Tatar-Mongol invasion of Rus'. Batu

About 15 years ago I became acquainted with the point of view of A.T. Fomenko and G.V. Nosovsky, new chronologists (hereinafter NH) on the Tatar-Mongol invasion. On the one hand, the arguments were quite good, but on the other hand, it was very surprising to read that Batu Khan was at the same time the Russian prince Yaroslav, so to speak, part-time. There were no illustrations to support this opinion, and the fact that in this case Prince Yaroslav, as a Tatar khan, had to fight against himself was disconcerting. In other words, I, as an unprepared reader, decided that the authors were too carried away by all sorts of parallelisms in the biographies of different historical figures(which in a small number of cases may well have been the case), but along the way they got too carried away and went beyond the bounds of reality. It turned out that 90 percent of history consists of this kind of doubles, the rationality of which was extremely difficult to believe. Of course, historians could make mistakes in some cases; mistakes are possible in any profession, but not in the same quantity!

But if doubt took hold of me as a reader at first in the number of doubles, then when I read to the point that our princes and our enemies were the same persons, I realized that something wrong had happened to the researchers. This is the same as saying that Hitler and Stalin were one person who wanted to play “war” with himself. So then I decided that in front of me was a very interesting, albeit non-scientific fiction.

First checks. In the works of NH there was one curious picture - a legend on a coin from Britain, which NH tried to read. I checked and found out that the reading of NH was unsuccessful. And although the mathematician has every right be mistaken in epigraphic problems, but this check further strengthened me in the idea that historical works NH are far from reality. I state this so that the reader does not think that I am a supporter of NH. No, I was their real opponent!

Doubts. Doubts arose in me when I was faced with the deciphering of several horoscopes by NH. This is mathematical and astronomical work that requires fairly high qualifications and gives either an unambiguous result or a small series of values, some of which can be discarded for good reasons. This approach inspires respect.

When I wrote a book about the Etruscans, it became clear to me that they did not live at all when academic historiography dates them, but about 1100 years closer to us. In other words, it turns out that Rome was founded by them not in the 8th century BC, but around the 3rd century AD. Then I realized that in a number of cases the concept of HH may be close to the truth.

New occasion. A few days ago I was given a new edition of the book NH, which contained illustrations. One of them interested me. But first I will quote the relevant passage from this book. " Let's talk now about the famous Khan Batu. After the “conquest of Rus'” by Batu Khan, “the clergy, church property and the registered population were exempt from paying tribute. The Suzdal prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was installed by the Mongols as the first prince in the Russian principalities.” Soon after this, “Prince Yaroslav was summoned to Batu’s headquarters and sent by him to Mongolia, to Karakorum, where the election of the Great Khan was coming... Batu did not go to Mongolia himself, but sent Prince Yaroslav as his representative (well, Batu did not want to choose the Supreme Khan himself - NH). The stay of the Russian prince in Mongolia is described by Plano Carpini.

So, they tell us, instead of Batu, for some reason the Russian prince Yaroslav arrives for the election of the Supreme Khan. Didn’t a hypothesis arise among later historians that Batu supposedly sent Yaroslav “in his place” - only out of necessity to reconcile Carpini’s testimony with the natural idea that Batu personally had to participate in the elections of the Supreme Khan? We see here documentary evidence that Khan Batu is simply the Russian prince Yaroslav. This is also confirmed by the fact that Yaroslav’s son Alexander Nevsky was, according to historians, the “adopted” son of Batu! And again the identity arises: Yaroslav = Batu.

In general, it is worth noting that Batu is probably a slightly distorted word “batya” = father. Among the Cossacks, the leader is still called father. So, Batu = Cossack dad, Russian prince» .

So, the identity of Batu and Yaroslav NH was derived from the lines of the book by A.A. Gordeeva.

Check conditions. Is it possible to verify NH's statements epigraphically? I suppose so. The inscriptions must be on the drawn character. Moreover, if only “Batu” or only “Yaroslav” is written on it, this option is not an epigraphic verification. I consider the only case where the engraving or miniature contains both Batu (Batu) and Yaroslav to be a confirmation of the NH hypothesis. And what he is called then - khan, kagan, king or pasha - does not really matter.

So, let's move directly to the images.

Rice. 1. Khan Batu and my decipherment of the inscriptions

Image. Fig. 1 was published in the book NH. 3.4 with signature: “The “Mongolian” Khan Batu according to a Chinese drawing (produced, apparently, in the 19th century as “ visual material"according to the Scaligerian version of history, but then declared, one must think, "very ancient, like everything Chinese)". - This image has been known for a long time, and it could easily be copied from the Wikipedia website with the word “Batu.” At the same time, it is clear that, as in the sculptures of V.I. Lenin, standing in the USSR in the capitals of the union and autonomous republics, the leader’s face depicted either an Uzbek, or a Kalmyk, or a Bashkir, and in in this case, even if Batu was Russian, he would still look like a Chinese. Therefore, it is not the image of the face and clothing that is important, but the implicit inscriptions in the image. I start reading them.

My reading of the inscriptions. On the character's headdress, just above the braid on the left, the word is read CAN, and in continuation, including the ear, the word BATU. This is already interesting. And above the bow on the chest you can read the word YAROSLAV. Thus, the verification condition is satisfied.

However, on this image you can read some more. The lips, the front of the neck, the earlobe and the strand behind it form the inscription THIS IS Rus'. Amazing inscription! As is known, before mid-19th century, the demonstrative pronoun looked like CE, but exactly in 1850 a demonstrative pronoun appeared, which is written like that, ETO. And after a few years, the spelling changes, and it is written as THIS. It took me a long time to understand where this new pronoun came from. And only now, analyzing this inscription, I realized: E TO means E (ST) TO. So the expression IS THAT Rus' is written in the abbreviated (elliptical) version E THAT Rus'.

Could the expression E TO appear three centuries earlier? Don't know. But if we proceed from the date of 1850, then NH is absolutely right, and this engraving appeared exactly when they suggested its appearance, in the 19th century.

And one more interesting point: the Chinese who made this engraving had a very good command of the Russian language. This is indirect evidence that China was once either heavily dependent on Russia or even part of it.

Let us return, however, to the personality of Batu. Wikipedia reports the following about him: “ Batu (in the Russian tradition Batu) (c. 1209 (1209) - 1255/1256) - Mongol commander and statesman, ruler of the ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde), son of Jochi and Uki-Khatun, grandson of Genghis Khan" The Chinese engraving discussed above is also placed there. And there is also an illustration “ Batu's capture of Suzdal in 1238. Miniature from the “Life of Euphrosyne of Suzdal” of the 16th century. 18th century list».

Rice. 2. Capture of Suzdal by the Mongols

Review of the miniature. This miniature depicts a man wearing a crown, on a white horse, who, accompanied by his squad, enters the city. His face is purely European, in no way Turkic, as a Tatar should be. But he rides in on a white horse with symbols of power, as befits only a winner. It is possible that in this way the suppression of the rebellion by the legitimate ruler is shown.

At the scale at which the miniature is shown, many of its details are not visible. Therefore, to read it you need to change the scale. This is what I do in Fig. 3.

On a larger scale, the zigzags of the crown are seen to form letters; other letters appear on top of the crown from the details of the warriors' faces. Thus, one can read the inscription which reads: MASKVICH. It is written precisely through A, and not through O. This confirms our reading of the original name Moscow as MASKOVY, the place of MASKS (icons). As you know, Moscow was part of the Suzdal principality, so there is no contradiction with the fact that Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was a Suzdal prince. And on the prince’s face you can read the word YAROSLAV.

Rice. 3. My reading of the inscriptions on the miniature

So, this character is characterized as Muscovite Yaroslav. Where is the inscription Batu? It is not there, but the folds above the belt form the word DADDY. This is exactly how the name Batu (Batu) NH is understood. So here we find the most direct confirmation of their assumption.

But on the right hand (hand) and on the lapel of the outerwear, previously unseen words are read: EMIR OF Rus'. We associate the word EMIR with the Arabs, for example, with Arab Emirates. Wikipedia gives us the exact meaning of this word: “ Emir or amir (Arabic) امير‎‎ — ’ amir - ruler, leader) - in some Muslim countries of the East and Africa the title of ruler, prince, as well as in general the person bearing this title. Also used to mean the leader of Muslims in general. Before the emergence of Islam, emirs were called generals, then - Muslim rulers exercising state and spiritual power (Emir of Bukhara, Emir of Afghanistan, etc.)».

Thus, Batya (Batu), also known as Muscovite Yaroslav, is the “ruler of Rus'.” Marvelous! - The last inscription can be read above the belt of the rider to the left of Bati in the form of folds - the word is inscribed there WARRIORS.

So, the “Mongol” Dad - this Muscovite Yaroslav, as the emir of Rus', enters his hometown Suzdal, exterminating people along the way.

Rice. 4. Another miniature about the capture of Suzdal by the Mongols

Another miniature on the same theme. There is another miniature on this topic, “The Capture of Suzdal by the Mongols.” Facial vault, 16th century, Golitsyn volume, Leningrad, GPB.

As we can see, now Prince Yaroslav is shown beardless and beardless, the horse under him is not white, and instead of a crown there is a shield and chain mail. Here he is not a winner, but a participant in the battle. The text below the thumbnail reads: “ And they marched, taking the city of Svuzdal. And I plundered that church. And everything else was burned with fire" And indeed, fire bursts out of the church, and the soldiers throw either books or icons at it. And here it is quite similar to reprisals against the rioters.

Rice. 5. My reading of the inscriptions on the miniature

Now let's try to read the inscriptions. On the bashlyk we read the words: CE DAD YAROSLAV. And on the saddle - WORLD OF YAR. The last statement is interesting because at the beginning of punitive expeditions Russian army still stood on the positions of Vedism, and only to XIV century switched entirely to the position of Christianity.

So, Yaroslav was Batya, Batu or Batu. This is confirmed by a Chinese engraving and two Russian miniatures. It is also interesting to read another sentence from Wikipedia: “ In 1243-1246, all Russian princes recognized their dependence on the rulers of the Mongol Empire and the Golden Horde. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (Prince of Vladimir) was recognized as the oldest in the Russian land, Kyiv, devastated by the Mongols in 1240, was transferred to him" What is surprising here is the recognition of Prince Yaroslav of Vladimir, while elsewhere it is said that he is from Suzdal, although in the previous miniature he is signed by the Prince of Moscow. Probably at that time all these adjectives were synonyms.

Discussion

If the confirmation of the hypothesis in the images were isolated, it could be ignored. However, all three images speak about one thing: Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was Batya, or Batu, the emir of Rus', a Muscovite, a Suzdal resident and a Vladimir resident. In other words, NH's assumption, expressed by them from text analyses, confirmed And epigraphically according to the most stringent criteria. I note that I did not feel any sympathy for NH at the verification stage, and sought to refute this assumption rather than confirm it.

At the same time, our statement, made during the analysis of miniatures from the Radziwill Chronicle, was also confirmed: medieval images, unlike texts, were not edited, and therefore retained a number of important explanations for us. It is this property of engravings, miniatures, illustrations and icons that allows epigraphic examination independent of texts. In this case, it was important for us to find the signatures of the character as Yaroslav and Batu IN ONE IMAGE.

In this case, the interpretation of the regular army of Rus' as Tatar-Mongols, and the punitive expeditions of this army as an “invasion” is a fiction, created, as NH writes, for the sake of “Scaligerian chronology”. However, as it has long been clear to us, we are not talking about some “mistake” made out of ignorance by Scaliger and Petavius. We are actually talking about the consequences of the information war, which was waged by the West against Rus' for about a millennium in order to prove 1) the brevity of Russian history, 2)

lack of independence and worthlessness of Rus' throughout its thousand-year historical period and 3) extremely poor governance of Russia during the Rurik dynasty (civil strife, Tatar-Mongol yoke) and, accordingly, the flourishing of Rus' under the Romanovs. That is why the distortion of Russian history towards its deterioration and Western history towards its improvement was not the result of random errors or miscalculations, but the result of the deliberate activity of politicized historiographers. That is why the percentage of doubles and representations of one personality as several is already so high historical figures different nations(in this case, the Russian Yaroslav and the Tatar Batu). In other words, the splitting of persons and events into incoherent fragments.

Conclusion. In connection with the above, an interesting new direction of research arises: epigraphic verification of a number of provisions of the new chronology. And the check itself simultaneously provides the most interesting and previously unknown information. For example, that the Russian prince was at the same time called in Arabic the emir. For prevalence Arabic V Medieval Rus' NH was repeatedly pointed out.

Literature

1. Nosovsky G.V., Fomenko A.T.. Rus. True story Great Russian-Horde Medieval Empire in New Chronology. - M.: AST-Astrel, 2009, 320 pp., ill.
2. Gordeev A.A. History of the Cossacks. - M.: Strastnoy Boulevard, 1992

Partner News

If you remove all the lies from history, this does not mean at all that only the truth will remain - as a result, there may be nothing left at all.

Stanislav Jerzy Lec

The Tatar-Mongol invasion began in 1237 with the invasion of Batu's cavalry into the Ryazan lands, and ended in 1242. The result of these events was a two-century yoke. This is what the textbooks say, but in reality the relationship between the Horde and Russia was much more complicated. In particular, the famous historian Gumilyov speaks about this. IN this material We will briefly consider the issues of the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar army from the point of view of the generally accepted interpretation, and also consider controversial issues of this interpretation. Our task is not to offer fantasy on the topic of medieval society for the thousandth time, but to provide our readers with facts. And conclusions are everyone’s business.

Beginning of the invasion and background

For the first time, the troops of Rus' and the Horde met on May 31, 1223 in the battle of Kalka. The Russian troops were led by the Kiev prince Mstislav, and they were opposed by Subedey and Juba. The Russian army was not only defeated, it was actually destroyed. There are many reasons for this, but all of them are discussed in the article about the Battle of Kalka. Returning to the first invasion, it occurred in two stages:

• 1237-1238 - campaign against the eastern and northern lands of Rus'.
• 1239-1242 - a campaign against the southern lands, which led to the establishment of the yoke.

Invasion of 1237-1238

In 1236, the Mongols began another campaign against the Cumans. In this campaign they achieved great success and in the second half of 1237 they approached the borders of the Ryazan principality. The Asian cavalry was commanded by Khan Batu (Batu Khan), the grandson of Genghis Khan. He had 150 thousand people under his command. Subedey, who was familiar with the Russians from previous clashes, took part in the campaign with him.

Map Tatar-Mongol invasion

The invasion took place in the early winter of 1237. Can't install here the exact date, because it is unknown. Moreover, some historians say that the invasion took place not in winter, but in late autumn of the same year. With tremendous speed, the Mongol cavalry moved across the country, conquering one city after another:

• Ryazan fell at the end of December 1237. The siege lasted 6 days.
• Moscow - fell in January 1238. The siege lasted 4 days. This event was preceded by the battle of Kolomna, where Yuri Vsevolodovich and his army tried to stop the enemy, but was defeated.
• Vladimir - fell in February 1238. The siege lasted 8 days.

After the capture of Vladimir, virtually all the eastern and northern lands fell into the hands of Batu. He conquered one city after another (Tver, Yuryev, Suzdal, Pereslavl, Dmitrov). At the beginning of March, Torzhok fell, thereby opening the way for the Mongol army to the north, to Novgorod. But Batu made a different maneuver and instead of marching on Novgorod, he deployed his troops and went to storm Kozelsk. The siege lasted for 7 weeks, ending only when the Mongols resorted to cunning. They announced that they would accept the surrender of the Kozelsk garrison and release everyone alive. People believed and opened the gates of the fortress. Batu did not keep his word and gave the order to kill everyone. Thus ended the first campaign and the first invasion of the Tatar-Mongol army into Rus'.

Invasion of 1239-1242

After a break of one and a half years, in 1239 a new invasion of Rus' by the troops of Batu Khan began. This year based events took place in Pereyaslav and Chernigov. The sluggishness of Batu’s offensive is due to the fact that at that time he was actively fighting the Polovtsians, in particular in the Crimea.

Autumn 1240 Batu led his army to the walls of Kyiv. The ancient capital of Rus' could not resist for long. The city fell on December 6, 1240. Historians note the particular brutality with which the invaders behaved. Kyiv was almost completely destroyed. There is nothing left of the city. The Kyiv that we know today no longer has anything in common with the ancient capital (except for its geographical location). After these events, the army of invaders split:

• Some went to Vladimir-Volynsky.
• Some went to Galich.

Having captured these cities, the Mongols went on a European campaign, but it interests us little.

Consequences of the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Rus'

Historians describe the consequences of the invasion of the Asian army into Rus' unambiguously:

• The country was cut up and became completely dependent on the Golden Horde.
• Rus' began to annually pay tribute to the victors (money and people).
• The country has fallen into a stupor in terms of progress and development due to the unbearable yoke.

This list can be continued, but, in general, it all comes down to the fact that all the problems that existed in Rus' at that time were attributed to the yoke.

This is exactly what the Tatar-Mongol invasion seems to be, in short, from the point of view official history and what we are told in textbooks. In contrast, we will consider Gumilyov’s arguments, and also ask a number of simple, but very important issues to understand the current issues and the fact that with the yoke, as well as with the relations between Rus' and the Horde, everything is much more complex than is usually said.

For example, it is absolutely incomprehensible and inexplicable how nomadic people, who several decades ago still lived in a tribal system, created a huge empire and conquered half the world. After all, when considering the invasion of Rus', we are considering only the tip of the iceberg. The Empire of the Golden Horde was much larger: from Pacific Ocean to the Adriatic, from Vladimir and to Burma. Giant countries were conquered: Rus', China, India... Neither before nor after no one was able to create war machine, which could conquer so many countries. But the Mongols were able...

To understand how difficult it was (if not to say impossible), let's look at the situation with China (so as not to be accused of looking for a conspiracy around Rus'). The population of China at the time of Genghis Khan was approximately 50 million people. No one conducted a census of the Mongols, but, for example, today this nation has 2 million people. If we take into account that the number of all peoples of the Middle Ages is increasing to the present day, then the Mongols were less than 2 million people (including women, old people and children). How were they able to conquer China with 50 million inhabitants? And then also India and Russia...

The strangeness of the geography of Batu’s movement

Let's return to the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. What were the goals of this trip? Historians talk about the desire to plunder the country and subjugate it. It also states that all these goals have been achieved. But this is not entirely true, because in ancient Rus' there were 3 richest cities:

• Kyiv is one of the largest cities in Europe and the ancient capital of Rus'. The city was conquered by the Mongols and destroyed.
• Novgorod is the largest trading city and the richest in the country (hence its special status). Didn't suffer from the invasion at all.
• Smolensk is also a trading city and was considered equal in wealth to Kyiv. The city also did not see the Mongol-Tatar army.

So it turns out that 2 of the 3 largest cities were not affected by the invasion at all. Moreover, if we consider plunder as a key aspect of Batu’s invasion of Rus', then the logic cannot be traced at all. Judge for yourself, Batu takes Torzhok (he spends 2 weeks on the assault). This is the poorest city, whose task is to protect Novgorod. But after this, the Mongols do not go to the North, which would be logical, but turn to the south. Why was it necessary to spend 2 weeks on Torzhok, which no one needs, in order to simply turn to the South? Historians give two explanations, logical at first glance:

• Near Torzhok, Batu lost many soldiers and was afraid to go to Novgorod. This explanation could well be considered logical if not for one “but”. Since Batu lost a lot of his army, then he needs to leave Rus' to replenish the army or take a break. But instead, the khan rushes to storm Kozelsk. There, by the way, the losses were huge and as a result the Mongols hastily left Rus'. But why they didn’t go to Novgorod is unclear.
• The Tatar-Mongols were afraid of the spring flooding of the rivers (this happened in March). Even in modern conditions March in the north of Russia is not characterized by a mild climate and you can easily move around there. And if we talk about 1238, then that era is called by climatologists the Little Ice Age, when winters were much harsher than modern ones and in general the temperature was much lower (this is easy to check). That is, it turns out that in the era of global warming in March you can get to Novgorod, but in the era ice age everyone was afraid of river floods.

With Smolensk, the situation is also paradoxical and inexplicable. Having taken Torzhok, Batu sets off to storm Kozelsk. This is a simple fortress, a small and very poor city. The Mongols stormed it for 7 weeks and lost thousands of people killed. Why was this done? There was no benefit from the capture of Kozelsk - there was no money in the city, and there were no food warehouses either. Why such sacrifices? But just 24 hours of cavalry movement from Kozelsk is Smolensk, the richest city in Rus', but the Mongols don’t even think about moving towards it.

Surprisingly, all these logical questions are simply ignored by official historians. Standard excuses are given, like, who knows these savages, this is what they decided for themselves. But this explanation does not stand up to criticism.

Nomads never howl in winter

There is one more remarkable fact that official history simply ignores, because... it is impossible to explain. Both Tatar-Mongol invasions took place in Rus' in winter (or began in late autumn). But these are nomads, and nomads begin to fight only in the spring in order to finish the battles before winter. After all, they travel on horses that need to be fed. Can you imagine how you can feed a Mongolian army of thousands in snowy Russia? Historians, of course, say that this is a trifle and that such issues should not even be considered, but the success of any operation directly depends on the support:

• Charles 12 was unable to provide support for his army - he lost Poltava and the Northern War.
• Napoleon was unable to organize supplies and left Russia with a half-starved army that was absolutely incapable of combat.
• Hitler, according to many historians, managed to establish support only by 60-70% - he lost the Second World War.

Now, understanding all this, let's look at what the Mongol army was like. It is noteworthy, but there is no definite figure for its quantitative composition. Historians give figures from 50 thousand to 400 thousand horsemen. For example, Karamzin talks about Batu’s 300 thousand army. Let's look at the provision of the army using this figure as an example. As you know, the Mongols always went on military campaigns with three horses: a riding horse (the rider moved on it), a pack horse (it carried the rider’s personal belongings and weapons) and a fighting horse (it went empty, so that it could go into battle fresh at any time). That is, 300 thousand people are 900 thousand horses. To this add the horses that transported ram guns (it is known for certain that the Mongols brought the guns assembled), horses that carried food for the army, carried additional weapons, etc. It turns out, according to the most conservative estimates, 1.1 million horses! Now imagine how to feed such a herd in a foreign country in a snowy winter (during the Little Ice Age)? There is no answer, because this cannot be done.

So how much army did Dad have?

It is noteworthy, but the closer to our time the study of the invasion of the Tatar-Mongol army occurs, the smaller the number is. For example, historian Vladimir Chivilikhin speaks of 30 thousand who moved separately, since they could not feed themselves in a single army. Some historians lower this figure even lower – to 15 thousand. And here we come across an insoluble contradiction:

• If there really were so many Mongols (200-400 thousand), then how could they feed themselves and their horses in the harsh Russian winter? The cities did not surrender to them peacefully in order to take food from them, most of the fortresses were burned.
• If there were really only 30-50 thousand Mongols, then how did they manage to conquer Rus'? After all, every principality fielded an army of about 50 thousand against Batu. If there really were so few Mongols and they acted independently, the remnants of the horde and Batu himself would have been buried near Vladimir. But in reality everything was different.

We invite the reader to look for conclusions and answers to these questions on their own. For our part, we did the most important thing - we pointed out facts that completely refute the official version of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. At the end of the article, I would like to note one more important fact that the whole world has recognized, including official history, but this fact is hushed up and is rarely published. The main document on which long years yoke and invasion were studied - Laurentian Chronicle. But, as it turned out, the truth of this document raises big questions. Official history admitted that 3 pages of the chronicle (which speak of the beginning of the yoke and the beginning of the Mongol invasion of Rus') have been changed and are not original. I wonder how many more pages from Russian history have been changed in other chronicles, and what really happened? But it is almost impossible to answer this question...

Khan Batu is the grandson of Timur - Genghis Khan, son of Jochi Khan. We have to admit this fact modern historians, since chronicles have been preserved and it is written about this in other documents.

Well, and of course, historians see him as a Mongoloid.
But let's look at it logically. Batu, or more precisely Batu Khan, belongs, like his grandfather Genghis Khan, to the Borjigin family, i.e. must have blue eyes, blond hair, be at least 1.7 m tall and other signs of belonging to the white race. However, there is no information on the portrait; it was diligently destroyed by falsifiers of Russian history.

Khan Batu - military king of the Rus

Of course, examining the bust, it is impossible to draw a conclusion about the color of the eyes and hair. This is what the false historians were counting on when they left the artifact. But the value lies elsewhere. There is not the slightest sign of a Mongoloid in the outlines of the bust - a typical European is depicted with a thick beard and Slavic eye shape!

But the second source is “Batu’s capture of Suzdal in 1238. Miniature from the “Life of Euphrosyne of Suzdal” of the 16th century. List of the 18th century":

A miniature depicting Khan Batu in a crown, who, accompanied by his army, enters the city on a white horse. His face is not Turkic at all - purely European. And all the characters in the fighting squad are somehow Slavic, isn’t it noticeable?!

So Khan Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, was not far from his famous grandfather in appearance.
Then why did historians pay so little attention to Bath in their chronicles?
Who really was Batu Khan? Why did his activities displease the Romanov falsifiers so much that, unable to come up with a plausible version, they decided to destroy the existing chronicles?

In another illustration from the chronicle, Batu Khan appeared in the image of a Russian Tsar with the same Russian warriors:

Batu is one of the outstanding politicians of the 13th century. He played an important role in the history of many states in Asia, Eastern Europe and Rus'. Until now, few people know the description of his life. Being a significant historical figure, Batu remains unknown and forgotten.
How is it that historians and historical biographers have not paid attention to this famous figure?

Let's consider the official version of history, created by German specialists commissioned by the Romanovs and forcibly imposed, first on the captured Moscow Tartaria, and with the advent of the Great Jewish Revolution, extended to the entire territory of the former empire.

Information about Batu is rather superficial. Khan from Mongolia, grandson of Genghis Khan. Batu (12O8-1255) organized a large-scale campaign against Rus' and countries of Eastern Europe. This data can be found in many biographical dictionaries.
The most important thing that Batu left behind was the state. It is now known as the Golden Horde. His successors in different centuries became the Principality of Moscow and the Russian Empire, and today this list is supplemented by Kazakhstan. Few people know that the Horde is an Army, an Army. Army of the Vedic Empire or Great Tartaria, uniform for the entire vast territory.

Khan's life is comparable to a political detective story. It is a series of riddles and secrets. Their discovery is new horizons for researchers.
These mysteries begin from the moment of birth and last until the end of Batu’s life. The very life of this mysterious khan can be divided into three stages. Each stage left a significant imprint on the history of many Asian and European countries, and of course, Russia.

Batu's birth occurred in the year of the earth-snake. Batu is the son of the eldest son of Genghis Khan. Father - Jochi Khan himself was a conqueror; before Batu was born, his father conquered Transbaikalia and the Kyrgyz of the Yenisei. Geographically, Batu’s birth supposedly took place on the territory of modern Altai.

According to Russian chronicles, Batu troops conquered Volga Bulgaria, destroying almost the entire population. Khan paved the way to Rus'.

Historians ask the question, why was the campaign against Rus' necessary at all? After all, the conquest of Volga Bulgaria made it possible to be secure for the rest of one’s life. But despite everything, the more dangerous and difficult hike took place. Along the way, some other peoples of the Volga region were conquered.
There is an opinion that the khan was guided not only by his own decisions. His strategies and directions were influenced by relatives and comrades in the campaign, who dreamed of military glory.
The Ryazan principality was the first to stand on Batu’s path. The invasion began with the strange murder of Ryazan ambassadors, including the prince’s son. The murder is strange because usually the Mongols left their ambassadors alive, no matter what conflicts occurred. Perhaps the ambassadors seriously offended the Mongols in some way, but a more plausible version is about a contract killing, like the murder of Prince Ferdinand to create a pretext for the start of a world war.

Domestic historians claim that the khan decided to turn around because of the stubborn struggle of the Russian people in the rear of his troops. The probability of this fact is small, because his troops left Rus', leaving no one as governors, and the Mongols did not set up garrisons. Who would the Russians have to fight? Moreover, fighters from Southern Rus' took part in the campaigns of the Mongol troops against the Ugrians and Poles.

European experts insist that the European knights, possessing excellent weapons and seriously trained, overcame the advance of the light barbarian cavalry. This is also a false statement. One has only to remember the fate of the famous knighthood at Liegnitz and Chaillot and psychological condition sovereign knights. Batu left Europe, since the set goals of destroying Khan Kotyan, as well as preserving his possessions in safety, were completed.

Batu died in 1256. Even his death is also shrouded in mystery. There were versions of poisoning and even death in one of the campaigns.
Contemporaries did not even think about such a banal death of such a significant historical person - a legend was needed. Although the death of the khan was completely natural, it was due to a chronic rheumatic disease.

And yet, why did Batu receive such a small place in the annals of history? Finding an answer today is not so difficult.

Chinese and Mongolian sources contain a scanty amount of information about Batu. While he was in China, he did not show himself in any way. Mongol chroniclers considered him an enemy of the khans from Karakorum and wished to keep silent about him so as not to anger their overlords

The Persian chronicles are somewhat similar. Since the heirs of Sain Khan fought for the lands of Iran and Azerbaijan with the Persian Mongols for more than a century, the chroniclers at the palace chose to write less about the leader of their opponents.

Western diplomats who visited Batu generally refused to make any statements about him. They kept silent about their opinion about the khan. Although, according to some information, the Mongol ruler is very kind to his subordinates, he instills great fear in them, is able to hide his emotions, wants to show his unity with the rest of the Genghisids, etc. etc.

Among the chronicles of Rus' and the West, the falsifiers left only records corresponding to the version of the Mongol invasions, which did not write anything good about Batu. So he entered the chronicles as the destroyer and destroyer of Rus' and Eastern Europe.
Later chronicles were based on previous records and further strengthened this status of Batu.
This position was so strong that when, already in the 20th century, orientalists from the USSR were looking for positive aspects of the khan’s activities (promoting the development of trade, cities, the ability to fairly resolve disputes between vassal rulers), the data of official history and ideology crowned these searches with failure.

Only towards the end of the 20th century did historians begin to destroy the entrenched stereotype. For example, L.N. Gumilyov put Batu on a par with Charlemagne, noting that the latter’s power did not last long after the death of the leader, and the Golden Horde had a long history after the death of its founder.

One way or another, no one has yet dedicated any serious research work. Probably, specialists are still stopped by the meager information base, rather contradictory materials that do not allow them to project full picture the life activity of Batu, and the unspoken ban on such research plays a significant role. But the lack of a database and prohibitions do not stop falsifiers of history.
In view of all of the above, to this day Khan Batu remains a mysterious and mysterious figure. We will remove the layer of falsehood through joint efforts, but the Russian truth will still find its way.

In the December days of 1237, there were bitter frosts in the territory between the Volga and Oka. In fact, the cold more than once came to the aid of the Russian armies, becoming a faithful ally in the most dramatic periods of history. He drove Napoleon away from Moscow, shackled the Nazis hand and foot in frozen trenches. But he could not do anything against the Tatar-Mongols.

Strictly speaking, the term “Tatar-Mongols”, which has long been established in the domestic tradition, is only half correct. In terms of the ethnic formation of the armies that came from the East and the political core of the Golden Horde, the Turkic-speaking peoples did not occupy important positions at that moment.

Genghis Khan conquered the Tatar tribes settled in the vast expanses of Siberia in early XIII century - just a few decades before the campaign of his descendants against Rus'.

Naturally, the Tatar khans supplied their recruits to the Horde not of their own free will, but under duress. There were much more signs of a relationship between a suzerain and a vassal than equal cooperation. The role and influence of the Turkic part of the Horde population increased much later. Well, in the 1230s, calling foreign invaders Tatar-Mongols was the same as calling the Nazis who reached Stalingrad German-Hungarian-Croats.

Russia has traditionally been successful against threats from the West, but has often capitulated to the East. Suffice it to remember that just a few years after Batu’s invasion, Rus' defeated on the Neva, and then on Lake Peipsi well-equipped Scandinavian and German knights.

The rapid whirlwind that swept through the lands of the Russian principalities in 1237-1238 and lasted until 1240 divided national history to "before" and "after". It is not for nothing that the term “pre-Mongol period” is used in chronology. Finding itself under foreign yoke for 250 years, Rus' lost tens of thousands of its own killed and driven into slavery. the best people, forgot many technologies and crafts, forgot how to build structures from stone, and stopped in socio-political development.

Many historians are convinced: it was at that time that the lag behind Western Europe, the consequences of which have not been overcome to this day.

Only a few dozen architectural monuments of the pre-Mongol era have survived to us. Well known Saint Sophia Cathedral and the Golden Gate in Kyiv, unique churches of the Vladimir-Suzdal land. Nothing has been preserved on the territory of the Ryazan region.

The Horde dealt especially cruelly with those who had the courage to resist. Neither the elderly nor children were spared - entire villages of Russians were slaughtered. During the Batu invasion, even before the siege of Ryazan, many important centers were burned and forever wiped off the face of the earth. ancient Russian state: Dedoslavl, Belgorod Ryazan, Ryazan Voronezh - today it is no longer possible to accurately determine their location.

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Actually, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Ryazan - we call it Old Ryazan - was located 60 kilometers from modern city(then - a small settlement of Pereslavl-Ryazansky). The tragedy of “Russian Troy,” as poetic historians called it, is largely symbolic.

As in the war on the shores of the Aegean Sea, glorified by Homer, there was a place for heroic defense, cunning plans of the attackers, and even, perhaps, betrayal.

The Ryazan people also had their own Hector - the heroic hero Evpatiy Kolovrat. According to legend, during the days of the siege of Ryazan he was with the embassy in Chernigov, where he unsuccessfully tried to negotiate help for the suffering region. Returning home, Kolovrat found only ruins and ashes: “... the rulers were killed and many people were killed: some were killed and flogged, others were burned, and others were drowned.” He soon recovered from the shock and decided to take revenge.

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Having overtaken the Horde already in the Suzdal region, Evpatiy and his small squad destroyed their rearguard, defeated the khan’s relative, Batyr Khostovrul, but in mid-January he himself died.

If you believe the “Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu,” the Mongols, shocked by the courage of the fallen Russian, gave his body to the surviving soldiers. The ancient Greeks were less merciful: the old king Priam had to ransom the corpse of his son Hector for gold.

Nowadays, the story of Kolovrat has been pulled out of oblivion and filmed by Janik Fayziev. Critics have yet to assess the artistic value of the painting and its historical correspondence to real events.

But let's go back to December 1237. Having ravaged the cities and villages of the Ryazan region, on whose lands the first, most powerful and crushing blow of the entire campaign fell, Batu Khan for a long time did not dare to begin the assault on the capital.

Based on the experience of his predecessors, well imagining the events of the Battle of Kalka, the grandson of Genghis Khan obviously understood: it was possible to capture and, most importantly, keep Rus' in subjection only by centralizing all Mongol forces.

To a certain extent, Batu, like Alexander I and Kutuzov, was lucky with his military leader. Subedei, a talented commander and comrade-in-arms of his grandfather, in a series right decisions made a huge contribution to the ensuing defeat.

Also served as a prologue to the siege fighting, primarily on the Voronezh River, clearly showed all the weaknesses of the Russians, which the Mongols skillfully took advantage of. There was no unified command. Princes from other lands, mindful of many years of strife, refused to come to the rescue. At first, local but deep-seated grievances were stronger than the fear of a general threat.

If the knights of the princely equestrian squads were in no way inferior in fighting qualities to the elite warriors of the Horde army - noyons and nukers, then the basis of the Russian army, the militia, was poorly trained and could not compete in military skills with an experienced enemy.

Systems of fortifications were erected in cities for protection from neighboring principalities, which had a similar military arsenal, and not at all from steppe nomads.

According to historian Alexander Orlov, in the current conditions the Ryazan residents had no choice but to concentrate on defense. Their capabilities objectively did not suggest any other tactics.

Rus' of the 13th century was full of impenetrable forests. This is largely why Ryazan waited for its fate until mid-December. Batu was aware of internal strife in the enemy camp and the reluctance of the Chernigov and Vladimir princes to come to the rescue of the Ryazan people. When the frost tightly sealed the rivers with ice, heavily armed Mongol warriors walked along the riverbeds as if along a highway.

To begin with, the Mongols demanded submission and a tenth of the accumulated property. “If we are all gone, everything will be yours,” came the answer.

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The people of Ryazan, led by Grand Duke Yuri Igorevich, defended themselves desperately. They threw stones and poured arrows, tar and boiling water on the enemy from the fortress walls. The Mongols had to call for reinforcements and offensive machines - catapults, rams, siege towers.

The fight lasted five days - on the sixth, gaps appeared in the fortifications, the Horde broke into the city and committed lynching over the defenders. The head of defense, his family, and almost all ordinary Ryazan residents accepted death.

In January, Kolomna fell, the most important outpost on the border of the Ryazan region and the Vladimir-Suzdal land, the key to North-Eastern Rus'.

Then it was Moscow’s turn: Voivode Philip Nyanka defended the oak Kremlin for five days until he shared the fate of his neighbors. As the Laurentian Chronicle tells, all the churches were burned and the inhabitants were killed.

Batu's victorious march continued. Many decades remained before the first serious successes of the Russians in the confrontation with the Mongols.

Name: Batu Khan

Date of Birth: 1209

Age: 46 years old

Date of death: 1255

Height: 170

Activity: commander, statesman

Family status: was married

Batu: biography

The death of the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire did not put an end to the wars of conquest of the Golden Horde. The grandson of the brilliant commander continued the traditions of his famous grandfather and organized the most treacherous campaign of the Golden Horde in history, called the Great Western Campaign. Batu's invasion expanded Genghis Khan's empire to incredible limits.

In one of the surviving documents from the time of Batu’s campaign there are the lines:

“He entered Europe along the northern shore of the Maeotian swamps with a huge army and, having first conquered North-Eastern Rus', destroyed the richest city of Kiev, defeated the Poles, Silesians and Moravians and, finally, rushed to Hungary, which he completely ruined and brought into horror and the whole Christian world trembles."

Batu’s ruinous campaign against Rus' and the subsequent 250-year Tatar-Mongol yoke left an indelible mark on the history of the state.

Childhood and youth

There is no exact date of birth of Batu. Historical documents indicate different years of birth. Batu, son of Jochi, was born at the very beginning of the 13th century. Batu's father is the eldest son of Genghis Khan, who inherited all the lands located west of the Irtysh River. Jochi also received lands that had not yet been conquered: Europe, Rus', Khorezm and Volga Bulgaria. Genghis Khan ordered his son to expand the borders of the ulus (empire) by conquering Russian lands and Europe.

Jochi's relatives did not like him. Batu’s father lived a solitary life on his lands. After Jochi's death under unclear circumstances in 1227, troops west of the Irtysh named Batu as heir. Genghis Khan approved the choice of heir. Batu shared power in the state with his brothers: Ordu-Ichen got most of troops and the eastern part of the state, and Batu divided the rest with his younger brothers.

Hiking

Biography of Khan Batu - the story of the life of a great warrior. In 1235, near the Onon River, the kurultai (council of the nobility) decided to resume the campaign to the West. The first attempt to reach Kyiv was made by the troops of Genghis Khan in 1221. Having been defeated in 1224 by the Volga Bulgars (Volga-Kama Bulgaria - a state in the Middle Volga region), Genghis Khan's troops stopped their advance. The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, was entrusted with leading the new campaign. Right hand Batu was appointed Subedei-bagatur. Subedei went on all campaigns with Genghis Khan, participated in the victorious battle with the Cumans and Russian troops on the Kalka River (present-day Donetsk region, Ukraine).

In 1236, Batu led the troops in the Great Western Campaign. The first conquest of the Golden Horde was the Polovtsian lands. Volga Bulgaria became part of the Mongol Empire. There were several invasions of Rus'. Batu personally supervised the seizure of the lands of Ryazan and Vladimir in 1238, and of Kyiv in 1240. Having conquered Volga Bulgaria, Batu and his army went against the Polovtsians on the Don. The last Cuman troops were defeated by the Mongols in 1237. Having defeated the Polovtsians, Batu's Tatar-Mongols moved to Ryazan. The city fell on the sixth day of the assault.

Has survived to this day Old Russian story“On the destruction of Ryazan by Batu”, dated end of the 16th century century. Ancient lists tell of the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Ryazan in 1237. Khan Batu and his horde stood on the Voronezh River near Ryazan. Prince Yuri Igorevich sent for help to the Grand Duke Vladimirsky Georgy Vsevolodovich. At the same time, Yuri tried to get rid of Batu with gifts. The Khan found out about the beauty living outside the walls of Ryazan and demanded that Prince Eupraxia’s daughter-in-law be sent to him. Eupraxia's husband resisted and was killed. The woman committed suicide by jumping from the tower. The refusal served as a signal for the start of the battle. The result of the battle was the capture and destruction of Ryazan by Batu’s Tatars. Yuri's army was defeated, the prince died.

According to legend, the governor of Ryazan, returning home from Chernigov, saw the city destroyed by the Tatars. Having gathered a detachment of 177 people, he set off in the footsteps of the Mongols. Having entered into an unequal battle with Batu’s army near Suzdal, the squad was defeated. Batu, paying tribute to Kolovrat’s courage shown in the unequal battle, gave the body of the killed governor to the surviving Russians with the words: “Oh, Evpatiy! If you served me, I would hold you close to my heart!” The name of the Ryazan governor is inscribed in the history of Russia along with other, no less glorious heroes.

Having destroyed Ryazan, Batu’s army went to Vladimir. Moscow and Kolomna, which stood in the way of the khan, were devastated. The siege of Vladimir began in the winter of 1238. Four days later the Tatars stormed the city. Batu ordered Vladimir to set fire. The inhabitants died in the fire along with the Grand Duke. Having ravaged Vladimir, the horde split in two. One part of the army set out to capture Torzhok, the other went to Novgorod, defeating the Russian army on the Sit River along the way. Having not reached Novgorod 100 versts, Batu turned back. Passing through the city of Kozelsk, the horde met stubborn resistance local residents. The siege of Kozelsk lasted seven weeks. Having captured the city, the Tatars did not leave a single stone from it.

Batu captured the southern direction in 1239. On the way to main goal- Kyiv - the khan destroyed the Pereyaslav and Chernigov principalities. The siege of Kyiv lasted three months and ended with the victory of Batu Khan. The consequences of the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Rus' are terrible. The ground lay in rubble. Many cities disappeared. Residents were taken into slavery in the Horde.

As a result of the Mongol invasion of Rus' in 1237-1248, the great princes had to accept the political and tributary dependence of the principalities on the Mongol Empire. The Russians paid tribute annually. The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed princes in Rus' with labels. The yoke of the Golden Horde of the North-Eastern lands of Rus' lasted two and a half centuries, until 1480.

In 1240, Kyiv, defeated by the Horde, was transferred to Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Vladimir. In 1250, the prince went as a representative to the kurultai in Karakorum, where he was poisoned. The sons of Yaroslav Andrei followed their father to Golden Horde. Andrei received the Principality of Vladimir, and Alexander - Kyiv and Novgorod. The occupation of Kyiv opened the way for the Golden Horde to Europe. At the foot of the Carpathians, the Western Campaign was divided into two armies. One group, led by Baydar and Ordu, went on a campaign to Poland, Moravia and Silesia.

Another, led by Batu, Kadan and Subudei, conquered Hungary: on April 11, 1241, the troops of King Bela IV were defeated by the Mongols in the Battle of the Shayo River. With the victory over Hungary, Batu opened the way to the conquest of Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia, and Dalmatia. In 1242, the troops of the Golden Horde entered Central Europe and stopped at the gates of the Saxon city of Meissen. The campaign to the West is over. The invasion of Rus' greatly battered the horde of Tatars. Batu returned to the Volga.

Another reason for the end of the Long March was the death of the Great Khan Ogedei, the successor of Genghis Khan. Guyuk, Batu's longtime enemy, became the new kagan. After Guyuk came to power, inter-clan battles began. In 1248, the Great Khan went on a campaign against Batu. But, having reached Samarkand, the great Khan Guyuk died suddenly. According to historians, the khan was poisoned by Batu's supporters. The next Great Khan in 1251 was a supporter of Batu Munke.

In 1250, Batu founded the city of Saray-Batu (now the area of ​​the village of Selitrennoye in the Kharabalinsky district Astrakhan region). According to contemporaries, Sarai-Batu - beautiful city, full of people. The vibrant bazaars and streets amazed the imagination of city guests. Later, during the reign of Khan Uzbek, the city fell into decay and was dismantled into bricks for the construction of new settlements.

Personal life

Khan Batu had 26 wives. The eldest wife is Borakchin Khatun. Borakchin comes from the Tatar tribe, who roamed eastern Mongolia. According to unconfirmed reports, Borakchin is the mother of Batu’s eldest son, Sartak. In addition to Sartak, two more sons of the khan are known: Tukan and Abukan. There is evidence that there was another heir to Batu - Ulagchi.

Death

Batu died in 1255. There is no exact information about the causes of Khan’s death. There are versions of death from poisoning or rheumatic disease. Batu's eldest son Sartak became the heir. Sartak learned about his father's death while at the court of Munki Khan in Mongolia. Returning home, the heir suddenly died. Sartak's young son Ulagchi became khan. Borakchin Khatun became the regent under the khan and the ruler of the ulus. Soon Ulagci died.

Borakchin opposed the rise to power in the Dzhuchi ulus of the son of Dzhuchi, the grandson of Genghis Khan Berke. The plot was discovered, and Borakchin was executed. Berke is a follower of the policy of brother Batu in expanding the independence of the ulus. He is the first khan to convert to Islam. During his reign, the ulus gained independence. The oppression of the Golden Horde over Russia was established.

Memory

Batu left a terrible memory of himself in Rus'. In ancient chronicles, the khan was called “wicked”, “godless”. In one of the legends that has survived to this day, you can read:

“The evil Tsar Batu captured the Russian land, innocent blood pouring out abundantly like water, and torturing Christians.”

In the East, Batu Khan is treated with respect. In Astana and Ulaanbaatar, streets are named after Batu Khan. The name of Khan Batu appears in literature and cinema. The writer Vasily Yan repeatedly turned to the biography of the great commander. The writer’s books “Genghis Khan”, “Batu”, “To the “last” sea” are known to readers. Batu is mentioned in the books of Alexey Yugov and Ilyas Yesenberlin.

Dedicated to the campaigns of the Golden Horde and Khan Batu Soviet film 1987 directed by Yaroslav Lupiya “Daniil - Prince of Galitsky”. In 2012, Andrei Proshkin’s film “The Horde” was released on Russian screens. The film depicts the events that took place in Rus' and the Golden Horde in the 13th century.