The ideological concept of the novel fathers and sons. The idea and history of the creation of the novel “Fathers and Sons. The true meaning of the work of Ivan Sergeevich

The idea of ​​the novel "Fathers and Sons" came from I.S. Turgenev in 1860 in England during a summer vacation on the Isle of Wight. Work on the work continued the following year in Paris. The figure of the protagonist so captivated I.S. Turgenev that for some time he kept a diary on his behalf.

The novel "Fathers and Sons" reflects the historical process of generational change. The 40s of the 19th century in Russia were the time of liberal-minded nobles. They respected science and art, sympathized with the Russian people and believed in natural progress. Later they were called "idealists", "romantics". In the 1950s and 1960s, raznochintsy appeared on the public arena. These were educated people of non-noble origin, who did not recognize class differences and with their labor made their way to life. They categorically did not accept everything that was associated with noble aristocracy.

The composition of the novel "Fathers and Sons" is monocentric: the main character is in the center, and all the "formal" elements of the work are aimed at revealing his character. During his "wanderings" Bazarov visits the same places twice: Maryino, Nikolskoye, Bazarov. Thus, we first get to know the hero, and then we become a witness of how, under the influence of circumstances (a duel with Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, a quarrel with Arkady, love for Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, etc.), his views and beliefs change.

"Fathers and Sons" is a multifaceted novel in terms of genre. The presence of a family-beat theme allows us to call it family, the use of a socio-historical conflict as a concept - social, a deep study of human characters - psychological, and the coverage of philosophical problems - philosophical. Most often, given the degree of development of these aspects, the genre "Fathers and Sons" is defined as a socio-psychological novel.

Vasily Perov. Old parents at the grave of their son Oil on canvas. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia.

"Fathers and Sons" is one of Turgenev's most famous and popular novels. In general, he began to publish his novels relatively late - only from 1856. By that time he was already quite a few years old. Behind him was the experience of "Notes of a Hunter" and popularity as an author of essays.

The fourth novel and its current themes

Ivan Sergeevich wrote six novels in total. The fourth in a row was "Fathers and Sons", the year of creation of which fell on 1861. This work is the quintessence of Turgenev's novelistic style. He always strives to portray the events of his personal life, relationships between people against the backdrop of any social phenomena.

The writer always emphasized that he was a pure artist and that the aesthetic perfection of the book was more important to him than its political or social relevance. However, in every work of Ivan Sergeevich it is clear that he always gets into the very core of current public discussions of one time or another. The same is evidenced by the novel "Fathers and Sons".

This work was published in 1862, during the period of rapprochement between Russia and Europe, when a great reform was carried out - serfdom was abolished. Completely different philosophical currents and social views began to appear.

History of creation. "Fathers and Sons", or the Emergence of a New Concept

It is important to emphasize that Ivan Sergeevich in the novel depicts the events of the pre-reform period of 1859. And it is he who not only discovers, but also names in his work that social phenomenon that has not yet been recognized as important and relevant.

The key phrase is the comparison of human life with the world of indifferent nature. And yet, she is not indifferent. It is simply so omnipotent that it helps people overcome the vanity of the world and comprehend life eternal and endless.

The true meaning of the work of Ivan Sergeevich

The contradiction between fathers and children, which is stated on the first pages of the novel, does not further aggravate or deepen. On the contrary, the extremes are increasingly approaching each other. As a result, the reader understands that in every family, the relationship of parents to their children is quite warm, and those in response reciprocate. And, despite all the previous critical and negative discussions that the history of creation carries, "Fathers and Sons" as the plot develops, demonstrates that the contradictions between the views of the older generation and the young are more and more smoothed out. And at the end of the novel, they almost come to naught.

Changes in the mind of the main character

And the main character, Bazarov, is going through a particularly difficult evolution. And it goes not under compulsion, but as a result of internal movements of the soul and mind. He denies all the basic values ​​of a noble society: nature, art, family, love. And Ivan Sergeevich is well aware that his hero, in principle, is completely hopeless and will not be able to live long in this denial.

And as soon as love falls on the main character, his harmonious system of views collapses. He has no reason to live. Therefore, it is unlikely that his death in this work can be considered accidental.

The meaning of Ivan Sergeevich's novel could be very briefly described with a quote from Pushkin: "Blessed is he who was young from his youth ..." The fact is that the contradictions between youthful energy, activity and humility to life, which are inherent in more mature periods of a person, are imaginary conflicts.

As nature absorbs and processes social phenomena in itself, so the views of young people change in the work "Fathers and Sons". The heroes of the novel, their characters are gradually reborn and come closer to the opinions and judgments of their fathers. This is the outstanding achievement of Turgenev.

About a nihilist, a person who despises art, Ivan Sergeevich was able to tell by means of this very skill. The author spoke about very acute social events not in the language of a participant in the events, but in an artistic one. That is why the novel "Fathers and Sons" still excites the feelings of many readers.

Creativity I.S. Turgenev was a huge contribution to the development of Russian literature. Many of his works are well known to readers of different ages. But the most popular was and remains Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons", which became the answer to many questions of the writer's contemporaneity. The history of the creation of the novel "Fathers and Sons" began in 1860, with an idea that visited Ivan Sergeevich.

First stage

Thoughts about creating a new work describing the surrounding reality arose from Turgenev when he was in England on the Isle of Wight. Then he conceives a major story, the hero of which should be a young doctor. The prototype of Bazarov was a young doctor accidentally met by Turgenev while traveling by rail. In it, he saw the beginnings of nihilism, which was only emerging at that time. This struck Ivan Sergeevich. He was simply fascinated by the views of this young man.

Beginning of work

Turgenev begins work directly in 1860. He leaves with his daughter for Paris, settles there and plans to finish work with a new work in a short time. During the first year of work on Fathers and Sons, the writer completes the first half of the novel. He feels great satisfaction from his work. He is madly attracted by the image of Yevgeny Bazarov. But over time, he feels that he can no longer work in Paris. The writer returns home.

Completion of the novel

Returning to Russia gives Turgenev the opportunity to plunge into the atmosphere of modern social movements. This helps him complete the novel. Shortly before the end of work on Fathers and Sons, a significant event takes place in Russia - the abolition of serfdom. The last chapters of the work are completed by Ivan Sergeevich in his native village of Spassky.

First publications and controversy

For the first time, "Fathers and Sons" appeared to the world on the pages of the popular literary publication "Russian Messenger". As Turgenev feared, Bazarov's ambiguous image provoked a strong reaction in literary circles. His discussion generated a lot of controversy in the press. Many excellent critics devoted their articles to analyzing the ideological content of the novel and characterizing the protagonist. The appearance of a new image, denying everything familiar and beautiful, has become a kind of hymn to the young nihilistic trend.

The last edition of the novel

After the appearance of the novel in the Russian Messenger, Turgenev is engaged in a slight revision of the text of the work. He smooths out some of the particularly sharp character traits of the protagonist, and makes the image of Bazarov more attractive than in the original version. In the autumn of 1862, an edited version of the novel was published. On the title page there is a dedication to Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky. Turgenev and Belinsky were very close friends, and thanks to the influence of Vissarion Grigoryevich, some of Ivan Sergeevich's public views were formed.

Roman I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" became a unique work that reflected the eternal confrontation between two generations, not only within a single family, but also at the level of the socio-political life of the whole country.

What was the intention of the novel "Fathers and Sons"? How did it reflect the socio-political struggle of the 60s of the XIX century? Did the intentions of the writer and the objective meaning of his work coincide in this case?

"My whole story is directed against the nobility as an advanced class," I. S. Turgenev argued. In Bazarov, he was drawn to an outstanding, titanic figure, grown out of the people's soil, but lonely and therefore doomed to death. The author conceived the main conflict of the novel as a conflict of ideologies: the moderate-liberal position of the "fathers" and the extreme left views of the nihilists (read, revolutionaries, the author notes). The writer wanted to show the triumph of democracy over the aristocracy, but he was sure of the defeat of the revolutionaries. Therefore, he categorically objected to the revolutionary conclusions drawn by Dobrolyubov after reading Fathers and Sons, and because of this he broke with his dear Sovremennik. The writer, who served "the revolution as the heartfelt meaning of his works" (from the proclamation of the People's Will), turned out to be wrong: the objective meaning of his novel outgrew the plan, turned out to be broader and more convincing than Turgenev had supposed.

What is the main conflict in "Fathers and Sons"? Is the struggle of two generations or two ideologies shown in the novel? Which of the characters in the novel immediately attracts attention, evokes sympathy? Who can be called a hero of his time? Why do you think so? What does the generation of "fathers" look like in Turgenev's image (the Kirsanov brothers, Vasily Ivanovich Bazarov)? What do you think about their attitude towards the younger generation? Does the author sympathize with them or despises them? What is the essence of the ideological disputes between "fathers" and "children"? Whose side is Turgenev on? Why do you think it was Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov who became Bazarov's main opponent? What does the duel scene give to characterize each of them? What are the views of Bazarov? What attracts (or repels) you? Why does Turgenev show him lonely not only in the camp of "fathers", but also among "children"? Prove that Bazarov is a fighter and a thinker. What is the essence of Bazar's nihilism? Does he have the moral right to call himself self-broken?

Bazarov has the character of a fighter. He never retreats in disputes with ideological opponents, does not change his convictions, most often developed by experience. His aphorisms, often controversial, are the result of great mental work. Bazarov's nihilism is not a denial for the sake of denial, but a firm conviction that "science" in general "does not exist at all," that everything must be looked at critically, the results of one's research in the laboratory must be checked, etc. Bazarov is sure that "everyone a person must educate himself, "and cites himself as an example. He has the right to call himself "self-broken", because he never gives in to his weaknesses, fearlessly defends what he considers true.

How does Bazarov feel about his parents? Why can't there be spiritual intimacy between them? It is known that the test of love is a difficult test for Turgenev's heroes. How does Bazarov reveal himself in love? How does Turgenev show the sincerity and strength of his hero's feelings? Is Anna Sergeevna Odintsova worthy of his love? "To die the way Bazarov died is the same as doing a great feat." Do you agree with this opinion of D. I. Pisarev? Why do you think the novel ends with the picture of Bazarov's death? How does D. I. Pisarev answer this question? Why did Turgenev call Bazarov a "tragic face"? What is the role of landscape in "Fathers and Sons"? Why does Arkady belong to the camp of "fathers"?

Arkady in the epilogue "became a zealous master", his "farm brings a significant income." This means that the influence

How are the ideological views of the characters revealed in the novel "Fathers and Sons" by I. S. Turgenev?

Bazarov quickly disappeared - after all, Arkady, despite the search for a social ideal outside the noble ideology, remained a "liberal gentleman." He is the guardian of the traditions of the "fathers" not only in relation to culture. The ideological views of the heroes of I. S. Turgenev are most fully revealed in the disputes between the Kirsanovs and Bazarov.

Describe the portrait of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov.

Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is an aristocrat, which is emphasized by his beautiful white hands "with long pink nails", "English suite, fashionable low ties", "amazing collars". He speaks with accentuated refined courtesy, tilting his head slightly.

What principles of Bazarov do not withstand a dispute with life?

Bazarov's nihilistic attitude towards love is broken by his own feeling for Odintsova. For the first time, he realizes that he is powerless to give up love for the sake of reason, that he becomes dependent on a woman whose words, look, manners cause a storm of irresistible passions in him. After losing a love match, Bazarov loses optimism, comes to gloomy arguments about the insignificance of man in the face of eternity.

How do you understand the meaning of the word "nihilist"?

I. S. Turgenev introduced the concept of "nihilism" into the Russian language as a designation for the system of views of "new people" who entered Russian public life from the late 50s of the 19th century. Nihilism is a simplified, grossly materialistic understanding of life, in which rational, experimental knowledge through the natural sciences comes to the fore, religion, art, beauty, morality are denied as useless in society. "We act by virtue of what we recognize as useful. At the present time, denial is most useful - we deny."

What is the weakness of Bazarov's position?

The weakness of Bazarov's position is in the total denial of everything that goes beyond empirical knowledge: art, the beauty of nature, love, religion. Life itself breaks his rejection of love. His materialism is superficial and crude, identifying physiology and morality (“each of us has a brain, spleen, heart, and lungs are the same,” which means that everyone has the same “moral qualities”). Bazarov has no devoted supporters, he is lonely, therefore, doomed.

Why does I. S. Turgenev end Bazarov's line with the death of a hero?

I. S. Turgenev believed that the "Russian Insarovs" had come, but their time had not come. Bazarov is a premature person who does not have a close social perspective, which is why he had to die.

What is the meaning of the title of the novel "Fathers and Sons" by I. S. Turgenev?

The name has a double meaning: the opposition of two social forces - liberal nobles ("fathers") and democrats-raznochintsev ("children"); eternal contradiction of generations.

What details of the portrait emphasize Bazarov's democracy?

I. S. Turgenev emphasized the democratism of Bazarov in appearance. His face "long and thin, with a broad forehead, flat top, pointed nose, large greenish eyes and drooping sandy sideburns, was enlivened by a calm smile and expressed self-confidence and intelligence." He dresses simply and emphatically casually - in a "long robe with tassels", and his hands are "red and naked", never wearing gloves.

Fathers and Sons The idea of ​​the novel "Fathers and Sons" came from I. S. Turgenev in 1860 in England during a summer vacation on the Isle of Wight. Work on the work continued the following year in Paris. The figure of the protagonist so captivated I. S. Turgenev that for some time he kept a diary on his behalf.

The originality of the landscape in the novel "Fathers and Sons" Compared with other novels by I. S. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons" is much poorer in landscapes.

Readers' reviews are a multifaceted and very vital novel about the painful crossing of the border between youth and maturity.

In Turgenev, I still love Rudin more, but this book also has a surprisingly many thoughts that disturb the mind. This book is definitely worth reading at the stage of growing up and the formation of life values.

At school I really liked Bazarov. He seemed so romantic to me, may the character forgive me this very romanticism. Misunderstood, he denied recognized ideals, was bold, courageous, intelligent. I could not help but fall in love with Bazarov. :)

"Fathers and Sons" is a very interesting novel, because I. S. Turgenev delves into the most intimate - human relationships. There are a lot of themes: true love, friendship, and "unusual" people.

The novel "Fathers and Sons" caused an ambiguous assessment of I. S. Turgenev's contemporaries. Critic M. A. Antonovich called Bazarov a talker, a cynic and accused Turgenev of slandering the younger generation, while, in fact, "" fathers and sons "are equally right and wrong."

D. I. Pisarev in the article “Bazarov (1865) defended the protagonist of the novel. He remarked that this "man is strong in mind and character", although extremely proud. Bazarov's problem, according to Pisarev, is that he bluntly denies those things that he does not know or does not understand.