Natalia Dippel

At teaching children creative storytelling , composing fairy tales are used Propp's maps. Since V. Ya. Propp was a folklorist, then he recommended working with magic folk tales. Before you start writing fairy tales maps, should be organized preparatory games, during which the guys will get to know each other and master all the fabulous functions. This will help Propp's maps, peculiar schemes by which children recognize those events and episodes of the fairy tale that are symbolically depicted on these maps.

These are the games I bring to your attention. They were made as part of a competition assignment for the teachers' council by the teachers of our kindergarten.

AT THE FIRST STAGE WE INTRODUCE CHILDREN WITH THE MEANING OF THE CARDS

The game is called "Apply a symbol to a fairy tale"

This playing field contains the main Propp's maps, throwing a dice, the child “walks” along the playing field, and stopping near some symbolic image, names it. For example, “Victory”, he remembers which fairy tale has such a plot and explains why this map fits this race. You can work on one or several fairy tales, but children should know their content well.

Such dice are necessary to make a move and calculate how many moves you need to move forward.

may lie on the table pictures-fragments from fairy tales, which the child chooses in accordance with the symbol

Since visual support should be mandatory at first, what cards must have for hint

Such games help to analyze a fairy tale and develop evidence-based speech.

children independently select fairy tales to match the symbol

It is interesting to analyze a fairy tale through symbolic analogy.

a fairytale cube will also come in handy

and the cube of emotions

And these are the main 20 fairy-tale functions that are used to work with a fairy-tale plot1. prohibition or order

2. violation

3. sabotage

4. departure of the hero

6. meeting with the donor

7. magical gifts

8. appearance of the hero

9. supernatural powers

10. fight

11. victory

12. returning home

13. arrival

14. false hero

15. difficult tests

16. Elimination of trouble

17. recognition of the hero

18. exposing the false hero

19. punishment of the false hero

20. wedding

SEQUENCE OF INTRODUCTION TO PROPP MAPS.

Manufacturing kart. Cards, used at the beginning of work, in junior and middle age they should be done in a plot-driven manner and colorfully. In the future, use cards with a rather schematic representation of each function, the meaning of which would be clear to children, or each image must be specified.

Reproduction of a familiar fairy tale, differentiation: relate to a specific function.

Joint search and finding of designated functions in new fairy tales (during one lesson 3-5 are used kart) .

Independent search for functions by children based on familiar and then new fairy tales.

Holistic mastery of fairy tale functions (the whole set is used kart) .

Writing fairy tales (first collectively and using a limited set kart, gradually adding 3 - 4 cards).

Working with an individual set kart(at first, children can be offered a ready-made title for the fairy tale, specifying only the location of the action and the number of characters).

But how you designate this or that function and with what symbol is not at all important, the main thing is that the child understands that if a “prohibition” is indicated by a crossed out circle or a lock on the door, or as in traffic signs - entry is prohibited, then this is necessary remember. Or the sign “giver, magical gift” - you can with a magic wand You can designate it as a box with a gift, as the teacher decides.

At the second stage, in an organized learning in class, read the fairy tale aloud with the intention of retelling, then the children themselves select cards in accordance with what they read and try to retell the text based on the laid out diagram.

RESULT:

– the ability to determine the genre of a work;

– remember the sequence of events;

– highlight the main content

- build a content outline,

relying on Propp's maps;

- confidently manipulate cards;

– feel beauty and imagery

It is not often that adults consider retelling for preschoolers as a way to develop their analytical thinking. The main thing is to reproduce the text you read in detail.

This is healthy and sufficient if you have a good memory. But let’s take hyperactive children, children with MMD. (For some reason they are separated) In searches, the question appears from time to time: how to help children with minimal brain dysfunction, how to educate them?

A peculiarity of children with MMD is weak attention, and, consequently, memory. Children who often have a good level intellectual development, most of them study poorly. What to do with these? How to compensate for losses? Only by focusing on the development of thinking.

And here a retelling will help. Because you can retell a text with poor memory only by analyzing it. Propp's cards will help us. With their help, preschoolers and younger schoolchildren can not only retell, but also invent fairy tales according to a figurative plan.

Analysis of fairy tales according to V. Ya. Propp

The domestic folklorist V. Ya. Propp, who studied Russian fairy tales, identified certain elements (functions) in their structure that are constantly repeated. According to Propp’s system, there are 31 of these functions. Of these, twenty are basic. Not every fairy tale contains them all. Most often the complete set is in fairy tales. The functions are represented by pictures.

Stages of working with Propp maps

1. Making cards. They can be colorful or sketchy. Below is a description of fairytale function elements with support cards. But you can draw them yourself. It is only important that the pictures are understandable to children.
2. We slowly introduce the children to support cards, first reading small texts and accompanying them with Propp cards
3. Retelling based on Propp's map
4. Let's try to compose fairy tales using Propp's cards. We select 5-8 cards, come up with characters, determine the main character, his assistants, as well as those who will harm the hero.

It is important to remember: not all functions will necessarily be present in a fairy tale. Let's give a very simple example based on the analysis of a nursery rhyme.

Cucumber, cucumber! Don't go to that end. The mouse lives there. He'll bite your tail off.

What we have here:

• The hero is a cucumber.
• The ban is that you cannot go to the other end of the village.
• The pest is a mouse.
• Sabotage - the tail will be chewed off.
• Moral - I didn’t listen - I was left without a tail.

Even in such a small folklore form there are elements of a fairy tale.

Description of the elements-functions of fairy tales

V. Ya. Propp identified the following structure of fairy tales. We will not take all (31) elements, but only the main ones. They are quite enough for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren.

1. Once upon a time. The fairy tale begins with introductory words that create a fairy-tale space: in a certain kingdom, in a distant state, they lived and lived in ancient times...

2.Special circumstance. An unusual, extraordinary event: someone tramples rye every night, the goose lays a golden egg...

3. Prohibition. There are some things you can’t do: don’t leave your brother, don’t drink from a puddle, don’t look out the window...

4. Violation of the ban. Fairy tale characters violate the ban. And this is just what the pest (antagonist) is waiting for. Masha ran away to her friends...

5. Sabotage. The swan geese were right there, picked up their brother and carried him away.

6. The hero leaves home. Options. He himself goes in search of (his missing brother). Parents send (for rejuvenating apples). Expelled from her home (stepmother orders her stepdaughter to be taken to the forest)

7. Task. What the hero must achieve: return his brother, free the beauty...7. Meeting with the donor. Good deed someone always helps. The appearance of a character who has something magical: a scooter ball of woolen threads, cherished words,...

8. Difficult tests. Weave a carpet, build a crystal bridge “from my porch to my palace” in one night...

9. Receiving magical gifts: objects or words. They can be simply given by a donor, made, purchased, appear out of nowhere, or stolen.

10. The hero appears and challenges the pest to battle. Supernatural properties of the enemy. The serpent Gorynych has three heads and breathes fire; Has no bones of death

11. Fight (persecution). Fight with the enemy (they fight with swords, have a competition: who can run the devil or the hare the fastest, who can carry the horse farther; they play cards), or kidnapping. Koschey is defeated. The hero is chased by geese, swans, and Baba Yaga. The hero fights with the enemy (in open battle - with the Serpent Gorynych, sometimes competes in speed, dexterity, cunning, or plays cards).

12. Victory. The enemy may be defeated in battle, lose in a competition, or be driven out or destroyed by cunning.

13. Elimination of trouble. The beauty was saved, the enemies were gone, the father recovered...

14. Arrival home.

15. People don’t recognize him at home because of a spell that changed his appearance.

16. A false hero posing as a hero or appropriating his merits: The witch’s daughter drowned her sister and took her place; the brothers killed Ivan, took the rejuvenating apples and told their father that they were the ones who got them.

17. Exposing the false hero. Ivan appears, saved by the wolf; a real king easily pulls a sword out of a stone...

18. The hero is recognized. Substitution detected. The false hero runs away on his own or is cast out in disgrace. The people welcome the hero.

19. Happy ending. Gifts, a wedding, a folk festival - a feast for the whole world...

20. Moral of this tale. The moral conclusion of the tale.

Propp's maps (pictures)

We print out the cards, stick them on cardboard (they will last longer this way), and begin to analyze the fairy tales, laying out the necessary cards. And then we retell the fairy tale one by one.

Lived once	Ban	Violation of the ban
Sabotage	The hero leaves home	Task
Giver of magical gifts	Difficult tests	Challenge a pest to a fight
Struggle	Victory	Chase

Methodology for working with maps V.Ya. Proppa

Methodology for working withmaps of Vladimir Yakovlevich Propphas been known for a long time. But it has not lost its relevance even today. Tasks, which are solved using this technique fully comply with the provisions and requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Education:

The ability to think through a plan, follow it in an essay, choose a topic, an interesting plot, characters is formed;

Cards develop attention, perception, fantasy, imagination, enrich the emotional sphere, and activate oral coherent speech;

Cards develop personality activity, without leaving the child indifferent to the fairy tale plot.

Folklorist Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp studied in detail the fairy tales of the peoples of the world, analyzed hundreds of plots and identified31 permanent functions, without which no one can do fabulous work. It is not necessary that they will all be present together in the fairy tale; sometimes their sequence is disrupted, but the idea and content of the fairy tale do not suffer.

J. Rodari reduced the number of these functions up to 20:

1. prohibition or order; 2. violation; 3. sabotage; 4. departure of the hero; 5. task; 6. meeting with the donor; 7. magical gifts; 8. appearance of the hero; 9. supernatural properties of the antihero; 10. fight; 11. victory; 12. returning home; 13. arrival home; 14. false hero; 15. difficult trials; 16. elimination of trouble; 17. recognition of the hero; 18. exposing the false hero; 19. punishment of the false hero; 20. Wedding or happy ending.

Here are some examples: ban acts as a strong motive and forces one to argue with existing authority. In the fairy tale “Tiny - Khavroshechka,” the cow says: “Don’t eat my meat, collect my bones, tie them in a scarf, plant them in the garden, water them every morning.” IN in this case Khavroshechka did not violate the ban. And in "Geese-Swans" - parents forbade leaving the house. Alyonushka did not listen. Happeningbreaking the rules. Sabotage committed by the protagonist's ill-wisher (geese-swans). The Firebird steals golden apples (“The Tale of Ivan Tsarevich, the Firebird and the Gray Wolf.”

By the way, all detective stories (films and books) can be sorted into these functions quite easily.

Methodology

The listed 20 functions must be drawn and made in the form of cards. On each card, any symbolic image is invented. Don't forget that getting to know the fabulous functions involves accumulation of a large set fairy tale images, characters, knowledge of many fairy tales andsecrets of construction fairy tales (structure).

Saying. Initiation(Invitation to a fairy tale).

The saying itself puts listeners in a special mood, transports them to fairy world. The sayings sound significant and promising. The role of the saying is similar to the role of the epic chorus and for the most part not related to the plot of the fairy tale. Target - prepare the audience for listening to the fairy tale, interest it. The teacher can start like this:

1. Do you want a fairy tale? A fairy tale is a knitted piece, it is woven from moonlight, tied sunbeam, and is entwined with a cloud belt.
2. Beyond the distant fields, beyond the deep seas, beyond high mountains, among the azure glades, in a certain kingdom, a heavenly state, there lived...
3. In some kingdom, in some state...or in the distant kingdom, the thirtieth state...

Ending

The ending, like a saying, limits (separates) the fairy tale from real life and brings listeners back to reality. Ending options:

1. They organized a feast for the whole world, I was there, I drank honey and beer, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth.
2. Here's a fairy tale for you, and a bunch of bagels for me.
3. This is where the fairy tale ends, and whoever listened, well done.

The saying and the ending form a frame in which the storyteller includes narration.

The tale is usually rich traditional, so-calledfabulous formulas:speech cliches, rhythmic proverbs that characterize various actions and descriptions of characters, constant epithets etc.:

1. The king began to celebrate feasts and invite guests.
2. Hut, hut! Stand in the old way, as your mother put you - with your back to the forest, and your front towards me.
3. He turned out to be such a fine fellow - he couldn’t think of it, couldn’t guess, couldn’t describe it with a pen.
4. The horse runs, the earth trembles, flames burst from its ears.
5. Treasure sword, Vasilisa the Beautiful, self-assembled tablecloth, etc.

It is necessary to explain to children that a fairy tale begins with some extraordinary event, where main role played by a magical creature. Sooner or later, the hero of a fairy tale faces evil forces or with great difficulties, obstacles, then overcomes them. The hero usually performs difficult tasks with the help of magical objects or creatures.

When children have knowledge of many fairy tales, you can conduct severalthematic activities or games-tasks, quizzeson the topic of: " Fairy-tale heroes(heroines)", Fairytale monsters", "Magic Helpers", " Magic transformations" "Journey through far away kingdom(the location of the action in fairy tales is determined)”, “Fairytale figure 3 (reception of three times)”, “Visiting sisters-sayings, brothers-beginnings, girlfriends-endings”, preferably using works of painting, music as additional funds impact on the child.

Preparatory games-tasksthat can be included in educational activities:

Miracles in a sieve. During this game, various miracles occurring in fairy tales are revealed: how and with what help transformations and magic are carried out. Magic words, objects and their effects are clarified.

Who is the meanest (kindest) in the world?Identification of evil and insidious heroes (good ones), description of their appearance, character, lifestyle, habits, home. Then they analyze whether a fairy tale can exist without such heroes, what is their role in the development of the plot. For whom are these characters good, for whom are they evil and why (probably for Koshchei Baba Yaga is very kind woman and true friend).

Cherished words. During this game, the guys make an attempt to isolate the most effective, meaningful words(magic, sentences).

What will be useful on the road? Based on the analysis of magical fairy-tale objects that help overcome the enemy (self-assembled tablecloth, walking boots, The Scarlet Flower etc.), come up with new helper items. The most ordinary object (a pen, a shoe) can become magical, or maybe it will begin to perform functions that are not typical for it - a bowler hat as a nest, a bag, a mirror.

What common. The game assumes comparative analysis various plots in terms of similarities and differences (“Teremok” and “Mitten”, “Morozko” and “Mistress Blizzard”)

The work of composing fairy tales can be divided into two stages:

Stage 1 - directfamiliarization with functionsfairy tale

Begin The lesson can be done like this: “In a forest clearing, in a small carved hut, fairy tales live. They live very friendly, helping each other to write fairy tales. Let's get to know them."

The teacher may not take all 20, but the ones most often found in fairy tales. For example: a hero leaves home, a ban, a violation of a ban, a difficult task, a magical remedy, help, a hero escapes persecution, struggle, the enemy is defeated, a happy ending.

You read a fairy tale, then “arrange” it by function. Later, the children themselves find the designated function verbally and lay out cards with the functions.

As children gain experience with cards and functions, you can offer tasks:

• find familiar “magic cards” in a new fairy tale you just read;
• independently determine the absence of a familiar card;
• put the cards in the order in which they are given by the plot of the new fairy tale;
• find an error in the arrangement of cards according to the plot of a new fairy tale.

Based on the material of fairy-tale texts, conductexercises to develop speech figurativeness.They make the process of perception deeper, focus attention on linguistic material, and make you think about the meaning of the words and expressions used in the text.

For example, Baba Yaga - say it differently. Or: As they said before? (Golden-maned horse, damask sword, morning is wiser than evening, etc.).Praise Baba Yaga.

At stage 2 it is carried out learning to write your own fairy talesusing "magic cards".

Children are offered a set of 5-6 cards. They can come up with two or three of them (this makes it easier to cope with a complex task). When writing in groups, the child may notice inaccuracies in a friend’s story (speech, logical errors), but he himself must be careful when composing.

For example, the task is to compose a fairy tale “About the Christmas tree.”5 cards offered- absence, ban, violation of the ban, magic remedy, happy ending. You can give the cards in order, or you can invite them to think about how to arrange them.

Or - come up with a fairy tale about Baba Yaga and Koshchei. Condition : They are kind and help people.Which magic card will be the main one?(“help”), what cards could make the fairy tale more interesting, full of adventure and surprises (prohibition, violation of prohibition, difficult task, happy ending)?

Negotiations with children the following provisions:

• who will be the main character;
• who will interfere with the hero;
• who will help him solve a difficult task (magical assistants, other heroes);
• come up with a title for a fairy tale;
• what beginnings and endings will be used;
• inventing fairy tale words and expressions;
• the presence of the main and minor characters, meetings, actions of heroes, their moral characteristics.

The number of game techniques and situations depends on your imagination. Can you suggest gaming techniques:

"Propp's Maps"

Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp (April 17 (29), 1895, St. Petersburg - August 22, 1970, Leningrad) - Russian folklorist, one of the founders modern theory text.

Propp's cards: fairy tale constructor

Later, these three dozen functions were trimmed down to 28 by various scientists.

Teaching method: Stage 1: introduce children to fairy tales as a genre literary work. Explain general structure fairy tales: - saying, beginning (invitation to a fairy tale); - narration; - ending of the fairy tale (returning the listener to reality).

Stage 2: reading a fairy tale and accompanying the reading by laying out Propp's cards;

Stage 3: retelling a fairy tale based on Propp's cards Stage 4: at this stage you can try to compose fairy tales yourself using Propp's cards. To do this, 5-8 cards are selected, the main characters are invented, who will be the main character, the hero’s assistants and those who will harm him are chosen.

How can you use the fairy tale method to help your child cope with some task? It is advisable that the main character and the child have some common features. Maybe they both like jam or watch the same cartoon. When constructing a fairy tale, it is necessary to create a safe magical space for the main character. Therefore, formulas like: “A long time ago, in some kingdom-state” are used...

It’s good when the main character has a friend-helper in the space of a fairy tale. A friend in a fairy tale helps to ease mental stress and defuse emotions. During the fairy tale, it is necessary to solve some problem. Main character solves a problem, acquires a certain skill and is transformed.

An antihero is introduced into the fairy tale - a character who must be defeated (or perhaps changed). The ending of the fairy tale should be positive. The problem is solved, after which the hero returns home, receives half the kingdom and a beautiful wife

Thank you for your attention!

Propp map for preschoolers

Own fairy tales using Propp's method

If you are teaching children, then Propp's cards will help children remember the fairy tale well and make it easier to retell it.

AND YOU YOURSELF, MOMMIES, USING THIS SCHEME CAN CREATE A FAIRY TALE ABOUT YOUR BABY!!!

Here we provide a list of the main motives identified by the researcher Propp:

1. Once upon a time. We create a fabulous space. (Each fairy tale begins with the introductory words “a long time ago”, “once upon a time”, “in the thirtieth kingdom”).

2. A special circumstance (“the father died”, “the sun disappeared from the sky”, “the rains stopped pouring and a drought set in”).

4. Violation of the ban (characters in fairy tales look out of the window, leave the yard, and drink water from a puddle; at the same time, a new person appears in the fairy tale - an antagonist, a pest).

5. The hero leaves home (in this case, the hero can either set off, be sent away from home, say, with the blessing of his parents to look for his sister, or be expelled, for example, a father takes his daughter expelled by his stepmother to the forest, or leave home, turning into a goat after the ban has been violated).

6. Appearance of a friend-assistant ( Gray wolf, Puss in Boots).

7. A method of achieving the goal (this could be flying on a magic carpet, using a treasure sword, etc.).

8. The enemy begins to act (the snake kidnaps the princess, the witch poisons the apple).

9. Gaining victory (breaking evil spells, physical destruction of the antagonist - the Serpent, Koshchei the Immortal, victory in the competition).

10. Pursuit (what fairy tale, like a detective story, is complete without a chase? Heroes can be pursued by geese-swans, Serpent Gorynych, Baba Yaga, Dashing Accursed and other, no less “cute” characters).

11. The hero escapes from persecution (by hiding in a stove, turning into someone, or using magical means and covering vast distances).

12. The donor tests the hero. And then it appears new character- a wizard, a gnome, an old woman who needs help or a beggar. Baba Yaga gives the girl a task to complete homework, The serpent invites the hero to lift a heavy stone.

13. The hero passes the test of the donor (everything is obvious).

14. Receiving a magical remedy (it can be transferred, made, bought, appear from nowhere, stolen, given by a donor).

15. Absence of the donor (Baba Yaga lets go in peace, the wizard disappears, the dragon hides back in the cave).

16. The hero enters into battle with the enemy (sometimes it is an open battle - with the Serpent Gorynych, sometimes a competition or a game of cards).

17. The enemy is defeated (in fairy tales, the antagonist is not only defeated in battle or competition, but also expelled or destroyed with the help of cunning).

18. The hero is marked (a mark is applied to the body or given a special object - a ring, a towel, an icon; he takes something from a defeated enemy).

19. The hero is given difficult task(get a ring from the bottom of the sea; weave a carpet; build a palace in one night; bring something, I don’t know what).

20. The hero completes the task (how could it be otherwise?).

21. The hero is given a new look (a common technique is immersion in boiling water or hot milk, which makes the hero even more beautiful).

22. The hero returns home (usually this occurs in the same forms as the arrival, but it can also be a victorious arrival on a defeated dragon).

23. The hero is not recognized at home (sometimes due to external changes that have occurred to him, a spell cast, injury, growing up).

24. A false hero appears (that is, one who pretends to be a hero or takes credit for his merits).

25. Unmasking a false hero (this can happen as a result of special tests or testimony of authority figures).

26. Recognizing the hero. (And then a substitution is discovered. The false hero is expelled in disgrace, and our character is embraced by a loving royal couple)

27. Happy ending (a feast for the whole world, a wedding, half a kingdom to boot).

28. Moral (what conclusion can be drawn from the story that happened).

where and how can I use this method?

How can you use the fairy tale method to help your child cope with some task?
Using this method, the child, one way or another, identifies himself with the main character, plays out the situation, which ultimately helps, again, to creatively approach the task that has arisen before him and prepare for it psychologically.

To do this, you can start a fairy tale, for example, with the words: “A hero who looks like a baby goes to solve a problem. During the fairy tale, he solves the problem (problem), finds new friends, defeats the “dragon” and returns back happy.

It is advisable to direct the child to take full part in inventing (composing) a fairy tale, only occasionally helping and telling him how to “this way and that way...” build the development of the fairy tale.

In order to get the maximum effect from composing a fairy tale, it is recommended to follow a number of simple rules:

1 It is desirable that the main character and the child have some common features. Maybe they both like jam or watch the same cartoon.

2 When constructing a fairy tale, it is necessary to create a safe magical space for the main character. Therefore, formulas like: “A long time ago, in some kingdom-state” are used...

3 It’s good when the main character has a friend-helper in the space of a fairy tale. A friend in a fairy tale helps to ease mental stress and defuse emotions.

4 During the fairy tale, it is necessary to solve some problem. The main character solves a problem, acquires a certain skill and is transformed.

5 An antihero is introduced into the fairy tale - a character who must be defeated (or perhaps changed).

6 The ending of a fairy tale should be positive. The problem is solved, after which the hero returns home, receives half the kingdom and a beautiful wife.