov(1860-1904). More than 50 are known .

The index of Chekhov's pseudonyms contains: A. P .; Antosha; Antosha Chekhonte; A-n Ch-those; An. H .; An, Ch-e; Anche; An. Che-in; A.Ch; A. Che; A. Chekhonte; G. Baldastov; Makar Baldastov; My brother's brother; Doctor without patients; Hot-tempered person; Nut No. 6; Nut No. 9; Rook; Don Antonio Chekhonte; Uncle; Kislyaev; M. Kovrov; Nettle; Laertes; Prose poet; Colonel Kochkarev, Purselepetanov; Ruver; Ruver and Revur; S. B. Ch .; Ulysses; Ts; Ch. B S .; Ch. Without S.; A man without a spleen; C. Honte; Champagne; Young old man; "... in"; Z. Chekhov's humorous signatures and pseudonyms: Akaki Tarantulov, Someone, Schiller Shakesperovich Goethe, Arkhip Indeikin; Vasily Spiridonov Svolachev; Known; Indeikin; N. Zakharieva; Petukhov; Smirnov.

First place in a row takes a signature Antosha Chekhonte... He became the main pseudonym for Chekhov the humorist. It was with this signature that the young medical student sent his first works to humorous magazines. He not only used this pseudonym in magazines and newspapers, but also put it on the cover of the first two author's collections (Tales of Melpomene, 1884; Motley Stories, 1886). Researchers of the writer's literary heritage believe that the pseudonym Antosha Chekhonte(options: Antosha Ch ***, A-n Ch-te, Anche, A. Chekhonte, Chekhonte, Don Antonio Chekhonte, Ch. Honte etc.) arose when Chekhov studied at the Taganrog gymnasium, where the teacher of the law, Pokrovsky, liked to alter the names of his students.

Chekhov signed a comic letter to the editorial office of Oskolkov Colonel Kochkarev(a hybrid of Colonel Koshkarev from Dead Souls and Kochkarev from Gogol's Marriage).

Origin of the alias My brother's brother researchers associate it with the fact that since 1883 Chekhov began to publish in the same humorous journals in which his older brother Alexander had appeared before him. In order not to create confusion, Chekhov wrote a surname with updated initials on the title page of his book At Dusk (1887): An. P. Chekhov... And then he began to subscribe My brother's brother.

The rest of Chekhov's pseudonyms were, as a rule, short-lived and were used exclusively for comic effect. And only a pseudonym had a serious semantic component of a "medical" nature. Chekhov used it for more than ten years. Under this alias (and its variants: Ch. Without S., Ch.B.S., S.B.Ch.) 119 stories and humoresques and 5 articles and feuilletons were published. The unusual Chekhov pseudonym, scientists believe, originated at the medical faculty of Moscow University, where the anatomy course was considered the most difficult course, with which, perhaps, the combination A man without a spleen

Thus, there are many reasons for the appearance and methods of forming pseudonyms of writers and poets, their study, "decoding" is of particular interest.

3. Aliases in the modern world.

Most people have never heard of pseudonyms in their lives and they do not need them. Only a narrow part - writers, poets, artists, scientists, know, use and understand a lot about pseudonyms. It is about them that the mass media always talk about - TV, radio, the press, they are always in sight, and as now they began to express themselves: "by ear!" With the rise of the Internet, the use of pseudonyms has never been more.actual : almost every web user has a pseudonym, which is usually called .

Conclusion

There is a Latin proverb: "H abent sua fata libelli" - "Each book has its own destiny." We can say that each pseudonym has its own destiny. Often his life was short: the fictitious name under which the aspiring author, out of caution or for other reasons, entered the literary field, turned out to be unnecessary and was discarded. But sometimes, and not so rarely, the literary surname completely supplanted the real one, both on the pages of books and in the lives of their authors.

Pseudonyms deserve study as one of the important factors in the literary life of all times and peoples. We think that acquaintance with such an interesting topic will broaden the horizons of literature lovers.

The name has a greater impact on the life and character of its bearer. And when fake names are adopted, a certain personality is formed, associated with a combination of surname, name and patronymic. That is, it turns out that by choosing a pseudonym, the writer himself chooses his own destiny, primarily in writing. For some, a name change will bring success and fame, for others, on the contrary, it will turn out to be a fatal step in their careers.

Hearing a person's pseudonym, we learn much more about him than hearing just a name. After all, a pseudonym characterizes a person, carries a large flow of information about him.

It was very interesting for us to conduct this research, it causes a desire to look into the mystery of the name, to understand the reasons that induce people to take this or that pseudonym.

On the example of studying the pseudonyms of some Russian writers, we can draw the following conclusions.

The main reasons by which people use aliases are:

1) In the 19th century, these were, first of all, censorship, the first literary experience and class prejudices.

2) In the 20th century - the fear of persecution, the test of the pen, the dissonance of the name or surname.

3) In the 21st century - the influence of social status, another profession, the first literary experience.

4) For satirists and humorists at all times - to produce a comic effect.

Through the definition of classification, we learned what an amazing variety of pseudonyms exists in a world that we did not even know about.

12.http: //litosphere.aspu.ru/sections/

13.

24.

APPENDIX No. 1

Reasons for Using Aliases at Different Time Periods Comparison Table

A. S. Pushkin

The first poem by Pushkin (then a 15-year-old lyceum student) that appeared in print - "To a friend the poet" - was secretly sent to the "Bulletin of Europe" by his lyceum comrade Delvig. No signature was given. In 1814-1816. Pushkin ciphered his surname, signing Alexander N.K.Sh.P., or - II -, or 1 ... 14-16.

N.V. Gogol

20-year-old Gogol, entering the literary path as a poet, released the idyll "Ganz Kuchelgarten" signed by V. Alov. But when negative reviews appeared in Severnaya Beele and in the Moscow Telegraph, Gogol bought up all the copies of the idyll they had left from booksellers and destroyed them.

A. P. Chekhov

20-year-old A.P. Chekhov humoresques in "Dragonfly", "Spectator" and "Alarm clock" were signed by Antosha Ch., An. Ch. And A. Chekhonte. And Chekhov's comic letter to the editorial office of Oskolkov was signed by Colonel Kochkarev.

M. Gorky

M. Gorky, under the notes in "Samara Gazeta" and "Nizhegorodsky leaf" (1896), put Pacatus (peaceful), and in the collection "Red Panorama" (1928) signed Unicus (the only one). In "Samarskaya Gazeta" feuilletons "Samara in all respects" with the subtitle "Letters of a knight errant" were signed by Don Quixote (1896). Gorky, in his signatures to feuilleton, often used the incognito name N. Kh., Which should have been read: "Someone X".

A. Gaidar

The author himself did not write unequivocally and clearly about the origin of the pseudonym "Gaidar". The name "Gaidar" reminded the writer of his school years, meaning that the "G" in this name meant "Golikov", "ay" - "Arkady", and "gift", as if echoing the hero of Alexander Dumas D'Artagnan, "In the French manner" meant "from Arzamas." Thus, the name "Gaidar" stands for "Golikov Arkady from Arzamas."

A. S. Grinevsky

Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky, inventing a pseudonym for himself, shortened the surname so that it acquired a foreign, exotic sound, like the names of many of his characters, like the names of the alluring cities and lands that he describes. He also called himself Green Grinych Grinevsky: "I am three times what I am."

Kir Bulychev

Mozheiko Igor Vsevolodovich (1934-2003)
Russian science fiction writer, screenwriter, orientalist historian (candidate of historical sciences). Author of scientific works on the history of Southeast Asia (signed with his real name), numerous fantastic stories, stories (often combined in cycles), the collection "Some Poems" (2000). The pseudonym is composed of the name of his wife (Cyrus) and the maiden name of the writer's mother. As the writer admitted, the idea of ​​a pseudonym arose long ago, when he was still a graduate student at the Institute of Oriental Studies and wrote the first science fiction story. He was afraid of criticism, ridicule: “I missed the vegetable base! I didn’t appear at the trade union meeting ... And he also indulges in fantastic stories. ” Subsequently, the name "Kirill" on the covers of the books began to be written in abbreviated form - "Kir."

Grigory Gorin

Offshtein Grigory Izrailevich (1910-2000)

Russian satirist and author of feuilletons, plays, monologues. When asked about the reason for choosing such a pseudonym, Grigory Izrailevich replied that it was just an abbreviation: "Grisha Ofshtein Decided to Change Nationality".

Censorship

A.N. Radishchev

The first book, exposing the horrors and barbarism of the serfdom, the famous "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by A.N. Radishchev was published in 1790 without specifying the name of the author, under a deliberately harmless title. But never before has such a bold protest against slavery been issued in Russia. The book remained banned, "dangerous" for over 100 years.

P. V. Dolgorukov

Prince Pyotr Vladimirovich Dolgorukov published in Paris in French, on behalf of Count Almagro, a brochure "Notes on noble Russian families", which contained incriminating materials about high-ranking persons. The pseudonym did not help the author: on his return to Russia, he was arrested and, by order of Nicholas I, exiled to Vyatka. Subsequently he became a political emigrant.

N. G. Chernyshevsky

N.G. Chernyshevsky, the author of the well-known novel What Is to Be Done ?, which was sent to hard labor by the authorities and then banned from appearing in print, nevertheless sometimes managed to smuggle his works into freedom and abroad. Thus, in the London printing house of Russian émigrés, the first part of the novel Prologue, written by Chernyshevsky in hard labor, was anonymously published. After the exile, the disgraced writer, whose name was forbidden to be mentioned, was able to publish a number of articles under the pseudonyms of Andreev and the Old Transformist.

S. Ya. Marshak

Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak, being on the territory of the White Guards during the civil war, was published in the magazine Utro Yuga under the pseudonym Doctor Friken. Only a pseudonym, carefully guarded by the editorial staff, helped Marshak avoid reprisals for making fun of the tyrant generals.

Julius Kim - Julius Mikhailov
In the late 60s, Russian poet, composer, playwright, screenwriter, bard.
because of his participation in the human rights movement, Yuli Chersanovich Kim was “recommended” to stop public concerts; from the playbills of performances, from the credits of television and films, where his songs were used, his name disappeared. Later, Kim was allowed to collaborate with cinema and theater, on condition that he uses a pseudonym. And until perestroika, he signed himself with the name Julius Mikhailov.

Arkady Arkanov

Steinbock Arkady Mikhailovich (born 1933)

Russian satirist writer. In the early 1960s, Arkady Steinbock began to engage in literary activity, but not everyone liked his surname - it was too Jewish. As a child, Arkady was simply called Arkan - hence the pseudonym.

Eduard Limonov

Savenko Eduard Veniaminovich (born 1943)

The infamous writer, journalist, public and political figure, founder and head of the liquidated National Bolshevik Party. Since July 2006 - an active participant in the opposition to the Kremlin movement "Other Russia", organizer of a number of "Marches of Dissent". The pseudonym Limonov was invented by the artist Vagrich Bakhchanyan (according to other sources - Sergey Dovlatov).

Estate prejudices

A.M. Beloselsky-Belozersky

Prince A.M. Beloselsky-Belozersky - Unprinceetranger. Under this name ("Foreign Prince") he released in 1789. your French poetry.

E. P. Rostopchina

K. K. Romanov

KR is the literary pseudonym of the Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov. For the first time this pseudonym appeared in 1882 in the "Bulletin of Europe" under the poem "Psalmist David", in order to then enter Russian poetry for three decades.

Anna Akhmatova Gorenko Anna Andreevna (1889-1966)

Russian poet. With her pseudonym, Anna Gorenko chose the surname of her great-grandmother, who was descended from the Tatar khan Akhmat. Later she said: "Only a seventeen-year-old crazy girl could choose a Tatar surname for a Russian poetess ... That is why it occurred to me to take a pseudonym for myself, that when dad found out about my poems, he said:" Don't disgrace my name. " name! "- I said ..."

Another profession

A. I. Kuprin

At the age of nineteen, Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin, being a cadet at the Aleksandrovsky military school, published the story "The Last Debut", signed by Al.K-rin, he, according to his memoirs, "was put in solitary confinement for two days and, under threat of expulsion from the school, was forbidden to continue to engage in unworthy future officer by scribbling. "

A. A. Bestuzhev

The stories of the Decembrist Alexander Alexandrovich Bestuzhev were published under the pseudonym Marlinsky (after the name of the Marly palace in Peterhof, where his regiment was stationed). Marlinsky enjoyed great success as a novelist; in him, according to Belinsky, "they thought to see Pushkin in prose."

A. A. Perovsky

Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky served as a trustee of the educational district. His novels were published under the signature of Anthony Pogorelsky, after the name of his estate Pogoreltsy.

B. Bugaev

The son of a Moscow professor of mathematics, Boris Bugaev, as a student, decided to publish his poems and met with opposition from his father. The pseudonym Andrei Bely was invented for him by Mikhail Sergeevich Solovyov, guided only by a combination of sounds.

K. Bulychev

Kir (Kirill) Bulychev - Igor Mozheiko. Science fiction writer, Doctor of Historical Sciences, employee of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

He published his fantastic works exclusively under a pseudonym, which was composed of the name of his wife (Cyrus) and the maiden name of the writer's mother. The writer kept his real name a secret until 1982, because he believed that the management of the Institute of Oriental Studies would not consider science fiction a serious occupation, and was afraid that after the disclosure of the pseudonym he would be fired.

Irina Grekova

Elena Sergeevna Ventzel (1907 - 2002).
Russian prose writer, mathematician. Doctor of Technical Sciences, author of numerous scientific papers on applied problems Efim Alekseevich Pridvorov (1883-1945) mathematics, a university textbook on probability theory, books on game theory, etc. Like Lewis Carroll, she published her scientific works under her real name, and her novels and stories under a “mathematical” pseudonym (from the name of the French letter “game” which goes back to Latin). As a writer, she began to publish in 1957 and immediately became famous and loved, her novel "The Chair" was read literally to the core.

Alexander Green

G. N. Kurilov

He began writing his first poems in 1961. He wrote under the pseudonym UluroAdo.

D. Dontsova

The journalist Agrippina Vasilyeva, having married, changed her occupation, and her surname and first name, and became Daria Dontsova.

The sound of the first or last name

F.K. Teternikov

In the editorial office, where he took his first works, he was advised to choose a pseudonym. And then Teternikova was chosen a pseudonym - Fedor Sologub. With one "l", so as not to be confused with the author of "Tarantas".

Sasha Black - Alexander Mikhailovich Glikberg.
1880-1932.
Poet.
The family had 5 children, two of whom were named Sasha. The blonde was called "White", the brunette - "Black". Hence the pseudonym.

Demyan Bedny

Pridvorov Efim Alekseevich (1883-1945)

Russian and Soviet poet. Yefim Alekseevich's surname is by no means suitable for a proletarian writer. The pseudonym Demyan Poor is the village nickname of his uncle, a popular fighter for justice.

B. Akunin

Boris Akunin - Grigory Shalvovich Chkhartishvili. As the writer himself admitted in an interview, the merchants of bookstores would never have pronounced the name of Chkhartishvili anyway. And Boris Akunin speaks out easily, and immediately sets the reader who graduated from school to the classics of the 19th century.

Comic effect

A. P. Chekhov

Numerous pseudonyms of Chekhov, used exclusively for comic effect: G. Baldastov; Makar Baldastov; Doctor without patients; Hot-tempered person; Nut No. 6; Nut No. 9 and others.

A. S. Pushkin

Among the journalistic pseudonyms of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the most expressive and significant is Feofilakt Kosichkin.

N. A. Nekrasov

ON. Nekrasov - Bob Feklist, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen, literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.

M. Gorky

To make the readers laugh, Gorky came up with comic pseudonyms, choosing old, long out of use names in combination with an intricate surname. He signed himself Yehudiel Chlamida, Polycarp Unesibozhenozhkin. On the pages of the home handwritten magazine Sorrentyiskaya Pravda (1924), he signed Metranpage Goryachkin, Invalid muses, Osip Tikhovoev, Aristid Balyk.

30 .

We know some writers and poets under an assumed name and surname. Many of them take pseudonyms so that they are not compared with namesakes or famous relatives, in order to simplify their complex name or make it more euphonious and effective.

10. Anna Akhmatova (Anna Andreevna Gorenko)

Anna Gorenko's father was a hereditary nobleman Andrei Gorenko, who once worked as a mechanical engineer in the fleet.

She wrote her first poems after a serious illness, she was then only 11 years old. For several days the girl was delirious, her relatives no longer hoped for her recovery. But when she woke up and regained her strength, she was able to pick up her first rhymes.

She read poetry by French poets and tried to compose poetry herself. But the father did not really like his daughter's hobby. He not only was not interested in her poems, but also spoke dismissively about them.

Realizing that Anna still decided to become a poetess, he forbade her to sign with her real name, because was sure she would disgrace his name. Anna did not argue with him. She decided to choose a pseudonym for herself. Upon learning that the maternal grandmother had a sonorous surname "Akhmatova", she took it.

So the famous Russian poetess chose a Tatar surname for herself, which allegedly went to her ancestors, since they were from the family of the Tatar khan Akhmat.

9. Ilya Ilf (Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg)

The famous author of "12 Chairs" took his pseudonym to make it easier to sign his works.

His daughter said that his real name, Feinsilberg, was too long for a newspaper article. And in order to shorten it, he often signed himself "Ilya F" or "IF", and gradually his pseudonym "Ilf" turned out by itself.

But there is also another version. At birth, he was Yehiel-Leib Arievich Fainzilberg, was born into a Jewish family. And his pseudonym is an abbreviation in accordance with the tradition of Hebrew nominal abbreviations.

He sometimes signed himself with other names as well. So, acting as a literary critic, Ilya called himself Anton Krainy.

8. Evgeny Petrov (Evgeny Petrovich Kataev)

The elder brother of Evgeny Kataev was Valentin Kataev. He was a renowned writer, founder and editor of the Yunost magazine.

Not wanting to enjoy the fame and popularity of his brother, Eugene took a pseudonym. He became Petrov, slightly altering the name of his father, Pyotr Vasilyevich Kataev.

7. Arkady Gaidar (Golikov Arkady Petrovich)

The writer himself never told why he decided to become Gaidar. When asked about this, he usually joked, never explaining anything.

There were several versions of the origin of his name. The most popular was the version of the writer B. Emelyanov. He was sure that the pseudonym came from the Mongolian word "Gaidar", which meant a rider galloping in front.

There is also another version. School friend of the writer A.M. Goldin is sure that the pseudonym is an encrypted message. Since childhood, he was a great inventor, he loved to invent his own codes. "Gaidar" is deciphered as follows: "G" is the first letter of his last name Golikov, "ay" is the first and last letter of the name Arkady, "d" from the French "de", which means "from", and "ar" is the first letters of his hometown. It turns out "Golikov Arkady from Arzamas."

6. Boris Akunin (Grigory Chkhartishvili)

The writer publishes critical and documentary works under his own name. He became Boris Akunin in 1998, after he began to write fiction.

At first, no one knew what the letter “B” in front of his new surname meant. A little later, in an interview, he said that this is the first letter of his name - Boris.

There are several theories as to why he adopted this pseudonym. "Akunin" can be translated from Japanese as "supporter of evil or villain." Someone believes that this pseudonym is associated with the name of the famous anarchist Mikhail Bakunin.

The writer himself explains that his novels are not like his other occupations. Akunin's thought works differently from that of Chkhartishvili, who deals with articles. They are two completely different people, Akunin is an idealist, kind, and believes in God. Besides, you shouldn't write detective stories with such a difficult to pronounce surname.

5.O. Henry (Hive Sydney Porter)

He was once accused of embezzlement and was in a hard labor prison. He had a pharmacist education, so William was allowed to work in the infirmary, as a night pharmacist.

At night, while on duty, he composed his stories. Some of them were released. But the writer did not want his readers to know about his convict past. He was always ashamed of him and afraid of being exposed. Therefore, it was published only under a pseudonym.

It is believed that he became O. Henry, having changed the name of the pharmacist Etienne Osean Henri. This was the author of the reference book, which was also used in the prison pharmacy.

William himself assured that he chose the initial "O" only because it is the simplest letter and it stands for Oliver. And he took the name "Henry" from the newspaper.

4. Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)

The writer was a famous English mathematician, graduated with honors from Oxford. In order to become a professor and lecture, he had to be ordained according to the charter, which he did when he became a deacon.

After that, it was dangerous for him to sign humorous stories with his own name, since both the church and colleagues could react painfully to his work. In addition, he did not like his own name, it seemed boring and dissonant to him.

Dodgson had a double name, after his father and mother. He translated both parts into Latin, resulting in "Carolus Ludovicus". After that I changed their places and again translated them into English. This is how his pseudonym Lewis Carroll turned out. But he always signed his mathematical works with his real name.

3. Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorn Clemens)

Once an aspiring writer worked as a sailor on the Mississippi River. The safe depth, through which the steamer could pass, was considered a mark of 2 phantoms or 3.6 m. In sailors' slang, this depth was called "twins." The boatmen measured it with a special stick, and, if everything was in order, shouted "by mark twain". The writer liked this combination of words.

2. Daniil Kharms (Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev)

The writer came up with this pseudonym while still a schoolboy, signing his notebooks with this surname. He later made it his official name.

It is still unknown why he chose such a surname; there are many versions of its origin. But the most common - Harms sounds almost like Holmes, and this was Harms's favorite character. From him, he adopted the manner of dressing and often posed with a pipe in the pictures.

1. Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky (Nikolai Vasilievich Korneichukov)

The writer was illegitimate. His father was Emmanuel Levenson, and his mother was a peasant Yekaterina Korneichuk, who was his servant. Therefore, the boy did not have a middle name.

After he became a writer, he used a pseudonym - Korney Chukovsky, adding a fictitious patronymic to it. And after the revolution, the pseudonym became his name.

SIX-YEAR-OLD BONDER

Mm. biennium! Allow a happy and proud parent to address you, gentlemen, publishers of the highly respected Iskra magazine!

In our time, when the most incredible miracles of civilization are being performed with such speed, with our own eyes, so to speak, when progress is developing so rapidly - these miracles, this development should have been reflected in all modern personalities, and especially on the impressionable personalities of children! All children, I am sure, are imbued with progress, but not all are given to embody their feelings! With involuntary pride, albeit with humility, I declare publicly: I have a son who has been given this high ability; he is a poet ... but as a true child of our time - a poet is not a lyricist, a poet-satirist, a poet-accuser.

He is over six years old. He was born on November 27, 1853. He grew up remarkably strange. Until two years old he was breastfeeding and seemed weak and even an ordinary child, suffered greatly from scrofula; but already from the age of three, a change took place in him: he began to think and sigh; a bitter smile appeared on his lips and never left them; he stopped crying - but irony snakes across his features, even when he sleeps. In the fourth year, he was disappointed; but he soon realized the backwardness of this moment of self-awareness and became higher than it: a cold, bilious calm, occasionally interrupted by outbursts of energetic sarcasm - this is the usual state of his spirit. With him, I must agree, it's hard to live ... But he himself is not easier to live. He learned to read - and eagerly threw himself on the books; not many of our domestic authors have earned his approval. According to him, Shchedrin is one-sided and weak in satire; Nekrasov is too soft, Mr. Elagin is not quite frank and has not mastered the secret, as he put it, "icy-burning mockery"; he is quite pleased with some of Mr. Bov's articles in Sovremennik; they constitute, together with the praises of Mr. Rosenheim, the subject of his constant study. "-Bov and Rosenheim, - he exclaimed once at the table, having previously thrown a spoonful of porridge on my forehead (I am giving you these details, because I think that over time they will have a great value in the eyes of literary historians), - Bob and Rosenheim are at enmity with each other, and yet they are flowers growing on the same branch! "

I frankly confess that I do not always understand him, and my wife, his mother, simply trembles before him; but, gentlemen, the feeling of reverent admiration for one's own product is a high feeling!

Let me tell you, for a test, a few of my son's poems: I ask you to notice in them a gradual maturation of thought and talent. The 1st and 2nd numbers were written by him two years ago; they still respond with the naivety of first childhood impressions, especially No. 1, in which the way of immediately explaining the accusatory thought through commentary resembles the manner of the painters of the thirteenth century; 3rd No was produced in the era of melancholic disillusionment, which I already mentioned in my letter; The 4th and final No burst out of my son's chest recently. Read and judge! With perfect respect and the same dedication I abide, mm. biennium,

Your most humble servant,

Platon Nedobobov, retired teacher of Russian literature.

My son's name is Jeremiah ... a remarkable fact! Amazing, though, of course, unconscious foresight of his future vocation!

Cat and mouse

A mouse is sitting on the floor
The cat on the window ...

A comment:

(I brought the people in a mouse,
Stanovoy in the cat.)

Cat - jump! Mouse - into the hole,
But he lost his tail ...

A comment:

(This means that the official
Got a bribe.)

Daddy took a cane and a cat
Carved without mercy ...

A comment:

(Give praise to superiors
We are always glad!)

Angry cat bit
Daddy near the thigh ...

A comment:

(The predatory camp recently
I got the buckle ...)

But the poet castigates him
With a word of rejection ...
Nanny! put for it
Jam in my mouth!

Absolute irony

Filled with strict pride
I look sternly at Russia ...
The barman brings two melons -
Good, I mutter, you goose!

The filling darkens in the bottle ...
I think: oh, a sign of stupidity!
A man itched in the back of his head -
What a fool you are, I whisper!

Pop strokes the filly's belly -
And he, I sighed, man!
The teacher gave me a splash -
I didn’t say anything here.

Sigh
(Elegy)

Oh, why from an infant diaper
Grief for bribes crept into my soul!
The sad fact of bribes and bribes
A sensitive child is poisoned
Like a sheepfold with the smell of a goat!

Talk

You are boring today, my son.
Nurse's milk is not tasty?

2 year old son

Give me a dime.

Here is a patch.
No more.

Let's; stingy is disgusting.
Copper?!?

No, you know, silver.
But why do you need? ..

Not for good.

I want to bribe the footman
So that he daddy, not shy ...

Understand; give me a piglet;
I will do everything exactly, my friend.
(Leaves)

Son (one)

Bribe! Mother!! Father!!! Oh century! About morals !!!
Robespierre and you, Marat - you are right!

Jeremiah Nedobobov

Notes (edit)

Reprinted according to the text of the first publication: Iskra, 1859, No. 50, pp. 513-515 (censored December 21, 1859).

Included in the collected works for the first time.

The autograph is unknown.

The belonging of the feuilleton-parody directed against N. A. Dobrolyubov to the pen of Turgenev was proved in the detailed article by G. F. Perminov "Turgenev about N. A. Dobrolyubov. Unknown feuilleton-parody of Turgenev in Iskra" , pp. 106-118). The basis for this attribution is, first of all, the memoirs of P. I. Pashino, published during the life of Turgenev: "In Iskra, Turgenev and Saltykov also tried their pen" (St. Petersburg, Veda, 1881, No. 319, December 20 / January 1, 1882); elsewhere: "There are also poems by Jeremiah Nedobobov, belonging to<...>I. S. Turgenev "- and further:" hiding under the pseudonym Nedobobov ", Turgenev wanted to" hurt Dobrolyubov "(" Minute ", 1882, No. 121, May 13). None of these instructions provoked objections from Turgenev or his Friends In the book "Satirical Journalism of the 1860s" (Moscow, 1964, pp. 113-114) IG Yampolskiy considers the feuilleton "The Six-Year-Old Censor" as written by Turgenev.

The feuilleton could have been written by Turgenev in St. Petersburg between November 27 (the date of Jeremiah Nedobobov's "birth" indicated in the feuilleton) and December 21, 1859 (the date of Iskra's censorship). A few months earlier, Herzen's article "Very dangerous !!!" was published in Kolokol (1859, sheet 44, June 1, new style, pp. 363-364), directed against discrediting accusatory literature in Sovremennik and in "Whistle" - mainly in the speeches of N. A. Dobrolyubov. This article became known to Turgenev at the very moment of its appearance (he was in London and communicated with Herzen from June 1 to June 8, 1859); its orientation is the same as that of Turgenev's feuilleton. One can also outline the points of contact between the parodic image of the "six-year-old denouncer" and the interpretation of Hamlet in Turgenev's speech.

All of Perminov's argumentation in the above-mentioned article, presented here briefly, in its most essential moments, allows us to consider as proven the authorship of Turgenev for the feuilleton-parody in Iskra.