Uniform of the troops of the Russian army. The uniform of the archery regiments of the Russian army of the XVII century

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At the beginning of the 19th century, upon the accession to the Russian throne of Emperor Alexander I, curls and braids were forever destroyed, boots and shoes were replaced by high knee-high boots; the uniforms were significantly shortened, narrowed and got a look in the genus of the current tailcoats; standing solid collars and shoulder epaulettes and epaulettes were introduced; officers' collars were decorated with embroidery or buttonholes and were generally colored; shelves were distinguished by their colors. There was a rather large variety of hats, high, heavy and very uncomfortable; they bore the common name of shakos. Shoulder straps were first introduced only in the infantry and all red, then the number of colors was increased to five (red, blue, white, dark green and yellow, in order of the regiments of the division); officer epaulettes were sheathed with galloon, and in 1807 they were replaced by epaulettes.

Military uniform of the first half of the 19th century. The era of the emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I.

1. Non-commissioned officer of the musketeer regiment (reign of Alexander I, 1802-1803)
2. Private cuirassier regiment (during the reign of Alexander I, 1813-1814)
3. Sailor of the guards crew (during the monarchy of Nicholas I, 1826-1856)
4. Private of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment (time of Nicholas I, 1826-1856).

Subsequently, epaulettes were also given to the lower ranks of some cavalry units. Pavlovsky cloaks were replaced by narrow overcoats with standing collars that did not cover the ears. In general, despite the significant simplification of the form of uniforms, it was still far from being so convenient and not practical. It was difficult for the soldier to keep in good order the mass of belts and accessories that were part of the equipment; besides, the uniform was still highly complex and heavy to wear. The militia under Alexander I first dressed in whatever dress they wanted; later they were given a uniform consisting of a gray caftan, trousers tucked into high boots, and a cap (cap) with a copper cross on the crown. From the day of accession to the throne of Alexander I and until 1815, officers were allowed to wear particular dress outside of service; but at the end of the foreign campaign, as a result of fermentation in the army, this right was abolished. Wearing a mustache was allowed only for officers of the light cavalry (hussars, uhlans); no one was allowed to wear a beard, but it was not forbidden to have sideburns. Wearing an esponton (reduced protazan), introduced by Paul I, was abolished in 1807.

Under Nicholas I, uniforms and overcoats were at first still very narrow, especially in the cavalry, where officers even had to wear corsets; under the overcoat it was impossible to pry anything; the collars of the uniform, remaining as high as ever, were fastened tightly and strongly propped up the head; the shakos reached 5.5 inches in height and looked like buckets turned upside down; during parades, they were decorated with sultans 11 inches long, so that the entire headdress was 16.5 inches high. Bloomers, cloth in winter and linen in summer, were worn over boots; under them, boots with five or six buttons were worn, since the boots were very short. Especially a lot of trouble for the soldier continued to cause ammunition from white and black lacquered belts, which required constant cleaning. A huge relief was the permission to wear, first out of order, and then on the campaign, caps similar to the current ones. The variety of military uniforms in the Russian army was very large; even the infantry had uneven uniforms; some of its parts wore double-breasted uniforms, others - single-breasted. The cavalry was dressed very colorfully; its shape had a lot of little things, the fitting of which required both time and skill. During the time of Nicholas I, from 1832, simplifications began in the form of uniforms, expressed primarily in the simplification of ammunition; heavy and uncomfortable shakos are replaced by more comfortable, albeit equally heavy, helmets; The troops were provided with mittens and earmuffs. Since 1832, officers of all branches of arms have been allowed to wear mustaches, and officers' horses are not allowed to trim their tails or cut their heads.

The form of the uniform of the fleet also changes quite dramatically in the reign of Alexander I; here, just as in the ground forces, there appeared uniforms with tails, in the form of tailcoats, with high collars, in naval crews white, in guards black with buttonholes, long cloth trousers, high triangular hats with a plume on the heads of naval officers, at the bottom caps with wide brim, high, cylindrical, in the guards carriage with a coat of arms in front, in the navy - with a cockade from a ribbon on the side. At the same time, the cloaks were replaced by a narrow overcoat, sewn into waist, with a standing collar. During the reign of Nicholas I in 1826, officers of the fleet were given frock coats (witz uniforms) with long coattails and standing high collars; hats are replaced by shakos with small visors and a coat of arms; shakos were truncated cones. Both the officers of the fleet and the lower ranks received caps with piping in the manner of the army, from the company on the band; overcoats still remained the same, uncomfortable. During all this time, as can be seen from the description, the naval military uniform differed little from the land uniform.

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A military uniform is not only clothing that is supposed to be comfortable, durable, practical and light enough so that a person carrying the hardships of military service is reliably protected from the vicissitudes of weather and climate, but also a kind of visiting card of any army. Since the uniform appeared in Europe in the 17th century, the representative role of the uniform has been very high.
The uniform in the old days spoke about the rank of its wearer and what kind of troops he belonged to, and even in which regiment he served. But the military attire had another functional purpose - one that justified the brightness of its colors - to facilitate the command of battle formations on the battlefield. In order for the commanders to understand the situation, their subordinates had to wear uniforms that were not only noticeable and catchy from afar, but also different from those worn by the enemy soldiers. Based on this, the states unified the cut and colors of the uniforms (hence the name "uniform") of their troops. At the same time, infantry was assigned one color, another cavalry, third artillery ... Since all three types of troops could also be divided (cavalry, for example, consisted of dragoons, cuirassiers, lancers, hussars, etc.), the uniform became more colorful and more colorful. But the main colors remained traditional: the British are red, the French are blue, the Austrians are white, the Russians ... We will tell you more about the Russian military uniform.
In the Russian army, a uniform uniform for the troops was introduced during the reform period of the late 17th - early 18th centuries, during the reign of Peter I. Created on the model of Western Europe, the infantry and artillery uniforms included a caftan, under which a camisole, short pants, stockings and shoes; the cavalry has a caftan, camisole, leggings. The colors respectively were: dark green and red in the infantry, blue and red in the cavalry, red in the artillery. The hats of all military branches were black. The insignia for an officer were a metal plate worn around the neck, a scarf over the shoulder, and galloons around the cuffs of the caftan.
This was the basis on which military uniforms developed during the eighteenth century. The uniform has evolved along the path of great diversity, functional improvement and often unjustified complication.
The increased diversity was caused by the emergence of new varieties of troops. So, if the regular cavalry of the time of Peter the Great consisted of only dragoons, then later carabinieri, cavalry guards, pikemen, horse rangers, light horse regiments, etc. were established.
In the second half of the 18th century, the army received flat epaulettes and epaulettes, which were originally worn on the left shoulder, preventing the cartridge bag from slipping. At the same time, they serve as the insignia of the regiments.
Cloaks are replaced by overcoats, officers out of formation receive frock coats. The form, established in 1786, was the most convenient of all that the 18th century had seen. At the initiative of G. Potemkin, the army was dressed in loose-fitting uniforms, jackets, spacious trousers, boots (previously only worn by cavalrymen) and light practical helmets. At the same time, the uniform changed color to light green.
However, the general trend in the development of uniforms still went in a different direction - convenience and practicality were sacrificed to fashion. The conditions of the local climate were completely ignored, and samples of the Western European form, which was a real torment for the soldier, were blindly transferred to Russian soil. It came to the point that the then instructions ordered the recruit to "dress little by little, from week to week, so as not to suddenly tie him up and disturb him." Ridiculous powdered wigs and false mustaches do not require comments ...
In the 18th century, two ardent admirers of the Prussian military system, Peter III (reigned for several months in 1761-1762) and Paul I (1796-1801), for whom the barracks of Frederick the Great were an ideal, visited the Russian throne. The names of these emperors are associated with the adoption by the Russian army of the most uncomfortable uniforms in its entire history.
The motley mosaic of ancient uniforms is of interest not only to an art historian who needs knowledge in this area to attribute anonymous portraits. Behind every reality that has come down from the depths of centuries, there are pages of the past of our fatherland, the people who were our ancestors, and the events in which they participated. The military uniform of the 18th century resurrects in the memory of the people the feats in the Northern War, the names of P. Rumyantsev, A. Suvorov, F. Ushakov, A. Senyavin, resounding victories that fanned Russian banners with military glory. In a word, an old uniform is a colorful part of the history of our country, which every citizen should know.
The set of postcards brought to your attention does not pretend to give exhaustive information on this immense topic - the evolution of Russian military uniforms of the 18th century. Its task is much more modest - to display the most characteristic image of the form of all the main branches of the military in various periods between 1700 and 1800. To do this, the artist had to review many dozens of old books, albums and documents, as well as long and painstaking work in the archives and storerooms of museums.
The set of informative postcards "Russian military uniform of the 18th century", made by Vladimir Semenov, is not the first work of the artist dedicated to the military theme, the past of the Russian army. He also authored a set of postcards "Russian armor of the X-XVII centuries", the logical continuation of which is the present issue.
There is every reason to believe that the artist's work will find a wide audience among people interested in Russian history.
A. YURASOVSKY