Dmitry white. Saw - information on the World History Encyclopedia portal

Philosophy of the Saw films:

• Appreciate what you have and take care of your life
• Trust me, the rules are simple, but breaking them can lead to death.
• Be careful, the key to salvation is in your hands
• Don't help them, they have to help themselves
• Don't kill them, but rehabilitate them... put them to the test... if they pass the test, they will become different people
• Everything is interconnected, all individual parts lead to the main thing
• Everything must be thought out to the smallest detail... if you know a person’s thinking, there will be no surprises
• Until a person looks into the eyes of death, it is impossible to guess what he will do for the sake of life
• It all comes down to one rule: to learn to value your life, you need to personally experience death.

Interesting facts about the films of the “Saw” series

Saw (short film), 2003

• Saw is a 2003 Australian short thriller film, running 9.5 minutes. It was directed by James Wan and written by Leigh Whannell, who also starred in it.
• The film was originally intended to pitch the Saw movie script to other studios and actors. However, Wan and Whannell directed the film themselves in 2004.
• The short film was later included in the feature-length film as a scene with Shawnee Smith, where Amanda Young, instead of David, was put on a jawbreaker trap.

Saw: Game of Survival, 2004

• The film was originally rated NC-17, and James Wan had to remove several scenes in order to receive an R rating.
• The scene in which Stephen Syng chases John was the last to be filmed
• The scene in which Gordon turns off the lights and then whispers to Adam, hoping to fake his death, was slightly different in the script. Originally, the characters were supposed to saw off the ends of a long pipe using their saws and talk through it. This scene was even filmed, but was later cut because James Wan decided that this scene would create plot holes, since if the characters could saw off a piece of pipe, they could also saw off chains
• The film was shot in just 18 days
• The scene where Tapp chases Zep in the car was actually filmed in a garage. Several people rocked cars to create the illusion of movement.
• The film was originally planned to be released only on DVD.
• The film contains many references to the films of Dario Argento. For example, the sinister killer doll is a reference to the 1975 film Blood Red
• When casting agent Amy Lippens asked James Vann who he would like to see in the role of Amanda, Van answered without hesitation: Shawnee Smith, with whom he had a crush in his youth. A couple of days later, much to James' surprise, Amy announced that Shawnee had agreed to star in the film.
• Tobin Bell, who plays Jigsaw, had to lie motionless on the floor for six days. They did not replace it with a mannequin, since the creators of the tape could not afford it for financial reasons due to the very high cost of a high-quality mannequin
• Lawrence and Adam could guess from several facts that the “corpse” in the center of the room was actually a living person. Firstly, when Lawrence took the gun from the hands of the “corpse” to insert a cartridge into it and kill Adam, there were no spent cartridges in the drum, which means the man lying on the floor did not fire the revolver. Secondly, the lying man did not have a cassette in his audio player, which means he could not know that he was poisoned
• According to the DVD commentary, James Wan and Leigh Whannell's childhood nightmares inspired most of the film's creepy and scary scenes.
• The bathroom scenes were filmed in chronological order to help actors better feel their characters
• Since Tobin Bell's makeup took several hours, and the crew did not want to take long breaks in filming, the scene in which John gets up from the floor was filmed in one take
• Leigh Whanell revealed that Adam and Lawrence were originally supposed to be locked in the elevator
• Leigh Whanell had to replace missing actors in some scenes. For example, in one of the scenes he played Amanda

Saw 2, 2005

• When the movie posters came out, they said the movie was rated R, even though it hadn't even been rated by the MPAA yet.
• The film's script is a revised script by Darren Lynn Bousman, which he offered several times to different studios, but was rejected everywhere due to excessive violence
• In the scene where John sews Michael a key, John is played by Darren Lynn Bousman
• The film was shot in just 25 days
• About 120 thousand syringes were used for the syringe pit
• While filming a scene in which Obie (Tim Bard) tries to climb out of the oven through a small window, Tim Bard accidentally punched Glenn Plummer (Jonas) in the face. Because of this, we even had to take a half-hour break from filming.
• Shawnee Smith (Amanda) was pregnant during filming, but kept it a secret from everyone, including the director. Her daughter later spilled the beans to Darren Lynn Bausman during lunch
• Most of the actors didn't get the last 25 pages of the script. This was done to keep the ending of the film a secret.
• Four people spent four days preparing the syringes for the syringe trap - they replaced real needles so that Shawnee wouldn't get hurt while filming the scene.
• The entire film was shot in one building
• Some of the traps actually worked exactly the way they do in the movie. For example, the Death Mask actually closed, the revolver fired when the key was turned, and Emmanuelle Vaugier could not remove her hands from the box with blades without outside help
• The syringe pit was originally designed as a bathtub full of syringes, but the production team felt it wasn't shocking enough
• Originally, Addison was supposed to fall into a different trap. According to the DVD commentary, this trap was similar to the chair knife trap from the fourth movie, only Addison had to press her face onto a hot iron (something like a waffle iron) instead of knives.
• The trap box with blades was supposed to be for Gus
• When John shows Eric the way, he says that Matthews wants the last house on the left. This is a reference to the 1972 film

Saw 3, 2006

• For the bathroom scenes, the set was borrowed from the creators of Scary Movie 4.
• Leigh Whanell wrote the film's script in one week, based on ideas from James Wan
• Darren Lynn Bousman admitted that the film was heavily influenced by fan thoughts expressed on the House of Jigsaw website
• The film was remade seven times to earn an R rating.
• Corbett is named after Leigh Whanella's friend Corbett Tuck
• In the original version of the classroom, Troy was supposed to hang from large hooks, but the production team scrapped the idea. In another version, the chains would have been threaded through his nails, teeth and eyelids
• Originally, the trap Kerry was placed in was supposed to rip out her limbs, but this trap was later redesigned
• The original plan was to make a police officer the victim for the freezer. When it was decided that Danika would be placed in the freezer, she was initially supposed to be dressed in a T-shirt and panties
• Several versions of the scene in which Jeff kills John were filmed. The only difference between the scenes is the weapon with which he carries out his revenge
• There are two director's cuts of the film: Saw III Unrated Edition and Saw III Director's Cut.

Saw 4, 2007

• Leigh Whannell said that the film will answer many questions that arose in the third part, and will also reveal the connection between the Death Designer and Obi from the second part.
• According to Bausman, a new approach was taken to the plot, making the manuscript difficult to understand. The film will have four parallel stories, and none of them will touch on the theme of torture.
• This film was sent to theaters under the title "Angel Fish".
• The decision to film a fourth film was made before the third film even hit theaters.
• The dog Ivan plays with belongs to Darren Lynn Bousman.
• Donnie Wahlberg originally turned down the role of Eric due to busy schedule, so the writers considered which character they would put on a block of ice (options included Rigg's father and Hoffman). Donnie was able to find time for the film after filming began.
• Alison Luther, who played Jane, is Darren Lynn Bousman's niece.
• The film was shot in 32 days.
• The women raped by Ivan and captured in the photographs are played by Bousman's girlfriend, his assistant and lawyer.
• Mark Burg admitted that this is his favorite part of the series.
• The plot is chronologically parallel to the actions of the third part (at the end Strahm kills Jeff).
• There is an alternative ending to the film. It was not completely filmed. In it, Rigg reached his final test, but, having learned his lessons, did not enter the room. Eric was still dying, which Rigg saw through the glass. It is not entirely clear why Eric died, but it can be assumed that Art pressed the button before the time was up, which killed both himself (with the device on his neck) and Eric. Rigg falls to his knees in shock at what he sees. Hoffman unties himself from his chair and leaves the room. He leans over to Rigg and whispers something in his ear, which puts him into a state of prostration, shock and horror, after which Hoffman disappears into a maze of corridors. After this, Rigg, having come to his senses a little, had to walk along the corridor and turn around the corner, where he was to be shot by Peter Strahm.

Saw 5, 2008

• According to the film's director, David Hackl, to set up the new original Jigsaw traps, DVDs with recordings of real industrial accidents, disasters, and other incidents were used as visual material.
• The press trap that killed Peter Strahm was invented and drawn by the seven-year-old son of David Hackl, the director of the film.
• When Agent Strahm goes down to the basement of the house in which the events of the first part took place, there is a trail of blood on the floor that Dr. Gordon left.
• The scene in which Hoffman leaves Gideon with Corbett and talks to Fisk was originally in the ending of the fourth film, but was later cut. Only two second-long scenes were filmed - Strahm entering the room with Jeff's latest game and Jeff standing at Constructor's bed
• Danny Glover was offered the role of Tapp in the flashback, but had to turn it down due to filming Blindness.
• The photograph on Erickson's desk shows Mark Rolston with his real wife.
• The latest trap used animal blood instead of artificial blood. David Hackl later admitted that they would never have done this if they had known what a terrible smell she emanated from.
• In this part, the phrase "Game Over" is spoken once, and it is spoken by Agent Strahm.
• The director's cut did not include the scene of Strahm opening the door and entering the room with Jeff, Lynn, Jigsaw and Amanda. It was also noticeable that the Constructor’s voice was stretched out throughout the entire film, both in the original track and in the Russian dubbing it is more rude and threatening.
• About 13 minutes into the scene, when Jill comes to the lawyer, and he plays the recording where John left her a message, you can notice the following. The recording is in 3D format, which can be seen by wearing stereo glasses (k+s).

Saw 6, 2009

• After the credits in the Unrated Cut, there is a "postscript" in which Amanda warns Jeff's locked-up daughter through a keyhole not to trust whoever will save her, and then a shot of Mark carrying Jeff's daughter out of the building (scene from "Saw 5" from a different angle).
• The film was banned for distribution in Spain and Belarus.
• The plot is known to have already been written on June 22, 2007, as reported by Oren Coles.
• It was originally said that David Hackl would direct both the fifth and sixth films, but it was later announced that David would only direct the fifth film. Kevin Grotert is the editor of all parts of the series. He was with her from the very beginning. Tobin Bell said that Kevin is what creates the great atmosphere of the episode. Saw VI marked Kevin's debut as a director.
• On July 14, 2009 it became known that Saw 6 was not last film from this series. Before the sixth part was released, the writers were already in full swing coming up with a sequel.
• Due to a flaw in the Russian dubbing, many people believe Pamela Jenkins is William's girlfriend, when in fact she is his sister.
• It is also known that casting main character, Simone aired on MTV's Scream Queens.
• The opening scene, where two characters must pay for salvation by flesh, is a reference to Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice, in which a debtor who failed to pay his debt on time had to pay with a pound of his own flesh.
• The only film in the series to receive an "X" rating in Spain, which sharply reduced the number of cinemas able to show it. It is worth noting that previously only pornographic films received such a rating in Spain
• Costas Mandylor didn't know until the premiere whether Hoffman survived or not, since they filmed several different endings
• There are several figurines on the table in William's office. One of them is the CN Tower from Toronto, where all the films except the first one were filmed
• In one of the first versions of the script, Hoffman had to fight the mafia
• So far this is the first film in the series where electronic timers are used on traps
• The last film in the series to have David Armstrong as cinematographer (he was with the series from the beginning)
• So far, this is the first film in the series in which John himself appears on the TV screen to convey the rules
• So far this is the first film in the series to use a trap that appeared earlier in the series (the jaw breaker)
• On commentary for the film, Kevin Grotert noted that in the scene where Amanda is shaking from withdrawal symptoms, Shawnee Smith was actually shaking from the cold, since the temperature was low in Toronto, and the scene was filmed outside
• The first film in the series to have no rules for the final trap at the end
• The post-credits scene in the director's cut was supposed to be different - Corbett was supposed to sing a song, and Amanda was supposed to sing along with her to calm the girl down
• During William and John's conversation at the banquet, Amanda and Jill are standing in the background in the crowd of people. There was supposed to be a scene between Jill and Amanda, but it was cut. In the comments it was said that a lot of scenes with Amanda were cut
• The original plan was to make Jill the same leader of the games as John. This idea was later abandoned
• The film was supposed to have a flashback to Jill and John's wedding
• The news anchor who reports that the games are still going on despite Jigsaw's death is a real Canadian TV presenter
• It was originally planned to reveal that Perez's death was faked in the fifth film. It was also originally planned that it was Strahm's idea
• The writers wanted to change the third film by revealing that it was John who hit Dylan (and then the Russian translation of the third part would be correct). This idea was later abandoned
• Brent was originally supposed to be around 7-8 years old
• The producers wanted the film to end with Tara taking the lever, meaning they didn't want to see either William's death or Hoffman's test. Kevin and the writers defended the ending
• The original plan was for a short dialogue between Jill and Hoffman as she attaches the device to him. It was cut because Hoffman wouldn't be able to speak with the ripper in his mouth.

Saw 3D, 2010

• Instead of the usual 9 weeks, the pre-production stage lasted 21 weeks.
• Brit is not in the film, but she survived the events of Saw 5. But Mallick was at the meeting and you can hardly notice that his arm, which was previously sawn in two, seemed to have grown together. Also at the meeting you can see a curly-haired teenager, he could presumably be Daniel Matthews.
• Screenwriters Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan came up with the Garage trap while writing the script for the fourth film, but the producers considered it too cruel. The writers tried to insert a trap in the fifth and sixth films, but they were able to use it only in the seventh part at the personal request of Kevin Grotert, the director of the film. This episode stars Chester Bennington, lead singer of Linkin Park and Dead By Sunrise.
• Only in this part of the franchise did they show death from the Jawbreaker. In other parts, the victims managed to remove it.
• The film begins and ends in the same place.
• In this part, the phrase "Game Over" is said 4 times (flashback "Hello, Zepp", Jill's farewell, Jill's death, ending). In other films Saw 2 and Saw 3 this phrase is said 2 times.
• The trap in which Joyce died was designed in the shape of a pig.
• This is the third part of the series, which ends with someone being locked in a toilet, chained to a pipe (in the first part, John locked Adam there, in the second, Amanda did the same with Eric Matthews).
• The timer in all the film's traps has blue LEDs. In previous parts of the series, such a timer was used only once; all other timers had red LEDs.
• The film is banned from showing in Ukraine and Belarus

The process of cutting and sawing is in a person’s blood: starting from a loaf and sausage and ending with trees of three girths and blocks of marble. Without a high-quality and reliable chainsaw, which has gone through its centuries-old and still unfinished path of development, neither a master nor a professional can imagine his life and work. The sawing technique has been mastered primitive people eight thousand years ago with the understanding that a jagged tool cuts better than a smooth one. The oldest surviving primitive saw for sawing bone and wood was made from a single piece of silicon - such work required considerable application. physical strength.

To process stone blocks, at the end of the Neolithic era, a silicon plate with teeth appeared, under which, during the sawing process, sand moistened with water and acting as an abrasive was sprinkled for better friction. Sawing through with such labor costs was not so necessary: ​​the master made a deep cut, and then split the stone into two parts with a wedge-shaped mallet. It was thanks to the sawing technique that it became possible to give products the correct geometric shapes, which became an evolutionary breakthrough in technological and construction processes.

Historical development of the first chainsaw

The key elements that later went into the design of the very first chainsaw (Walter S. Scheip's chain saw, tire, carburetor internal combustion engine) were invented in late XIX century.

The progenitor of the modern chainsaw appeared relatively recently - at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1926, a famous German mechanical engineer and owner of an engineering plant "A. Stihl Ingenieursbüro" for the production of washing machines and steam boilers Andreas Stihl A patent was issued for a mechanical chain saw equipped with an electric motor.

The patented chain saw weighed almost half a hundredweight and was operated by two physically strong operator workers. With all the powerful work of engineering, by 1929 it was possible to reduce its considerable weight by only a couple of kilograms. Shtil began to look for other ways to increase the power of the tool while reducing its weight and, as an experiment, decided to replace the electric motor with a gasoline one. In the same year, the inventor presented a test copy of a mechanical chain saw with an internal combustion engine with a power of 6 hp. and weighing 46 kg, it was the very first chainsaw in the world.
This innovative direction became fundamental for the further evolution of the chainsaw - Shtihl filed a patent for the saw chain and tires he created, introduced into his own production a centrifugal clutch and a pressure oil lubrication system for chains.

In 1943, Stihl, commissioned by the Wehrmacht, produced a two-handed chainsaw for military-strategic purposes. KS-43. Particularly light, made of magnesium alloy, the air blower housing, fuel tank and float carburetor reduced the total weight to 36 kg.

In 1947, lumberjack and Oregon company founder Joseph Buford Cox modernized the saw chain by developing a new C-shape of steel teeth.

As before, the heavy weight of the tool limited the demand for it among ordinary consumers, and until the end of the forties the saw remained in demand only as a professional tool for lumberjacks and builders. The ultra-light saw, released in 1950 by STIHL, weighing only 16 kilograms, produced the effect of a bomb exploding, and further improvements in the design made it possible in 1954 to introduce an even lighter 11-kilogram model with a two-stroke internal combustion engine onto the gardening tool market. And, from that moment on, the chainsaw became firmly entrenched in the household arsenal of home craftsmen.

1959 was the year of the creation of the gearless chainsaw, which became a legend among the first chainsaws STIHL Contra with a membrane carburetor that allows rotation of the saw in all spatial planes. The insignificant weight of 12.2 kg compared to previous models made it possible for the first time to be operated by one operator, increasing logging productivity significantly. Thus began the era of compact chainsaws.

In the 60s, chain saws continued to improve: an anti-vibration system and an electronic ignition unit were developed by the company Husqvarna The “two-mass” principle is proposed with the separation of the engine from the handle.

Developments of the 70s were aimed at creating the most comfortable conditions for those working with a chainsaw: a heated handle, a QuickStop chain instantaneous brake, an automatic brake activated by inertial force, a single-lever control system, and a gas locking lever appeared.

In the mid-80s, a side chain tensioner, an Ematic chain lubrication system, an environmentally friendly BioPlus adhesive chain oil, and a catalyst for two-stroke engines were developed.

In the 90s, competition between STIHL and Husqvarna produced several landmark patents: tool-free chain tensioning and the centrifugal Air Injection air purification system.

Twenty-first century

Improvement and modification of both the chainsaws themselves and their key components continues in our time. New and emerging technologies make chainsaws more powerful, environmentally friendly and economical.

There are quite a lot of reputable manufacturers of modern, reliable and high-quality chainsaws on the market: these are the ones who were at the origins of the invention itself STIHL And Husqvarna, and other companies - Japanese ECHO, Italian Oleo-Mac, American Partner, South Korean Hyundai.

We are surrounded by many things that are familiar and seem to have always been in human use. Of course, this does not apply to telephones, radios, televisions, computers and other electronics, which appeared in human life in a historical sense just yesterday and we all know the names of their inventors.

But the tools of labor have accompanied humanity for a much longer period of time, and humanity has been using many of them for many millennia. No wonder human history divided according to the principle of use of tools. The first people first used wooden and stone and then metal (copper, iron and bronze) tools.

Any man drank something familiar and familiar. But it turns out that the saw is in Russia, although its history goes back thousands of years; it appeared not so long ago and became widely used only in the 18th century.

This sounds strange, since in a country where the largest areas in the world are occupied by forests, and until the 9th century almost all buildings were made of wood, and in subsequent centuries wood played a major role in construction, the saw became widespread only about 300 years ago.

The first saws in humans appeared in Bronze Age, when people had just mastered metal processing technologies. The first objects that can be considered the ancestors of modern saws were produced more than four thousand years ago. These were jagged stones used to create images on bone or other relatively soft material (certain types of stone, wood). Such saws were made by sharpening the edge of a stone, or were found ready-made. At first, saws were one-handed (hacksaws), and at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. In Phenicia, a two-handed saw was invented for sawing logs into beams, which allowed ancient sailors to build light and maneuverable frame ships covered with planks. But in Ancient Greece invented a bow (or frame) saw, the design of which has not changed since then. The ancient Romans and Egyptians made their saws using copper. They even sawed stone with such a tool, adding abrasive materials to the cut site. Iron saws first appeared among the Scandinavians. They cast their tools in stone molds. However, the quality of these saws was low, and they could not compete with axes. And only many centuries later, the ancient Greeks figured out how to make saws using the forging method, which made it possible to achieve high metal hardness and, as a result, improve the quality of products. The teeth of these saws were sharper and, due to more correct sharpening, sawed the material better.

The most famous carpenter of all times was Jesus, the son of the carpenter Joseph. And in the Bible it is not by chance that Christ’s earthly profession is indicated. Today we believe that carpenters in Ancient Judea belonged to the lower strata of society. But in fact, in those days the attitude towards this profession was completely different - on the contrary, the craft of a carpenter was considered an occupation of the elite and initiated into secret sciences. This is understandable, because without knowledge of the basics of geometry it is difficult to put together even an ordinary stool, not to mention much more complex things - boats, ships or a frame for the roof of a house. Many kings and high priests did not shy away from carpentry work, considering it an occupation worthy of rank. For example, during excavations of the ancient city of Ur, archaeologists discovered a whole set of tools in the tombs of the kings: an adze hatchet, two gold chisels, a bronze saw and a hammer. In the sarcophagus of King Meshkalamdug and Queen Shubad, who ruled Mesopotamia at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. BC, bronze saws, a chisel and a drill were also found.

Mechanical saws first appeared in Germany in 1322. They were installed in a sawmill and were driven by water. This invention changed the way the Germans thought about wood extraction methods. Subsequently, similar sawmills appeared in Scotland, England and other countries.
In Rus', carpentry was considered the occupation of every man. The writer Vasily Belov, who grew up in a small village near Vologda, recalled that all grown men had to do carpentry: “Whether you feel the wood or not, whether the ax obeys you or not, you will still do carpentry. Because it's a shame not to be a carpenter. Already in the first season of artel work, each teenager acquired his own instrument.”

Ancient Rus', which had vast expanses of forests at its disposal, did not think about their economical use. On the contrary, we had to wage a constant and intense struggle with the forest. With great difficulty they conquered small plots of land for arable land and hayfields, and as soon as the plot was left uncultivated for a few years, it turned into a wasteland overgrown with forest.
The mansions of noble and rich people and the huts of ordinary “men” in cities and villages, churches and fortifications in the vast majority of cases were built directly from solid logs, cut down in the forest with an ax. By the way, in the construction itself, as well as in the preparation of logs, a saw was not used. Even in ancient times, it was noticed that sawn wood is more susceptible to moisture and rotting. Logs treated with an ax seem to become clogged under its blows and become less hygroscopic. Therefore, they preferred not to saw even logs, but to carefully split them into boards.

In 1586, the French traveler and merchant Jean de Sauvage from the city of Dieppe arrived on his ship to the newly built city of Arkhangelsk. The surprise of the overseas guest knew no bounds. “The construction of the city is excellent,” he wrote in his diary. “There are no nails or hooks in the houses, but everything is so well finished that there is nothing to blame, even though the Russian builders use only axes for all their tools, but no architect can do better.” as they do." What they knew how to do well in Russia were axes, hammers and sledgehammers, that is, the simplest tools without complex joints or precise fitting of parts.

The saw, as a special weapon, was known to the Slavs. In all likelihood, they learned it from the Germans, along with its name, back in the common Slavic period of life. Not only the lumberjack and woodcutter (the etymology of these terms is indicative), but also the builder-carpenter wielded an ax. It is characteristic that to denote operations performed with the help of an ax, in the Russian language for a long time there have been independent verbs - “chop”, “cut”, “hew”, while the action of a saw is expressed by a word derived from the name of the tool itself - “cut” ", and this verb is to a certain extent a new development in the language, and it came into use, apparently, only when the saw began to be used more widely. At least in all the examples given by the zealous collector of linguistic facts I. Sreznevsky from monuments of the 11th - 16th centuries, the name of this weapon is never combined with the verb “to saw”, but always “to rub” - a verb that has its broader and originally meaning completely unrelated to wood processing. The words “saw” and “saw” were not yet in common use even in the time of Peter the Great. In the same way, those who work with an ax are called “woodcutters”, “lumberjacks”, “carpenters”, and specialists who operate with a saw were and are called “pilniks”, “sawyers” in Russian, “tertichniki” (from “rub”) - in Ukrainian or “tertinshchiki” - as they were called in the time of Peter the Great and within the Moscow state.

With an ax in his hands, the carpenter (or often the householder himself) built a simple four-walled hut, a barn and outbuildings. The same ax was used to build intricate towers and churches of Moscow Rus' that were so diverse and often complex in plan and ceilings, and even then, with the ax technique, very diverse methods of fastening logs in the corners and at the joints were in use. The exclusive role of the ax in construction technology is also expressed in language. And to this day, the basis of any wooden building - its walls - is called a “log house”.

Where logs and poles were not suitable, “heights” and boards were used. The first of these terms, which still lives in the form “tes” and has a special meaning of one of the types of lumber, has retained in its sound side a clear indication of old manufacturing techniques. “Tacks” and boards at that time and long later were literally hewn out with axes either directly from a solid log or from a log split with wedges. At the same time, one, or at best two, boards were obtained from a log, and how many more logs were scrapped if they were split incorrectly. Yu. Krizhanich. The Russian state in the second half of the 17th century, section. III, p. 51]. Naturally, therefore, the boards were a relatively expensive material, sold at almost the same price as logs of equal length or even more expensive than the latter.

Given the significant wealth of timber, the majority of small consumers from peasants and townspeople could gradually harvest crampons on their own. The privileged upper classes used the labor of their slaves and especially serfs to procure building materials. On the farm of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the procurement of crampons, bast, dranits, etc. was also carried out by the peasants assigned to the Secret Order; even archers were involved in this work. Materials for the construction of secular churches were usually and prepared the world.M. Theological. Zemstvo self-government in the Russian north in the 17th century, pp. 11, 23-25, 1912. All materials necessary for the construction and repair of “cities”, forts and other defensive structures were usually supplied in kind. Details can be found in. work of A. Yakovlev. Notch line of the Moscow State in the 17th century, M., 1916. It is very characteristic that the foot “businessmen” assembled for work were to appear only “with axes and spades and shovels.” No saws were mentioned in these instructions not a word.

The only sawyer registered in Moscow in 1638 for 2 thousand people employed production labor, is the best witness to the randomness of such a profession, even for the capital. In the same way, the “saw-maker” looks like a random singleton in the list of various specialists who served the Pokrovsky nunnery in Suzdal at the end of the 1620s, while in the Suzdal Euthymius Monastery there were no saw-workers at all. Even in such a large shopping center with noticeable shipbuilding as Nizhny Novgorod, neither the scribe book of 1621-1622, nor the census book of 1678 noted a single sawyer. It is no less significant that in the household of a very large merchant and industrialist M. Stroganov, a representative of a family that was not at all averse to technical innovations, but, on the contrary, willingly adopted them, in 1627 there were not only no sawing specialists, but even no drinkers quite a rich selection of “all sorts of iron junk.M. Dovnar-Zapolsky. Trade and industry of Moscow in the XVI-XVII centuries. (collection “Moscow in its past and present”, issue VI, pp. 59-60); about Suzdal, see the article by V. Georgievsky. Suzd.-; Robe position female monastery (“Proceedings of Vladimir. uch. arch. com.”, II, appendix 9-10, 1900); about Nizhny - RIB, XVII; about Stroganov - A. Vvedensky. Trading house of the 16th-17th centuries, pp. 30-51, etc., L., 1924; see, his. Servants and working people of the Stroganovs in the 16th-17th centuries. (“Labor in Russia”, I, L., 1924)].

In the very late XVII V. The sawyer has not yet become a figure common in the everyday life of Muscovite Rus'..

In the 1630s, south of Moscow on the Tulitsa River, a tributary of the Upa, 15 versts north of Tula, the first blast-furnace and hammer “water-powered” plant in Rus' was built at Gorodishche. Then there appeared the Kashira hammer plant on Skniga, a tributary of the Oka, not far from Kashira, and the Vepreysky blast furnace plant on Vepreyka, also a tributary of the Oka, between Tarusa and Aleksin. Blast-furnace and hammer factories required for the construction and repair of workshops and various storage facilities, for the construction of dams, chests, “plank pipes”, chutes to wheels and rather complex mechanisms that transmit the driving force of water to bellows, hammers, drilling machines, a large number of building materials, then all the forest ones. Moreover, their consumption was significant not only during the construction period, but also during operation - for routine, random and periodic (for dams in the spring) repairs. It is clear that the reduction in price of beams, boards of different types, etc. was of great economic importance here. The builders and operators of these factories were Dutch foreigners A. Vinius and P. Marcelis. And Holland was then one of the advanced countries, if not the most advanced, in the development of technology and, in particular, sawmilling. For the plant managers, who still brought parts of equipment from abroad and invited craftsmen for blast furnaces and hammers, the easiest way was to simultaneously import tools and call instructors for the new sawmill production in Moscow Rus'.

Another area where sawmill production - already in sawmills - became more firmly established was export.

Back in the 16th century. The British, who appeared in the Muscovite state through the White Sea, and soon after them their competitors - the Dutch - began exporting timber from Russia, mainly for the construction of ships. They bought it in the form of logs, and sawed it at home. It was easy to figure out, on the one hand, the exporters themselves, and on the other, Russian traders or foreigners trading in Rus', to set up sawing in the areas where logs were harvested. Then the first would not have to transport parts of wood over long distances, which would then go into waste when sawing. The latter could make a profit not only from the preparation of logs, but also from the sawing itself. Therefore, it is not surprising that we early come across at least projects for organizing the production of boards for export.

Back in 1624, three Amsterdammers, through Isaac Massa, well known to the Moscow government, submitted a request to be allowed for 20 or 30 years on the Northern Dvina “with saws that grind with water mills, and with hand saws to grind wood into boards and for other purposes” to send for sea. They were seduced by the fact that they would pay duties, that in addition to their Dutch people, “about ten people,” they would “hire Russian business people for this business,” of course, teaching them new technology, and that then the Russians themselves, following in their footsteps, would establish profitable production . This proposal, apparently, was not accepted by the government, which was very timid about innovation. In any case, we know nothing about the implementation of this undertaking. Later, under Alexei Mikhailovich, in contrast to his father, who was very keen on all sorts of economic (and other) novelties, there was talk of setting up, apparently, a royal sawmill. In the files of the Secret Order, a short entry dated June 25, 1666, was preserved about the sending of Colonel G. von-Kanpen (Kampen) to Arkhangelsk to search for ores, mica, salt solutions and, by the way, “rivers on which to build mills for grinding wood at forest places.”. V. Kordt. An outline of relations between the Muscovite state and the Republic of the United Netherlands up to 1631 (“Sb. Russian Historical General”, CXVI, p. CCCIV); about 1666 - in RIB, XXI, p. 1218.
Another 25 years passed, during which nothing was heard about sawmills. Most old document- letter of 1691. On the petition - introduces us to three saw mills that had already been built, but, apparently, recently, in the Arkhangelsk region. In 1691, saw mills were a novelty for the Moscow state. Therefore, it was natural for their organizers to appeal to the government with a petition to grant them the opportunity to build. The fact that sawmills were new in the 1690s is apparently evidenced by the special attention to the Bazhenins’ enterprise on the part of young Peter, who specially stopped at their mill “for the sake of inspection” on the way back from Arkhangelsk in the fall of 1693 “Dvinsk Chronicle” ", ed. A. Titov, p. 71]. And soon the government began widespread sawing in connection with the needs of shipbuilding.

The construction of ships was, of course, not news in the last years of the 17th century. From time immemorial, Russian people have used ships and boats on rivers and seas. In the 17th century It would be possible to indicate a number of points where ships were built regularly, year after year, and in more or less noticeable quantities. But never and nowhere before had shipbuilding developed as widely as in the 1690s in the Voronezh region.

Two circumstances pushed for the introduction of sawing here. Firstly, it was necessary to hurry with the construction of ships for the Azov campaign. And sawing, even by hand, was more productive than hewing boards with axes. It was also very significant that valuable building material - ship oak - could not be found in unlimited quantities in the Voronezh forests. But Peter, after all, planned not only a campaign near Azov, but also the structure of a fleet, if the enterprise was successful, for the Azov and even the Black Seas. The savings in wood and the speed of cutting were obvious.

However, new production was established slowly. At the very beginning, the lack of the necessary tool- drank - and a small number of knowledgeable workers. So, at the beginning of Voronezh shipbuilding, the instructions to the “kuppanstvo”, giving the order to “preserve the green forests and carefully chop into boards and other materials” and therefore “rub that forest lengthwise and crosswise with saws,” had to make a very significant reservation: since “in “In the near future there will be nowhere to find such a multitude of saws,” then at first they built ships from clumsy (that is, hewn or chopped with an ax) timber. If anyone next year “makes a ship from hewn wood, not from sawn timber, they will not accept such vessels, and on top of that, a penalty will be imposed.” Therefore, it was prescribed that “in the coming year, of course,” saws should be “made everywhere.” But since the “companies” could not solve this problem due to the lack of saws in the country on their own, the government invited them to contribute money to the Admiralty, which was supposed to order and purchase saws abroad.

For example, “Kyiv resident tradesman Mikhail Nikolaev” was given an order to buy “for the ship building in Shlensk and in other German cities... saws of different hands (of different types), with which saws they grind trees: 28 crane-saws that stand up tinder, 28 training saws that sit quietly, 100 saws of 2.25 arshins each, 100 saws of 2 arshins each, a total of 256 saws.”

I also had to take care of learning the art of sawing. Although carpenters from different regions of the Moscow state were gathered to build the fleet in Voronezh, there were apparently few experienced sawyers among them and it was necessary to invite them from outside. The same materials about the construction of the Voronezh fleet show us teachers of the “sawing” art, for example, the “Cherkasy-Tertin workers” Stenka Fedorov and his comrades, “who from the training of Russian working people 6 people, that they teach them the tertin business,” were given money per fathom [ 1 S. Elagin. History of the Russian fleet, Azov period. App. I, pp. 204, 249, 268, 371, etc. The text of the study itself provides a detailed history of shipbuilding in the Voronezh region up to 1711.

Given the enormous need for boards, beams and other materials that was felt in the shipbuilding area, hand sawing, of course, was not enough. However, the saw mill did not appear in Voronezh immediately. As far as can be judged, a sawmill was originally equipped on the Yauza near the village of Preobrazhenskoye, mentioned as operating at the beginning of 1696. It is interesting that lumber was also sent to Voronezh, although it is unlikely that its task was to ensure the local shipbuilding industry. In the same 1696, the question of building a water sawmill in the Voronezh region was raised; Due to various failures, it came into operation only in 1698.
The construction of saw mills required the provision of specialists. Even before Peter’s trip abroad, masters were invited from Holland to build and operate saw mills, but care was also taken to train their own personnel. Specialists from abroad were also supposed to teach the Russians, and already in 1697, when asked whether to keep a “foreigner terrier” who worked at the Yauza mill, which had deteriorated at that time, Peter answered: “They can do it without them, - let go." On the other hand, among those trained in various skills in Holland in 1697, they indicate “Yakima-molar and deacon”, who studied “all sorts of water mills and weaning”; in all likelihood, among these “all sorts” there were saws that were so important at that time. Thus, at the end of the 17th century. We now have our own sawmill specialists, trained by foreigners in Rus' or abroad. S. Elagin. Decree. op., app. I, p. 43; Description of documents and papers Moscow. arch. min. Justice, XIV, pp. 94-95; Letters and papers from imp. Petra V., I, pp. 549, 33, 59, 141, 643, 705, 706, 187].

Russia, having turned to Holland for “technical assistance,” immediately adopted advanced technology in the field of sawmilling.

Many tools, except axes, hammers, sledgehammers and chisels, which were used in Russia during the 18th-19th centuries, were of imported origin. In those years, there was an extensive distribution network in Russia, thanks to which the required tools from leading Western companies could be delivered to any city in the country in the shortest possible time. For example, the French company Peugeot, which today is known as a car manufacturer, was actively working in Russia. But at the beginning of the last century in Russia, the most popular products from Peugeot were chisels, planes, drills and bracelets. Also in demand in Russia were American planes from Stanley, hacksaws from the German company R. Boker & Sons, and German cutters from Krupp. Well, the most luxurious instruments were produced by the Italians from the Milanese furniture company C. Nossotti Carver & Gilder, which was a supplier to the Royal Court of Great Britain.

Of course, imported instruments cost a lot of money. For example, a simple plane from Peugeot cost 1 ruble 97 kopecks in 1901, which was comparable to the cost of a cow.. It is clear that expensive instruments were beyond the means of most Russian carpenters, and then enterprising businessmen set up handicraft production of their own tools. For example, planes were produced in Kovrov at the plant of the First Russian joint stock company rifle and machine gun factories. The then famous Pavlovsk artel from the Gorbatovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province also specialized in the production of saws and other cutting tools. The products of steel mills in the Urals were also in demand.

As we see, saws became widespread only during the era of Peter the Great in connection with the beginning of mass military shipbuilding. This was precisely the reason for the massive purchases of instruments abroad, and then the establishment of our own production.

The rich resources of Russia played a role here too. Before the Peter the Great era, the need for boards was completely satisfied with an ax and no one thought about saving wood or the time spent on production. Peter needed to build a fleet quickly and the amount of wood for the Voronezh shipyards, where the fleet was built, was limited. New approaches to production were needed and therefore saws appeared, which made it possible to produce boards much faster than with an ax and save wood.

This example shows that the appearance of something in mass use is associated with a mass need for it. When, for example, by order of Peter the Great, the first sawmills appeared in Russia in 1690, the merchant Osip Bazhenin installed the first “saw mill from the German model” in Russia near Arkhangelsk, but other craftsmen were more than skeptical about this idea.

When in modern Russia the word democracy and democrats has become, for some reason, a dirty word, you can’t help but wonder why. After all, few people really know what real democracy is, with all its advantages and disadvantages. There was no real democracy in Russia, and two attempts to establish it in February 1917 and 1991 were quickly liquidated.

Everyone knows Winston Churchill's aphorism: “Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all the others.” But few people know that they were made in his speech on November 11, 1947 in the House of Commons, when Churchill was “merely” the leader of the opposition after an unexpected but crushing defeat by Labour’s Clement Attlee in the July 1945 elections.
- How does a noble gentleman perceive democracy? Let me, Mr. Chairman, explain this to him, or at least the most basic points. Democracy is not something when you receive a mandate based on promises alone and then do whatever you want with it. We believe that there must be a strong relationship between the leadership and the people. “A government of the people, by the people, for the people” is the sovereign definition of democracy. (...) I hardly have to explain to the minister that democracy does not mean: “We got a majority, no matter how, and a term of five years. What should we do with him? This is not democracy, but party chatter that does not concern the bulk of the inhabitants of our country.

It is not parliament that should rule, but the people through parliament.

Many forms of government have been and will be tried in this world of sin and suffering. No one claims that democracy is perfect or omniscient. In fact, it can be said that it is the worst form of government, apart from all the others that have been tried over time. It is, however, the opinion, and it is widely held in this country, that the people ought to be sovereign, and in a continuous manner, and that public opinion, expressed by all constitutional means, ought to mold, direct and control the actions of ministers, who are servants and not masters.

The group of people controlling the apparatus and the parliamentary majority undoubtedly have the authority to propose whatever they want without regard to the attitude of the people or mention of it in the election program.

Should the other side be allowed to pass laws that affect the essence of our country, in last years this parliament without recourse to the people's right to vote? No, sir, democracy says: “No, a thousand times no. You do not have the right to carry out laws at the last stage of your mandate that do not seem acceptable and desirable to the popular majority.”

Churchill was absolutely right. History has shown that in modern world A high standard of living is observed precisely in those countries where society lives according to the laws of democracy. The emirates and kingdoms in the Persian Gulf are exceptions to the rule, thanks to petrodollars and the small size of their states and populations.

An excellent example is Switzerland, one of the oldest democracies in Europe, which, not possessing natural resources, managed to maintain its democratic system of government for many hundreds of years and even during the Second World War, being surrounded on all sides, was able to resist Nazi Germany and Nazi Italy.

Excellent comparative examples of the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany, Northern and South Korea. The same people, but completely different levels life.

There are no ideal social systems, just as there are no ideal people. The fact that democracy and liberalism in Russia began to be perceived negatively has nothing to do with democracy itself, since the current system was created by people who have no life experience democracy and understanding of its laws. They only used the word democracy to achieve their own, not always noble, goals.

The reader may ask why, from the story about the saw, did the author move to democracy? The answer is very simple. There is a time for everything and each community or person must grow to understand this or that concept.

Reviews

It seems to me that we need to grow to the concept of the laws of dialectics, which say that societies and states in the world develop unevenly, and the forms of government that exist in the world, ranging from dictatorship to democracy, are established in accordance with the needs of society. The author cites South Korea as an example of the development of democracy and high level life, forgetting that they were achieved only thanks to the pre-existing military dictatorship. The examples of the dictators Franco, Salazar and Pinochet, and the regime of the “black colonels” in Greece also speak to this. Therefore, when necessary, dictators and dictatorship appear, which, when necessary, are replaced by democracy, and vice versa. And it is necessary when the contradictions are maximally aggravated and a change in the form of government is required. Therefore, it is wrong to say that democracy is always better than dictatorship. When, how and where. Well, for example, in the army, in battle there is no time to make decisions by voting when circumstances change all the time.
Sincerely, growth in South Korea began under the military dictatorship.
Sincerely
Mayan

Yes, the growth of the South Korean economy began even under the dictatorship. But the growth and percentages that show it depend on the basic numbers from which they began. After the War and the division of the Koreas, South Korea was even poorer than North Korea, since the main industry remained in the Northern part. That is, the growth that we observed until the 80s due to American investments and assistance only brought the country out of poverty. But the Korea that we know now, which successfully competes with any other countries in the field of high technology, automotive industry, shipbuilding and its brands among the best in the world have appeared on the horizon since the 80s.

The daily audience of the Proza.ru portal is about 100 thousand visitors, who in total view more than half a million pages according to the traffic counter, which is located to the right of this text. Each column contains two numbers: the number of views and the number of visitors.

It is believed that the first saw appeared even before the beginning of chronicled history. The first objects that can be considered the ancestors of modern saws were produced more than four thousand years ago. These were jagged stones used to create images on bone or other relatively soft material (certain types of stone, wood). The ancient Egyptians, and then the Romans, created saws made of bronze for sawing stones, and their teeth were diamonds and other precious stones. The teeth of Egyptian saws were inclined towards the handle, which made it possible to make cuts “with traction”. Such saws are still used in the East.

The ancient Greeks and Romans believed that powerful gods were the first to make saws from the jaws and spines of large fish.

In the Bronze Age, saws began to be made of bronze, and in the Iron Age, of iron, and they were equipped with a relatively comfortable “fox tail” handle. Scandinavian craftsmen were the first to learn how to make iron saws, casting them in stone molds. But the quality of the teeth and their sharpening did not allow such saws to compete with axes. Only centuries later in Ancient Greece in the 50s BC. forged saws appeared. The teeth made by the blacksmiths were much sharper and sharper, which made them the undisputed leader among saws of that time.

However, the saws spread slowly, since the two-handed saws used on the plot had to be used by three people: two sawed, and the third, an assistant, looked and used a pole to push the tree ready to fall in the right direction. Meanwhile, one lumberjack armed with an ax could fell the same tree in the same time. True, sawmills have more than once tried to impose the role of an assistant on the tool itself, often finding simple and ingenious solutions. For example, they made one-handed saws made from a bent trunk of a thin birch tree, to the ends of which a saw blade was attached.

In the 19th century, “American saws” were widely used, which were a combination of a hacksaw and a two-handed saw. You can cut down small trees with this tool alone. Much more complex was the saw, equipped with supporting supports, spring-loaded rollers and screws that regulate the pressure of the blade to the barrel. Apparently, because of this very complexity, it was not popular with loggers.

For many years, and not without success, bow saws were used to fell trees. Their thin blades made of alloy steel had a peculiarity - the thickness of the back was greater than the cutting part with a complex tooth profile. In the late 20s - early 30s of the twentieth century. The Swedish company Sandviken produced spring-loaded Kompis saws, which worked as follows. First, a bar was rested against the tree trunk, and a return spring was attached to it. Its other end was connected to a one-handed hacksaw, which was pulled in one direction by the lumberjack, and in the other by a spring.

In the middle of the 19th century, intensive development of technology took place, which was reflected in logging technology, where the first logging mechanisms appeared. Thus, in a device invented by the American engineer Hamilton in 1861, two workers used handles to rotate a flywheel with a toothed rim, thereby setting the saw blade into reciprocating motion. Around the same years, the Russian inventor D.I. Zhuravsky was the first to propose a saw in which the role of the cutting organ was performed by a disk with teeth. It rotated by hand drive, through a bevel gear, and was mounted on a frame that moved along two grooves in the horizontal direction.

Naturally, the creators of such mechanisms tried to use, first of all, standard components and parts that had already been tested in technology. At that time, the most common engine was the steam engine. It was this that the English engineer Ransome included in his mobile unit (1860). From her power plant steam flowed through long hoses to the cylinders of several working machines, to the rods of which the saws themselves were attached. Such units could be found here and there at the beginning of the twentieth century.

But steam was replaced by electricity. And already in the first years of the twentieth century in Germany they invented a method of felling trees with its help. The barrel was covered with steel wire at the bottom. Then the electric motor was turned on, the wire began to rotate quickly, like a conveyor belt. Heated by current and also by friction, it charred the wood and easily sawed through the trunk. In this case, the danger of a forest fire was eliminated, since the wire was not heated red-hot.

The advent of electric motors opened up the opportunity to create a variety of options for electric saws. The simplest of them is a mechanism developed in 1936 by Arkhangelsk mechanic N.F. Kharlamov. An electric motor was mounted on the frame; a conical friction roller was installed on its elongated shaft, which came into contact with the saw blade and caused the latter to rotate. Kharlamov's saw, the disadvantage of which was that it was heavy, was usually operated by a mechanic with an assistant. Later, they tried to lighten this unit by cutting out the middle part of the saw blade - the resulting working ring was held from the inside by spacer rollers connected to the friction transmission and the engine.

The desire to combine the advantages of a bow saw with the capabilities of an electrified drive contributed to the emergence of quite interesting designs. Even before the war, an unusual device was tested in Arkhangelsk. Two long cables came out of a small portable container in which the motor, gearbox and chain drive were located. They were connected to the ends of the bow cloth. There was an alternating tension of each cable and movement of the saw blade back and forth.

A new stage of development was the appearance of band saws. It is a round steel strip with many teeth along one edge. It is tensioned on two vertical pulleys, and the teeth are directed towards the wood being cut. The first patent for this type of saw was issued in England in 1808. In 1834, a certain Etieno received a patent for the same type of saw in France. The first American to patent a band saw was B. Baker, who did this only in 1836. However, for many years it was not possible to achieve an accurate connection of the ends of the band saw, which is why their widespread use began only after the 70s of the 19th century. In those days, some of the best band saws were made in France.

And yet, neither the disk nor the band blade, even the ring-shaped one, has become the basis of modern portable power saws. It was a cutting chain, first proposed back in 1858 by the American Brown. His contemporaries did not appreciate the invention. The first production samples of such saws appeared only several decades later. They were cumbersome and it was impossible to operate them alone. An example of this is the Sector chain saw, developed in the 20-30s of the twentieth century by the Swedish engineer Westfelt. On it, the cutting chain, stretched along a triangular contour through sprockets (one drive), was driven into rotation by a gasoline engine through a bevel gear and a long shaft.

A significant contribution to sawmill construction was made by two people, whose creations are now known to many builders who value quality tools. These are Andreas Stihl and Joseph Buford Cox. Andreas Stihl, a German mechanic, patented the first electric chain saw in 1926, and in 1929 the first chainsaw under the Shtihl brand. Now this German manufacturer has several dozen different patents in the field of mechanical engineering, a considerable market share among similar products, as well as recognition from buyers who value the brand for its accuracy and reliability.

During these same years, the extremely difficult conditions of logging labor and its low productivity pushed forward engineering thought in the USSR. At the end of 1927, by order of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR, the Northern Experimental Station for mechanization and rationalization of logging was established. In order to study foreign technology, in 1927, motor saws “Sector”, “Rapid” and others that appeared abroad were brought to the USSR for testing. This, in fact, is where the history of motor saws in the USSR began. Time has shown that electric saws are good for bucking, but are of little use for felling. In 1931, the Mashinotrest Devices Bureau designed and manufactured the first prototypes of the Pioneer gas-powered saw, and the Main Military Engineering Directorate of the Red Army organized the production of MP-300 gasoline-powered saws and the Bolshevik series of electric saws. Following this, the Academic Council of TsNIIME approved for implementation a project of lightweight gasoline-powered saws under the brands TsNIIME-1 with a rotary sawing apparatus and TsNIIME-2 of an all-rotary design, as well as further modifications - TsNIIME-3 and TsNIIME-4.

The period of the 30-40s is characterized by the exceptional intensity of experimental work on the creation of portable mechanical chain saws, and the result of this work was the creation, shortly after the Great Patriotic War new model of electric saw TsNIIME - VAKOPP. Being almost half the weight of its predecessors, the VAKOPP saw has been widely used in the forestry industry since 1946. At the same time, mobile power stations PES-12-50 of normal current frequency (50 Hz) with a capacity of 12 kW are supplied to the forest.

However, along with a significant decrease total weight The VAKOPP electric saw had an insufficient working length of the bar (500 mm) and low engine power - 1.3 kW.

A real technical revolution in the mechanization of forest felling was made by the TsNIIME-K5 saw. It used an electric motor with increased current frequency (200 Hz). Instead of 3,000 rpm, the electric motor shaft developed 12,000 rpm, which made it possible to reduce the weight of the engine by more than half without reducing its power (1.3 kW).

Further scientific organizations and individual inventors, using electric motors of increased current frequency, created a number of designs of lightweight electric saws. At the same time, mass production of the PEP-3 electric saw began.

During the post-war period, in 1947, lumberjack Joseph Buford Cox improved the chainsaw chain, optimizing its performance and increasing the efficiency of the tool. Observing a bark beetle larva during a break from work, he noticed the ease with which it gnaws its way through the wood of a strong stump, moving in any direction regardless of the direction of the fibers. By repeating the C-shaped jaws of the larva from steel, the lumberjack made a new chain. He and his wife then formed the Oregon Company to manufacture the chains and bars that are used in most chainsaws today. It is believed that the details of this particular company speak of the effectiveness and relative simplicity of the tool.

In 1949, in our country, mass production of gas-powered saws began, which turned out to be much more efficient in cutting areas and more convenient to operate than electric saws. For decades, the “Friendship” chainsaw reigned on the plots, so named by its creators in honor of the 300th anniversary of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia.

A new muffler, a single-bar removable starter were introduced into its design, the ignition system was improved, and many components and parts of the saw were strengthened. In the Druzhba-60 modification, the power on the saw chain engine reached 3.5 hp. “Friendship” was subsequently replaced by more advanced saws “Ural” and “Taiga”.

How often do each of us use construction tools in everyday life?! Probably, during repairs, it’s always common, and just building a birdhouse in the country or repairing a shovel is a common thing. Have any of us ever wondered what the history of these very construction tools? Who was the first to pick up a hammer or come up with a pneumatic hammer drill? Who first created the screw and screwdriver? But today we will talk to you about such an important and useful invention of mankind as a saw.

According to statistics, almost every modern builder has a tool such as a saw in his arsenal. To be precise, 97.2% of home craftsmen and almost 99.1% of craftsmen who work in production. This fact suggests that the saw has reached the peak of its popularity. Many may think that the flight of this object of construction to the top was simple and its age is no more than fifty years. But the first impression turns out to be wrong. The saw is far from a “young” instrument and was invented by people a long time ago.

The first objects that can be considered the ancestors of modern saws, according to scientists, were produced more than four thousand years ago. They were jagged stones that were used by ancient people to create images on bone or other relatively soft material (certain types of stone, wood). Such saws were made by sharpening a piece of stone on sharp corners rocks, or were found ready-made. The very first sculptors who made statues of gods also used these tools.

The ancient Egyptians, and then the Romans, were the first to use ultra-precise and durable saws, which were made of copper and equipped with cut diamonds as teeth. It was precisely these saws that were used by the craftsmen who made sarcophagi for the nobles of Egypt, since the accuracy of the sawing of such a tool made it possible to make very high-quality products. The ancient Romans also used similar saws in the construction of temples and other monumental structures.

Scandinavian craftsmen were the first to learn how to make saws using stone molds. This type of saw production was supposed to compete with the axes already widely used at that time. But the quality of the teeth and their sharpening did not give the desired effect. The efficiency of such saws was negligibly low on an industrial scale, so they were not destined to withstand the fight against axes.

Only centuries later in Ancient Greece in the 50s BC. saws made by blacksmiths appeared. Forged teeth were much sharper and sharper, which made them the undisputed leader among saws of that time.

The period from the rise of Christianity to the dawn of Kievan Rus is associated with the development of basic crafts, which in turn led to the development of the saw. It spread almost throughout the world and even then competed with the axe. The saw was, of course, most widely used in the regions of Siberia, Africa and Asia, where the timber industry flourished. A little later, when America was discovered, the saw spread there too.

Local inventors tried to invent the first improved sawmill, which made the woodcutter’s work easier, in 1322 in Germany. They were able to construct a saw driven by hydraulic mechanisms. This brought about something of a revolution in the methods of deforestation in Germany.

Similar saws were eventually used in England, Scotland, and Portugal. But woodcutters, who lived on earnings from cutting down forests, began to lose their jobs en masse. This led to serious uprisings, during which such “innovations” were destroyed.

In the United States of America, the first steam sawmill in history, which became the ancestor of the now widespread chainsaws, also suffered from similar uprisings. A new stage in the design of band saws was the conversion of a hydraulic to a steam sawmill, which was constructed in the city of Bass (Maine) in 1821.

The first tool of this type was a steel band with many teeth along one edge. They constantly rotated on both vertical pulleys, the direction of the teeth was towards the wood being cut. The first nation that managed to patent this type of saw was the British. A citizen of this particular country was issued a patent for such a saw in 1808.

In 1834, a certain Etieno managed to obtain a patent for the same type of saw in France. The first American to patent a band saw was B. Baker, who did this only in 1836. Due to certain circumstances, the band saw began to develop only after the 70s of the nineteenth century. An accurate connection between band saw ends that ensures maximum safety has been elusive for many years. In those days, some of the best band saws were made in France. Now this country is one of the world leaders in band saws.

In addition to the traditional and band saws, many companies claim leadership in the creation of the chain saw. They refer to the chain saw mechanism, which was invented in the 20s of the twentieth century. However, scientists refute this fact and, in turn, say that the first chain saw was invented by a doctor. In 1830, the German prosthetist Bernard Hein came up with a mechanism that helped with this for optimal cutting of bone. Thus, the osteoscope was invented in medicine and the chain saw in the forestry industry.

But it was not possible to implement the invention of the German doctor, since the saws turned out to be very heavy and inconvenient. Only a century later did humanity manage to take a step forward. A significant contribution to sawmill construction was made by two people, whose creations are now known to many builders who value quality tools.

Andreas Stihl, a German mechanic, patented the first electric chain saw in 1926, and in 1929 the first chainsaw under the Shtihl brand. Now this German manufacturer has several dozen different patents in the field of mechanical engineering, a considerable market share among similar products, as well as recognition from buyers who value the brand for its accuracy and reliability.

In turn, in the post-war period in 1947, Joseph Buford improved the chain for the chain saw, optimizing its operation and increasing the efficiency of the tool. While observing a bark beetle larva during a break from work, Joseph Cox noticed the ease with which the small tree beetle larva gnaws its way through the wood of a strong stump, moving in any direction it wishes, regardless of the direction of the grain. By repeating the C-shaped jaws of the larva from steel, the lumberjack made a new chain. He and his wife then formed the Oregon Company to manufacture the chains and bars that are used in most chainsaws today. It is believed that the details of this particular company speak of the effectiveness and relative simplicity of the tool.

From all of the above, we can conclude that, like any invention, the saw has gone through its thorny path, being tested for strength by time and improved through human efforts.