A short biography of Chernyshevsky is the most important thing. Nikolai Chernyshevsky - biography, information, personal life Chernyshevsky short biography

.
1851-1853 - teaching at the Saratov gymnasium.
1853 - beginning of work in the Sovremennik magazine.
1855, May 10 - defense of the dissertation “Aesthetic relations of art to reality.”
1862, July 7 - arrest and imprisonment in the Alekseevsky rave of the Peter and Paul Fortress.
1862-1863 - creation of the novel “What is to be done?”
1864, May 19 - civil execution on Mytninskaya Square in St. Petersburg.
May 1864, 20 - sent to Katorgy in Eastern Siberia.
1889, October 17 (29) - died in Saratov.

Essay on life and work

The making of a critic.

In his writings, he clearly formulated the positions of the revolutionary democratic movement, which attracted the close attention of the III Department. As N.G. Chernyshevsky foresaw, he was not only arrested, but also long years excluded from active political struggle. Imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress, civil execution, and many years in prison broke his health. In 1883, a man came from Yakutia to Astrakhan who no longer had
strength not only for this struggle, but also for creativity.

Literature. 10 grades : textbook for general education. institutions / T. F. Kurdyumova, S. A. Leonov, O. E. Maryina, etc.; edited by T. F. Kurdyumova. M.: Bustard, 2007.

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Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889)

Russian revolutionary, writer, journalist. He was born in Saratov into the family of a priest and, as his parents expected of him, he studied at a theological seminary for three years. From 1846 to 1850 studied at the historical and philological department of St. Petersburg University. The development of Chernyshevsky was especially strongly influenced by French philosophers-socialists - Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier.

In 1853 he married Olga Sokratovna Vasilyeva. Chernyshevsky not only loved his young wife very much, but also considered their marriage to be a kind of “testing ground” for testing new ideas. The writer preached absolute equality of spouses in marriage - a truly revolutionary idea for that time. Moreover, he believed that women, as one of the most oppressed groups of the then society, should have been given maximum freedom to achieve true equality. He allowed his wife everything, including adultery, believing that he could not consider his wife as his property. Later personal experience the writer was reflected in love line novel "What to do".

In 1853 he moved from Saratov to St. Petersburg, where his career as a publicist began. The name of Chernyshevsky quickly became the banner of the Sovremennik magazine, where he began working at the invitation of N.A. Nekrasova. In 1855, Chernyshevsky defended his dissertation “Aesthetic relations of art to reality,” where he abandoned the search for beauty in the abstract, sublime spheres of “pure art,” formulating his thesis: “The beautiful is life.”

In the late 50s and early 60s he published a lot, taking advantage of any opportunity to express his views openly or covertly, expecting peasant uprising after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, Sovremennik was closed for revolutionary agitation. Soon after this, the authorities intercepted A.I.’s letter. Herzen, who had been in exile for fifteen years. Having learned about the closure of Sovremennik, he wrote to the magazine’s employee, N.L. Serno-Solovyevich and suggested continuing the publication abroad. The letter was used as a pretext, and on July 7, 1862, Chernyshevsky and Serno-Solovyevich were arrested and placed in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In May 1864, Chernyshevsky was found guilty, sentenced to seven years of hard labor and exile to Siberia for the rest of his life; on May 19, 1864, the ritual of “civil execution” was publicly performed on him.

While the investigation was underway, Chernyshevsky wrote his general ledger-novel “What to do.”

Only in 1883 Chernyshevsky received permission to settle in Astrakhan. By this time he was already an elderly and sick man. In 1889 he was transferred to Saratov, and soon after the move he died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

The writer, philosopher and journalist Nikolai Chernyshevsky was popular during his lifetime among a narrow circle of readers. With coming Soviet power his works (especially the novel “What is to be done?”) became textbook ones. Today his name is one of the symbols of Russian literature of the 19th century century.

Childhood and youth

Nikolai Chernyshevsky, whose biography began in Saratov, was born into the family of a provincial priest. The father himself was involved in the child’s education. From him Chernyshevsky received religiosity, which faded away in student years when the young man became interested in revolutionary ideas. Since childhood, Kolenka read a lot and devoured book after book, surprising everyone around him.

In 1843, he entered the Saratov theological seminary, but without graduating, he continued his education at the University of St. Petersburg. Chernyshevsky, whose biography was associated with humanities, chose the Faculty of Philosophy.

At the university, the future writer developed his personality. He became a utopian socialist. His ideology was influenced by members of Irinarch Vvedensky’s circle, with whom the student communicated and argued a lot. At the same time, he began his literary activity. First works of art were only a training exercise and remained unpublished.

Teacher and journalist

Having received his education, Chernyshevsky, whose biography was now connected with pedagogy, became a teacher. He taught in Saratov, and then returned to the capital. During these same years, he met his wife Olga Vasilyeva. The wedding took place in 1853.

The beginning of Chernyshevsky’s activities as a journalist was connected with St. Petersburg. In the same 1853, he began publishing in the newspapers Otechestvennye Zapiski and St. Petersburg Vedomosti. But most of all Nikolai Gavrilovich was known as a member of the editorial board of the Sovremennik magazine. There were several circles of writers, each of which defended its position.

Work at Sovremennik

Nikolai Chernyshevsky, whose biography was already known in the literary circles of the capital, became closest to Dobrolyubov and Nekrasov. These authors were passionate about revolutionary ideas, which they wanted to express in Sovremennik.

A few years earlier, civil riots took place throughout Europe, which echoed throughout Russia. For example, in Paris, Louis Philippe was overthrown by the bourgeoisie. And in Austria, the nationalist movement of the Hungarians was suppressed only after Nicholas I came to the rescue of the emperor, who sent several regiments to Budapest. The Tsar, whose reign began with the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, was afraid of revolutions and increased censorship in Russia.

This caused concern among liberals in Sovremennik. They Vasily Botkin, Alexander Druzhinin and others) did not want the radicalization of the magazine.

Chernyshevsky's activities increasingly attracted the attention of the state and officials responsible for censorship. A striking event was the public defense of his dissertation on art, at which the writer gave a revolutionary speech. As a sign of protest, the Minister of Education Abraham Norov did not allow the prize to be awarded to Nikolai Gavrilovich. Only after he was replaced in this position by the more liberal Evgraf Kovalevsky, the writer became a master of Russian literature.

Chernyshevsky's views

It is important to note some features of Chernyshevsky’s views. They were influenced by schools such as French materialism and Hegelianism. As a child, the writer was a zealous Christian, but in mature age began to actively criticize religion, as well as liberalism and the bourgeoisie.

He branded especially vehemently serfdom. Even before the Manifesto on the Liberation of the Peasants of Alexander II was published, the writer described the future reform in many articles and essays. He proposed radical measures, including the transfer of land to peasants free of charge. However, the Manifesto had little in common with these utopian programs. Since it was established that they prevented the peasants from becoming completely free, Chernyshevsky regularly scolded this document. He compared the situation of Russian peasants with the life of black slaves in the United States.

Chernyshevsky believed that within 20 or 30 years after the liberation of the peasants, the country would get rid of capitalist agriculture, and socialism with a communal form of ownership would come. Nikolai Gavrilovich advocated the creation of phalansteries - premises in which residents of future communes would work together for mutual benefit. This project was utopian, which is not surprising, because its author was the Phalanster and was described by Chernyshevsky in one of the chapters of the novel “What is to be done?”

"Land and Freedom"

The propaganda of the revolution continued. One of her inspirations was Nikolai Chernyshevsky. A short biography of the writer in any textbook must contain at least a paragraph stating that it was he who became the founder of the famous “Land and Freedom” movement. This is true. In the second half of the 50s, Chernyshevsky began to have a lot of contact with Alexander Herzen. went into exile due to pressure from the authorities. In London, he began publishing the Russian-language newspaper Kolokol. She became the mouthpiece of revolutionaries and socialists. It was sent in secret editions to Russia, where the issues were very popular among radical students.

Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky also published in it. The writer's biography was known to any socialist in Russia. In 1861, with his enthusiastic participation (as well as the influence of Herzen), “Land and Freedom” appeared. This movement united a dozen circles in the most big cities countries. It included writers, students and other supporters of revolutionary ideas. It is interesting that Chernyshevsky even managed to attract officers with whom he collaborated, publishing in military magazines.

Members of the organization engaged in propaganda and criticism royal authorities. “Walking among the people” has become a historical anecdote over the years. Agitators trying to find mutual language with the peasants, they were also handed over to the police. For many years, revolutionary views did not find a response in common people, remaining the lot of a narrow stratum of the intelligentsia.

Arrest

Over time, Chernyshevsky’s biography, in short, became of interest to secret investigation agents. On business with Kolokol, he even went to see Herzen in London, which, of course, only attracted more attention to him. From September 1861, the writer found himself under secret surveillance. He was suspected of provocations against the authorities.

In June 1862, Chernyshevsky was arrested. Even before this event, clouds began to gather around him. In May, the Sovremennik magazine was closed. The writer was accused of drafting a proclamation defaming the government, which ended up in the hands of provocateurs. The police also managed to intercept Herzen’s letter, where the emigrant proposed publishing the closed Sovremennik again, only this time in London.

"What to do?"

The accused was placed in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he remained during the investigation. It went on for a year and a half. At first the writer tried to protest against the arrest. He went on hunger strikes, which, however, did not change his situation. On days when the prisoner felt better, he took up his pen and began working on a sheet of paper. So the novel “What is to be done?” was written, which became the most famous work, which was published by Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky. A short biography of this figure, published in any encyclopedia, necessarily contains information about this book.

The novel was published in the newly opened Sovremennik in three issues in 1863. It is interesting that there might not have been any publication. The only original was lost on the streets of St. Petersburg during transportation to the editorial office. A passerby found the papers and only out of his kindness returned them to Sovremennik. Nikolai Nekrasov, who worked there and was literally going crazy from the loss, was overjoyed when the novel was returned to him.

Sentence

Finally, in 1864, the verdict for the disgraced writer was announced. He was sent to hard labor in Nerchinsk. The sentence also contained a clause according to which Nikolai Gavrilovich had to spend the rest of his life in eternal exile. Alexander II changed the term of hard labor to 7 years. What else can Chernyshevsky’s biography tell us? Briefly, literally in a nutshell, let's talk about the years spent by the materialist philosopher in captivity. The harsh climate and difficult conditions greatly deteriorated his health. Despite surviving hard labor. Later he lived in several provincial towns, but never returned to the capital.

Even at hard labor, like-minded people tried to free him, who came up with various plans escape. However, they were never implemented. Nikolai Chernyshevsky (his biography says that this was towards the end of the revolutionary-democrat’s life) spent the time from 1883 to 1889 in Astrakhan. Shortly before his death, he returned to Saratov thanks to the patronage of his son.

Death and meaning

October 11, 1889 at hometown N. G. Chernyshevsky died. The writer’s biography became the subject of imitation by many followers and supporters.

Soviet ideology put him on a par with the figures of the 19th century who were the harbingers of the revolution. The novel “What to do?” has become a must school curriculum. On modern lessons In literature, this topic is also studied, only fewer hours are allocated to it.

In Russian journalism and publicism there is a separate list of the founders of these areas. It included Herzen, Belinsky and Chernyshevsky. Biography, summary his books, as well as his influence on social thought- all these questions are being explored by writers today.

Quotes from Chernyshevsky

The writer was known for his sharp tongue and ability to construct sentences. Here are the most famous quotes Chernyshevsky:

• Personal happiness is impossible without the happiness of others.
• Youth is a time of freshness of noble feelings.
• Learned literature saves people from ignorance, and elegant literature saves people from rudeness and vulgarity.
• They flatter in order to dominate under the guise of submission.
• Only in truth is the power of talent; wrong direction destroys the strongest talent.

Russian materialist philosopher, democratic revolutionary, encyclopedist, publicist and writer.

Was born July 12 (24), 1828 in Saratov in the family of a priest. Since childhood, Nikolai read a lot.

Some years future writer studied at the Saratov Theological Seminary, and in 1846 entered the historical and philological department of the university in St. Petersburg. The development of Chernyshevsky as a writer was greatly influenced by the French philosophers Charles Fourier and Henri de Saint-Simon.

Since 1850, the writer taught at the Saratov gymnasium, where he preached at the same time revolutionary ideas. In 1853, he met his future wife, O. S. Vasilyeva. Since 1854 he was awarded a teaching position in the Second cadet corps, however, he did not work there for long.

Started in 1853 literary career Chernyshevsky. His notes began to appear in " domestic notes", as well as in the "St. Petersburg Gazette". Since 1854, he published in Sovremennik and tried to use the magazine as a platform for revolutionary democracy.

Since 1858, Chernyshevsky was the first editor of the Military Collection magazine. Together with Herzen and Ogarev, he stood at the origins of the populist movement, and also participated in the secret revolutionary circle “Land and Freedom”. Since the autumn of 1861, he was secretly watched by the police.

In June 1862 he was arrested on suspicion of drawing up provocative proclamations. The investigation into this case lasted more than a year. During this time, Chernyshevsky not only waged a stubborn struggle with the investigative commission, but also worked on his novel “What to do” (1863), which was later published in Sovremennik.

Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich - prominent public figure XIX century. Famous Russian writer, critic, scientist, philosopher, publicist. His most famous work is the novel “What is to be done?”, which had a very great influence on the society of its time. In this article we will talk about the life and work of the author.

Chernyshevsky: biography. Childhood and youth

Born on July 12 (24), 1828 in Saratov. His father was the archpriest of the local Alexander Nevsky cathedral, came from serf peasants in the village of Chernysheva, which is where the surname originates. At first he studied at home under the supervision of his father and cousin. The boy also had a French tutor who taught him the language.

In 1846, Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky entered St. Petersburg University in the historical and philological department. Already at this time, the circle of interests of the future writer began to take shape, which would later be reflected in his works. The young man studies Russian literature, reads Feuerbach, Hegel, and positivist philosophers. Chernyshevsky realizes that the main thing in human actions- this is benefit, not abstract ideas and useless aesthetics. The works of Saint-Simon and Fourier made the greatest impression on him. Their dream of a society where everyone was equal seemed to him quite real and achievable.

After graduating from university in 1850, Chernyshevsky returned to his native Saratov. Here he took the place of a literature teacher at the local gymnasium. He did not at all hide his rebellious ideas from his students and clearly thought more about how to transform the world than about teaching children.

Moving to the capital

In 1853, Chernyshevsky (the writer’s biography is presented in this article) decides to quit teaching and move to St. Petersburg, where he begins a journalistic career. Very quickly he became the most prominent representative of the Sovremennik magazine, where he was invited by N. A. Nekrasov. At the beginning of his collaboration with the publication, Chernyshevsky focused all his attention on the problems of literature, since political situation the country did not allow open expression on more pressing topics.

In parallel with his work at Sovremennik, the writer defended his dissertation in 1855 on the topic “Aesthetic relations of art to reality.” In it, he denies the principles of “pure art” and formulates a new view - “the beautiful is life itself.” According to the author, art should serve for the benefit of people, and not exalt itself.

Chernyshevsky develops this same idea in “Essays on the Gogol Period,” published in Sovremennik. In this work, he analyzed the most famous wills of the classics from the point of view of the principles he voiced.

New orders

Chernyshevsky became famous for his unusual views on art. The writer’s biography suggests that he had both supporters and ardent opponents.

With the coming to power of Alexander II, the political situation in the country changed dramatically. And many topics that were previously considered taboo became allowed to be discussed publicly. In addition, the whole country expected reforms and significant changes from the monarch.

Sovremennik, led by Dobrolyubov, Nekrasov and Chernyshevsky, did not stand aside and participated in all political discussions. Chernyshevsky, who tried to express his opinion on any issue, was the most active in publishing. In addition, he was involved in reviewing literary works, evaluating them from the point of view of their usefulness to society. In this regard, Fet suffered greatly from his attacks, and was eventually forced to leave the capital.

However, the news of the liberation of the peasants received the greatest resonance. Chernyshevsky himself perceived the reform as the beginning of even more serious changes. What I often wrote and spoke about.

Arrest and exile

Chernyshevsky's creativity led to his arrest. It happened on June 12, 1862, the writer was taken into custody and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. He was accused of drawing up a proclamation entitled “Bow to the lordly peasants from their well-wishers.” This view was handwritten and delivered to a person who turned out to be a provocateur.

Another reason for the arrest was a letter from Herzen intercepted by the secret police, in which a proposal was made to publish the banned Sovremennik in London. In this case, Chernyshevsky acted as an intermediary.

The investigation into the case lasted a year and a half. The writer did not give up all this time and actively fought against investigative committee. Protesting against the actions of the secret police, he went on a hunger strike that lasted 9 days. At the same time, Chernyshevsky did not abandon his calling and continued to write. It was here that he wrote the novel “What is to be done?”, later published in parts in Sovremennik.

The verdict was handed down to the writer on February 7, 1864. It reported that Chernyshevsky was sentenced to 14 years of hard labor, after which he would have to settle permanently in Siberia. However, Alexander II personally reduced the time of hard labor to 7 years. In total, the writer spent more than 20 years in prison.

For 7 years, Chernyshevsky was transferred from one prison to another more than once. He visited the Nerchinsk penal servitude, the Kadai and Akatuysk prisons and the Alexandria Plant, where the house-museum named after the writer is still preserved.

After completing hard labor, in 1871, Chernyshevsky was sent to Vilyuysk. Three years later, he was officially offered release, but the writer refused to write a petition for pardon.

Views

Chernyshevsky's philosophical views throughout his life were sharply rebellious. The writer can be called a direct follower of the Russian revolutionary-democratic school and progressive Western philosophy, especially social utopians. His passion for Hegel during his university years led to criticism of the idealistic views of Christianity and liberal morality, which the writer considered “slave.”

Chernyshevsky's philosophy is called monistic and is associated with anthropological materialism, since he focused on the material world, neglecting spirituality. He was sure that natural needs and circumstances shape moral consciousness person. If you satisfy all the needs of people, then the personality will flourish and there will be no moral pathologies. But to achieve this, we need to seriously change living conditions, and this is only possible through revolution.

His ethical standards are based on anthropological principles and concepts reasonable selfishness. Man belongs to the natural world and obeys its laws. Chernyshevsky did not recognize free will, replacing it with the principle of causality.

Personal life

Chernyshevsky got married quite early. The writer’s biography says that this happened in 1853 in Saratov, Olga Sokratovna Vasilyeva became the chosen one. The girl was a great success in local society, but for some reason she preferred the quiet and awkward Chernyshevsky to all her fans. During their marriage, they had two boys.

Chernyshevsky's family lived happily until the writer was arrested. After he was sent to hard labor, Olga Sokratovna visited him in 1866. However, she refused to go to Siberia after her husband - the local climate did not suit her. She lived alone for twenty years. During this time beautiful woman several lovers changed. The writer did not at all condemn his wife’s connections and even wrote to her that it was harmful for a woman to remain alone for a long time.

Chernyshevsky: facts from life

Here are some notable events from the life of the author:

• Little Nikolai was incredibly well read. For his love of books, he even received the nickname “bibliophage,” that is, “book eater.”
• The censors passed the novel “What Is To Be Done?” without noticing its revolutionary themes.
• In official correspondence and secret police documentation, the writer was called “the enemy Russian Empire number one".
• F. M. Dostoevsky was an ardent ideological opponent of Chernyshevsky and openly argued with him in his “Notes from the Underground.”

Most famous work

Let's talk about the book "What to do?" Chernyshevsky's novel, as noted above, was written during his arrest in the Peter and Paul Fortress (1862-1863). And, in fact, it was a response to Turgenev’s work “Fathers and Sons”.

The writer handed over the finished parts of the manuscript to the investigative commission, which was in charge of his case. Censor Beketov overlooked the political orientation of the novel, for which he was soon removed from office. However, this did not help, since the work had already been published in Sovremennik by that time. Issues of the magazine were banned, but the text had already been rewritten more than once and in this form was distributed throughout the country.

The book “What to do?” became a real revelation for contemporaries. Chernyshevsky's novel instantly became a bestseller, everyone read and discussed it. In 1867, the work was published in Geneva by the Russian emigration. After that, it was translated into English, Serbian, Polish, French and other European languages.

Last years of life and death

In 1883, Chernyshevsky was allowed to move to Astrakhan. By this time he was already a sick man advanced years. During these years, his son Mikhail begins to work for him. Thanks to his efforts, the writer moved to Saratov in 1889. However, in the same year he falls ill with malaria. The author died on October 17 (29) from a cerebral hemorrhage. He was buried at the Resurrection Cemetery in Saratov.

The memory of Chernyshevsky is still alive. His works continue to be read and studied not only by literary scholars, but also by historians.