The infinitive and its syntactic functions in the Russian language. Sentences like Work is valor

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CHAPTER 2: How Cipollino made Cavalier Tomato cry for the first time

“Uncle,” asked Cipollino, “what took it into your head to climb into this box?” I would like to know how you will get out of it!

Oh, it's pretty easy! - answered the old man. - It’s much more difficult to enter. I would love to invite you over, boy, and even treat you to a glass of cold beer, but there’s no room for the two of you here. Yes, to tell the truth, I don’t even have beer.

“It’s okay,” said Cipollino, “I don’t want to drink... So this is your house?”

“Yes,” answered the old man, whose name was godfather Pumpkin. - True, the house is a bit cramped, but when there is no wind, it’s not bad here.

It must be said that godfather Pumpkin only completed the construction of his house on the eve of this day. Almost from childhood, he dreamed that he would someday have his own house, and every year he bought one brick for future construction.

But, unfortunately, godfather Pumpkin did not know arithmetic and had to ask the shoemaker, Master Vinogradinka, from time to time to count the bricks for him.

Let’s see,” said Master Grape, scratching the back of his head with an awl.

Six seven-forty two... nine down... In short, you have seventeen bricks in total.

Do you think this will be enough for the house?

I would say no.

How to be?

It's up to you. If you don't have enough for a house, make a bench out of bricks.

What do I need a bench for? There are already a lot of benches in the park, and when they are occupied, I can stand.

Master Grape silently scratched with an awl, first behind his right ear, then behind his left, and went into his workshop.

And godfather Pumpkin thought and thought and in the end decided to work more and eat less. So he did.

Now he managed to buy three or four bricks a year.

He became as thin as a matchstick, but the pile of bricks grew.

The people said:

“Look at godfather Pumpkin! You'd think he was pulling bricks out of his own belly. Every time he adds a brick, he loses a kilogram.”

So it went on year after year. Finally the day came when godfather Pumpkin felt that he was getting old and could no longer work. He again went to Master Grape and told him:

Be so kind as to count my bricks.

Master Grape, taking an awl with him, left the workshop, looked at the pile of bricks and began:

Six seven-forty two... nine down... In short, you now have a total of one hundred and eighteen pieces.

Enough for the house?

I don't think so.

How to be?

I don’t really know what to tell you... Build a chicken coop.

Yes, I don’t have a single chicken!

Well, put a cat in the chicken coop. You know, a cat is a useful animal. She catches mice.

This is true, but I don’t have a cat either, and to tell the truth, I haven’t even got mice yet. No reason and nowhere...

What do you want from me? - Master Grape sniffled, fiercely scratching the back of his head with an awl. - One hundred and eighteen is one hundred and eighteen, no more, no less. Right?

You know better - you studied arithmetic.

Godfather Pumpkin sighed once or twice, but seeing that his sighs were not adding more bricks, he decided to begin construction without further ado.

“I’ll build a very, very small house out of bricks,” he thought as he worked. “I don’t need a palace, I’m small myself.” And if there aren’t enough bricks, I’ll use paper.”

Godfather Pumpkin worked slowly and carefully, afraid to use up all his precious bricks too quickly.

He placed them one on top of the other as carefully as if they were glass. He knew well what each brick was worth!

This,” he said, taking one of the bricks and stroking it like a kitten, “this is the same brick that I got ten years ago for Christmas. I bought it with the money I saved for chicken for the holiday. Well, I’ll enjoy the chicken later, when I finish my construction, but for now I’ll do without it.

Over each brick he let out a deep, deep sigh. And yet, when the bricks ran out, he still had a lot of sighs left, and the house turned out to be tiny, like a dovecote.

“If I were a dove,” thought poor Pumpkin, “I would be very, very comfortable here!”

And now the house was completely ready.

Godfather Pumpkin tried to enter it, but his knee hit the ceiling and almost brought down the entire structure.

“I’m getting old and clumsy. We need to be more careful!”

He knelt in front of the entrance and, sighing, crawled inside on all fours. But here new difficulties emerged: you can’t get up without hitting the roof with your head; You can’t stretch out on the floor because the floor is too short, and it’s impossible to turn on your side because it’s cramped. But most importantly, what about the legs? If you climbed into the house, you need to pull your legs inside, otherwise they will get wet in the rain.

“I see,” thought godfather Pumpkin, “that all I can do is live in this house sitting.”

So he did. He sat down on the floor, carefully taking a breath, and on his face, which appeared through the window, there was an expression of the darkest despair.

Well, how are you feeling, neighbor? - Master Grape inquired, leaning out of the window of his workshop.

Thank you, not bad!.. - answered godfather Pumpkin with a sigh.

Aren't your shoulders narrow?

No no. After all, I built the house exactly according to my measurements.

Master Grape scratched the back of his head, as always, with an awl and muttered something incomprehensible. Meanwhile, people gathered from all sides to look at the house of godfather Pumpkin. A whole horde of boys rushed over. The smallest one jumped onto the roof of the house and began to dance, singing:

Like Old Man Pumpkin

Right hand in the kitchen

Left hand in the bedroom.

If the legs

On the threshold

The nose is in the attic window!

Be careful, boys! - Godfather Pumpkin begged. - You’re going to bring down my house - he’s still so young, new, he’s not even two days old!

To appease the boys, godfather Pumpkin pulled out of his pocket a handful of red and green candies that he had lying around since I don’t know when, and distributed them to the boys. They grabbed the candies with a joyful squeal and immediately fought among themselves, dividing the spoils.

From that day on, godfather Pumpkin, as soon as he had a few soldi, bought sweets and put them on the windowsill for the children, like bread crumbs for sparrows.

That's how they became friends.

Sometimes Pumpkin allowed the boys to climb into the house one by one, while he kept a watchful eye on the outside, lest they cause trouble.

Godfather Pumpkin was telling young Cipollino about all this just at that moment when a thick cloud of dust appeared at the edge of the village. Immediately, as if on command, all the windows, doors and gates began to close with a knock and a creak. Master Grape's wife also hurried to lock her gate.

People hid in their homes, as if before a storm. Even chickens, cats and dogs rushed to look for a safe shelter.

Cipollino had not yet had time to ask what was going on here, when a cloud of dust rolled through the village with a crash and roar and stopped right at the house of godfather Pumpkin.

In the middle of the cloud was a carriage pulled by four horses. Strictly speaking, these were not exactly horses, but rather cucumbers, because in the country in question, all people and animals were akin to some kind of vegetables or fruits.

A fat man dressed all in green got out of the carriage, puffing and puffing. His red, plump, puffy cheeks seemed about to burst, like an overripe tomato.

This was the gentleman Pomodor, the manager and housekeeper of the wealthy landowners - Countess Cherry. Cipollino immediately realized that nothing good could be expected from this person if everyone ran away at her first appearance, and he himself considered it best to stay away.

At first, Cavalier Tomato did nothing bad to anyone. He just looked at his godfather Pumpkin. He looked long and intently, ominously shaking his head and not saying a word.

And poor godfather Pumpkin was glad at that moment to fall through the ground along with his tiny house. Sweat streamed from his forehead and into his mouth, but godfather Pumpkin did not even dare raise his hand to wipe his face, and obediently swallowed these salty and bitter drops.

Finally, he closed his eyes and began to think like this: “There is no Signor Tomato here anymore. I am sitting in my house and sailing like a sailor in a boat on the Pacific Ocean. The water around me is blue, blue, calm, calm... How softly it rocks my boat!..”

Of course, there was no trace of the sea around, but Pumpkin’s godfather’s house actually swayed to the right and then to the left. This happened because the gentleman Tomato grabbed the edge of the roof with both hands and began to shake the house with all his might. The roof was shaking, and neatly laid tiles were flying in all directions.

Godfather Pumpkin involuntarily opened his eyes when Signor Tomato let out such a menacing growl that the doors and windows in the neighboring houses closed even tighter, and the one who had locked the door with only one turn of the key hurried to turn the key in the keyhole one more time or two.

The villain! - Signor Tomato shouted. - Robber! Thief! Rebel! Rebel! You built this palace on land that belongs to the Countesses of Cherries, and you are going to spend the rest of your days in idleness, violating the sacred rights of two poor elderly widows and orphans. Here I will show you!

“Your Grace,” godfather Pumpkin begged, “I assure you that I had permission to build a house!” Signor Count Cherry himself once gave it to me!

Count Cherry died thirty years ago - peace be upon his ashes! - and now the land belongs to two well-lived countesses. So get out of here without any further discussion! The lawyer will explain the rest to you... Hey, Pea, where are you? Alive! * Signor Green pea, the village lawyer was obviously ready, because he immediately popped out from somewhere like a pea out of a pod. Every time Tomato came to the village, he called this efficient fellow to confirm his orders with the appropriate articles of the law.

“I am here, your honor, at your service...” muttered Signor Pea, bowing low and turning green with fear.

But he was so small and nimble that no one noticed his bow. Afraid of seeming insufficiently polite, Signor Pea jumped higher and kicked his legs in the air.

Hey, what's your name, tell that slacker Pumpkin that, according to the laws of the kingdom, he must get out of here immediately. And announce to all the local residents that the Countesses of Cherries intend to put the most angry dog, in order to guard the count's possessions from the boys, who for some time began to behave extremely disrespectfully.

Yes, yes, really disrespectful... that is... - muttered Pea, turning even greener with fear. - That is, it is not really respectful!

What is there - “valid” or “invalid”! Are you a lawyer or not?

Oh yes, your grace, an expert in civil, criminal, and also canon law. Graduated from the University of Salamanca. With a diploma and title...

Well, if you have a diploma and a title, then you will confirm that I am right. And then you can go home.

Yes, yes, Signor Cavalier, as you please!.. - And Signor Lawyer, without forcing himself to ask twice, slipped away quickly and unnoticed, like a mouse’s tail.

Well, did you hear what the lawyer said? - Tomato asked godfather Pumpkin.

But he said absolutely nothing! - someone's voice was heard.

How? Do you still dare to argue with me, unfortunate one?

Your Grace, I didn’t even open my mouth... - muttered godfather Pumpkin.

And who, if not you? - And the gentleman Tomato looked around with a menacing look.

Scammer! Trickster! - the same voice was heard again.

Who is speaking? Who? Probably that old rebel, Master Grape! - Cavalier Tomato decided. He approached the shoemaker’s workshop and, hitting the door with his club, growled:

I know very well, Master Grape, that in your workshop daring, rebellious speeches are often made against me and the noble countesses of Cherries! You have no respect for these elderly noble gentlemen - widows and orphans. But wait: your turn will come. Let's see who will laugh last!

And even earlier your turn will come, Signor Tomato! Oh, you will burst soon, you will certainly burst!

These words were spoken by none other than Cipollino. With his hands in his pockets, he approached the formidable gentleman Tomato so calmly and confidently that it never occurred to him that this pathetic boy, this little tramp, had dared to tell him the truth.

Where did you come from? Why not at work?

“I’m not working yet,” Cipollino replied. - I'm just learning.

What are you studying? Where are your books?

I'm looking into scammers, Your Grace. One of them is standing in front of me right now, and I will never miss the opportunity to study it properly.

Oh, are you studying scammers? This is interesting. However, in this village everyone is a swindler. If you found a new one, show it to me.

“With pleasure, your honor,” Cipollino replied with a sly wink.

Here he stuck his hand deeper into his left pocket and pulled out a small mirror with which he usually let in sunbeams. Approaching very close to Signor Tomato, Cipollino turned the mirror in front of his nose:

Here he is, this swindler, your honor. If you like, take a good look at him. Do you recognize?

Cavalier Tomato could not resist the temptation and looked in the mirror with one eye. It is not known what he hoped to see there, but, of course, he saw only his own face, red as fire, with angry little eyes and a wide mouth, like the slot of a piggy bank.

It was then that Signor Tomato finally realized that Cipollino was simply mocking him. Well, he got mad! Turning all red, he grabbed Cipollino’s hair with both hands.

Oh oh oh! - Cipollino shouted, without losing his inherent gaiety. - Oh, how strong is this swindler whom you saw in my mirror! I assure you, he alone is worth a whole gang of robbers!

I’ll show you, you rogue!.. - the gentleman Tomato shouted and pulled Cipollino’s hair so hard that one strand remained in his hands.

But then what was supposed to happen happened.

Having torn out a strand of onion hair from Cipollino, the formidable gentleman Tomato suddenly felt an acrid bitterness in his eyes and nose. He sneezed once or twice, and then tears flowed from his eyes like a fountain. Even like two fountains. Streams, streams, rivers of tears flowed down both his cheeks so abundantly that they flooded the entire street, as if a janitor with a hose had walked along it.

“This has never happened to me before!” - thought the frightened Signor Tomato.

In fact, he was such a heartless and cruel person (if you can call a tomato a person) that he never cried, and since he was also rich, he never had to peel an onion himself in his life. What happened to him frightened him so much that he jumped into the carriage, whipped the horses and rushed away. However, as he ran away, he turned around and shouted:

Hey, Pumpkin, look, I warned you!.. And you, vile boy, ragamuffin, will pay me dearly for these tears!

Cipollino roared with laughter, and godfather Pumpkin just wiped the sweat from his forehead.

Doors and windows began to open little by little in all the houses except the house in which Signor Pea lived.

Master Grape opened his gate wide and ran out into the street, fiercely scratching the back of his head with an awl.

“I swear by all the trash in the world,” he exclaimed, “finally there was a boy who made Gentleman Tomato cry!.. Where did you come from, boy?

And Cipollino told Master Vinogradinka and his neighbors his story, which you already know.

As a child, I was fascinated by Andersen's fairy tales: “ The Snow Queen", "The Ugly Duckling", "Thumbelina", "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", "The Princess and the Pea", "The Little Mermaid", "The Swineherd" ... For some reason, the fairy tale "The Spruce" was especially memorable.
When my father brought a two-volume set of fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen (1975 edition) from Chisinau, I was surprised to discover that these were not exactly the fairy tales that I read as a child, but rather fairy tales for adults.
Some researchers believe that the great storyteller Andersen did not like children. Hans Christian was irritated when he was called a children's writer. He considered himself a serious writer for adults. But critics did not recognize him as a poet and novelist. But Andersen was the recognized king of the fairy tale. He paid for it at the price of personal happiness!
How did Hans Christian write his stories? Where do fairy tales come from?
Essentially this is a question about the nature of inspiration and the nature of human genius.

Since childhood, I dreamed of seeing the places where Hans Christian Andersen lived and wrote, and now my dream came true: as part of a cruise through four Scandinavian capitals, I visited Copenhagen.

I liked Copenhagen, its streets and canals. Ancient buildings harmoniously coexist alongside modern buildings, which creates a unique flavor of the city. Most tasty coffee and I tried the most delicious cake in Copenhagen.
It was pleasant to meet our sailors from the anti-submarine ship Neustrashimy; I even talked to one of them. That day, our famous sailing ship “Sedov” was also in Copenhagen.

Now more than 1 million people live in the capital of Denmark.
Denmark (Kongeriget Danmark) is the senior member of the Commonwealth of States of the Kingdom of Denmark, which also includes the Faroe Islands and Greenland with autonomy.
The population of Denmark is 5.5 million people (the same as in St. Petersburg).
By index better life, out of 36 countries, Denmark ranks third after Australia and the United States.
The average life expectancy for men is 78 years, for women – 86 years.
Half of the families own their own homes.
Denmark has its own currency, but the euro is accepted everywhere.

Denmark is the oldest monarchy in Europe, existing since 936.
The head of state, Queen Margaret, exercises supreme power through an appointed government. The Queen is also the Supreme Commander of the Danish Armed Forces and the head of the official state church.

In 1940, Nazi Germany occupied Denmark and the Germans entered Copenhagen. Denmark was declared a German protectorate, but Hitler promised to preserve the king's power.
The Nazis demanded that Jews wear a yellow Star of David on their chests. Then the King of Denmark attached a yellow star to his jacket and rode out to the city on horseback. Although the king recognized the power of Germany, he remained with his people.

Denmark is the birthplace of such famous people as physicist Niels Bohr, philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, film director Lars von Trier, storyteller Hans Christian Andersen.

Hans Christian Andersen was born on April 2, 1805 in the small town of Odense, located on one of the Danish islands - Fionse. His father was twenty at that time, and his mother was a couple of years older.
The father of the future great storyteller was also named Hans Christian Andersen (1782-1816), and he was a poor shoemaker. The father of the great writer loved to read and travel. He endlessly reread the tales of “A Thousand and One Nights” to his son. One day a father went with his son to the theater, which influenced the whole later life boy.
Feeling a sense of adventure, in 1812 my father went to fight as part of Napoleon's army. The family lived on the money earned by the father for three years. Four years later he returned crippled and soon died.

The grandfather of the great storyteller, old man Anders Hansen, a wood carver, was considered crazy in the town because he carved strange figures of half-humans with wings.

Mother Anna Marie Andersdatter (1775-1833), was a laundress from a poor family, she had to beg as a child. She was also not well mentally. She was buried in a cemetery for the poor.

In Denmark there is a legend about Andersen's royal origin, since in early biography Andersen wrote that as a child he played with Prince Frits, later King Frederick VII. The reason for this fantasy of Andersen was the stories of his father that he was a relative of the king.
After the death of King Frederick VII, with the exception of relatives, only Andersen was allowed to visit the coffin of the deceased.

IN early childhood Hans Christian was a reserved child. He grew up a dreamer and visionary. His favorite game was the puppet theater, which he made himself and where he performed his plays.
The neighbor's son Gottfred Schenk, having learned about Andersen's hobby, teased him as a “play writer” and, at every opportunity, beat him up in vain.

The boy sang in the church choir and once a week his mother took him to Sunday sermons. At the parish school, Andersen was not a diligent student. He did not study lessons, did not try to comprehend mathematics and tricky grammar, for which he received biting blows with the teacher's pointer.

After several physical punishments, Hans Christian refused to go to parish school, and his mother sent him to a Jewish school, where physical punishment of children was prohibited.
At Jewish school, Andersen became friends with a girl named Sarah, who called him cute and promised that when she grew up, she would become his wife. In gratitude, Hans Christian told her his “darkest secret”: “You know, I come from a noble family. You'll see, someday people will take their hats off to me..."

Andersen did not intend to become a writer, but dreamed of becoming an actor; he wanted to dance and sing on stage, recite poetry. The boy with big blue eyes had a clear voice and could read poetry and sing songs for hours.

“Someday your son will become famous, and Odense will light fires in his honor,” the soothsayer told Andersen’s mother when he was still a child.

In 1816, Andersen's father died, and the boy had to go to work. He was an apprentice to a weaver, then to a tailor, and worked in a cigarette factory.
The mother tried to get her son into a garment factory. The workers, who knew about the boy’s singing talent, asked him to sing. The clear and sonorous soprano caused general delight. However, the next day they began to laugh at Andersen’s ringing voice. Someone suggested checking to see if this lanky boy was a girl. They pulled down Andersen’s pants and checked him amid general laughter...

After this, Andersen finally retreated into himself. His best friends wooden dolls made by my father once became. Hans Christian sewed dresses for them, composed funny and sad stories, in which the dolls came to life. For his heroes, he invented a new language, a kind of cross between Danish, German, English and French.

Andersen's mother, unable to bear the poverty any longer, decided to get married again. Andersen did not get along with his stepfather, who was a poor shoemaker. The relationship with his mother, whom Hans Christian was jealous of his adopted sister Karen-Marie, also deteriorated.

For his delightful voice, Andersen was nicknamed “the little nightingale from the island of Funen.” They began to invite him to decent houses. After six months of performances, Andersen collected 13 Riksdallers and, in addition, received a letter of recommendation to the leading ballerina of the royal theater, Anna Margaretha Schell.

The patron of the young Andersen turned to the future king of Denmark with a request to support his talent. Frederick VII replied: “If a person has talent, then it will sprout on its own.”

Where and how is talent born in a shoemaker's family?
Why are some content with their origins and work all their lives as a shoemaker, cook or carpenter, while other children strive for something unattainable, incomprehensible to their parents?

When Andersen turned 14, he decided to go to Copenhagen. His mother asked him why he was going. Hans Christian replied: “To become famous!”
On September 4, 1819, he left Odense and returned to his homeland only 50 years later.

During a whole year of living in Copenhagen, Andersen tried to enter the theater. First, he came to the home of a famous singer and, bursting into tears, asked her to get him into the theater. To get rid of the annoying teenager, she promised to arrange everything, but did not fulfill her promise. Later, the singer explained to Andersen that she then mistook him for a madman.

Hans Christian was a lanky teenager with elongated and thin limbs, a long neck and the same long nose. But thanks to his pleasant voice and persistent requests, Hans Christian was accepted into the Royal Theater in supporting roles.

When the age-related breakdown of his voice began, the young man was fired. Then Hans Christian composed a play in five acts and wrote a letter to the king, asking for money for its publication. The book was printed, but no one bought it, and it was used for wrappers.
Andersen did not lose hope and took his book to the theater so that a performance based on the play could be staged. But he was refused with the wording “due to the author’s complete lack of experience.”

Luck smiled on Andersen in the person of the conservatory professor Sibony, the composer Weise, the poet Goldberg and the conference adviser Collin. Seeing Hans Christian's persistent desire, they petitioned King Frederick VI of Denmark, who gave money for Andersen's studies at the gymnasium.

17-year-old Andersen was identified as primary class, where the students were 6 years younger.
The director of the gymnasium, Meisling, humiliated Andersen in every possible way.
– Your father was a shoemaker, and your stepfather too. You will understand how much benefit you could bring by performing the noble work of a shoemaker, repairing boots. And here in your place there could be a truly capable person.

Where did Andersen have such faith in his own destiny? Who was the real father of the great writer?

Andersen is an example greatest faith into your talent. It was this faith that allowed him to go through all the troubles and bad weather and become a great writer.
Looking at Andersen's life, one gets the impression that every person is born with a certain purpose.

Recently, almost the first fairy tale of an aspiring writer was found in the archives of Denmark. The fairy tale "The Tallow Candle" tells about the adventures of a candle that could not determine the meaning of its existence. At the end of the story, the candle meets a flint, which lights the candle, thereby indicating its purpose.

In 1827, Andersen completed his studies. But he made many grammatical mistakes until the end of his life. For the rest of his life, Andersen retained a bad memory of his teacher Meisling.
“I learned a lot in your lessons, but I didn’t learn to hate people,” Hans Christian said to his teacher in parting.
- Get out of here, you ungrateful creature!
– People will know the one who bullied the genius Hans Christian Andersen.

When Meisling became royal censor, he continued to criticize and ridicule his former student.
“His latest tale of the ugly duckling is simply outrageous. I was forced to make a reprimand to the editors of the magazine. It is unacceptable to publish such things. This is a libel for our Motherland. In the ugly duckling Andersen portrayed himself; the poultry yard is our country, and we are all evil, disgusting inhabitants, all these turkeys, roosters, geese, peacocks, who do nothing but hiss at him, peck at him and pinch him. And he imagined himself to be a beautiful white swan... What kind of swan is he?... his arms reach to the floor... a typical baboon, orangutan..."

“Yes, the ugly duckling is the spitting image of me,” Andersen admitted.

“What can the fairy tale “The King’s New Clothes” teach children? - Meisling did not stop, - where His Majesty is depicted in a completely indecent form, that is, naked ... ".

What they mocked, they later admired!

In 1829, having entered the university, Andersen published his first story - “A Journey on Foot from the Golme Canal to Amak.” The story brought him fame. Andersen received a financial allowance from the king, which allowed him to make his first trip abroad.

But a truly new life began for Andersen when, in 1835, the poor and almost unknown thirty-year-old Hans Christian wrote the fairy tale “Flint.”
The first collection of fairy tales, published in 1835, was called “Fairy Tales Told to Children.” The 2nd issue “New Fairy Tales” was started in 1838, and the 3rd issue “New Fairy Tales and Stories” in 1845.

People became engrossed in Andersen's fairy tales, books were sold out instantly, and children memorized poems.
Hans Christian's travel notes, poems and fairy tales have been translated into 125 languages.
When Andersen first arrived in England in June 1847, he was given a triumphal welcome.
Andersen's fairy tale "The King's New Clothes" was placed in his first primer by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.

Oddly enough, Andersen despised his fairy tales, which brought him well-deserved fame. He did not like the word “fairy tale”, but preferred “story” or, even better, “history”.
Andersen wrote not only fairy tales. From his pen came plays and novels full of subtle psychologism. However, critics continued to ignore Andersen as a playwright and novelist.

Once a famous critic, visiting a person, spent a long time scolding Andersen’s book. And when he finished, the owners’ little daughter handed him the book with the words: “There’s also the word “and”, you missed it and didn’t scold it!” The critic blushed and kissed the naive child. Andersen laughed.

Famous people of that time, writers and poets sought to become friends or at least acquaintances of Andersen. But even among his acquaintances, Andersen was a strange, incomprehensible, extraordinary stranger.
One researcher wrote: “It was probably very strange for Andersen to live among ordinary people...”

Once Andersen was invited to tell fairy tales to the young Prince Ludwig - the future monarch of Bavaria - who many years later was nicknamed the “fairy tale king”. Perhaps it was Andersen's fairy tales that awakened the imagination of the fairy-tale king who built the magnificent castles of Bavaria. The most famous is Neuschwanstein.

It still remains a mystery who the real father of Ludwig of Bavaria is, and why Hans Christian Andersen’s father considered himself to be of royal blood.

In his autobiographical book “The Tale of My Life,” Andersen admitted: “From this book, the guys will learn only the sugary side of my life, I have smoothed out a lot.”

In 2007, Eldar Ryazanov’s wonderful film “Andersen. Life without love."

The film is so explicit that it is not recommended for children under 14 years of age to watch.
In the film, the king asks Andersen:
– I read your wonderful novel “The Improviser”. Admit it, dear Andersen, did you write it yourself?
“To some extent,” answered Hans Christian.
“And he writes everything from himself,” they explained to the king.

– How do you compose your wonderful stories?
- It's very simple. I sit down at the table in the morning, dip my pen into the inkwell and think about what I could write. Suddenly there is a knock on the door, I say “come in”, a woman comes in and barely audibly says “I am a fairy tale, I have come to help you.” She stands silently behind me, and suddenly faces appear in my brain, images are born, words crowd each other, phrases flow from my pen. I turn around sharply, but there is no one there.

The king asked him to compose a tale of glory on the spot. Andersen immediately replied:
“Slava is a woman of gigantic stature, the size of the tower of our town hall. She watches how people, small and small, are swarming around on the ground below. Slava bends down, randomly takes one of them from the crowd, lifts it high, high to the level of his eyes, carefully examines it and says in disappointment: “not the same one again,” and drops it to the ground.”

Andersen wrote easily. Even big stories were born in just one night, the longest in two days. One day, an acquaintance of his jokingly said: “Write us a new, funny story. You can even write about a darning needle!” And Andersen wrote the life story of a darning needle.

“Fairy tales come to me themselves,” said Hans Christian. – The trees whisper them, they rush in with the wind... I have a lot of material. Sometimes it seems to me that every fence, every little flower says: “Look at me, and the story of my whole life will be revealed to you!” And as soon as I do this, I have a story ready about any of them.”

Andersen drew the plots of his fairy tales primarily from childhood memories. He actually retold the fairy tale “Flint” from what he heard in childhood. The plot of the fairy tale “The King's New Clothes” was also borrowed by Andersen from ancient sources.

“I sometimes make things up, but I never lie!” - said Andersen. “Actually, I found the plots of my stories everywhere. One day I remembered a book about a man who sold his shadow. I rewrote this plot in my own way, and thus the fairy tale “Shadow” was born.
When Andersen was told that his story exactly repeated Shakespeare’s tragedy “Othello,” Andersen replied: “This is such a wonderful story that I decided to write it again in my own words.”

Just as Andersen rewrote other people’s stories in his own way, so Evgeny Schwartz rewrote Andersen’s fairy tales, turning them into his own plays: “An Ordinary Miracle”, “Old old tale", "Shadow".

The problem of the “shadow” - the “double” has excited the imagination of people since ancient times. Ideas about the dual essence of man were still in ancient Egypt. The double also appeared in Hoffmann’s fairy tales, and then appeared in Dostoevsky’s story “The Double.”

Where do fairy tales come from? How and why do they arise in the writer’s imagination?
Were Andersen's fairy tales merely the sublimation of unfulfilled sexuality, as Sigmund Freud teaches, or were they something more?
What is the metaphysics of a fairy tale?

Andersen chose a fairy tale as a form of understanding the world; it is a certain view of the world. Therefore, his tales are philosophical in nature.
The philosophical meaning of Andersen's fairy tales lies in the idea of ​​​​the organic interconnection of all living and nonliving things. The power of love is diffused throughout everything that exists and ultimately triumphs over the forces of evil and destruction.
It is the power of love that allows Gerda to defeat the Snow Queen. It is for the sake of love that the Little Mermaid sacrifices her life, just like the steadfast tin soldier.

Some people consider Andersen's fairy tales childish and naive. But they also contain philosophical allegory, psychological depth, life truth, and morality.
“Andersen's fairy tales are an allegory life truth in the form of fiction."

The storyteller Andersen is faithful to the truth of life, and therefore most of his fairy tales have a sad ending. Andersen's tales are not so much about a joyful, cheerful life, but about proud resistance to cruel reality. Almost all stories are filled with sadness, and only a few have a happy ending. Of the 156 fairy tales written by Andersen, 56 end with the death of the hero.

Some researchers believe that the great storyteller Andersen did not like children. Some of Andersen's works really suggest such thoughts. For example, in the fairy tale “The Girl Who Stepped on Bread,” the little heroine pays for her actions with the torments of hell. In the magical story “The Red Shoes,” a fair hatchet cuts off the legs of a guilty girl.

It is believed that Andersen composed such “horror stories” when he was overcome by depression or tormented by toothache.
The fairy tale “Ib and Kristinochka” can hardly be called a fairy tale; rather, it is a fairy tale story that has quite worthy real content for a novel.

Where did the idea for The Little Mermaid come from? sacrificial love fantastic creature ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of his loved one?
This idea was found earlier in G. Heine (“Lorelei”) and Foucault (“Ondine”).
Andersen said about his fairy tale “The Little Mermaid”: “she is the only one of my works that touched me.”
The famous sculpture of the Little Mermaid in the bay of Copenhagen has become a symbol of the capital of Denmark.

In Andersen's fairy tales, it is not so much the content that is important, but the double line of plot development (one for children, the other for adults). Adults need to read Andersen’s “children’s” fairy tales between the lines.
It must be said that the fairy tales of Charles Perrault are also intended for adults. Famous fairy tale“Little Red Riding Hood” is about how girls should behave when meeting wolves (men). The fairy tale “Bluebeard” is about the consequences of marrying young girls for older men.

But most of Andersen’s fairy tales are about the meaning of life and the meaning of art: “Flax”, “Tallow Candle”, “The Last Dream of the Old Oak”, “Something”...
“You will not be driven away, you will be allowed to stand here, outside the doors, and figure out how to improve your earthly life, but you will not be allowed into heaven until you truly accomplish something.”

“How reckless it would be for the bow and violin to boast of their art. And how often do we, people - poets, artists, scientists, inventors, commanders! We boast, but we are all just tools in the hands of the creator! To him alone honor and praise! And we have nothing to be proud of!” (fairy tale “The Pen and the Inkwell”).

What is the nature of genius?
When people tell me “you are a genius,” I object. I am close to the idea of ​​​​the ancient Romans, who believed that every man has his own genius, every woman has her own Juno.
Socrates called this voice from above “daimon.”

Where do ideas and dreams come from?
Plato believed that ideas come from above, and that an idea precedes any thing.
His famous metaphor about the cave helps to understand the essence human life and shadows.

The poet is given an image (Idea), which he must decipher and put into words. And on native language it works, but it doesn’t work adequately in a non-native language.

Where do fairy tales come from? What is the nature of our imagination?

I am close to John Priestley’s idea that everything that arises in our imagination must exist somewhere in the Universe. In his fairy tale “June 31,” Priestley proves the connection of destinies in time and space.

People love fairy tales in which good triumphs over evil, because in life the opposite is often true.
People want to believe in the victory of love and justice, because they themselves act in the opposite way.
Where does faith in love and the triumph of good over evil come from, since everything is different in life?

Perhaps Andersen’s motives for writing fairy tales were from life, but the ideas and meanings were from Heaven! – the noosphere, as Vernadsky called the information field of the Earth, or as the ancient “Akashic Chronicles” called it. This is precisely what can explain that the same ideas arose simultaneously among several people, such as, for example, the idea of ​​​​radio by Marconi and Popov.

How do fairy tales arise?
Some believe that fairy tales are born from myths.
Saltykov-Shchedrin also wrote fairy tales. But can one really call him a storyteller?

Andersen's life was dramatic, if not tragic.
Hans Christian's childhood and adolescence were traumatized by scenes of sexual life.
Andersen had a bad character. He was tall, thin, awkward, stooped, with inexpressive features, the only noticeable detail being a long nose.
Andersen was subject to hysterics, depression, was suspicious, and could not stand criticism of himself. His actions were eccentric. He dressed without taste. He understood that he was not created for family life.

Andersen did not have success with women - and did not strive for this. But the sexual need demanded satisfaction. And one day Andersen went to a brothel. He wanted love, and he was offered sex. “You are not a man and you never will be.”
The shock of what he saw in the brothel shaped his attitude towards women for a long time.

The tragedy of many lives outstanding people was sexual disharmony and dissatisfaction. This includes King Ludwig of Bavaria, composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, inventor Alfred Nobel, and many others.

In his life, Andersen loved two women: the Swedish singer Jenny Lind and the daughter of Admiral Wulf Henrietta. He was offered to marry Henrietta, who was not indifferent to Andersen.
– Do you want Denmark’s first writer to have a hunchbacked wife? – Hans Christian was indignant.

In 1840, Andersen met the Swedish singer Jenny Lind in Copenhagen.

“My visit was very short, we parted as soon as we met, and she left me with the impression of a completely ordinary person, which I soon forgot,” writes Hans Christian in “The Tale of My Life.”
Three years later they met again and Andersen fell in love. He dedicated poems to her and wrote fairy tales for her. Although he was 40, and she was only 26 years old, and she addressed him exclusively as “brother” or “child”.
- You probably hate me? - Andersen asked her.
“In order to hate, I must first love...” answered Yenny.

Andersen followed Jenny Lind to London and Berlin, where she toured, but never achieved reciprocity. He admitted to Yenny that he had never been intimate with a woman. But, despite sincere recognition, he was refused.

Andersen dedicated the fairy tales “The Snow Queen” and “The Nightingale” to Jenny Lind.
Fans of the storyteller called Yenny the “Snow Queen”; after all, even the love of the great Dane could not melt her heart.

Andersen wrote the fairy tale “The Swineherd” about his unsuccessful matchmaking with Jenny Lind. So he took revenge on his passion.

Most people read Andersen's fairy tales only in childhood. But if you re-read them as an adult, a rather frivolous meaning emerges. Only adults can fully comprehend the meaning of the Danish writer’s fairy tales.
In "Flint" a sexual scene is played out: a dog brings a sleeping princess into a soldier's closet. They spend the night together, and in the morning the princess remembers the “amazing dream.”

Erotic overtones are present in almost every Andersen fairy tale. The Snow Queen kisses the boy on the lips and, for a specific purpose, settles him in her ice palace.
The ugly duckling falls in love with the handsome swans, and at the sight of the beautiful birds he is seized by an “incomprehensible anxiety”, he becomes “as if out of his mind.” Nowadays they would call it homosexual fantasies.
The heroes of "Thumbelina" are generally obsessed with only one manic goal - to quickly indulge in passion with this little girl.
Today, for such liberties, a writer could (following the example of V.V. Nabokov) be accused of pedophilia, and the fairy tale itself could be recommended +18.
Perverted minds can even see bestiality in the fairy tale “The Swineherd”...

During his long life, Andersen fell in love many times, but was always unhappy in love.
Tragedy unrequited love Hans Christian manifested itself in his fairy tales.

“A sad storyteller running away from love,” that’s what they called Hans Christian Andersen.
Andersen treated women all his life as something unattainable. He could awaken passion in a woman by talking romantic nonsense, but when the lady stretched out her hands to him, the storyteller hurried to escape.

In old age he became even more extravagant, spending a lot of time in brothels. He did not touch the girls who worked there, but simply talked to them. They offered him sex, but he wanted love. “It is better to invent love than to experience it in reality,” said the storyteller.

Andersen traveled all over the world and saw what his father once dreamed of. He spent almost his entire life in hotel rooms, and carried a rope with him everywhere in case of fire.
The great storyteller seriously believed that the number of teeth in the mouth affects his creativity. In January 1873, Hans Christian lost his last tooth and immediately stopped composing. “Magic stories don’t come to me anymore. I was left completely alone,” Andersen wrote in his diary.

Hans Christian Andersen achieved world fame during his lifetime, but remained lonely until the end of his days. Shortly before his death, he said: “I paid a large, exorbitant price for my fairy tales. I gave up personal happiness for them and missed the time when imagination should have given way to reality.”

In 1867, already an old man, Andersen again came to Odense. The hometown declared the washerwoman's son its honorary citizen. On the day this celebration took place, fireworks thundered in the city, all children were released from school, and a crowd of enthusiastic residents shouted “hurray” in the square!

Andersen spent his entire life ashamed of his origins and his prostitute sister.
“Hans Christian, you are a great liar and deceiver. You are leading a double life. In your fairy tales you are kind, generous and noble. But in fact, you are a terrible person, you are calculating and cold. All your life you have been hiding the squalor of your origins. You were afraid that this would defile you in the eyes of the world. You hid your base, voluptuous inclinations. You betrayed our mother. When you die, not a single near and dear person will accompany your coffin, because you don’t have them. Hans Christian, you are a great liar and deceiver."

“There was a lot of vanity and vanity in my life. My ambition seemed excessive. I turned away from my mother, renounced my sister. This is my huge sin. I bowed to the rulers. He was arrogant. He could be cruel, selfish, stingy. I'm ashamed of this.
“You atoned for your guilt by suffering and not becoming embittered.” Your creations instilled goodness in the souls of people. And people repaid you with love and respect. But you are a fool, Andersen, for passing by such a miracle as a woman’s love!”

When Andersen fell ill shortly before his death, the residents of the capital decided to prepare in advance for farewell to their writer. A fundraiser for the monument was announced. The sculptor Auguste Sabø came to Andersen with a project. When Andersen saw himself sitting in a chair, surrounded by children, he was indignant: “Do you want me to read fairy tales surrounded by children hanging on my shoulders and knees? I wouldn’t even utter a word in such an environment!”
The sculptor was shocked, but removed the children.

The monument to Andersen was erected during his lifetime. And now on the square near the Town Hall in Copenhagen, named in his honor, there is a monument - a storyteller in a chair with a book in his hand and alone.

The last fairy tale was written by Andersen on Christmas Day 1872. In 1872, the writer fell out of bed, was badly hurt and never recovered from his injuries, although he lived for another three years.

Andersen died on August 4, 1875 in Copenhagen. The funeral of the great storyteller, held on August 8, 1875 at the Assistance cemetery, was attended by the poor and nobility, students, foreign ambassadors, ministers and the king himself. National mourning was declared in Denmark. People read Andersen's poems.

“How I want to believe in a fairy tale, that old dreams will come true, that I will meet my soul mate and with her we will make our dreams come true. But life whispers a different song: look at the experience of others, and show me any family where you would be happy. But there are none, everyone is unhappy, they torment each other, enduring. Dreaming is harmful and dangerous. Most people live without love. And you wanted to build a world, create an ideal hearth, where there was no need to argue, where everyone was sincerely happy, where you could love without hesitation, and could be tender without hiding, where you lived every day, smiling, giving grace to everyone around you, where every night is full of admiration and tender caress, and the whole day is filled with creation in which the soul would grow, where few words would be spoken, listening fully with the eyes, the soul would never get tired of loving lips, shoulders, eyes... But enough of the ridiculous fantasies. It's a dream or delirium in reality. Life does not tolerate fairy tales about brave bears who said “I love you.” We cannot insure our dreams from the prose of betrayals and insults. We create everything in life only ourselves, and the storyteller is hidden in our souls.”
(from my true-life novel “The Wanderer (mystery)” on the New Russian Literature website

In your opinion, WHAT IS THE MYSTERY OF ANDERSEN’S TALES?

© Nikolay Kofirin – New Russian Literature –

If a St. Bernard suddenly turned into a human, it would be a model, an ideal of humanity, exposing the shortcomings of all others by its very existence. The Saint Bernard dog breed is characterized by wise foolishness, kindness with fists, a sharp mind and natural modesty. With all its splendor, the St. Bernard is in no hurry to highlight its own merits, supporting and protecting everyone who needs it.

In 1050, a monastery was built on the site of the ruins of an ancient temple - a shelter and refuge for travelers who dared to cross the Mon Ju pass. On the border of Italy and Switzerland, in the embrace of the Alpine mountains, travelers faced sometimes insurmountable forces - freezing rain, impenetrable fog, sharp rock cliffs and gaps, snow avalanches.

The life's work of Archdeacon Bernard de Menton was the founding, financial and spiritual support of the monastery. After his death, Bernard of Aostia was canonized, and not only dogs were named after him, but also the monastery itself and two passes - Great and Little Saint Bernard. The history of the St. Bernard breed is closely connected with the history of the hospice shelter, which still exists today thanks to donations from believers.

The ancestors of the Saint Bernards, who lived at the monastery a thousand years ago, bore little resemblance to the favorites of millions today. For example, the legendary Barry, who saved 40 people in 12 years of his life, was half the weight of the current furry giants. The description of the Saint Bernard breed, close to the modern one, refers only to mid-19th century. The ancestors of the St. Bernards became larger and acquired shaggy coats after the infusion of Newfoundland blood. This was a necessary measure: in the winter of 1830, as a result, anomalously low temperatures, almost all the monastery dogs died.

Future four-legged rescuers were trained for work for two years. A trained dog could smell a person half a kilometer away and smell buried travelers through a five-meter layer of snow! They worked in groups: while two dogs dug out and warmed the man, the rest ran to the monastery, attracted the attention of the monks and took them to the rescued traveler. The centuries-old history of the St. Bernard breed became known to the world after the mating of monastery dogs with shaggy Newfoundlands. Puppies that inherited a rich coat did a worse job: the long hair quickly became wet and became covered with icicles, hindering the dog’s movements. The monks found a way out: the short-haired puppies remained in the shelter, and the shaggy babies were given to pilgrims and travelers.

Having overcome the Alps, St. Bernards easily and for a long time won the hearts of ordinary people. Films are made about good-natured giants, poems are dedicated to them, and monuments are erected in their honor. And although very few people decide to acquire such a massive friend, everyone knows the “face” of the St. Bernard.

Read also: Doberman: history, character, standard and content features (+ photos and videos)

Appearance

First of all, you pay attention to the size: minimum 65 and 70 cm at the withers, maximum 90 cm, muscles of steel, a huge head and a mouth in which the fist of an adult man can easily fit. A straight back, a wide chest, a powerful neck, strong powerful paws - it is simply impossible to look at a dog of such a constitution and such an impressive size without an enthusiastic aspiration. And the St. Bernard breed standard seems to make fun of people who are timid in front of the giant: height at the withers is not limited if the dog is well built. The main thing is that the dog, despite the enormous weight, moves easily and is capable, like its ancient ancestors, of climbing rocky cliffs and making its way through meter-long layers of snow.

Much attention is paid to the shape of the head: a wide forehead, pronounced brow ridges, hanging thick ears of medium size, a wide muzzle and an open, slightly angular wide nose - the dog should breathe freely, without hoarseness or shortness of breath. And it is very important that the St. Bernard dog breed does not resemble something folded: the eyelids, jowls, folds on the face and head, and the dewlap on the neck should not hang down too much. Thick leather, although loose, fits the body without forming excessively saggy heavy folds.

The shaggy St. Bernard is decorated with “pants”, a “collar” and a tail well covered with thick hair. The coat of long-haired and short-haired Saint Bernards should be straight, not crimped. The fur is harsh to the touch, thick, and tight-fitting. The color is the same: the lower part of the body, throat and chest, paws, tip of the tail and blaze on the head are white, and the upper part is a rich yellowish or red hue.

Read also: Belgian Shepherd Malinois: history, color, character and maintenance features (+ photo)

Character and training

When talking about the character of these dogs, you involuntarily associate the description of the St. Bernard breed with their homeland. Soft and pliable, like Swiss cheese. Delicate and silky, like Swiss chocolate. Reliable and unshakable, like a Swiss bank. Accurate and trouble-free, like a Swiss watch. The name of the breed suits these dogs surprisingly. "Sen" means saint. And the name Bernard is interpreted as a brave, strong bear.

Saint Bernard is not a fighting machine! The impressive size and menacing roar will scare off the intruder, but training these dogs according to the ZKS system and artificially developing anger and aggression in them is unacceptable. Saint Bernards are naturally friendly, preferring to analyze the situation and warn rather than attack. Breaking the psyche of a gentle philosopher is unreasonable and dangerous.

If the owner understands the psychology of dogs even a little, there will be no problems raising the “baby”. Saint Bernards are surprisingly logical, straightforward and open. They easily learn the necessary skills without being overly dominant. They are attached to the family and sincerely and openly love their owner. The generally accepted description of the Saint Bernard breed as an absolutely safe family dog, of course, is not very true. They need education and training no less than other dogs. But St. Bernards are really reserved towards children, strangers and pets.

What do people dream about in childhood? You don’t have to become an astronaut, right? Do dreams come true, and if they do, does it give us happiness? We asked our readers about their childhood spots and whether they came to life.

As a child, I wanted a small wireless TV with every movie in the world, which I could watch under the covers at night so my parents wouldn’t see... Now I have an iPhone.

***

My favorite story. At the age of 12, when asked what I wanted to be when I grew up, I answered that I wanted to “sit on a lighthouse and write poetry.” Well. Fifteen years later I worked in the advertising department of Mayak radio - and wrote advertisements, including in poetry.

***

I always dreamed of becoming an artist. My mother’s friends remember that when I was four years old, when I asked the question “Anechka, what do you want to become?” answered “Artist!” Well, of course I did, although I had to work hard.

I also dreamed of living in a village, having my own livestock and spinning for a long time. winter evenings by the light of a torch. I still live in the city, but my childhood dream has never let go. Now I dream that as soon as my daughter grows up and goes to college, I will buy myself a house in the middle of nowhere and live there. True, instead of living creatures and splinters, I now need Wi-Fi.

***

I dreamed of being a redhead! And she was light brown, piebald, with thin, straight hair. I dreamed of being red-haired and curly-haired, having seen enough of Larry Elmore’s illustrations and concept art for Dragonlance as a child (my sister and mother read this saga). And suddenly, during puberty, something that I had only seen in pictures as a child increased sharply.

***

I wanted to live alone (I do). I wanted to be something like a sect leader or a teacher (I teach, and it would be better to become a sect leader!). I didn’t really dream about boys, but I thought that if I dated, it would only be long-haired and a genius (oh, I didn’t know many things related to long-haired geniuses!). I dreamed of making cartoons. So far I have only managed a project to create animation for the game.

***

I wanted to be a doctor and didn't. I am satisfied with my current profession, very much, but every time I see people in white coats, I experience feelings that are beyond my ability to describe.

***

Throughout my conscious childhood I was engaged in creativity. She wrote and drew graphic novels, sewed dolls. And she didn’t become a professional artist, because in our city there was no university with such a profile, and the school supposedly bad school. But I still managed to publish my drawings irregularly. I remember how the first foreign publication arrived by mail exactly on September 11th. I'm happy, and here it is.

***

As a child, I wanted to be a janitor because I thought that those ancient cities that were dug up with people went underground because no one swept them. Just to save myself. Then, when I realized that burial under the cultural layer did not threaten me here, I decided to be an excavator operator, and then I decided to become a fat, rich and famous great artist. Now I’m struggling with fat, all that’s left is to have celebrity and untold riches.

***

When digital cameras appeared, I was fascinated, this is exactly what I always wanted from a camera: to be able to immediately see the picture.

***

I lived in a small town, where only on May 9 they fired a couple of salvos of fireworks. I dreamed of watching the fireworks to my heart's content and seeing the millennium fireworks. Now the windows are positioned so that all fireworks from the Peter and Paul Fortress and the water area (except for the lowest ones) are mine!!! You can sit on the windowsill and admire it in comfort. I've seen enough. Satisfied.

***

From childhood dreams that came true: “to walk around a bookstore, choose the most beautiful books, then the most interesting, then just the first ones that came across - and so that the money never runs out.” It came true when I was collecting New Year's gifts - libraries for orphanages. I collected such beauty, absolutely magical.

***

I wanted to grow up quickly, live independently, make decisions and be responsible for myself, and it turned out to be exactly as cool as I imagined as a child. Having cats – check, a family in which it is psychologically comfortable, they don’t fight and respect each other – check. But I didn’t become an astronaut, I changed my mind

***

I dreamed of becoming a tramp when I was 5-7 years old. Partially true from 14 to 21 in modern urban realities.

***

I had an idiotic dream as a child. I loved looking at the windows while walking somewhere. I really wanted to see how people live. (That's why - who knows me?) I wanted it so badly. You understand who was the first to agree when at work they offered to work as a census taker for the Population Census!

***

As a child, I thought that the saleswomen in the candy department seemed to own all the candies and they could eat them as much as they wanted, so I dreamed of working as such a saleswoman. It didn’t come true for the saleswoman, but it did come true with the sweets, and now I’ve lost interest in sweets and sweets in general.

***

At the age of 2, I dreamed of becoming a tram driver - it came true, and how! Then the dream of having my own camera appeared - and it came true, but not immediately.

***

I bought myself a doll stroller at the age of 43, an antique one. Then two more.

I dreamed of traveling, I visited 86 countries, but for now I can no longer do it. I have two old dogs, they will not tolerate long separation. Then maybe.

***

A completely impossible dream for a girl with brown hair was - to become the Snow Maiden. I was very fascinated by such “beauty,” but at matinees they dressed up classic blue-eyed blondes as Snow Maidens. Performance came from a completely unexpected direction when my grandfather opened the season ex-husband– actor. In the third year, he decided to grandfather freeze with me, and the hair color did not bother anyone. Wow, I've celebrated for many years to come.

***

I dreamed of being an investigator, so I could wear a uniform, and a military husband, so I could wait for his return. As a result, I studied at a university with a uniform (in a completely peaceful specialty, and the uniform was terribly uncomfortable), and my husband does not get out of business trips.

***

Overall, I am glad that my childhood dreams did not come true. Because I dreamed of dying heroically - and now I’m still alive and I want to live at least as long, I really like it.

Stories were collected by Lilith Mazikina

Illustrations: Shutterstock

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

ARMAVIRSIY STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND METHODS OF ITS TEACHING

Course work

On the topic: “Infinitive and its syntactic functions In russian language"

Completed by a 4th year student

402 groups Chasovskaya Yana

Victorovna

Scientific director

Candidate of Philology

Associate Professor Rubtsov Nikolay

Grigorievich

Introduction

1. On the question of the history of the Russian infinitive (morphological-syntactic aspect)

2. Syntactic functions of the infinitive within the predicative center simple sentence in modern Russian

3. Syntactic functions of the infinitive as a distributor of the predicative center of a simple sentence in modern Russian

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The topic of the proposed course work is “The infinitive and its syntactic function in a simple sentence.” The choice of this topic is due, first of all, to the significance of the object of study in modern stage development of the modern Russian language. The relevance of the problem posed is quite high at the present time. Many people do not know at all what role the infinitive plays and how to highlight it in a sentence. This implies the practical significance of this issue, since schools do not pay due attention when considering the syntactic functions of the infinitive, and this becomes the cause of many errors. The purpose of our work is to study the syntactic functions of the infinitive in a simple sentence. This leads to the objectives of the course work: Russian syntactic infinitive

1) Development of methods to help distinguish the predicate as the center of a simple sentence from the predicate of the distributor;

2) Identify the conditions necessary for education various types proposals;

3) Consider various ways of highlighting the infinitive as a member of a sentence.

The subject of the study is the infinitive, the object is its implementation in a sentence.

Our work consists of three chapters, including the development and analysis of the problem, introduction, conclusion and bibliography.

1. On the question of the history of the Russian infinitive

In modern Russian, a special form of the verb is characterized by a high degree of usage - the infinitive, which is capable of performing various syntactic functions in a simple sentence: I can’t sit in my own home (N. Rubtsov); And every time I am ready to stand up for my native land to the end! (V. Lebedev-Kumach); Need drives them and care into deep holes to tear veins (A. Kravchenko).

“The infinitive (from the Latin modus infinivus indefinite way) is the original form denoting an action without connection with its subject, that is, regardless of person, number, tense and mood.”

The Slavic infinitive is not common Indo-European: it was formed in the Proto-Slavic language by adding the suffix *t and the nominal theme *i to the verbal base of the infinitive. (N. G. Rubtsov, On the question of the history of the Russian infinitive.)

“By its origin, the infinitive is not a verbal, but a nominal form: it is a frozen form of the Danish-Local. pad. units h. from a verbal noun, which according to ancient principles declined to i. This name was drawn into the verb system and received the verbal categories of aspect and voice,” writes V.V. Ivanov.

Until now, in modern Russian one can notice the close connection of some infinitives with third declension nouns:

can (mochi) – infinitive and moch’ – noun (at all possible);

pasta (pasta) – infinitive and graze – noun;

oven (ovens) – infinitive and oven – noun;

pomochi (help) – infinitive and pomochi – noun (suspenders);

abyss (abyss) – infinitive and abyss – noun;

become (stati) – infinitive and become – noun (why on earth;

flow is an infinitive and flow is a noun.

Infinitives also exist in other Slavic languages, and in them they are verbal nouns in origin, drawn into the system of verbal forms. (ibid.)

In the Old Russian language, the infinitive had two forms: the suffix -ti and the suffix -chi. In some cases, the suffix -ti is attached directly to the root of the verb (nes-ti, pi-ti), and in other cases - through the suffixes -a-(-я-), -ђ-, -i-, -nu- (zvati , ten, fly, smoke, dry).

The dominant suffix -t in modern Russian language arose in connection with the disappearance of the unstressed vowel and (17-18 centuries), the consequence of which was the softness of the final consonant t’: write, walk, call, etc.

At the same time, the final vowel in the infinitive is retained under stress: to carry, to lead, to carry, to weave, to go, etc. Moreover, attaching prefixes to such verbs does not lead to changes in these forms: bring, take away, unbraid, approach, etc. The same is observed in formations with the prefix you-, which takes over the emphasis: take out, take out, go out, etc.

Verbs in -ti in modern Russian are characterized by stems with final consonants z, s, d, t, b, however, several verbs with a base in z, s in an indefinite form have the ending -т (instead of the expected -ti) gnaw, climb, eat, put, read, sit down, fall, take into account their prefix formations.

In the literature of the first half of the 19th century, such forms could be used more widely. For example, from I. Krylov: Bring him to the gods for all his pranks, so that his body? we will sleep, and morals from infection (“Petroleum of Beasts”).

The same with A. Pushkin:

But Lensky, without having, of course,

There is no desire to marry,

With Onegin I wished cordially

A short introduction (“Eugene Onegin”).

Similar facts can be found in poetic works of a later time. For example, in V. Mayakovsky: I know that the garden is blooming (“The Story of Kuznetskstroy”). (Ibid.)

It is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that in the group of verbs under consideration there are different relationships between the final consonants of the present tense and the infinitive: in some verbs the same consonant appears in both stems, for example: nes-u - nes-ti, vez-u - vez -ti, go - go-ti, in others there is an alternation of different consonants, for example: ved-u - weight-ti, row-u - row-ti, met-u - mes-ti. This is explained by the fact that even in the Proto-Slavic era, during the formation of infinitive forms from stems on d and t, combinations of consonants d + t, t + t (*ved-ti, *met-ti) arose, in which a dissimilarity and dissimilation of two consonant sounds occurred. As a result, in place of the sound combinations dt,tt, the sound combination st appeared.

As for the form of rowing, it has a slightly different origin: the original combination t+t (*gret-ti) was simplified in the Proto-Slavic language through the loss of one t: *gret-ti › gret. This form is recorded in the monuments of the Old Russian language. The modern form of rowing is a later formation that arose under the influence of -sti verbs such as revenge, carry, lead, etc.

The infinitives of some verbs in the Old Russian language ended in -chi: pechi, speech, berechi, etc.

The change in these combinations resulted in the appearance of the sound -ch in their place, for example: *pek-ti > stove, *beregti> berechi.

Due to the disappearance of the final unstressed word, modern forms such as oven, take care, in which, therefore, the final consonant ch (spelling -ch) includes elements of both the root and the suffix. The number of verbs ending in -ch in modern Russian is very limited. These include the following verbs (not counting prefixed and postfixal formations): protect, doom, attract, bake, drag, neglect, burn, flog, harness, guard, lie down, cut, can, flow, clothe, grind.

Of particular interest to us is the question of the syntactic functions of the infinitive in the historical aspect.

Thus, in Old Church Slavonic the main function of the infinitive is to be an indirect object of the verb. The use of the infinitive is especially common when modal verbs mo?i, na?ati, hotti, etc.

It was from the use of these verbs in the present tense with an infinitive that the Old Church Slavonic complex future tense developed.

With the verb to be, the infinitive was usually used to express necessity, possibility: How can I create something like this? - How could Judas be made meek?

In the Old Church Slavonic language, the infinitive could also be an addition to a noun or adjective: Imam n?zhd? go and see. “I need to go and examine it.”

With the development of language, the functions of the infinitive expand.

In the Old Russian language of the period of the beginning of writing, the main types already existed impersonal offers, known to the modern Russian language. “In early monuments we find sentences formed by impersonal verbs, personal in impersonal use without the particle (former pronoun) -sya or with this particle, impersonal predicative adverbs with or without an infinitive, an independent infinitive...” notes V.L. Georgieva.

Depending on the semantics of the predicative adverb, it can act as the main member of an impersonal sentence without an infinitive or in combination with the latter: It is absurd for us to be likened to the former? (Pandect of Antiochus according to the list of the 11th century); ...It is worthy to eat and return it (stolen) (The Tale of Bygone Years).

The formation of the main member of impersonal sentences, which is a predicative adverb in -o (with or without an infinitive), was completed only in the written period.

“Old Russian language,” as V.L. notes. Georgiev, “was also distinguished by a very wide distribution of sentences with an independent infinitive (identified in the modern syntax as infinitives), which had different model colors.”

In language business documents Infinitive sentences are very common, meaning an order that must be fulfilled: Keep Novgorod toll, as your father held (Novgorod charters).

Infinitive sentences with a modal connotation of inevitability are widespread: The prince loves his horse and rides it, and therefore you will die (The Tale of Bygone Years); About the groaning of the Russian land, remembering the right time and the right princes (The Tale of Igor’s Campaign).

Similar examples There are a lot of narrative genres in works.

The abundance of infinitive constructions with a model connotation of possibility can be noted in writing up to the 17th century.

In the process of language development, only negative options such sentences, moreover, with the limitation of the verb form to the framework of the perfect form (it was not to do something, it was not to get somewhere, etc.).

The Old Russian language was also characterized by the use of the infinitive as a subject. As is known from historical morphology, the infinitive in the Old Russian language by the beginning of writing was no longer a name, but a verbal category.

However, an infinitive is a form of a verb that means an action in abstraction from the doer, from the producer. This semantic property of the infinitive leads to the formation of its grammatical independence in a sentence, i.e. to the opportunity to act as the subject. Despite the fact that the use of the infinitive as a subject is not reflected in all genres of writing, even today, in ancient Russian monuments, especially of a book nature, we find corresponding constructions. Thus, in the “Paterikon of the Kyiv Pechersk Monastery”, a monument created in the XIII – XIV centuries. and which is a collection of legends about the Monks of the monastery with the addition of some chronicle material, it says: And from then on, such a writing was established that the dead were supposed to be dead.

The form of posit is the subject.

The infinitive form pretransati also functions as the subject in a two-part sentence.

Constructions with such an organizing center, that is, with a nominal predicate, which is combined with the infinitive as the subject, are also used in later monuments. The “Tale of Abraham Palitsyn” says: What good is it for a person to love darkness more than light and exchange lies for truth, honor for dishonor, and freedom for bitter work?

Similar structural types exist in modern Russian.

Depending on the methods of expression in the Old Russian language, a simple one is distinguished verbal predicate, verbal-infinitive predicate and nominal predicate.

The predicate, expressed by a combination of the personal form of a verb with an infinitive, as a unique variety of a given member of a sentence, was formed in Slavic languages ​​back in the pre-literate era. However, even during the period of development of the Russian language, recorded in written monuments, the verbal-infinitive predicate has its own history.

In Old Russian writing, starting from its first monuments, we encounter combinations of the infinitive with a large mass of verbs showing the attitude to another action (the latter is expressed in the infinitive form). This is precisely the group of those combinations that are usually, and with good reason, interpreted in our syntax as a single member of the sentence - the predicate.

Only a few verbs from this broad semantic group acquired the ability to act as part of a verbal-infinitive predicate only at a later time (not earlier than the 14th century).

First of all, these are the verbs to think and dream. In the Old Russian language it was: And the squad of Ratibor and Prince Volodymer began to think about the destruction of Itlar’s ​​children (“The Tale of Bygone Years”), but “think + infinitive” is not found in the meaning of the intention to perform an action (thought to come, do, etc.). The verb to dream is used only in church and book monuments and also in combination with an infinitive.

In the Old Russian language, infinitives could also be combined with a verb of phase semantics: nachatie, pochati, teach, stati, uveti, utyaganti, etc.: And in the crowd, the beginning cannot be removed near the pristoupati (The Legend of Boris and Gleb); ...And the priests tortured me with torture (I Pskov Chronicle); Ingvar did not have time to arrive (Suzdal Chronicle).

Another original syntactic function of the infinitive is the complement function. In the Old Russian language, the infinitive object was used even with more wide circle verbs than in modern Russian.

In modern Russian, an infinitive addition, as a rule, is impossible with verbs of concrete action, since the action of such verbs must involve a transition to some object (even an abstract one), indicated by a name. For example: I gave him my love, arranged an escape.

In Old Russian writing, although not in all its genres, corresponding verbal combinations are still observed: ...Give me my sight (Paterikon of the Kyiv Pechersk Monastery); The Lord God is open to understand this (Moscow chronicle code of the late 15th century).

In modern Russian, of the verbs of this category, only the verb to give has partially retained the infinitive object: to give something to eat. By analogy, in our speech we sometimes use a similar addition with the verb bring: bring something to drink. But the range of infinitives for these verbs is very limited.

During the development of language, the infinitive complement was also lost in verbs of speech, feeling, will (to speak, to want, etc.).

For the Old Russian language of the period of developed writing, combinations of these verbs with an infinitive in an objective meaning are already a residual phenomenon. However, in the past they represented a living fact of Slavic speech.

In the process of studying, the infinitive somehow “excited” grammarians in a special way. This was reflected primarily in the name of this peculiar verb form. It was called “special part of speech”, “indefinite mood”, “verb nominative”, “mixed part of speech”, “subverb”, “verb”, “indefinite form”, etc.

Realizing the originality of the infinitive, its syncretic nature and contradictory essence, A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “If we knew nothing about the origin of the indefinite form, we would define it as “a verb that has taken one step towards a noun.” Knowing its origin, we will say that it is “a noun that has not reached one step before the verb.”

The infinitive, due to the abstractness of its semantics, the absence of mood, tense, person, number or gender, is perceived as a simple “bare” expression of the very idea of ​​action without the complications that are introduced into it by all other verbal forms. V.V. agrees with this. Vinogradov.

The infinitive is recognized as “a syncretic non-finite category that combines the properties of a noun and a personal verb.” The syncretic nature of the infinitive determines the originality of its syntactic functions in a simple sentence of the modern Russian language. (Ibid.)

2. Syntactic function of the infinitive within the predicative center of a simple sentence in modern Russian

Offers type Work - valor

Suggestions like Work - valor are built according to the Inf - N 1 scheme. The position of the subject-infinitive is filled with any verb, the position of the predicate is filled with a noun with an evaluative, qualifying meaning or a combination with such a meaning ( absurdity, stupidity, shame, error, delusion, pleasure, joy, grief, happiness, valor), as well as words case, task, duty, work, lot, fate, target, duty, dream and under. - usually with qualifiers:

Listen this singer - pleasure;

Find myself V life - happiness;

1) In all non-original forms in the predicate. p. normally alternates with TV. P.; stylistic differences are almost completely erased; in book speech, however, one can state a certain predominance of the TV form. P.

2) When forming, it will stimulate. incl. It is common to transfer the incentive meaning into the desirability meaning:

Let will business honor - We swear V this evening! - Go With others together Dangers towards! (Light);

The regularity of such transfers explains the absence of the gelatin form in the paradigm. incl. (grammatically, the formation of this form is possible, but its use is not fixed).

3) When the position of the predicate is occupied by a noun (feminine). R. in all non-original forms there is a fluctuation in the generic form of the service verb be(only with the name p. form):

Fly was/was his dream/was his a dream; Fly was would/was would his dream/was would his a dream.

4) The normal position of the service verb and particles in relation to the main members of the sentence is the position shown in the paradigm.

Regular implementations with ligaments and ligamentous formations.

a) With a bunch This- without any restrictions:

Listen his - This pleasure;

b) With a bunch This And There is- when emphasizing a complete match ((this is exactly the same)):

Fly - This And There is his dream.

c) With a bunch There is(with the same restrictions as for the link This And There is) - in logical, bookish or high speech, to emphasize complete identity:

Find myself There is happiness;

d) With ligamentous Here- with the meaning of identity in combination with indicativeness:

Fly - Here his dream. (AG 1980 pp. 310 - 312)

2) Realizations with semi-nominal verbs become, become, turn out to be, turn out to be, seem, appear, with a copular verb be(the latter - only with tv. p., with the meaning of identity, but not with the meaning of evaluation and not with the pronominal nature of the name in the predicate):

Break tree is (became, it turned out, Seems) crime;

When distributing according to the rules of word connections for the formation of a semantic structure, it is essential to distribute the predicate name in a form with a subject-defining meaning:

Grushnitsky passion was recite(Lerm.);

Circumstantial determination is uncommon for such proposals;

Subjective determination in these sentences is widely represented; the series of such determinants are diverse, and the operating conditions of one or another series are not always amenable to strict regulation

For him, not being in a hurry is already a luxury; For us, working is valor;

Among formal semantic relations with sentences of other grammatical organization, the most regular are relations with sentences of the type It's an honor to work. These ratios are normal:

1) in cases of a pronoun of a name or a nominal combination in a predicate:

Building is a habitual thing - Building is a habitual thing;

Convincing him is a futile effort. Convincing him is a futile effort.

2) in cases of qualitatively characterizing meaning of a name, in the presence of its word-formation connection with the corresponding adverb:

For a woman/for a woman to be a commander is absurd - absurd;

The subject precedes the predicate if the subject serves as a theme and the predicate as a rheme:

Talking incessantly... // was his true passion(Bunin);

Sentences in which the subject-theme precedes the predicate-rheme answer the question: “what is or what is characterized (how can it be characterized) by the action called the infinitive?” (Ibid., p. 314)

Expressive variants form only those sentences in which the predicate-rheme has a qualitatively characterizing meaning; in this case, a demonstrative word often appears before the predicate This:

It's a surprisingly pleasant experience to lie on your back in the forest and look up! (Turg.);

He said that it was disgusting to do this (L. Tolstoy);

When placing the demonstrative word this in preposition, a special expressive construction is formed with a repetition of the theme, called twice: the anticipatory pronoun this before the rheme and the infinitive after the rheme.

An adjective with a predicate noun can be placed as a rheme in the last place in the sentence. Such updating is common with a name that performs a demonstrative function (deed, thing, occupation, etc.). The adjective in such cases carries the main informative load:

Analyzing your creativity is almost impossible(V. Yakhontov).

The predicate precedes the subject if the predicate serves as the topic and the subject serves as the rheme:

His childhood dream was // to have a St. Bernard(Cupr).

Expressive variants of sentences with predicate-theme and subject-rheme are possible only in short sentences in colloquial speech (By e fuck was our purpose). (Ibid. p. Z16)

Offers type

Doubt Means search

Grammatical and semantic characteristics

In this type of sentence, the copula is included in the scheme (Inf cop Inf); incoherent implementations are possible only for sentences of certain semantic structures. The use of certain connectives and connective formations is regulated by the semantic structure of the sentence. There are generally no lexical-semantic restrictions for the grammatical type. (AG 1980 p. 318)

To implement the structural diagram, there are ten rows of ligaments and ligamentous formations:

1) This;

2) This There is, This And There is;

3) There is, And There is;

4) Means, This Means, This And Means;

5) means, This means, This And means;

6) called, This called, This And called;

7) All equals What, This All equals What;

8) That same the most What, This That same the most What;

9) How, This How, All equals How, This All equals How, This How And;

10) absence of connectives (unconnected implementations).

These series are distributed between sentences of different semantic structures. So, sentences with meaning. identity ( Be jealous more Not Means be in love, Choose case - choose life) accept connectives and connective formations of rows 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 (colloquial), 8, 10 and do not accept connectives and connective formations that in their lexical meaning contain an element of comparison. Sentences with meaning comparisons ( Write letter - This All equals What look V eyes; Grow plant - This How baby educate) accept ligaments and ligamentous formations of rows 7, 8, 9 and do not accept identifying ligaments and ligamentous formations.

The semantics of a schema is “the relationship between an abstractly represented action or procedural state and its predicative feature - an abstractly represented action or procedural state.” This general meaning is specified in one of five semantic structures of sentences in which the feature is established:

1) by identity, coincidence;

2) by equivalence, equivalence;

3) in essence;

4) by conditional connection;

5) in comparison, comparison.

Structures 1, 2 and 3 often move closer together.

1) Qualification (establishment of a characteristic) by identity, coincidence ((this is the same as) , (this is identical to something)): Walk fast - This walk By six kilometers V hour; Be merciful - Means be fair; Get fat Means grow old; Think O future This Means think O future their sons And grandchildren; with negation: Mute pain more Not There is cure disease; Break - Not build; Be jealous more Not called be in love; proverbs: Fight - Not V spillikins play; Life live - Not field go; kids give birth - Not branches break; song play - Not field plow. Such sentences are realized with connectives and connective formations of groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 (colloquial), 8 and, rarely, -10: Be jealous This (This There is, This And There is, Means, This Means, This And Means, There is, And There is, That same the most What, This That same the most What, means, This means, This And called) be in love.

2) Qualification by equivalence, equivalence ((this is equivalent to something)): For artist Not worry - This Not live; Have at villages water - All equals, What have at Houses good garden; Write only tongue colloquial Means Not know language(Fluff.); Do art - Means Also produce values(Leon.); I walked And thought, What stay alive V like this battle All equals How more once be born(P. Kogan). Such sentences are implemented with connectives and connective formations of groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8: Not worry - (This, This There is, Means, This Means, All equals What, This All equals What, That same the most What, This That same the most What) Not live.

3) Qualification by essence ((the essence of this is this)): Know enemy - This Not Means pry out his secrets; Be able to listen - Not Means only keep silent; Regret person - This By less least understand his; Act - This redo, improve life; Prove - Means convince; Life - This harmony. AND live - Means Not violate harmony(Fed.). Such sentences accept connectives of groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: Regret person - This (This And There is, Means, This Means, There is, And There is, This means) understand his.

4) Qualification by conditional-consequence connection ((this entails something), (this is caused, caused by something)): Hear good song Means perk up in spirit; Wait navigation - This lose some weeks; Fell V hummocks With heavy backpack - This Means Not Just hurt hit; Name his V eyes deceiver - was expose myself destruction(Fluff.); Become funny Means lose much(Lesk.); After all quit family - This Means think only O to myself(Bunin); Reach Tsnaima before French meant get big hope on the rescue army(L. Tolstoy); Overcome crack meant reduce path Not less How days on five(Green); Hurry By deep snow - Means V some minutes out of breath(Priv.); Contact To him on "You" meant would put myself outside custom trust(Fed.); We friendly we talk, What play yours play - This Means cause to you horrible harm(Bulg.); Go By road meant in advance issue myself(Spread). Such sentences accept connectives and connective formations of rows 1, 4, 5, 10: Wait navigation - (This, Means, means, This means) lose some weeks.

5) Qualification based on comparison, juxtaposition ((this O it looks like that)): IN taiga break skis - This All equals What roll over on boat V open sea; Write letter - This All equals What look V eyes; Grow plant - All equals How baby educate; Not answer on letter - All equals What Not shake outstretched hand. Tell reprise - All equals What pour over champagne(journal); Flipping Not in a hurry pilotage - All equals What travel(Sand.). Such sentences accept connectives and connective formations of rows 1, 7, 8, 9: Write letter - This (All equals What, This All equals What, This That same the most What, This How, This All equals How) look V eyes. (Ibid., p. 318)

Realizations with semi-nominal verbs become, become- rare; they are fixed in sentences with meaning. identification and meaning Comparisons:

For this person live became acquire, A be meant seem(gas.);

Constitutively unconditioned realizations are possible with the place of one of the infinitives being replaced by word forms that depend on it:

Rest By-present - This backpack behind back And V forest.

How regular realizations of biinfinitive sentences can be considered sentences like

Buying flowers takes a few minutes.

Sentences of different semantic types are freely distributed according to the rules of verb and non-verbal connections: Write novel - This Means live among of people(A.N. Tolstoy)

Sentences like It's fun to ride

Grammatical characteristics

Suggestions like Ride funny are built according to the scheme Inf - Adv - O(N 2 ...), i.e. they are two-component. The qualifying meaning of the second component ((roll - what?); and all the syntactic characteristics of such sentences classify them as subject-predicate sentences with uncoordinated main members. The position of the subject-infinitive is replaced by any verb, the position of the predicate - by a predicative qualifying adverb - O (easily, difficult, funny, boring, far, close, healthy, harmful etc.) or another adverb with a qualitatively characterizing meaning, comparative ( easier, more difficult, more fun), an indirect case form with the same semantics, or a form isolated from the paradigm. p., which has developed a characterizing meaning ( a sight for sore eyes, horror, fear, (Not) trouble, (Not) calculation etc.), as well as phraseological units:

Be forgotten those, whom you love, - scary;

Ride from here on work far;

1) The form will motivate. incl. usually used figuratively - to express desire:

Let more difficult will year from of the year Achieve, sitting at table, To our new Job Better former done was(Vansh.).

2) In all forms, except the present form. vr., for some adverbs it is normal to change adverbs to - O and the corresponding adjective in the form TV. P.:

Was would unnecessarily argue - Was would unnecessary argue;

3) The normal position of service verbs and particles in relation to the main members of the sentence is the position shown in the paradigm. For forms past, future. vr. and they will compose. incl. The initial position of a service verb followed by an adverb is also normal:

Was (will, was would) funny ride.

Sentences are freely distributed according to the rules of conditional and non-verbal connections:

Wouldn't it be more direct to take a revolver and put it to your temple? (S.-Sch.).(AG 1980, pp. 320 – 322)

Infinitive organizing interrogative sentences

Infinitive interrogative sentences ask what should be done. They may contain particles is it, is it... is it, what, what, is it, is it, is it really:

Call?;

Call him?

These sentences have no form change. Distribution is uncommon for them.

3. Syntactic functions of the infinitive as a distributor of the predicative center of a simple sentence in modern Russian

Spreading a simple sentence

In the flow of speech, in a variety of speech situations, a simple sentence usually acts as a common sentence. Propagation of a sentence is the introduction into its composition of such members that, not being components of the structural scheme of the sentence (predicative basis), expand its composition. Common sentences in speech are presented more often than non-common ones, and their informative properties are richer and more varied.

The spreading members of a sentence play different roles in relation to the elementary semantic structure of the sentence. Some of them participate in the formation of this structure and are required to present it as complete; These are the spreading members with subjective and objective meanings, as well as those members in which the named meanings are contaminated with determinative meanings). Other spreading members are not included in the elementary semantic structure of the sentence, but expand it; these are various qualifiers. Accordingly, a distinction is made between spreading members with an object meaning, with a subjective meaning, and spreading members - determinants. All together they are contrasted with the main members of the sentence, forming its predicative basis, that is, its elementary grammatical form.

Extending members with objective and attributive meanings can refer to both the main member of the sentence and some other member. to another distributing member, as well as to the proposal as a whole. Extending members with a subjective meaning most often refer to the sentence as a whole. Spreading members with attributive meanings can refer to two members of a sentence simultaneously; these are distributors with bidirectional connections. (AG, 1980. p.146)

Distributing members, syntactically grouped around something. the main member of the sentence or around the determinant, form groups with them, which, during the actual division of the sentence, as well as during the formation of its semantic components, can reveal the properties of a single whole. Such groups, which combine the subject and its extenders, the predicate and its extenders, or the determinant and its extenders, can be called, respectively, the “subject group”, “predicate group” and “determinant group”. These groups are often units, the ratio of which organizes the actual division of the sentence.

The spreading members of a sentence have a varied formal organization: these can be separate forms of words; phrases - simple, complex or combined; a series of forms that are common in their syntactic role in a sentence. Spreading members are often intonationally isolated. Syntactic connections and the relations that arise in a common sentence have their own characteristics, which in many cases do not coincide with the characteristics of conventional subordinating connections and relations. (Ibid. from 148)

Spreading infinitive

The infinitive plays an important role in the propagation of a sentence. In addition to all cases of the use of a distributing infinitive (one or with words related to it) as part of a phrase, the infinitive in a sentence reveals its own capabilities as a disseminator of one or another member of a sentence or a group of members of a sentence; in addition, the infinitive can act as a distributor of the entire composition of the sentence, not directly related to any of its individual members or members. (AG, 1980. p. 148)

In a sentence, an infinitive - alone or with word forms dependent on it (infinitive group) - can act as a member of a sentence, defining by purpose, purpose and relating not to one word, as is the case in verbatim connections, but to a whole group of members offers. For example, in the sentence He brought to me their poetry read The infinitive belongs to the predicate group: brought to me their poetry. In a sentence Dye needed paint frame And doors infinitive group paint frame And doors refers to the entire preceding composition of the sentence. Likewise in the following cases:

Northern deer do distant transitions - drink V ocean salty water(gas.);

[Nepryakhin:] Let's go to, weasel, firewood let's cut it, walls on night dry(Leon.);

Two With by car occupy high point - chain attention stallion(Sand.);

Such a spreading infinitive group in a sentence is often placed in the initial position:

Order visit - nobody finger Not will move;

All This tolerate - which strength necessary have!;

IN movie walk time Not enough;

An infinitive, defining by purpose, purpose, in a sentence can semantically gravitate toward a noun:

[Svetlovidov:] Here Where the most the present place d at howv call! (Czech.);

He lost searched to myself place sit down(Leon.);

It is during distribution that groups such as Here brush clean dress, give panicle dust sweep up, let's drive carnation hang hat, in all apartment to her No angle change clothes, bring it knife open canned food.

A defining infinitive or an infinitive group (as a rule, isolated) can enter into relations with the extended name and with a whole group of members of the sentence that are close to complementary relations (completeness of information). The common name usually has an abstract meaning:

Reach before subject my love was one means - become good actor(Ax.);

To me weird literary claims - divide Love To Homeland on urban And village Love(Simon.); (AG 1980. p. 149)

A spreading infinitive or an infinitive group can enter into relations with the rest of the sentence that do not receive an unambiguous definition: this is a general, undifferentiated relation of connectedness, conjugation of one phenomenon, action, state with another, the causation of one by the other, in some cases - with the element of the meaning of conditionality:

Yes isn't it at you There is acquaintance - number get, or, Maybe be, at you receptionist lactic Brother? (Zoshch.);

[Dubelt:] Salary receive at you neither at whom hands Not shaking(Bulg.);

The same is the relationship of the extending infinitive to the rest of the subject-predicate sentence with a general coloring negative attitude to the action called the infinitive, disagreement with it, protest:

You Not boy pigeons drive;

I to him Not dog tail wag;.

Such constructions belong to colloquial speech and vernacular. (Ibid.)

Sentence with a predicate group - a verb phrase with an infinitive

Sentences in which the predicate is a verb phrase with an infinitive

Father // did not like to argue;

He // could not sleep;

The girl // knows how to draw;

Brother // decided to leave,

They form the same actualized variants as sentences with a predicate group - a verb phrase with a dependent case form

He loves children.

The most common type of actualization is placing the infinitive at the beginning of the sentence as the first topic; the second theme is the subject, the rheme is the conjugated form of the verb. These options express the attitude of a person or thing, called the subject, to an action, called the infinitive:

She obviously avoided being alone with me.(AG 1980. p. 239)

Infinitive as part of a predicate with a short adjective

The place of the predicate can be taken by a combination of a short adjective with an infinitive dependent on it. Such an adjective means obligation, possibility, necessity, readiness: He must (ready, intends, obliged, inclined, agrees, forced, forced) to come. If the infinitive, in turn, is associated with a word dependent on it, then the entire combination forms a predicate:

He intends to start working as a doctor;

I am not able to ask for advice.(AG 1980 p. 246)

Infinitive as a component of the NSP

In infinitive sentences (Structural diagram - Inf), the position of the main member can be replaced by any verb: there are no lexical-semantic restrictions. However, some semantic structures of sentences are, firstly, characterized by certain lexical restrictions, and secondly, they have their own additional formal indicators (particles).

The action or state reported in infinitive sentences is always related to the subject; semantics of the scheme: “desirability, necessity, possibility or impossibility of carrying out an action, the presence of a procedural state.” In a sentence (in which the position of a subjectively determining form is always open), this meaning is concretized in one of four semantic structures: 1) “the subject is its action or procedural state as necessarily upcoming, inevitable, necessary, due, forced, possible or impossible, unnecessary or unacceptable"; these are sentences with the meaning of objective uncertainty; 2) “a subject is his action or procedural state, which is determined by someone’s will, desire, or is subjectively perceived as expedient or desirable”; these are sentences with the meaning of subjective predetermination; 3) “the subject is his state as direct (physical) or intellectual perception”; 4) “the subject is its evaluated action or state.”

The central place in the system of infinitive sentences is occupied by sentences with the meaning of objective predetermination. This meaning is specified as inevitability, obligation, impending, compulsion, possibility or impossibility, unnecessary, lack of necessity, inadmissibility.

1) Sentences with the meaning of inevitability are usually constructed with the infinitive of the verb to be; however, other verbs that name being or being in a state, a change in state are not excluded:

[Ivanov:] We love each other, but our wedding will not happen! (A.P. Chekhov);

Russia will not be under the Entente! (V. Mayakovsky).

Sentences with the verb to happen are only negative:

This won't happen.

Sentences with this meaning are the only type of infinitive sentences that are not used in a relatively independent position without a determiner: this is either a subjective determiner (to whom - to what), or, in sentences with be (combining the meaning of inevitability with the meaning of agreement, acceptance), an adverbial determining pronominal word:

Be so!;

Be by-yours.

2) Sentences with the meaning of obligation, imminence, necessity are lexically free:

I walked around his house, designating where the fire would break out. Where to enter his bedroom (A.S. Pushkin).

In phraseological units, with a defining adverb it is better with an infinitive:

They know better.

3) Sentences with the meaning of impossibility (usually) or possibility (rarely) are also lexically free. In the first case, with the infinitive, negative particles are required: no, as part of an open series - neither-nor:

He can't figure it out on his own;

At the value of possibility, the introduction of particles is normal, barely, hardly:

The streets here are so narrow that two cars can barely pass each other;

You are unlikely to find understanding and help from these people

4) In sentences with the meaning of unnecessaryness, lack of necessity, as in the previous case, a negative particle is required:

We are no strangers to frost;

She doesn't have enough energy.

5) In sentences with the meaning of inadmissibility, the combination of the negative particle not (in the position before the accented word) with the same particle (after the accented word) is constructively significant:

A man shouldn't cry in pain!(AG 1980 pp. 373 – 374)

Sentences with the meaning of subjective predetermination mean volition: motivation, desire, subjectively perceived expediency or timeliness. These meanings may not have special formal indicators in the sentence itself (then they are expressed by intonation in combination with contextual and lexical indicators themselves), or they may have such indicators - special syntactic particles that formulate the meanings of desirability and incentive.

Sentences with the meaning of subjective predetermination, which do not have special formal indicators, are represented by three semantic types.

1) Sentences with the meaning of an incentive directed to the addressee are usually used without a subject determinant in the form of dates. P.:

Be silent!

2) Sentences with the meaning of subjective necessity and desirability are usually used with a subjective determinant:

Why did you come? - I need to talk to the teacher.

3) Sentences with the meaning of subjectively perceived expediency and timeliness are used both with and without a subjective determinant:

We will live in perfect harmony.

The meanings of desirability and incentive in infinitive sentences may have special formal indicators - syntactic particles, with the participation of which the corresponding forms are constructed as part of syntactic paradigms. However, such sentences do not enter into paradigmatic relations with other infinitive sentences without corresponding particles, and thus represent their separate formal and semantic types.

1) Sentences with a formally expressed meaning of desirability can carry in themselves all those particular meanings of desirability can carry in themselves all meanings of desirability.

If only I wouldn’t part with you, the rest is all the same (A. Akhmatova);

How not to be late!

2) Close to the sentences of the first group are sentences with the meanings of agreement, acceptance, constructed with the particles let, let:

Well, okay, let me go, Let him stay alive (Goods).

3) Sentences with a formally expressed meaning of incentive are constructed with the particle so:

Well, guys, let me sleep better (I. Gorbunov).

In sentences reporting physical or intellectual perception there is no sense of predestination; they may contain an element of qualitative qualification and assessment. In them, the position of the determinant is open, and also, when implementing strong verbal connections, the position of the object:

There is no end in sight to this matter.

In a constitution, infinitive sentences can simultaneously name an action, a state and contain an element of evaluation and subjective attitude.

You will make peace with him after mature reflection. Destroy yourself, and why! (A. Griboyedov).(Ibid. pp. 374 – 376)

Sentences with lexically restricted components

Realizations with semi-nominal verbs and with substitution of the gender position are regular. n. other word forms. Sentences are realized with semi-nominal verbs to happen, to become, to appear, to appear:

At this time there are no - there are no - no buses in the city.

In colloquial speech and in common parlance, sentences reporting the absence of something from someone can be realized with the replacement of gender. n. infinitive:

Don't you have a cigarette? (colloquial speech).

There were no seats on the plane.

Circumstantial determination is presented widely and freely:

I won't be here, I won't be here very soon. (Bulg.).

Subjective determination is very diverse

1) Non-substitutable determinants: to whom - with the meaning of the subject of the age state:

The boy is not yet a year old.

2) Interchangeable determinants: from whom - from whom - from whom:

The director/from the director/from the director will have no objections. (AG 1980 p. 283)

The infinitive in its relation to a separate participial phrase

The participle can refer to non-subject-predicate sentences. Including an infinitive; a prerequisite for such use is the coincidence of the subject of the actions (or states) called the gerund and the infinitive:

It was necessary to restore the station without stopping scientific research;

Without making a correct diagnosis, it is impossible to cure the patient.

Such participial phrases As a rule, they have a circumstantial characterizing meaning. (AG 1980 p.274)

Infinitive forming subordinate clauses

(conditional constructions)

Potential-conditional meaning is also represented in constructions like Talk, talk like that, go, so let's go. Both parts are lexically the same; their position is fixed; the particle so, performing a conjunction function, is required. In case of lexical coincidence, the infinitive simultaneously performs an accentuating function, similar to the function of the infinitive in constructions like Say it like that, Go like this.

If there are distributors, the second part of the construction can be built with a verb do, performing a demonstrative function together with the pronoun is:

Have fun, so do it from the heart, sincerely.

Thus, conditional constructions with an infinitive, due to its naming function, occupy an intermediate position between the indicative and non-indicative types of conditional sentences.

Due to the semantic capacity of the infinitive, the hypothetical meaning of the construction can be weakened. In these cases, the conditional construction is semantically closer to the temporary one:

If you look back, my whole life seems to me to be a beautiful, talented, well-made composition (A.P. Chekhov).(AG 1980, p. 288)

(Subjunctive mood)

Use of conjunction so as not to and its lexical synonym as if not limited by compatibility with words with the meanings of fear and apprehension (to be afraid, to be afraid, to be frightened, to fear, to worry, to worry, to worry) or actions caused by these feelings (to warn, to beware, to beware), as well as words with the semantics of supervision and observation (to keep an eye on, to keep an eye on , glance, keep an eye on, watch, keep watch).

Message framed by unions so as not to And as if not, has the nature of an assumption, and the situation described in it is assessed as undesirable. The subordinate clause has the form of the subjunctive mood or infinitive construction:

I'm afraid that I won't get so sick that I won't be able to get to Russia.(S. - Sh.). (AG 1980, p.288)

Infinitive as part of a non-conjunctive compound of sentences

The participation of the infinitive in the formation of conditional meaning is observed where it appears in combination with one of the following forms:

1) present tense;

2) future tense;

3) incentive;

4) subjunctive mood

5) with an infinitive.

In all cases, the conditional meaning lies on the plane of potentiality. The conditioning part is predominantly prepositive.

1) In combination with the syntactic plan of the present tense, the infinitive appears predominantly, lexically limited by words with the meaning of perception, intellectual activity (look, listen, think, believe, etc.). The conditional relationship is complicated by the restrictive connotation of meaning:

Listen to you - all people are swindlers(colloquial speech.)

2) combination of the infinitive with the future tense form:

Don't take care of the cattle, what will happen then?

Give everyone vodka, and you yourself will have to starve(Pushk.).

With infinitives look and see, such a conditional relation may have a connotation of restriction:

“To look at you, Boris,” she said, “you wouldn’t say that you’re desperate either.”(Trif.).

3) The combination of an infinitive with a form of the imperative mood is usually accompanied by a lexical coincidence of verbs:

To regret - to regret skillfully(Necr.).

4) Combinations of the infinitive with the subjunctive form:

The train is getting closer and closer. You can hear the wheels knocking on the rail joints. If you asked me, I would say that we are no more than two hundred meters from him(E. Mukhina).

5) The combination of two infinitives is limited primarily to the area of ​​aphoristic speech:

To joke about others is to love to joke about oneself.;

To be afraid of wolves is to be without mushrooms.

Position of a sentence component in combination with a negative pronominal word

The first component of such sentences is a negative pronominal word: an adverb (there is nowhere, there is no place, there is no need) or the pronoun there is no one, there is nothing in any case; the second component of the infinitive is lexically free:

There is nowhere to wait for letters;

No one to work.

Realizations are regular - with semi-nominal verbs become, become, appear, happen:

There's nothing left to talk about.

Sentences are distributed according to the rules of conditional and non-verbal connections:

No one to go to for a heart-to-heart talk.

Circumstantial determination is usual:

There is no one to talk to here;

There is no need to go together.

Subjective determination is limited: for whom:

We have no one to be sad about the past.(AG 1980, p. 296)

Infinitive as a component of a phraseological structure sentence

Phraseological sentences include indivisible infinitive sentences with No to (No to):

No to keep quiet;

No, be quiet.

Sentences of this type indicate disapproval of not doing what would be appropriate:

Vanya, where were you before? If only I could show up in the summer, I could at least teach him how to swim. (V. Shugaev).

Such proposals have no forms of change. There are no lexical restrictions for the infinitive. Distribution: based on the verbal connections of the infinitive according to the rules of subjective determination:

No, you shouldn't shut up.

Such a sentence can completely replace the position of the predicate:

But she didn’t want to keep quiet - she just went ahead and told about everything(colloquial speech).

Phraseological sentences with particles include indivisible sentences like Go like this. Such sentences have the meaning of agreement, acceptance of an action, state. It is normal to introduce denial. There are no implementations that modify the original form. Subjective determinant to whom means the subject of an action or state:

And you have to go like that, there’s no point in waiting. (A. A. Shakhmatov. Syntax of the Russian language, issue I. Edition 2. M., 1941, p. 271.)

Conclusion

Summing up the results of the work done, we can say that the goals we set at the beginning have been achieved, and the tasks, in general, have been solved. Currently, insufficient attention is paid to the consideration of the infinitive in school. Although it plays a very significant role in school practice. Perhaps this is due to lack of time, or perhaps due to the fact that the school initially does not see the problems that subsequently emerge during a deeper analysis of the infinitive and its syntactic functions. The problems that arise are the incorrect selection and designation of the infinitive in the text, and incorrect interpretation of its meanings. All this leads to the fact that, due to the mistakes made when highlighting the infinitive, many other errors appear, leading to misunderstanding and incorrect perception of the text as a whole. We tried to cover in detail all the unclear points in this topic in order to form a deeper understanding of the problem; tried to identify methods for solving it, and, of course, looked for new ways that could help us at the present stage of development of syntax. We express our hope that this work will help in solving current problems of syntax at the present stage of development of modern Russian literary language.

Bibliography

1. A.A. Shakhmatov. Syntax of the Russian language, vol. I. Ed. 2. M., 1941, p. 271.)

2. Academic Russian grammar.

3. Bogdanov V.V. Semantic-grammatical status of the infinitive. Experience of typological analysis. – In the book: Studies in semantics. Lexical and grammatical semantics. Ufa, 1980

4. Bogdanov V.V. Semantic-grammatical status of the infinitive. Experience in typological analysis // Research in semantics: Interuniversity. scientific Sat. /

5. Gabinsky M.A. The emergence of the infinitive as a secondary Balkan language process. L., 1967

6. Infinitive forms of the verb. Sat. scientific works (ed. Cheremisina M.I.). Novosibirsk, 1979

7.Raspopov I.P. The structure of a simple sentence in modern Russian. M., 1970.

8.Russian language. In 2 parts /Ed. M.Yu. Maksimova. – M., 1989. Part 2

9. Modern Russian language in three parts / V.V. Babaytseva, L.Yu

10. Modern Russian language / Under. ed. V.A. Beloshapkova. M., 1981.

11. Modern Russian language / Ed. M.A. Khegai. – T., 1995.

12. Modern Russian language / Ed. N.M. Shansky. M., 1981.

13. Chesnokova L.D. Connections of words in modern Russian language. M., 1980.

14. Yartseva V.N. Verb categories in the infinitive of Indo-European languages. – In the book: Iranian linguistics. M., 1976

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