Key differences between humans and animals. Human character traits, good and bad

When a new personality is born, it receives a unique character as a gift. Human nature can consist of traits inherited from parents, or it can manifest itself in a completely different, unexpected quality.

Nature not only determines behavioral reactions, it specifically influences the manner of communication, attitude towards others and oneself, and towards work. A person's character traits create a certain worldview in an individual.

A person’s behavioral reactions depend on character

These two definitions create confusion because they both play a role in shaping personality and behavior. In fact, character and temperament are heterogeneous:

1. Character is formed from a list of certain acquired qualities of a person’s mental make-up.
2. Temperament is a biological quality. Psychologists distinguish four types of it: choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic.

Having the same temperament, individuals can have absolutely different character. But temperament has an important influence on the development of nature - smoothing or exacerbating it. Also, human nature directly affects temperament.

What is character

Psychologists, speaking about character, mean a certain combination of individual traits that are persistent in their expression. These traits have the maximum impact on the behavioral line of the individual in diverse relationships:

• among people;
• in the work team;
• to one's own personality;
• to the surrounding reality;
• to physical and mental labor.

The word "character" Greek origin, it means “to mint.” This definition was introduced into everyday use by the natural scientist Ancient Greece, philosopher Theophrastus. Such a word really, very accurately defines the nature of an individual.

The character seems to be drawn in quality unique design, it gives birth to a unique stamp, which is worn by a person in a single copy.

To put it simply, character is a set, a combination of stable individual mental characteristics.

How to understand nature

To understand what kind of nature an individual has, you need to analyze all his actions. It is behavioral reactions that determine examples of character and characterize personality.

But such a judgment is often subjective. A person does not always react the way his intuition tells him. Actions are influenced by upbringing life experience, customs of the environment where the person lives.

But you can understand what kind of character a person has. Observing and analyzing for a long time actions of a certain person, it is possible to identify individual, especially stable traits. If a person is completely different situations behaves the same way, showing similar reactions, makes the same decision - this indicates the presence of a certain nature in him.

Knowing which character traits are manifested and predominant in an individual, one can predict how he will manifest himself in a given situation.

Character and its traits

A character trait is an important part of a personality; it is a stable quality that determines the interaction between a person and the surrounding reality. This is the defining method of resolving emerging situations, therefore psychologists consider a personality trait as a predictable personal behavior.

A person acquires characteristics of character throughout his entire life; it is impossible to classify individual traits of nature as innate and characterological. To analyze and assess a personality, a psychologist not only determines the totality of individual characteristics, but also identifies their distinctive features.

It is character traits that are defined as primary in the study and compilation of psychological characteristics personality.

But, when defining and assessing a person, studying behavioral traits in social terms, the psychologist also uses knowledge of the meaningful orientation of nature. It is defined in:

• strength-weakness;
• breadth-narrowness;
• static-dynamic;
• integrity-contradiction;
• integrity-fragmentation.

Such nuances make up the overall full description a certain person.

List of personality traits

Human nature is a complex combination of unique traits that forms a unique system. This order includes the most striking, stable personal qualities, revealed in gradations of human-society relationships:

In addition to the character traits included by psychologists in the gradation of relationships (as a separate category), manifestations of nature in the moral, temperamental, cognitive and sthenic spheres were highlighted:

• moral: humanity, toughness, sincerity, good nature, patriotism, impartiality, responsiveness;
• temperamental: passion, sensuality, romance, liveliness, receptivity; passion, frivolity;
• intellectual (cognitive): analytical, flexible, inquisitive, resourceful, efficient, critical, thoughtful;
• sthenic (volitional): categoricalness, persistence, obstinacy, stubbornness, determination, timidity, courage, independence.

Many leading psychologists are inclined to believe that some personality traits should be divided into two categories:

1. Productive (motivational). Such traits push a person to perform certain actions and actions. These are goal-traits.
2. Instrumental. Giving personality during any activity individuality and method (manner) of action. These are methods-traits.

Gradation of character traits according to Allport

Allport's theory

The famous American psychologist Gordon Allport, an expert and developer of gradations of an individual’s personal characteristics, divided personality traits into three classes:

Dominant. Such traits most clearly reveal the behavioral form: actions, activities of a certain person. These include: kindness, selfishness, greed, secrecy, gentleness, modesty, greed.

Ordinary. They manifest themselves equally in all numerous areas of human life. These are: humanity, honesty, generosity, arrogance, altruism, egocentrism, cordiality, openness.

Secondary. These nuances do not have a particular impact on behavioral reactions. These are not dominant behaviors. These include musicality, poetry, diligence, and diligence.

A strong relationship is formed between a person’s existing personality traits. This pattern forms the final character of the individual.

But any existing structure has its own hierarchy. The human warehouse was no exception. This nuance is traced in Allport's proposed gradation structure, where minor traits can be suppressed by dominant ones. But in order to predict an individual’s actions, it is necessary to focus on the entire set of personality traits.

What is typicality and individuality?

The manifestation of the nature of each person always reflects the individual and typical. This is a harmonious union personal qualities, because the typical serves as the basis for identifying the individual.

What is a typical character. When a person has a certain set of traits that are the same (common) for a specific group of people, such a warehouse is called typical. It is like a mirror, reflecting the accepted and habitual conditions of existence of a particular group.

Also typical features depend on the warehouse (a certain type of nature). They are also a condition for the emergence of a behavioral type of character into the category of which a person is “recorded.”

Having understood exactly what characteristics are inherent in a given personality, a person can create an average (typical) psychological picture and assign certain type temperament. For example:

Such typical character traits, corresponding to a certain temperament, are observed in each (to one degree or another) representative of the group.

Individual manifestation. Relationships between individuals always have an evaluative characteristic; they are manifested in a rich variety of behavioral reactions. For manifestation individual traits The individual is greatly influenced by emerging circumstances, the formed worldview and a certain environment.

This characteristic is reflected in the vividness of the individual's various typical features. They vary in intensity and develop individually for each individual.

Some typical traits manifest themselves so powerfully in a person that they become not just individual, but unique.

In this case, typicality develops, by definition, into individuality. This personality classification helps to identify negative characteristics individuals who prevent them from expressing themselves and achieving a certain position in society.

By working on himself, analyzing and correcting shortcomings in his own character, each person creates the life he strives for.

Distinctiveness as a personality quality – the ability to express character traits, signs, features of behavior inherent in someone to a special degree, by which their carrier can be unmistakably recognized.

Just as the seasons have their own distinctive features, so people show their distinctive properties, by which they can be distinguished from millions of other people.

In one village they decided to hold a competition “Who knows best the distinctive features of their husband and their wife.” A blindfolded woman had to find her husband in a row of men. She was only allowed to feel the male genitals. First: - Not mine. Not mine. My. Second: - Not mine. Not mine. And it's not mine. My. Third: - Not mine. Not mine. And this one is not from our village at all.

It was the husbands' turn. They were allowed to sniff and touch the woman. The first one patted everyone down, but still didn’t recognize his wife. With the second, the story repeated itself. The third walked along the row and guessed his wife in the twelfth woman. The audience is delighted: - How to love your wife in order to accurately identify her distinctive features in a crowd of women. The correspondent interviews her husband and asks the first question: - You stunned everyone. Tell me why external signs Has your wife become distinctive to you? Husband: - It's very simple. While feeling the twelfth woman, my potency disappeared...

Churchill had many distinctive features and characteristics. One of them is relationships with alcohol. Most people would have become alcoholics long ago if they could compete with Churchill in drinking. But alcohol had no destructive effect on the politician. Amazing and amazing. You will involuntarily agree that people have such distinctive features that you will never confuse them with other people.

It is known that Churchill drank a bottle of 50-proof Dvin cognac every day. One day the prime minister discovered that Dvin had lost its former taste. He expressed his dissatisfaction to Stalin. It turned out that the master Margar Sedrakyan, who was engaged in the Dvina blend, was exiled to Siberia. He was returned and reinstated in the party. Churchill began to receive his beloved Dvin again, and Sedrakyan was awarded the title of Hero Socialist Labor. This is how cognac saved a man’s life.

Churchill, who lived to be 90 years old, never parted with champagne. He was Pol Roger's most famous and regular customer. IN last years During his lifetime, his wine cellar was supplied with up to 500 cases of champagne. The company even provided him with its wine in a unique container - specially made 1 imperial pint bottles, which were served to Churchill in the morning. His favorite champagne accompanied him on trains behind the front lines during the war and on diplomatic missions in the post-war period. Winston Churchill once said: “I can’t live without champagne. After a win I deserve it, and after a loss I need it.” A renowned esthete, Churchill had a particular preference for Pol Roger wines and remained faithful to them throughout his life. In 1965, after his death, the House of Paul Roger introduced a black mourning ribbon into the design of its bottles.

Churchill liked to repeat: “Never be late for dinner, smoke Havana cigars and drink Armenian cognac... I got more from drinking than drinking from me!” “Good cognac,” Churchill explained, “must be treated like a lady.” Don't lash out! Slow down... Warm it in your palms. And only then take a sip.

Distinctiveness is proof that we are all different. Distinctiveness makes us aware of the fact that not only are we different, but individuals have characteristics, which constitute the identity of the individual. A scientist would say: “These specific, characteristic features and characteristics are immanently inherent in this particular person.” That is, they are inherent. This is his fingerprint, which can be used to accurately scan a person.

Let's take a dog for example. My golden retriever recognizes me by my smell, even if I dress up as Snow Maiden or Barmaley. For him, the puzzle is 95% based on smell. If a person lives in a world of images, then a dog lives in a world of smells. We dream images, she smells. Having a sense of smell several thousand times better than that of a human, she identifies the distinctiveness of one person from another precisely by smell. Diagnosing a dog in the context of distinguishing one person from millions of others is always unmistakable.

Human mind to accept right decisions, always looks for fundamental distinctiveness in behavior, situations, circumstances. Without looking for distinctiveness, you can endow a person with positive qualities that he did not originally have, and then be offended by him because he did not act as we expected. Knowing the distinctive features and characteristics of a person, one can reasonably predict his decisions and actions.

For example, Victor Hugo wrote: “ Distinctive feature authentic statesmen This is exactly what it means to be able to take advantage of every need, and sometimes even turn a fatal coincidence of circumstances for the benefit of the state.”

Distinctiveness is the result of working with abstractions. Ultimately, it is the fruit of synthesis. It is quite difficult to identify it. Errors are possible. Thus, Juliana Wilson identifies a dubious distinctiveness: “ Smart people can usually be recognized by the kindness of one's heart. Can a person with a superficial mind be considered smart? And is it possible for a wise person not to be smart? It is spiritual kindness, it is this difference that serves as the most striking evidence of the presence of intelligence in a person, and it is by kindness that one can determine its depth. For smart people who suffer from arrogance, the news about such a distinctive feature is somewhat discouraging, but it helps smart people live.”

Psychologists have identified distinctive features in the behavior of women:

A woman is practically not annoyed when her underwear gets stuck between her buttocks. The fair sex wears all these torture devices called “bikinis” with pleasure. In addition, a woman usually does not try to discreetly adjust her underwear from behind after getting up from her chair.

Women are afraid of spiders, worms and mice. They also don't like caterpillars, even very beautiful ones.

After taking a bath, a woman - no matter whether she has long hair, a cropped haircut or has had typhus - always wraps an amateurish turban made of a towel around her head, at least for one minute. The reasons for the emergence of this Eastern ritual are unknown.

The words that a woman says after hitting her finger with a hammer can be broadcast on air without censorship." Good night, kids...” What a man says in such cases cannot be broadcast.

Women open beer bottles with beer bottle openers.

Women try to go up or down the mountain sideways. Men simply spread their legs wider.

Women prefer to look at their heels by turning behind their backs. Men simply turn their raised foot.

Women have a rather indifferent, detached attitude towards their genitals; they are almost strangers to each other. Women don’t talk to them, don’t give them funny nicknames, and don’t get offended by them like men. (A man goes to the toilet at night and with resentment in his voice turns to his penis: - See? When you need it, I get up)

When sitting down, women squeeze their knees or simply keep them parallel. Therefore, on public transport it is preferable to have a lady neighbor.
A woman never takes off her T-shirt, holding it on her back.

Women don't scratch their heads. Firstly, they don’t like to show their confusion, and secondly, it ruins their hairstyle.

A woman often wraps strands of hair, even short ones, around her finger or tickles her cheek with a hair brush. Men rarely do this.
A woman will never truly understand why football players, when lining up in a wall, make such a funny slide with their palms. That's why she doesn't flinch when a hero gets hit in the crotch with a boot in a movie...

A woman does not bite a cigarette with her teeth. She does not leave it in her mouth, but always holds it in her hand.

When a woman yawns, she covers her mouth with her palm rather than her fist.

When swinging to throw something, a woman moves her hand not to the side, but back. This is why ladies are never sent to blow up tanks.

Women don't like having their hands free. That's why they always carry a handbag with them - so they can tug at it by the strap, hold it by the edge and rummage through it endlessly. In the absence of a handbag, anything will do - a fan, gloves, a book, a flower.

When dressing, a woman will first put on a shirt, then trousers. Men usually do the opposite.

To manually wring out wet underwear, a woman holds it with her palms up, a man with his palms down.

Peter Kovalev

B13. Complete the phrase: “Human needs are based on...” Answer: ______________________________. B14. Find the distinguishing characteristics of a person in the list below. 1) a biological creature 2) consciously sets goals for activity 3) lives among its own kind 4) has the ability to be creative 5) produces tools with the help of other tools 6) has innate instincts of self-preservation Write down the numbers in your answer in ascending order. Answer: __________________________. B15. Establish a correspondence between the types of human needs and their concrete examples: For each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. Write down the selected letters in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer form (without spaces or other symbols). Answer: ______________________. Examples of needs. Types of needs. 1) food. A) social needs. A) social needs. 2) prestigious job. 3) communication. B) biological needs. B) biological needs. 4) sleep and rest. 1. 2. 3. 4. . . . .

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Unified State Exam in Social Studies

“Tasks for preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies” - Preparation for the Unified State Exam. Correspondence between types of human needs. Individuality. Human nature. Traits unique to creative activity. A game. The unique identity of man. Judgments about the connection between activity and communication. Fill the gap. Distinctive characteristics of a person. Conflict between desires and possibilities.

“Unified State Examination in History and Social Science” - Based on the FIPI report, the following recommendations can be made. Materials from the FIPI website are recommended to help teachers and students. Use test-based knowledge testing as often as possible. Recommendations for students. Regularly study fragments of popular science texts. Clichés that can be used when writing an essay.

“Unified State Exam simulator in social studies” - Phases economic cycle. World religions in modern world. Activities. Council of the Federation. Federal Assembly. Courts of the Russian Federation. Federation. Mediator. Social differentiation. The level of education. Factors of production. Levels scientific knowledge. Democracy. Possibility of lawful use of force.

“Unified State Exam in Social Studies” - Rules for drawing up a plan. Look for semantic and structural connections. Purposeful and specially planned preparation of schoolchildren for the Unified State Exam becomes extremely important. Use test-based knowledge testing as often as possible. 2. What are the main problems of social science? this topic? It's important to remember that.

“Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2012” - Sources for preparing for the exam. Execution Analysis exam paper. Average test score chart. Control data measuring materials. Economy. Source analysis tasks. CMM specification. Policy. Social science. Three independent experts. General information about the results of the Unified State Exam.

Man is an animal belonging to the order of mammals. We have evolved, i.e. originated from animals and, accordingly, should be very similar to them. In fact, this is so: the structure of our body, structure and functions internal organs, processes occurring inside the body, physiological needs identical to those of our smaller brothers. But there are still differences, albeit not as many as one might think. And so, the key differences between humans and animals:

Upright walking

The most distinctive feature human - upright posture. Thanks to it, a person’s hands were freed, which made it possible to use tools and other tools. But the ability to walk straight had a negative impact on the structure of the pelvis. To maintain balance, the pelvic bones are located closer than in animals, so in humans childbirth is much more difficult and painful.

Speech

Compared to ours distant relatives- chimpanzees, in humans the larynx is lower, which makes it possible to speak. 350 thousand years ago, man received a gift from nature - the hyoid bone. This is the only bone that is not attached to other bones, thanks to which a person pronounces words clearly.

Wool

Compared to most representatives of the animal world, man seems completely naked. Although the human body has the same number of hair follicles as chimpanzees, for example, they are shorter and thinner.

Hands

Man is unique in what he can touch thumb little finger and ring finger. This makes the hands more tenacious and dexterous, allowing a person to easily use tools and comfortably hold a pen and other writing objects.

Brain

This, of course, is the most basic difference between us and all other animals. The human brain is not the largest - the sperm whale has the largest, and not the largest in proportion to body weight - in many birds the brain occupies 8% of the body weight, in humans - approximately 2.5%. But still, the human brain is unique - thanks to it, people can think, remember, realize, create, and explore.

Constantly growing needs

This hypothesis is by no means new, although people started talking about it seriously only recently. Each of you could even notice this - human needs are constantly growing. Give a beggar a roof over his head and after some time he will want a bigger and better house, give him a goat that will give milk and after a while he will want a cow... This is human nature, he never stops there, he constantly wants more and more...

It is quite possible that thanks to latest feature people became who we are now. It was thanks to the growth of needs that we developed ourselves and developed our civilization, invented technical inventions, made scientific discoveries, created masterpieces of art...

Character is the manifestation of an emotional reaction in a person’s behavior in various relationships and specific situations. The character of a certain person and all his particular manifestations of qualities are a consequence of upbringing and living conditions in a social society.

Of course, individual adjustments and various life circumstances influence human psychology, but the formation and development of higher mental functions and genetic characteristics are laid down and formed in the womb, so when a person is born, he shows his individual characteristics almost from the first days. Any person can be characterized and assigned a certain personality type.

You can also pay attention to the manifestation of characteristic typical signs different nations, i.e. exist general definitions specific nationalities. For example, the character of the Russian is clearly different from other national mentalities.

Temperament of a Russian person:

• “Breadth and generosity of soul”, which is absent among most peoples.
• Patience, perseverance and endurance.
• Craving for justice and compassion.
• Among the negative ones: laziness, pessimism, hypocrisy and foul language.

It is easy to identify a Russian person by temperament; foreign nations associate a Russian person as someone who loves to go out in a big way; they have always been amazed by the generosity, resilience and dedication of the Russian people. Only a Russian person has an original sense of humor, which bewilders his foreign brothers. Many foreign men believe that a Russian woman is the best companion for life, as she has responsiveness, humanity, loyalty and compassion.

Also, a decent barrier for foreigners is learning the Russian language; it is considered the most difficult due to excessive emotionality and double meaning the same words. Qualities in people of the Russian type, their attitude towards other people in their social environment to a greater extent tend to revere religious traditions. The attitude towards Christianity and the observance of religious rituals begin with the origins of the formation of the Slavic race.

8 SIGNS THAT YOU ARE BEING LYING! How to recognize a lie?

Individual characteristics in people, identifying their signs is an indicator of the true face of a Russian person, what qualities and abilities can manifest themselves in unusual situations social society. The psychology of the Russian person, flexibility of mind, extraordinary endurance, selflessness, love for the fatherland, and manifestation of compassion have more than once convinced opponents of their strength and steadfastness.

Classification of character traits

The psychology of varying degrees of manifestation of each person’s character is individual and is formed throughout life, changing depending on social environment. There is a certain classification into which a particular person can be classified.

List of manifestations in human behavior and assessment of qualities in social situations.

1. Volitional qualities are features of the properties of a particular person that manifest themselves in non-standard situations (restraint, patience, stubbornness, courage, cowardice, courage, discipline, etc.)
2. Emotional manifestations are duration mental processes in a certain person in specific situations (negative, positive, dynamic, neutral, statistical, unconventional).
3. Intellectual characteristics of an individual person, the quality of a person’s thinking (breadth, depth, flexibility, criticality, stupidity, etc.)

List of manifestations of human qualities

Attitude to the surrounding world is divided into four types:

• I am good - everyone is good.
• I am good - everyone is bad.
• I'm bad - everyone is good.
• I am bad - everyone is bad.
• Attitude towards one’s personality (self-respect, self-criticism, arrogance, feeling self-esteem and so on.).
• Attitude to work (laziness, hard work, accuracy, tolerance, negligence, punctuality, responsibility, etc.).
• Attitudes in groups of the social environment (sociability, isolation, truthfulness, deceitfulness, politeness, rudeness, etc.).

Types of human temperament

Temperament is the constant characteristics of the individual behavior of a particular person, which are equally manifested in various activities. There are four types whose definitions are:

1. Sanguine, characterized by increased mobility, efficiency, pronounced facial emotional manifestations in facial expression, responsiveness, sociability, poise, optimism, cheerful disposition, rapid fatigue from hard work, carelessness.
2. Choleric – sudden changes in mood, short temper, hysteria, quick response, impetuosity, outbursts of anger.
3. Melancholic – anxiety, pessimism, vulnerability, excessive worries about any reason, restraint, self-control, lack of trust in others.
4. Phlegmatic - cold-blooded, low activity, prudence, creates an impression wise man, always gets things done.

Human temperaments. 4 types of temperament: choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic

Manifestations of character traits in men and women

Manifestation of character traits in men

The same character trait in men and women, their attitude to actions manifests itself in different emotional reactions, causing completely different feelings.

For example, a woman’s touchiness manifests itself in a man in the form of angry outbursts.

• Women are characterized by manifestations of excessive emotionality, sensitivity, understanding and compassion; practicality, they are more susceptible to sudden changes in mood. The psychology of men, their attitude to values, is based on restraint and the desire for power and leadership. Each period of the era is characterized by the presence certain qualities in men and women.

Manifestation of character traits in women

• So, for example, the quality in modern people have minor differences, associations of male and female professions are increasingly being formed. Today it is not uncommon to find the fair half of humanity driving, and a man being a stylist, hairdresser or conductor, which several decades ago would have greatly surprised them.

The main character traits of a person are the prevailing stable, innate or acquired qualities that are constantly manifested in the behavior of an individual. Having found out what signs correspond to a certain person, you can create a psychological portrait, attitude and opinion about him, as well as assign a type of temperament (choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic).

Classify which characteristic individual qualities to determine the positive and negative traits character and make general conclusions. This will help, for example, when applying for a job, in choosing a position, and sometimes in choosing a life partner, by determining the criteria that you value.

Negative and positive human character traits

The psychology of any person is the continuous formation of character qualities, depending on what conditions, therefore it is common for him to exhibit negative traits, they can change depending on what conditions, for the worse or for the better.

There are also permanent negative qualities, manifested in an individual person, which do not change throughout life.

Negative character traits cannot always be regarded as negative; their characteristics and qualities can emphasize advantages:

1. Self-confidence - self-satisfaction, can provoke a craving for performance and improved performance, to realize self-satisfaction.
2. Stubbornness provokes the achievement of the goals set for oneself.
3. Selfishness - ignoring others is bad, but trying to please others is not always beneficial. Sometimes you need to think about yourself in order to be able to help others.
4. Envy, for some people, can provoke them to want to achieve a better result than others.

There are such character traits in people as cruelty, deceit, hypocrisy, laziness, stinginess, rudeness, gloominess, etc., which will never provoke them to good deeds.

Positive and negative character traits of their qualities to a greater or lesser extent to a lesser extent are present in every person. Positives can cover up negative traits character of an individual. For example, people can be lazy, but good-natured, or selfish, but neat and hardworking, rude, but sympathetic and generous, etc.

List positive qualities their signs:

1. Endurance and patience.
2. Gratitude and morality.
3. Initiative and originality.
4. Cheerfulness and talent.
5. Sensitivity and optimism, etc.

The main character traits of women

List of predominant qualities and their distinctive properties:

The main character traits in men

List of predominant qualities and their properties:

4 main psychotypes of personality. How to determine and recognize a person’s character?