Map of man-made load of the kmv region - man-made systems and man-made objects

MAN-MADE HAZARDS

Technogenic hazards- these are the dangers associated with technical objects. The rapid change in production technologies and its high speeds often become the causes of man-made disasters, including major ones.

Man-made disasters manifest themselves in the form of breakdowns of technical systems, fires, explosions, contamination of the atmosphere and terrain with emergency chemically hazardous substances (HAS), radioactive substances (RS) and other difficult to predict events. People caught in a man-made disaster zone are at risk of getting illnesses or injuries of varying severity.

The most dangerous accidents occur at enterprises that produce, use or store radioactive and toxic substances, explosive and flammable materials. Accidents at such enterprises (plants and plants in the chemical, petrochemical, oil refining and nuclear industries) may be accompanied by the release of toxic substances into the atmosphere. When released into the atmosphere, volatile toxic substances in a gaseous or vapor state form zones of chemical contamination, the size of which can reach several tens and sometimes hundreds of kilometers.

RADIATION HAZARDOUS OBJECTS

Radiation hazardous objects(ROO) are those facilities where radioactive substances are stored, processed, used or transported. A special place among them is occupied by nuclear power plants (NPP), nuclear combined heat and power plants (NCHPP), nuclear heat supply stations (ACT), and nuclear industrial heat supply plants (INDHPS).

In addition to the danger posed by accidents at nuclear power plants, there are other real sources of radioactive contamination. They are directly related to uranium mining, its enrichment, processing, transportation, storage and disposal of waste. Numerous branches of science and industry that use isotopes are dangerous: isotope diagnostics, x-ray examination of patients, x-ray assessment of the quality of technical products. Some building materials are also radioactive.

Accidents at nuclear factories, nuclear power plants, and storage facilities for nuclear materials and waste pose a great threat to human health and life.

Radiation accident- this is an accident at a radioactive waste facility in which there was a release of radioactive products or ionizing radiation beyond the limits of their safe operation provided for by the design, causing irradiation of the population and environmental pollution. A radiation accident can occur for several reasons: design errors, equipment wear, operator errors and operational irregularities.

As a result of accidents at radioactive waste disposal facilities, radioactive substances are released into the atmosphere, spreading over significant distances under the influence of wind. Falling out in the form of precipitation, radioactive substances form a zone radioactive contamination. At certain concentrations of pollution in an area, living there becomes life-threatening.

One of the features of radioactive contamination is that it cannot be detected without special dosimetric instruments, since radiation has no color, no smell, no taste.

Radioactive radiation are able to penetrate through various thicknesses of material and cause disruption of all vital processes in the human body (hematopoiesis, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract). At the time of exposure to radiation, a person does not receive bodily harm and does not experience pain, but as a result of radiation, the affected person may later develop radiation sickness.

The main damaging factors of a radiation accident:

exposure to external radiation (gamma, beta and x-rays);

internal exposure from radionuclides entering the human body (alpha and beta radiation);

mechanical and thermal injuries, chemical burns, intoxication.

After an accident, the greatest danger is from external radiation, which enters the body through the skin and respiratory organs. 2-3 months after the accident, internal radiation, which enters the body through the gastrointestinal tract with food and water, poses a great danger. Internal radiation is the most dangerous for humans, because... internal organs impossible to protect.

Ionizing radiation:

a-(alpha) radiation is a stream of particles that are the nuclei of a helium atom. This radiation propagates straight through media at a speed of 20,000 km/s. Alpha particles have a large mass, quickly lose their energy and therefore have a small range: in air - up to 11 cm, in biological tissues - 30-130 microns, in aluminum - 16-67 microns. Although alpha particles have the least penetrating power, they have the greatest lethality;

p-(beta) radiation is a stream of electrons that have greater penetrating power and less damaging power than alpha radiation. They arise in the nuclei of atoms during radioactive decay and are immediately emitted from there at a speed close to the speed of light. The penetrating power of beta radiation in air is several meters, in biological tissues - several centimeters, in aluminum - several millimeters;

x-ray radiation- electromagnetic radiation of high frequency and short wavelength, occurs when substances are bombarded with a stream of electrons. Has great penetrating power;

y-(gamma) radiation is a stream of quantum energy propagating at the speed of light. It has greater penetrating power and less damaging power than x-rays.

The nature of the distribution of radioactive substances in the body:

radioactive calcium, strontium, and radium accumulate in the skeleton;

plutonium and lanthanum are concentrated in the liver;

Cesium accumulates in muscles;

in the lungs - radon;

polonium and tritium are evenly distributed throughout the body;

Radioactive iodine accumulates in the thyroid gland.

Radiation effects on the human body

Under the influence of ionizing radiation on the human body, complex physical and biological processes can occur in tissues. As a result of ionization of living tissue, molecular bonds are broken and the chemical structure of various compounds changes, which, in turn, leads to cell death.

When living tissues are irradiated, ionization of atoms occurs (i.e., highly active particles appear). In humans and mammals, water begins to break down into H + and OH radicals, which cause a series of chain reactions that are not typical for the human body. As a result, the structure of protein molecules is destroyed, which leads to functional changes in the cell. The most important changes in the cell are : disruption of the mechanisms of cell division, the chromosomal apparatus of the cell, blocking the process of cell renewal and differentiation. Changes in. cellular level and cell death leads to dysfunction of various organs, decreased immunity and metabolic disorders.

The biological effects of ionizing radiation on the human body are somatic and genetic. Somatic consequences exposures occur in a person directly exposed to radiation. Genetic consequences exposures manifest themselves in the offspring of a person exposed to radiation. These include congenital deformities resulting from mutations in germ cells. The early somatic effect of ionizing radiation occurs within a period of several minutes to 60 days.

It is characterized by changes such as redness and peeling of the skin, clouding of the lens, damage to the hematopoietic organs, radiation sickness, and death. The long-term effect of somatic effects appears several months or years after irradiation. It consists of persistent skin changes, the appearance of malignant neoplasms, decreased immunity, and shortened life expectancy.

If we take morphological changes in the human body as a criterion for sensitivity to ionizing radiation, then the cells and tissues of the body according to the degree of increasing sensitivity can be arranged in the following order: nervous tissue, cartilage and bone tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, thyroid gland, digestive glands, lungs , skin, mucous membranes, gonads, lymphoid tissue, bone marrow.

Disturbances in biological processes can be either reversible, i.e., the normal functioning of the cells of the irradiated tissue is completely restored, or irreversible, leading to damage to individual organs or the entire body and the occurrence of radiation sickness. There are acute and chronic forms of radiation sickness.

Acute form occurs as a result of exposure to large doses in a short period of time. Acute radiation sickness can also occur when large quantities of radionuclides enter the body.

Chronic lesions develop as a result of systematic exposure to doses exceeding the maximum permissible norms.

x before checking the degree of their radioactive contamination;

Do not pick berries, mushrooms and flowers in the forest.

To eliminate the consequences of the accident, decontamination is carried out at the radioactive site. Decontamination is the process of removing radioactive substances from contaminated surfaces in order to prevent exposure of people. At mechanical decontamination radioactive substances are scraped off or washed away with water under pressure from the surface of contaminated objects. At chemical decontamination radioactive substances react with surfactants and complexing agents, which prevent their distribution in the environment.

Features of radioactive contamination of forests

The forest is an accumulator of radionuclides. The most radiosensitive are coniferous trees (pine, spruce, cedar), while deciduous trees are more resistant. However, the latter are much more polluted. After a certain time, the forest self-cleanses: deciduous forests self-clean for 1.5-2 years, coniferous forests for 3-4 years.

CHEMICALLY HAZARDOUS OBJECTS

Chemically hazardous objects(COO) are facilities where emergency chemically hazardous substances are produced, stored, used or transported.

Classification of harmful chemicals

1. Poisonous. A. Lethal: 1) nerve-paralytic, b) blister; c) generally poisonous: mercury, tin, arsenic, d) asphyxiating: phosgene, diphosgene, chlorine. B. Temporarily incapacitating: 1) hazardous substances, 2) psychochemical

2. Non-poisonous A. Irritating (lacrimating) 1. Impairing breathing, causing itchy skin: adamsite, ammonia, etc. B. Special (intended to destroy plants: Herbicides: cacodylic acid, monuron.

Currently, up to 7 million chemical substances and compounds are known, of which over 60 thousand are used in human activities. From 500 to 1000 new chemical compounds and mixtures appear on the international market every year. In Fig. 4.1 presents the classification of harmful substances.

COOs include:

enterprises of the chemical and oil refining industries;

enterprises of the food and meat and dairy industries, cold storage plants, food depots that have refrigeration units that use ammonia as a refrigerant;

water treatment and pulp and paper mills that use chlorine as a disinfectant and bleach;

warehouses and bases with pesticides;

railway stations with storage tracks for rolling stock containing hazardous chemicals.

The release of hazardous chemicals into the environment can occur during industrial and transport accidents, or during natural disasters. The causes of accidents in production using chemical substances, most often there are violations of storage and transportation rules, non-compliance with safety regulations, failure of machine units, pipelines, malfunction of transportation means, depressurization of storage tanks, excess of standard reserves.

Chemical accident is an accident that leads to the release of hazardous substances into the atmosphere in quantities that pose a danger to human life and health. Chemical accidents can be accompanied by explosions and fires.

The danger of a chemical accident for people and animals is the disruption of the normal functioning of the body and the possibility of long-term genetic consequences. If hazardous substances enter the body through the respiratory system, skin, mucous membranes, wounds, or together with food, death is possible.

If there is a hazardous chemical substance near your place of residence or work, familiarize yourself with the properties, distinctive features and potential danger of hazardous substances available at this facility. Alert signal to the population about an accident “Attention everyone!” - the sound of sirens and intermittent beeps of enterprises. Keep cotton-gauze bandages in an accessible place for yourself and family members, as well as a memo on what the public should do in the event of an accident at a chemically hazardous facility. If possible, purchase gas masks with boxes that protect against the relevant types of hazardous chemicals.

Distribution of toxic industrial substances and signs of poisoning by them

The group of potent toxic substances includes 34 names, of which 21 substances are classified as hazardous substances.

The entry of hazardous chemicals used at national economic facilities into the air, water, and soil can cause mass death of people, animals and plants.

Dangerous chemicals can be simple or complex, and have different physical and chemical properties. All these substances can have a damaging effect on the body when they come into contact with the skin in a droplet-liquid state, as well as when their vapors or tiny solid particles are inhaled.

To characterize the toxic properties of hazardous substances, the following concepts are used: “maximum permissible concentration”, “threshold and lethal toxic doses (toxodoses)”.

Maximum permissible level(remote control), or maximum permissible concentration(MPC) is the maximum value of a factor at which this factor, acting on a person (isolated or in combination with other factors), does not cause biological changes in him and his offspring (even hidden or temporarily compensated), including diseases, changes in immunological reactions, disturbances in physiological cycles, as well as psychological disorders (decrease in intellectual and emotional abilities, mental performance).

Maximum permissible concentrations and maximum permissible limits are established for production and environment, guided by the following principles:

priority of medical and biological indications for the establishment of sanitary regulations over other indications (technical, economic, etc.);

threshold of action of unfavorable factors, including chemical compounds with mutagenic or carcinogenic effects, ionizing radiation;

advance the development and implementation of preventive measures in relation to the emergence of harmful factors.

Toxodosis is the amount of a substance that causes a toxic effect. Toxodosis depends on the route of entry of the substance into the body, its properties, degree of toxicity, as well as the state of the body at the time of exposure to the substance.

Degree of toxicity- an indicator characterizing the possible adverse effect on a person of a given substance during prolonged contact.

Threshold toxodosis- this is the dose of a substance that causes the first signs of infection in 50% of those affected.

Fatal toxodosis- this is the dose that causes death in 50% of those affected.

In the event of an emergency release of hazardous substances, a primary or secondary cloud is formed, or both. Primary cloud is formed as a result of the instantaneous transfer of part of the hazardous substances into the atmosphere; secondary cloud - during evaporation after a spill of hazardous substances. If the hazardous substance is a gas (carbon monoxide, ammonia), a primary cloud will form. If the hazardous substance is a high-boiling liquid (heptyl), then a secondary cloud will form. Both clouds arise as a result of the opening of an isothermal reservoir. The passage of a cloud of hazardous substances in the air depends on its density relative to the air. Chlorine and sulfur dioxide are heavier than air, which is why the cloud spreads with the wind, pressing against the ground (the opposite is true for ammonia). The primary cloud spreads further than the secondary one, but acts for a short time - at the moment it passes through a populated area. The duration of the secondary cloud is determined by the time of evaporation and the stability of the atmosphere, but the concentration of hazardous substances is 10-100 times lower than in the primary cloud. In cities, the cloud spreads along main streets to the center, penetrating into courtyards and dead ends.

In the event of an industrial accident with the release of hazardous substances, a primary contaminated cloud is formed, from which the substance settles on the area. In case of accidents of tanks and pipelines, areas of scattering or spillage of hazardous substances are formed. When it evaporates from a contaminated area, a secondary cloud is formed, consisting only of vapors of this substance.

Primary chemical damage people occurs at the time of an accident when they are directly exposed to a substance, secondary- upon contact with a contaminated area or object. When providing self- and mutual assistance, it is necessary to: protect the respiratory system from further exposure to hazardous substances, leave the contaminated area, and contact a medical professional.

The hazardous chemicals do not have a direct impact on buildings, structures and technological equipment, but they pollute them. This eliminates the possibility of exploitation and negatively affects the production activities of enterprises. Work at contaminated sites is resumed only after decontamination of structures, buildings, production premises and the surrounding area.

Among the numerous toxic substances used in industrial production and the economy, chlorine and ammonia are the most widespread.

Chlorine - a gas of yellow-green color with a pungent odor, heavier than air, so it accumulates in low-lying areas of the area and penetrates into the lower floors and basements of buildings. Chlorine is highly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes respiratory tract and eyes. When spilled from faulty containers, g g > “smoke.” Chlorine is used in cotton mills to bleach fabrics, in paper production, rubber production, and at water disinfection stations.

Precautionary measures

do not approach the danger zone closer than 200 m;

in case of fire, do not touch a container containing chlorine;

Signs of poisoning: sharp pain in the chest, dry cough, vomiting, pain in the eyes, lacrimation.

First aid for chlorine poisoning:

put a gas mask or a cotton-gauze bandage (or a folded handkerchief, scarf, towel, etc.) on the victim, after moistening it with water or a 2% solution of baking soda;

remove the victim from the contaminated area;

deliver the victim to a medical facility.

Ammonia - a colorless gas with a pungent odor, lighter than air. Acute ammonia poisoning causes damage to the respiratory tract and eyes. Ammonia is used at facilities where refrigeration units operate (meat processing plants, vegetable warehouses, fish canning factories), in the production of fertilizers and other chemical products. An aqueous solution of ammonia is called ammonia.

Precautionary measures:

do not approach the accident site closer than 200 m;

keep to windward;

observe fire safety measures;

no smoking;

In case of fire, eliminate sources of fire and sparks;

do not touch the spilled substance;

in case of fire, do not approach gas containers;

After leaving the outbreak, undergo a medical examination.

Signs of ammonia poisoning: runny nose, cough, choking, watery eyes, rapid heartbeat.

First aid for ammonia poisoning:

put a gas mask or a cotton-gauze bandage on the victim, after moistening it with water or a 5% solution of citric acid;

remove it from the infection zone:

rinse exposed areas of the body with running water for 15 minutes, and eyes with a 1% solution of boric acid;

give warm, plenty of drink (tea, milk, etc.);

deliver the victim to a medical facility.

Mercury - heavy mobile liquid of silver color - liquid metal. Insoluble in water. Heavier than water. Highly volatile, easily absorbed by any surface. Mercury vapor is heavier than air and accumulates in low surface areas, basements, and tunnels. Mercury is dangerous if inhaled or comes into contact with skin. Mercury is used in the production of mercury lamps, instrumentation, thermometers, pressure gauges, and barometers.

Precautionary measures:

do not enter the danger zone (radius of the danger zone is 50 m);

keep to windward;

avoid low surface areas and basements;

do not touch the spilled substance;

After leaving the outbreak, undergo a medical examination.

Signs of poisoning: cough, sore and sore throat, metallic taste in the mouth, salivation, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, fainting, trembling limbs, unsteady gait, confusion, speech disorders.

First aid for mercury poisoning:

call an ambulance;

rinse eyes with plenty of water, skin with soap and water;

rinse the stomach (for 1 glass of water - 20-30 g of activated carbon);

after gastric lavage, give an enveloping drink (jelly, etc.), expectorants, laxatives;

ensure influx fresh air, peace, warmth, clean clothes.

Demercurization- the process of removing mercury and its compounds by physical-chemical or mechanical methods in order to prevent poisoning of people and animals.

Demercurization technique:

mechanical collection of mercury;

treating the floor with aqueous solutions: a) 20% ferric chloride, 2% potassium permanganate, acidified with hydrochloric acid (5 cm" per 1 liter of solution); b) 4% dichloramine. Duration of contact of the solution with the surface - 1 day ., consumption - 0.5 l/m2;

surface treatment with a hot soap-soda solution (400 g of soap, 500 g of soda per 10 liters of water);

ozonation of the premises;

ventilation of the room with hot air.

In addition to chlorine, ammonia and mercury, highly toxic substances such as hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, phosgene, etc. are widely used in industrial production.

Hydrocyanic acid (hydrogen cyanide) - colorless liquid with the smell of brisk almonds. Hydrocyanic acid is widely used in chemical plants and factories producing plastics, plexiglass, artificial fiber. It is also used as a pest control agent in agriculture.

Hydrogen sulfide - colorless gas with a pungent unpleasant odor. It, like chlorine, is heavier than air, therefore, in the event of an accident, it spreads along the ground, filling low-lying areas of the area, ravines, basements, cellars, and the first floors of buildings. Hydrogen sulfide is formed during the production of sulfuric acid in petrochemical and gas processing plants.

Phosgene - a very poisonous colorless gas with a characteristic sweetish odor of rotten fruit, rotten leaves or wet hay. Heavier than air. It is used in the manufacture of various solvents, dyes, medicines and other substances.

When working with caustic substances(acids and alkalis) a person can get a chemical burn to the skin. In this case, first of all, it is necessary to wash off the reagent with plenty of water. Then, if the burn was caused by acid, the affected area of ​​the skin should be washed with a 2% soda solution, if the skin was damaged by alkali - with a 1% solution of citric or acetic acid. If a piece of alkali gets into the eye, you must first remove it, then rinse the eye with water, apply a dry, clean bandage and consult a doctor.

ACTIONS IN THE EVENT OF A CHEMICAL ACCIDENT

Having received information about the accident and the danger of chemical contamination, put on personal respiratory protection equipment and the simplest means of skin protection - a raincoat, cape. Take shelter at the nearest shelter or leave the disaster area. Under no circumstances should you hide in basements and semi-basements, as well as on the first floors of multi-storey buildings, as toxic substances may accumulate there.

If protective equipment is not available and there is no shelter nearby, stay home. Close windows and doors, chimneys, and ventilation vents tightly. Seal the cracks in the windows and the joints of the frames with adhesive tape or plain paper, cover the doors with blankets or dense fabrics. Reliable sealing of the home significantly reduces the penetration of toxic substances into the room.

When leaving your shelter if necessary, turn off the sources of heat and electricity, put out the fire in the stove, turn off the gas, take documents and necessary things with you. When going outside, put on a gas mask or a cotton-gauze bandage, a raincoat, rubber boots and a cap.

If it was not indicated where to go, or you did not hear this information, then the infected area should be left in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the wind. Use skin and respiratory protection throughout the entire travel route. To protect your respiratory organs, use a gas mask, and if you don’t have one, use a cotton-gauze bandage (or improvised fabric products) soaked in water (to protect against carbon monoxide), 2-5% solution of baking soda (to protect against chlorine) , or a 2% solution of citric or acetic acid (to protect against ammonia). Move quickly, but do not run or raise dust, avoid passages through tunnels, hollows, ravines and other low-lying areas of the area - stagnation and accumulation of toxic substances are possible there. /

Geoecological conditions of the KMS region.

Map of technogenic load of the KMS region.

Technogenic systems and man-made objects.

The technogenic load map shows man-made objects ranked by technical systems. All of them were identified and studied as a result of functional surveys carried out in the CMS region in different years.

The first systematic functional survey of man-made objects was carried out in 1985 (181), when more than 1,300 man-made objects were identified within the boundaries of the CMS region. During subsequent geoecological studies, the territory of the central and eastern parts of the region was examined. The last such work was carried out in 2001-2003, when about 500 man-made objects located in the CMS region and the adjacent territory were re-examined.

All man-made objects surveyed in different years are shown on the man-made load map with special signs reflecting their belonging to different systems, as well as indicating their current technical condition. The characteristics of man-made objects examined again in 1994, 2001-2003 are given in the catalog of man-made objects (text appendix 1). It should be pointed out that that part of the objects that has not been re-examined since 1985 is included on the technogenic load map with a special sign, and in turn requires an assessment of the current technical condition.

As a result of the work performed in the KMS region and adjacent territories, five groups of technogenic systems were identified: industrial, transport, agricultural, forestry and water management.

The strongest technogenic impact on the geological environment is exerted by agricultural activities, developing in two directions - agriculture and livestock breeding.

Despite the certain status of the resort area and special restrictions economic activity, agricultural lands in the total land fund of the KMS region occupy about 80% of the territory, and the share of arable land in the total area of ​​agricultural land is on average 54%. Intensive farming disrupts the natural structure of soils, causing their compaction, leading to losses of humus, promoting the development of erosion processes, and also causing contamination of soils and rocks in the aeration zone, groundwater.

To increase soil fertility on arable lands in the KMS region, the application of mineral and organic fertilizers. Behind last years, due to the widespread promotion of alternative trends in agriculture (biological, organic, biodynamic, etc.), as well as the high cost mineral fertilizers, the volume of their use also decreased (on average from 70-80 kg/ha in the early 90s of the twentieth century to 10-20 kg/ha in 2002), which had a generally positive impact on the ecological state of the geological environment, however, areas of arable land appeared with low levels of phosphorus, potassium and nutrients in the soil. When mineral and organic fertilizers are added to soils, the content of heavy metals and some other chemical elements increases.

The use of pesticides in agriculture also has a great influence on the ecological state of the geological environment. The intensity and volumes of crop treatment with pesticides are difficult to control in Lately, due to changes in ownership patterns of agricultural enterprises. According to averaged data, in 2001, farms located in the KMS region consumed 2-2.5 kg of pesticides per 1 hectare of cultivated land. Currently, about 20 types of agricultural pesticides are used on cultivated lands to combat pests and plant diseases, the composition of which is not disclosed by the manufacturers, and the side effects of these drugs on the natural environment have not been sufficiently studied.

Residual amounts of pesticides (HCCH, DDT), which are still widely used in agriculture in the CMS region, are present in groundwater, as well as in almost all aquifers, including deep-lying ones.

Among the objects functionally related to agriculture, the map of technogenic load (graph appendix 4) highlights warehouses for storing mineral fertilizers and pesticides, mortar units for the preparation of drugs to combat pests and diseases of agricultural crops, as well as fuel and lubricants storage warehouses belonging to agricultural enterprises.

Based on the results of a functional survey of the territory of the KMS region, it was established that almost all mineral fertilizer storage warehouses and mortar units are dilapidated or are under conservation, and fertilizers and pesticides are immediately used on farmland as they are acquired. Despite the fact that the elimination of long-term storage sites for mineral fertilizers helps to improve the ecological state of the geological environment, the territory where they are located is still long time is a local source of pollution of soils, rocks of the aeration zone, surface and ground waters, and therefore these objects require accounting and observation.

Warehouses for storing fuel and lubricants at agricultural enterprises operate mainly not for full power and seasonally, in most agricultural enterprises, equipment is refueled immediately after the receipt of fuel and lubricants from inter-district oil depots.

Livestock and poultry farming are widely developed in the CMS region. In the flat areas, this area is represented by large stationary farms and poultry farms, and in the mountainous part of the region, by seasonal pasture-type livestock farming.

Most large livestock farms are located on the slopes of river valleys, and during floods, organic waste is washed into surface watercourses, polluting the water with nitrates, phosphorus, heavy metals and a number of organic compounds.

Pasture (seasonal) type of livestock farming is developed in the mountainous part of the KMS region, where cattle from Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria are grazed. The number of grazing livestock is practically not regulated, as a result of which soil erosion and surface washout intensify.

A large complex of poultry farms was built in the area of ​​the village. Yasnaya Polyana(OJSC "Podkumskoe"), p. Zolotushka (JSC "Mashuk" and OJSC "Essentuki Broiler"), p. Pyatigorsky (branch No. 6 of OJSC "Zarya OGO") and art. Gentle (OJSC PA "Stavropol Dawns Plus"). Most poultry houses of Podkumskoye OJSC do not have appropriate engineering support. Industrial and domestic wastewater is discharged into nearby watercourses. At the poultry farms of branch No. 6 of OJSC Zarya OGO and OJSC PO Stavropol Zori Plus there are treatment facilities and manure storage facilities; wastewater after treatment is discharged into the river. Etoka and Podkumok. The poultry farm of OJSC Podkumskoye is located in the II zone of the sanitary protection zone of the Essentuki mineral water deposit. For most poultry farms, old manure storage facilities do not comply sanitary standards and in general, the issue of manure disposal is acute.

Despite the fact that many livestock and poultry farms have not functioned or been destroyed in recent years, they remain potential sources of bacteriological and chemical contamination of groundwater due to the high content of pollutants in soils and rocks of the aeration zone.

A major role in the bacteriological contamination of the geological environment is played by cattle burial grounds, most of which are in unsatisfactory condition. On the site of the old cattle burial grounds there are now summer cottages and private households (populations of Borodynovka, Slavyansky, Pyatigorsky). In the area of ​​the village of Kyzyl-Pokun, the remains of animal corpses are dumped in abandoned burial pits for sheep, located 50 m up the slope from a spring water intake, the water of which is periodically used for drinking and watering livestock on high mountain pastures. It is necessary to document the location of all cattle burial grounds and develop a program to minimize their impact on the geological environment.

Industrial enterprises are concentrated mainly in industrial zones of cities and large rural areas. populated areas. Due to changes in ownership patterns over the past 10 years, most industrial enterprises in the CMS region, previously surveyed in 1984-1986. does not function, or does not operate at full capacity, or has been repurposed, which generally determines the trend towards some improvement in the environmental situation in the region.

Industrial enterprises concentrated in the industrial zones of the KMV cities include enterprises in the light, food, chemical and metalworking industries, production of building materials and transport enterprises operating road and rail transport.

Light industry enterprises are represented mainly by small private shops for sewing clothing and footwear, and their contribution to pollution of the geological environment is insignificant. All former large clothing, carpet and shoe factories in the cities of the KMV have been liquidated (Pyatigorsk) or are being mothballed (Essentuki, Kislovodsk).

Of the new light industry enterprises surveyed in 2002, it should be noted the sheepskin dressing shop of Argonavty-2000 LLC (Pyatigorsk), in whose industrial wastewater the content of phosphorus, chlorides, Cr3+, Fe, Zn, Al, surfactants exceeds 2 -9 times the maximum permissible norms.

Food industry enterprises in the region are represented by dairy factories (Essentuki Dairy Plant OJSC, Vita CJSC Zheleznovodsk, Molproduct LLC Pyatigorsk, OM LLC, Pervomaisky Creamery Plant OJSC), meat processing plants (Essentuki Meat Processing Plant OJSC, Meat Processing Plant OJSC “Pyatigorsky Meat Processing Plant”, OJSC “Iceberg”, branch “Predgornensky” of OJSC “Zarya OGO”, etc.), bakeries (JSC “Essentuki-khleb”, OJSC “Pyatigorsky Bakery Plant”, etc.), confectionery factories (JSC PKF "Ekon" ", OJSC "Kholod", etc.) and canneries (LLC Predgorny cannery and LLC KZ "Georgievsky"). There has been a sharp increase in enterprises bottling mineral water and carbonated drinks (Rokadovskaya LLC, Novoterskaya LLC, Visma LLC, Shikkom LLC, Kavminkurorotrozliv LLC, Vinogradar LLC, Kavigris LLC, Koka LLC -Cola" Stavropol Bottlers and many others). Industrial wastewater from food industry enterprises contains elevated concentrations (2-10 MPC) of phosphorus, fats, organic compounds, sulfates and chlorides.

The wastewater of chemical industry enterprises (ZAO Spectr Plant, pharmaceutical factory (Pyatigorsk), Elegia Firm LLC, Circassian Chemical Production Association, Phoenix souvenir factory, etc.) contains nitrates, phosphates, copper, iron. , zinc, chromium, aluminum, nickel, lead and petroleum products exceeds the maximum permissible concentration by 2-8 times.

One of the most common types of industrial enterprises are various organizations for the operation and repair of vehicles with departmental car washes and fuel and lubricant warehouses (ATP Resort LLC, RP Kavminvodyavto OJSC, Pogat OJSC, Goryachevodsk CJSC, MUP Pyatigorskpassazhiravtotrans, Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Passenger motor transport enterprise No. 1, OJSC “PAKS”, Essentuki municipal unitary enterprise ATP No. 1, etc.). In wastewater motor transport enterprises contains from 2 to 10 maximum permissible concentrations of phosphorus, copper, iron, zinc and petroleum products.

Large metalworking enterprises are located in industrial zones of the city. Mineralnye Vody (plant No. 411 GA), Pyatigorsk (Pyatigorskselmash OJSC, Impulse Plant OJSC), Cherkessk (low-voltage equipment plant) and Georgievsk (plant
"ArZiL"). The industrial wastewater from these enterprises contains phosphorus, iron, zinc, and aluminum in concentrations 2-10 times higher than the maximum permissible concentration.

Enterprises for the operation and repair of railway transport are located in the cities of Kislovodsk (branch of the FSUE North Caucasus Railway, section DOP-3) and Mineralnye Vody (Direction for Passenger Services of the North Caucasus Railway department). The wastewater from these enterprises contains increased concentrations of surfactants and petroleum products.

The waste incineration plant of the State Enterprise “Pyatigorsk Heat and Power Complex”, located in the center of the KMV region and operating since 1989 with the processing of up to 120 thousand tons of solid household waste per year, has a powerful technogenic impact on the geological environment. The plant discharges up to 105 thousand m3 per year of industrial poorly treated wastewater with increased concentrations of COD and BOD (2 MPC), as well as Cu - 2 MPC, Zn - 4 MPC, Al - 3 MPC, petroleum products - 2 MPC. Disposal of ash and slag generated by burning waste, which, due to the lack of waste sorting, is characterized by an extremely high content of a wide range of heavy metals, is carried out at its own landfill on the right bank of the river. Podkumok. Together with dust and smoke emissions, the atmosphere is polluted with dioxins, which has a very adverse effect on the environment and the population.

Particularly dangerous potential sources of pollution of the geological environment with petroleum products include large oil depots in the area of ​​Mineralnye Vody (Lukoil LLC Severokavkaznefteprodukt and ANK Bashneft LLC Bashoil-KMV), as well as oil depots in the city. Cherkessk and Georgievsk with a storage volume of petroleum products of 5-7 thousand m3.

With oil depots owned by OJSC "Stavropol-Terminal" (Skachki village,
Pyatigorsk) and FGUAP “Kavminvodyavia” (Mineralnye Vody), large, long-lasting sources of groundwater pollution with oil products are connected.

Particularly dangerous sources of contamination of the geological environment with radionuclides and heavy metals include a large alluvial tailings dump with a storage volume of more than 1 million m3 of radioactive waste generated as a result of many years of activity of the hydrometallurgical plant, post office No. 1 of LPO Almaz (Lermontov) for the processing of uranium ores of the Beshtau deposit, which provide negative impact to the natural environment. The results of this impact are: increased exhalation of radon on the surface of the earth and increased exposure dose rate of gamma radiation in the tailings dump area and in adjacent areas, which requires remediation of the tailings dump.

Of greater danger are the adits located on the southern and southwestern slopes of Mount Beshtau, from which groundwater flows, contaminated with natural radionuclides, the concentration of which significantly exceeds the maximum permissible level. These adit waters modern classification belong to the category of liquid radioactive waste. The level of radioactivity of rocks from adit dumps reaches 250 μR/hour, and according to geoecological studies carried out in 2001 by Rostov state university, the intensity of radio emission of U-238 and Th - 232 contained in the soils and soils of the industrial site located in front of the portal of adit No. 16 exceeds 100,000 Bq/kg.

A concentrated technogenic load on all components of the geological environment is exerted by about a hundred rural settlements with a population of from 20 to 5-6 thousand people, located in the GSO district of the KMS region and in adjacent territories, and 8 cities with a population of 30 to 200 thousand . Human. In most rural settlements and in the private sector of cities, there is no sewerage system at all, and untreated wastewater is discharged into cesspools or directly onto the terrain, polluting surface watercourses, reservoirs and groundwater within populated areas.

The lack of sewerage in the conditions of a significant increase in population and growth in water consumption, with the attraction of drinking groundwater resources from the Kuban reservoir and the Malkinskoye drinking groundwater deposit located outside the region to the territory of a specially protected ecological resort region, causes a change in the conditions for the formation of groundwater, an increase in groundwater levels water and activates man-made flooding. The total area of ​​flooding is up to 20-80% of the territory occupied by settlements. In the territory of the KMS region, all cities and about 60 rural settlements are flooded to varying degrees, which is clearly visible on the map of technogenic load (graph appendix 4).

Sewage water from most industrial enterprises is treated at local treatment facilities and is then discharged to large treatment facilities in the cities of Cherkessk, Georgievsk, Pyatigorsk and Mineralnye Vody and to the Kavminvodsk United Wastewater Treatment Plant. Local treatment facilities in the station. Suvorovskaya and in the village. Uchkeken is destroyed and wastewater is discharged into the river without treatment. Kuma and Podkumok. Pyatigorsk WWTPs do not work efficiently enough, using untreated wastewater discharged into the river. Podkumok, there are excesses of fishery standards for organic and biogenic substances (5-37 MPC), surfactants (2 MPC), Fe (3-11 MPC), Cu (4-20 MPC), Zn
(2 MPC) and fats (2-7 MPC). The Kavminvodsk united USCs operate more efficiently. According to most quality indicators, the treated wastewater meets drinking water and fishery requirements. Exceeding the norms by 2-5 times is observed for copper, zinc, iron, phosphates, nitrates and sulfates.

Almost all storm water in the KMS region is not subject to any treatment. Storm drains from the cities of Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki contain: suspended solids up to 1.5 g/dm3, sulfates up to 6 MPC, nitrites up to 17 MPC, phosphates up to 7 MPC and petroleum products up to 20 MPC.

Gas and dust emissions into the atmosphere from industrial enterprises and road transport have a great influence on the pollution of the geological environment. Emissions include heavy metals and their oxides, various hydrocarbons, acids, alcohols and many other organic and inorganic compounds, which, settling on the surface of the earth, pollute the geological environment. In 2000, controlled emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere amounted to 3992 tons in Georgievsk, 3049 tons in Pyatigorsk, 2181 tons in Kislovodsk, and 748 tons in Essentuki.

Municipal solid waste landfills are widespread sources of geological pollution. There are about 100 solid waste landfills in the KMS region and surrounding areas. Most of landfills in rural settlements are spontaneous and are operated without technical documents and coordination with sanitary and epidemiological supervision.

Existing municipal landfills controlled by utilities have reached their capacity and do not meet environmental requirements. In the cities of Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Kislovodsk (Mirny settlement), solid waste landfills are closed and planned reclamation work is underway, however, unauthorized waste storage continues there. Solid waste landfills are sources of pollution of the geological environment with biogenic components and heavy metals. For example, the content of NO2, NH4, Mg, Ti, Fe, Ba, Al in the filtrate flowing from the body of the Uchkeken landfill exceeds the maximum permissible concentration by 11-36 times. The solid waste landfill of the private enterprise "Argo", operating since 1997 and located 9 km west of the city of Essentuki, most fully meets the requirements of SanPiN.

Quarry development leads to the formation of technogenic landscapes and the complete destruction of natural landscapes. For example, large quarries on the slopes of the Zmeyka and Dagger laccolith mountains, the reclamation of which is not even planned.

The territory of the KMV region from northwest to southeast is cut by the federal highway "Caucasus" with a cargo flow of over 30 thousand cars per day, passing along the shore of Lake Tambukan with a unique deposit of therapeutic mud. The Mineralnye Vody - Budennovsk and Pyatigorsk - Cherkessk highways are heavily loaded. Linear pollution of the geological environment with petroleum products and heavy metals occurs along highways.

Along railways Mineralnye Vody - Rostov and Mineralnye Vody - Kislovodsk the geological environment is polluted with petroleum products, household waste, bulk materials, feces, detergents, soot and a number of other organic and inorganic substances. For example, only from passenger trains to
1 km of railway track receives 12 tons of garbage and 200 m3 of wastewater per year.

Pollution natural environment fish farms are relatively small; discharges from fish ponds are characterized by an increased content of organic pollutants, phosphates and sulfates in the water in concentrations not exceeding 2-4.5 MAC.

Man-made objects that contribute to bacterial and chemical contamination of groundwater in the region include abandoned wells in populated areas and at abandoned field camps, in which various household waste accumulates.

Several dozen deep geological exploration wells that are mothballed or poorly disposed of have a negative impact on the ecological state of the geological environment in the KMS region.

The occurrence of an anomalous flood in the CMV region in 2002 on the rivers Kuma, Podkumok, Bugunta caused catastrophic flooding of residential areas in the cities of Mineralnye Vody, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Kislovodsk and led to significant destruction and casualties. At this time, a number of man-made objects found themselves in the flood zone, including the municipal waste dump of the city of Mineralnye Vody, located on the first terrace above the floodplain of the river. Kums, as well as cattle burial grounds, biopits, warehouses for pesticides and mineral fertilizers and others. All of them are shown on the map of technogenic load (graph appendix 4) within the flood area. The wide scale and great damage from the resulting flooding is associated with the technogenic reconstruction of river beds, as well as the traditionally established residential development of floodplain, periodically flooded sections of the Kuma river valleys (Mineralnye Vody, Evdokimovka village, etc.), Podkumok (Essentuki, Kislovodsk), Bugunta (Essentuki, Kirpichny village).

Such accidents usually occur in cities where there are large concentrations of people, industrial enterprises, and an established rhythm of life. Therefore, any such accident, even if it can be eliminated and is not always dangerous, can itself cause negative consequences for the life of the population.

If the central steam heating is turned off, use factory-made electric heaters to heat the room. Heating an apartment with a gas or electric stove can lead to an accident. Gaps in windows and balcony doors are sealed. Dress warmly and place family members in the same room.

Potentially dangerous man-made objects

According to their potential danger, economic objects are divided into four groups:

- chemically hazardous facilities (CHF);

- radiation hazardous objects (RHO);

- fire and explosive objects (air defense);

- hydrodynamically hazardous objects (HDOO).

Currently, there are more than 225 large enterprises on the territory of the Republic of Belarus that pose a danger of a regional or even global nature. These are mainly chemically hazardous facilities.

Radiation hazardous objects (RHO) - any object, incl. nuclear reactor, plant using nuclear fuel or processing nuclear material, as well as a place for storing nuclear material and a vehicle transporting nuclear material

Typical ROOs include:

* Atom stations;

*enterprises for processing spent nuclear fuel and disposal of radioactive waste;

* enterprises for the production of nuclear fuel;

* research and design organizations with nuclear installations and stands;

* transport nuclear power plants;

* military facilities.

The potential danger of radioactive waste is determined by the amount of radioactive substances that can enter the environment as a result of an accident at the radioactive waste facility. And this, in turn, depends on the power of the nuclear installation. The greatest danger is posed by nuclear power plants and research institutes with nuclear installations and stands. Accidents on them are classified both according to the possible scale of consequences: local, local, general, regional, global, and according to operating standards (design, design with the greatest consequences, beyond design).

Fire and explosive object (P BOO ) - this is an object where products and substances are produced, stored, used or transported that, under certain conditions (accidents, initiation), acquire the ability to ignite (explode).

Based on their potential danger, these objects are divided into 5 categories:

A - oil, gas, oil refining, chemical, petrochemical industry facilitiesfields, warehouses and oil product bases;

B - production of synthetic fiber, tires, rubber (Svetlogorsk, Mogilev, Bobruisk);

B - sawmills, woodworking, carpentry, etc. workshops (Pinsk, Borisov, Bobruisk, Molodechno), oil warehouses;

G - metallurgical production, thermal shops, (Zhlobin);

D – boiler facilities (in all settlements of the republic)

Particularly dangerous objects of categories A, B and C.

Fires and explosions lead to the destruction of buildings and structures due to combustion or deformation of their elements and equipment, the occurrence of an air shock wave (during an explosion), the formation of clouds of fuel and hot water, toxic substances, and the explosion of pipelines and vessels with superheated liquid.

EXPLOSION

Explosion is a combustion accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy in a limited volume in a short period of time.

The main damaging factors during an explosion:

Air shock wave.

An explosion leads to the formation and propagation of an explosive shock wave, which has a mechanical impact on surrounding objects.

Fragmentation impacts that are formed by flying debris from buildings or equipment.

These are various injuries. Explosions cause blood loss of varying severity. External and internal bleeding is possible. Severances of limb segments, penetrating wounds of the abdomen, chest, damage to blood vessels of various sizes, and multiple bone fractures are observed. As a rule, there are thermal injuries - burns, poisoning by combustion products. When buildings collapse - long-term compression syndrome.

Extensive injuries combined with blood loss are accompanied by traumatic shock of varying severity.

FEATURES OF FIRST AID IN MAN-MADE FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS

Man-made fires include fires in buildings, structures, national economic facilities, and industrial enterprises. Damaging factors(factors that have a harmful or destructive effect on humans) here, as in natural fires, are:

Direct exposure to fire (combustion) and high temperature, as well as heat radiation.

The greatest danger is inhalation of heated air, leading to burns of the upper respiratory tract and suffocation. At a temperature of 100 C, a person loses consciousness and dies within a few minutes. People receive various degrees of body burns.

The severity of the burn depends on the depth of the skin lesion.

Contamination of premises with toxic combustion products. During fires in modern buildings built from synthetic materials, people are exposed to toxic combustion products, in particular carbon monoxide. The upper floors quickly fill with heated air and smoke.

Loss of visibility due to smoke. Successful evacuation of people in case of fire is possible only if their movement is unhindered. People should see exit signs and emergency exits. When visibility is lost, the movement of people becomes chaotic. 4–5 minutes after a fire, the process of smoke formation begins in burning residential premises. In a smoke-filled room, a person can walk no more than 8–10 m, then loses orientation and cannot go to a safe place.

Reduced oxygen concentration. A decrease in it even by 3 5 causes a deterioration in motor function. A concentration of less than 14% is considered dangerous. At this concentration, brain activity and coordination of movements are disrupted.

Collapse of structures. A strong psychological effect, frightening people, panic, which causes a significant number of victims.

PROHIBITED: Tear off, tear off clothing and foreign objects stuck to it from the skin, wash burn wounds with various liquids; open blisters, remove burnt areas of skin; lubricate the burn surface with fat, sprinkle with starch or flour; Wipe the burned skin with alcohol or lubricate with iodine.

First aid for burns

Stopping the fire: you need to throw off the clothes that are on fire, pour water on them, cover them with snow, cover the burning area with a coat, blanket, or tarpaulin.

Cooling the burned surface (for burns of less than 15% of the surface). For cooling, you can use water in plastic bags and ice for 10–15 minutes.

Pain relief and drinking plenty of fluids.

Applying an aseptic dressing and transporting to a medical facility.

First aid for explosions

It is necessary to remove it from the affected area. Stop the bleeding. Apply aseptic dressings to burn wounds. For penetrating wounds of the chest and abdomen, wound-sealing bandages must be applied. In the presence of fractures - immobilization.

Hydrodynamic (hydraulic) hazardous object (HDOO) - this is a hydraulic structure or natural formation that creates a difference in water levels before and after this object.

To hydraulic engineering dangerous objects include: natural dams and hydraulic structures. When they break through, a breakthrough wave appears, which has great destructive power and extensive flood zones are formed.

Chemically hazardous objects (CHF)

Chemically hazardous objects include:

1. - chemical, petrochemical enterprises.

Such production is associated with harmful chemicals and chemical energy carriers.

2.- a significant part of non-chemical objects industries where hazardous substances are used in technological processes (pulp and paper, textile, metallurgical industries, utilities),

Research centers, warehouses (storages) and vehicles and gas and nephro-pipelines.

Military chemical facilities (warehouses and testing grounds, plants for the destruction of chemical ammunition, special vehicles, warehouses and rocket fuel facilities).

Chemically hazardous facility with release of SDYA

A chemically hazardous facility with the emission of toxic substances is an economic facility or vehicle, in the event of accidents and destruction of which mass casualties of people, agricultural animals and plants can occur under the influence SDYAV.

At production sites or in vehicles, SDYAV is usually contained in standard containers. These can be aluminum, steel shells and reinforced concrete structures in which conditions are maintained that correspond to a given storage regime. The most widely used are cylindrical and spherical tanks. Above ground tanks are usually arranged in groups. Each group is provided with a reserve tank for draining SDYV in case of leakage from any tank. For each group of above-ground tanks, a closed embankment or enclosing wall made of fireproof and corrosion-resistant materials with a height of at least one meter is equipped along the perimeter. The internal volume of the diked area is calculated for the full volume of the group of tanks. The distance from the tanks to the base of the embankment or enclosing wall is taken equal to half the diameter of the nearest tank, but not less than one meter.

The following main methods are used to store SDYAV in facility warehouses:

1) - in high-pressure tanks;

2) - in artificially cooled storage facilities;

3) - storage at ambient temperature in closed containers (typical for high-boiling liquids).

The method of storing SDYAV significantly determines their behavior in case of accidents (opening, damage, destruction of tank shells).

Objects with SDYAV can be sources of:

salvo releases (spilts) of SDYAV;

discharges of SDYAV into water bodies;

“chemical fire” with the release of a toxic product into the environment;

destructive explosions;

contamination of objects and terrain at the source of the accident and on the trail of the spread of the chemical cloud;

Extensive smoke zones combined with toxic substances. The spread of SDYV when released into the environment can occur in the form of vapors, gases, aerosols .

Aerosols are heterogeneous (inhomogeneous) systems consisting of solid or liquid particles of matter suspended in the air with sizes ranging from 10 -6 to 10 -2 cm.

Aerosol (steam and gas) chemical clouds are formed mainly during the instantaneous destruction of storage tanks or during the evaporation of spilled cryogenic liquid. The most dangerous clouds are those formed by flash evaporation.

The formation of an aerosol chemical cloud can result in primarily three types of hazards: major fire, cloud explosion, toxic exposure, and in some cases (such as an ammonia release) ignition and toxic exposure hazards. Moreover, flammability and explosiveness are closely related to each other and are determined by the concentrations of substances in the cloud. Clouds of toxic gases (vapors) pose a danger at significantly greater distances from the point of release than flammable substances. The degree of danger of the release will be determined mainly by the physicochemical and toxic properties of the SDYAV.

Ways of influence of SDYAV on the human body:

with food and water (oral);

through the skin and mucous membranes (cutaneous-resorptive);

inhalation (inhalation) - the main one for short-term emissions, so the main attention in protection should be paid to the respiratory system.

EMERGENCIES OF A SOCIO-POLITICAL CHARACTER