Respiratory protective equipment used in boiler rooms. Respiratory protection

CONTENT: Chapter 2. Isolating respiratory protection 2.1. Isolating gas masks. Isolating gas masks (IP), unlike filter masks, completely isolate the respiratory system from the environment. Breathing is carried out due to the supply of oxygen located in the gas mask itself. Isolating gas masks are a special means of protecting the respiratory organs, eyes, skin of the face from any harmful impurities in the air, regardless of their properties and concentration, are used in emergency situations, if it is impossible to use filtering gas masks.

Chapter 2. Isolating respiratory protection 2.1. Isolating gas masks.

Isolating gas masks (IP), unlike filter masks, completely isolate the respiratory system from the environment. Breathing is carried out due to the supply of oxygen located in the gas mask itself. Isolating gas masks are a special means of protecting the respiratory organs, eyes, skin of the face from any harmful impurities in the air, regardless of their properties and concentration, are used in emergency situations, when it is impossible to use filtering gas masks. For example:

in the presence of such toxic substances or harmful impurities in the air that are poorly or not at all retained by filtering gas masks

at very high concentrations of toxic substances in the air, when filtering gas masks can give a very quick breakthrough

with oxygen starvation, the oxygen concentration in the air is less than 16%

when working under water at a depth of less than 7 meters

Complete isolation of the respiratory system from the environment. Indicators depend on the supply of oxygen and the nature of the work performed. IP are subdivided into:

gas masks based on chemically bound oxygen (IP-4, IP-46, IP-46m)

gas masks based on compressed air or oxygen (KIP-5, KIP-7, KIP-8).

For complete protection of the respiratory system, insulating gas masks IP-4 and IP-5 are used, which provide not only protection of the respiratory system, but also the eyes and skin of the face from SDYAV, regardless of the properties and concentration. They allow you to work even where there is no oxygen in the air. With the help of the IP-5 gas mask, it is possible to perform light work under water at a depth of 7 m.

The supply of oxygen in the regenerative cartridge allows you to perform work under heavy physical exertion for 45 minutes, with medium loads - 70 minutes, and with light or in a state of relative rest - 3 hours.

Resistance to breathing is within normal limits. An increase in resistance occurs only in faulty gas masks or if the overpressure valve is defective.

The principle of operation is based on the release of oxygen from chemicals by absorbing carbon dioxide and moisture exhaled by a person. Isolating gas masks consist of a face piece, a regenerative cartridge, a breathing hose and a bag.

The regenerative cartridge provides oxygen for breathing, absorption of carbon dioxide and moisture from the exhaled air. The body of the cartridge is equipped with a regenerative product, in which a starting briquette is installed, which provides the release of oxygen, which is necessary in the first minutes for breathing.

Main characteristics:

№
1	Gas mask working time
1.1	On land under medium load	75 minutes
1.2		90 minutes
1.3	In a state of relative rest	120 minutes
2	Immersion depth	7 m
3	Temperature ranges for normal operation
3.1	In water	1 30
3.2	On the land	-40 +50
4	Weight of equipped gas mask included	5.2 kg

№
1	Gas mask working time
1.1	With heavy physical exertion	30-40 minutes
1.2	With average physical activity	60-75 minutes
1.3	With light physical activity	180 minutes
2	Number of face sizes	3
3	Temperature ranges for normal work	from -40 to 40 С
4	Weight of equipped gas mask included	3.4 kg

Chapter 3. The simplest means of protection of the respiratory system.

These funds can be used by the population as respirators. They are simple in design and therefore are recommended as mass media protection made by the population itself. These products include anti-dust fabric masks PTM-1 and cotton-gauze bandages. Moreover, each person should have them at the place of residence and work.

Cotton-gauze bandage. Protects the main part of the face from chin to eyes, made of cotton and gauze (or only cotton). A cotton-gauze bandage can protect against chlorine, for this it is impregnated with a 2% solution of baking soda, and soaked with a 5% solution of citric or acetic acid protects against ammonia. It is one-time use, after use it is burned. Usually, a cotton-gauze bandage is used with glasses.

Cotton-gauze bandages are made from a piece of gauze measuring 100X50 cm. A layer of cotton wool 30X20 cm in size and 2 cm thick is laid on the middle of a piece of gauze, the free edges of the gauze are folded over cotton wool, and the ends are cut in the middle for strings. The lower ends are tied at the crown of the head, and the upper ends at the back of the head. The cotton-gauze bandage should tightly cover the mouth and nose. It is suitable for one-time use. With absence these funds use towels, scarves, handkerchiefs, etc. Anti-dust goggles can be used to protect against RV.

Anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1. The PTM-1 mask consists of two main parts - the body and the mount. The body is made of 2 - 4 layers of fabric1. Viewing holes are cut in it with glass or transparent film inserted into them. On the head, the mask is attached with a strip of fabric sewn to the side edges of the body. A snug fit of the mask to the head is ensured by an elastic band in the upper seam and ties in the lower seam of the attachment, as well as a transverse elastic band sewn to the upper corners of the mask body. Air is purified by the entire surface of the mask as it passes through the tissue during inhalation.

Masks are made depending on the height of the face (the distance between the recess of the nose and the lower point of the chin). With face height:
* up to 80 mm 1st size
* 81-90 mm 2nd size
* 91-100 mm 3rd size
* 101-110 mm 4th size
* 111-120 mm 5th size
* 121-130 mm 6th size
* 131 mm and more 7th size
The eye windows should be covered with an unbreakable transparent material (mica, film, etc.).

Temporarily, but reliably enough can provide protection of the respiratory system, from RP, harmful aerosols, especially in the absence of special means protection, and also temporarily protect against chlorine and ammonia.

Disadvantages: are of an auxiliary nature, can only be used

short-term, do not protect against high concentrations of SDYAV.

Conclusion

We have considered a rather important topic: “Funds individual protection respiratory organs ". In the process of researching this topic, we found out that respiratory protection devices are divided into filtering and insulating. Filtering means include dust masks and gas masks. Valveless and valve respirators are used to protect against dust.

Valveless respirators, usually disposable or short-term, protect against dust in normal humidity and ambient temperatures. Valve-type respirators consist of a facepiece and a filtering device. They are used for high dust concentrations in the air.

Filtering masks are used to protect the respiratory system from harmful vapors and gases. They consist of a front part (mask or half mask) and a filter box filled with sorbents to clean the inhaled air. Activated carbon, silicogel, absorbent chemisorbents are used as absorbers.

In the second chapter of this work, we considered the simplest means of respiratory protection. They are simple in design and therefore are recommended as a mass-produced means of protection, manufactured by the population itself. These products include anti-dust fabric masks PTM-1 and cotton-gauze bandages. Everyone should have them at their place of residence and work.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the provision of personnel and the population with PPE and practical training in the correct use and use of these means is an important milestone in the complex of protective measures. The whole complex of these measures is aimed at minimizing the likelihood of losses and damage in case of possible accidents and emergencies in peacetime and wartime. Not knowing the basics of civil defense does not exempt from the consequences of an accident, and knowledge of them helps to prevent it or minimize the unpleasant consequences of such.

Bibliography

1. Atamanyuk V.G. civil defense... Moscow, 1986.

2. Life safety: textbook / ed. L.A. Mikhailova .: Peter, 2007.

3. Life safety: textbook / ed. P. D. Schlender. Moscow, 2004.

4. All about gas masks and respirators. Tutorial... Moscow, 1992.

5. Civil defense / ed. V.N. Zavyalova. - M., "Medicine", 1989.

6. Manual for the operation of personal protective equipment, part 3, Moscow, 1992.

7. Emergencies and protection against them. Compiled by A. Bondarenko. Moscow, 1998.

Introduction

As an essay, the author chose the topic - "Personal protective equipment for the respiratory system." The purpose of this work is to study and describe the device, technical characteristics, the procedure for using some personal protective equipment.

Before proceeding with the study of the stated topic, it is necessary to identify the range of some negative substances that pollute the environment, and therefore, which can cause negative harmful effects in the human body.

Changes in the human environment as a result of environmental pollution entail an increase in ecologically determined morbidity. Heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, zinc, nickel, and others, occupy a special place among environmental pollutants.

The main source of air pollution with lead in Russia is motor vehicles. The main contribution to lead pollution of the environment from stationary sources is made by non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises (600 t / year, or about 87% of the registered lead emissions from all industries).

Mercury is another high-precision metal. Its average content in the atmosphere is usually below 50 ng / m3, in the earth's crust - about 0.08 mg / kg. The release of mercury into the environment from human activities is significant. The total (natural and anthropogenic) emission of mercury into the atmosphere is over 6,000 tons annually, with less than half - 2,500 tons - coming from natural sources. Mercury has a wide range of toxic effects on warm-blooded animals. It is capable of disrupting protein biosynthesis, and it is obvious that any dose of mercury that seems safe for an adult body can damage the fetal brain.

The morbidity structure in a certain area depends on the qualitative composition of emissions and the type of industry. So, under the influence of emissions from non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, more than high level diseases of the cardiovascular system, and the development of pulmonary pathology is largely influenced by emissions from ferrous metallurgy and energy enterprises. In areas where chemical and petrochemical industries are located, allergic diseases, etc. are widespread.

Chapter 1. Filtering means of respiratory protection 1.1. Gas masks.

Modern gas masks have sufficiently high protective properties and performance indicators that provide protection of the respiratory system and human eyes from exposure to OM (vapors, fog, gas, smoke, droplet-liquid OM), radioactive substances in the air, as well as from pathogenic microorganisms and toxins, aerosolized.

Gas masks are insulating and filtering. The most widely used are filtering gas masks (general, civilian, children's); their device is based on the principle of purification of contaminated air in the inner layers of a filtering-absorbing box, in which coal (catalyst) and an aerosol (smoke) filter are placed.

Respiratory protection from carbon monoxide, which is not retained by the protective layers of the filter-absorbing box, is ensured by using a special (hopcalite) cartridge, which is inserted (screwed) between the connecting tube (front part) of the gas mask and the filter-absorbing tube.

Civilian gas masks. At present, filtering masks GP-5, GP-5m and GP-7 can be used in the civil defense system of the country for the adult population. Gas masks GP-5 and GP-5m are equipped with a filter-absorbing box of small dimensions (type GP-5) and a helmet-mask as a front part. The set of the GP-5m gas mask includes a helmet-mask with a membrane box (an intercom is placed in the box). The front part of the GP-5 and GP-5m gas masks does not have a connecting tube and is directly connected to the filter-absorbing box. Helmets-masks are available in five heights (with a membrane box - four). Their growth is indicated by a number on the chin part of the helmet-mask.

To select a gas mask of the GP-5 type, measure the head along a closed line passing through the crown, cheeks, chin1. The result is rounded up to 0.5 cm.When the measurement is up to 63 cm (for a helmet-mask with a membrane box - up to 61 cm), zero height is taken, from 63.5 to 65 cm (from 61.5 to 64 cm) - 1 -th, from 65.5 to 68 cm (from 64.5 to 67 cm) - 2nd, from 68.5 to 70.5 cm (from 67.5 and more) - 3rd, from 71 cm and more - 4th growth of the helmet-mask.

The civilian gas mask GP-7 is one of the latest and most advanced models. The GP-7 gas mask is produced in two modifications, differing from each other in the front parts: GP-7 and GP-7V. It reliably protects against agents and many SDYAV, radioactive dust and bacterial agents. The selection of the front part of the required standard size GP-7 is carried out on the basis of measuring the horizontal and vertical head circumference with a soft measuring tape. The horizontal girth is determined by measuring the dimensions of the head along a closed line passing in front along the browbone, from the side 2-3 cm above the edge of the auricle and behind through the most protruding point of the head. Vertical girth is determined by measuring the size of the head size along a closed line through the crown, cheeks and chin. The sum of both measurements is used to determine the height of the mask. So, if the sum of the horizontal and vertical head circumferences is 118.5 - 121 cm, then this corresponds

1 Life safety: textbook / ed. L.A. Mikhailova .: Peter, 2007.

it corresponds to the 1st growth of the mask; 121.5 - 126.0 cm - 2nd height, 126.5 cm and more - 3rd height. Then, according to special tables, a face mask of a gas mask is selected. The GP-7 gas mask is equipped with an IHL front part with an intercom and a device for drinking from a standard army flask, which makes it possible to receive water in a contaminated atmosphere.

1	Resistance to air flow with calm breathing	no more than 15 mm. water Art.
2	Resistance to air flow with intense breathing	no more than 200 mm. water Art.
3	Weight	900 g
4	Chlorine capacity	6000 ml

They reliably protect against OV and many SDYAV, radioactive dust and bacterial agents. They are light enough, do not restrict movement a little. At long work makes breathing difficult, the filter box is clogged, leakage is possible, restricts the field of view.

Industrial gas masks. Industrial gas masks reliably protect the respiratory system, eyes, face from damage. It must be remembered that they are designed to protect against specific toxic substances, therefore they have a strict focus (selectivity), which makes it possible to increase their protective power1.

It is forbidden to use such gas masks when there is a lack of oxygen in the air, for example, when working in containers, tanks, wells and other isolated rooms. They are used only where the air contains at least 18% oxygen, the total volume fraction of vapor and gaseous harmful impurities does not exceed 0.5% (phosphorous hydrogen - no more than 0.2%, arsenous hydrogen - 0.3%).

The use of industrial gas masks for protection against low-boiling, poorly absorbed organic substances, for example, such as methane, ethylene, acetylene, is not allowed. It is not recommended to work in such gas masks if the composition of gases and vapors of harmful substances is unknown.

Boxes of grades A, B, G, E, KD are made both with aerosol filters and without them. BKF box - only with such filters, CO and M boxes - without them. A white vertical stripe on a box means it is equipped with an aerosol filter. All boxes have a breathing resistance of 18 mm water column, CO and M - about 20, if the box has an index "8", then the breathing resistance does not exceed 8 mm water column.

The time of protective action of industrial gas masks from potent toxic substances depends on the brand of the filter box, type SDYAV and its concentration, for example, a box with a KD gas mask filter with an ammonia concentration in the air of 2.3 g / m protects for 4 hours, without a filter - 2 hours, a box of CO at a carbon monoxide concentration of 6.2 g / m - 1.5 hours, a gas mask of brand G at a concentration of saturated mercury vapors of 0.01 g / m - 1 hour 20 minutes, a box with a filter and without a filter with an index "8" - 1 hour 40 minutes. During use, the protective power of gas masks decreases, for example, when even a slight

the smell of harmful substances, boxes of grades A, B, E, KD, BKF cannot be used. In this case

1 Civil defense / ed. V.N. Zavyalova. - M., "Medicine", 1989.

If you need tea, immediately leave the vented area and replace the box with a new one.

The suitability of boxes of grade G is determined by the time worked, therefore, when handling mercury, it is necessary to keep strict records of the operating time of each box. For boxes of grades CO and M, the loss of protective power is determined by their weight gain, for this purpose, when equipping these boxes, the weight in grams is indicated. Before issuing such gas masks, the boxes are weighed (with caps and gaskets) with an accuracy of 5 g and the data is recorded in a journal, a label is attached to the box indicating the date of issue and weight. With its increase in comparison with the initial (indicated by the manufacturer) for the CO grade by 50 g, for the M grade by 35 g, the boxes are replaced with new ones.

It should be remembered that the protective power of CO and M gas masks for carbon monoxide decreases if the charge is moistened with water vapor. Therefore, after each use, the safety service must disconnect the boxes, and close the openings on the bottom and lid with caps with rubber gaskets.

Hose gas masks. They are used for cleaning tanks and other containers from oil products, for welding works in closed and semi-closed volumes (pits, wells).

PSh-1 designed to protect the respiratory system from any harmful gas, vapor, smoke and dust in any concentration in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.

PSh-2 designed for the same conditions as PSh-1. However, in it, the air under the helmet-mask is forced by a fan, and therefore there is no breathing resistance. The fresh air unit is electrically and manually operated. The electric drive allows you to supply up to 50 l / min of fresh air under the helmet-mask.

Children's gas masks. Currently, there are five types of children's gas masks. For kids younger age(from 1.5 years old) - DP-6 gas mask (children's gas mask, type 6).

At the moment, these gas masks are no longer produced, but are stored in warehouses and are available in schools. More common is PDF-7 (children's filtering gas mask, type 7), designed for children, both younger and older, and differs from DP-6 in that it is equipped with a filtering-absorbing box from an adult GP-5 gas mask. As the front part, MD masks of five heights are used.

Last years the industry produced gas masks PDF-D and PDF-Sh (filter gas mask for children, preschool or school). They have the same filtering and absorbing box GP-5 and differ only in the front parts: so PDF-D is equipped with MD-3 masks (children's mask, type 3) of four heights (1,2,3,4) and is intended for children from one and a half to seven years old; PDF-Sh for children from 7 to 17 years old 1. As the front part, MD-3 masks of 3 and 4 sizes are used.

It should be noted that today the most advanced models are PDF-2D and PDF-2SH for preschool and school ages... The set includes: filtering and absorbing box GP-7K, front part of MD-4, box with anti-fog films and bag. Kit weight: preschool - no more than 750 g; school - no more than 850

The filter-absorbing box is similar in design to the GP-5 box, but has

1 Manual for the operation of personal protective equipment, part 3, Moscow, 1992.

decrease in inhalation resistance. The front part has also been changed - this makes it possible to simplify the selection of a gas mask and increase the time children spend in protective equipment.

Additional cartridges. In order to expand the capabilities of gas masks to protect against SDYAV, additional cartridges were introduced for them (DPG-1 and DPG-3). Gas masks with a filtering-absorbing box GP-7k and complete with DPG-Z protect against ammonia, chlorine, dimethylamine, nitrobenzene, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, hydrocyanic acid, tetraethyl lead, phenol, phosgene, furfural, hydrogen chloride, cyanide chloride and ethylene chloride. DPG-1 also protects against nitrogen dioxide, methyl chloride, carbon monoxide and ethylene oxide.

The set of additional cartridges DPG-1 and DPG-Z includes a connecting tube and an insert. The cartridge has a cylindrical shape and looks like a filtering-absorbing box GP-5, GP-7; the cartridge is connected to the front of the gas mask using a connecting tube, for which a neck is screwed onto one of the ends. An internal thread is cut in the bottom of the cartridge for connection to the filtering-absorbing box GP-5 or GP-7. Inside the DPG-1 cartridge there are two layers of charge, a special absorber and hopcalite, in DPG-Z there is only an absorber layer. To protect the charge from moisture during storage, the necks must be permanently closed: the outer one with a screwed cap with a gasket, the inner one with a screwed in cap. Marking is applied to the surface of each cartridge: the name above the zig, between the zig and the seam seam symbol manufacturer, date of issue and batch number.

Action time for SDYAV for the civilian gas mask GP-7 without additional cartridges and with additional cartridges DPG-1 and DPG-Z are shown in the table:

Name SDYAV	Conc., Mg / l	without DPG	with DPG-1	with DPG-Z
Ammonia	5.0	0	30	60
Dimethylamine	5.0	0	60	80
Chlorine	5.0	40	8050	100
Hydrogen sulfide	10.0	25	30	50
Hydrochloric acid	5.0	20	50	30
Tetraethyl lead	2.0	50	500	500
Nitrogen dioxide	1.0	0	30	0
Ethyl mercaptan	5.0	40	120	120
Ethylene oxide	1.0	0	25	0
Methyl chloride	0.5	0	35	0
Carbon monoxide	3.0	0	40	0
Nitrobenzene	5.0	40	70	70
Phenol	0.2	200	800	800
Furfural	1.5	300	400	400

The protective action time is given in the table for an air flow rate of 30 l / min, a relative air humidity of 75% and an ambient temperature of -30 to +40 ° C; for ethylene oxide and methyl chloride from -10 to +40 ° C.

For children's gas masks, the time of protective action for SDYAV is at least twice as long as indicated in the table.

Expanding the capabilities of filtering gas masks protection against many industrial SDYAV.

Limited operating time, some bulky physical work.

Hopcalite cartridge. Hopcalite cartridges are designed to protect the respiratory system from carbon monoxide, it is used in conjunction with a gas mask filter box (screwed on from the bottom); working time up to 6 hours. The principle of operation of the disposable cartridge is based on the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.

Due to the fact that hopcalite cartridges do not enrich the air with oxygen, they can only be used with an oxygen content of at least 17% by volume.

Main features: the ability to work in a filtering gas mask in medium smoke conditions; relatively short operating time; slight difficulty in breathing; not suitable for low oxygen or high carbon monoxide content; do not work well at low temperatures; disposable.

Wear gas masks in one of three positions, depending on the situation:
* "stowed" position: the gas mask is on the left side in adults, on the right side in children. The upper edge of the bag should be at the waist level, and the flap of the bag should be on the outside;
* "ready" position: the gas mask is transferred to it by the "Air alert" signal or by the command "ready gas masks" - move the bag forward, open the bag valve and fix the gas mask in this position with a braid;
* in the "combat" position, the gas mask is transferred at the signal "Radiation hazard", "Chemical alarm" and at the command of "Gases", as well as independently upon detection of the use of chemical or bacteriological weapons by the enemy, in case of radioactive substances fall out: hold your breath and close your eyes, remove hat, quickly take out the helmet-mask and put it on your head; after that, making a sharp exhalation, open your eyes and resume breathing; put on a hat.
They take off the gas mask by the command "Take off the gas masks" or on their own when it is established that the danger of injury has passed. To do this, you need to raise the hat with one hand, and with the other, grasping the valve box, pull the helmet-mask down, then forward and up and take it off; put on a hat. The removed helmet-mask must be wiped with a dry cloth and put into a bag.

1.2. Respirators and chemical respirators.

Respirators are lightweight respiratory protection against harmful gases, vapors, aerosols and dust. Respirators are widely used in mines, mines, at chemically hazardous and dusty enterprises when working with fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. They are used at nuclear power plants, scale at metallurgical enterprises, during painting, loading, unloading operations.

Purification of inhaled air from vapor-gas impurities is carried out due to physical and chemical processes (adsorption, chemisorption, catalysis), and from aerosol impurities - by filtration through fibrous materials1.

Respirators are divided into two types.

1. The first is respirators, in which a half mask and a filter element simultaneously serve as a face piece.

2. The second cleans the inhaled air in filter cartridges attached to the half mask.

Respirators are subdivided into:

1. Anti-dust protects the respiratory system from various types of aerosols2. Fine-fiber filter materials are used as filters in anti-dust respirators. The most widespread are polymeric filter materials of the FP type (Petryanov filter), due to their high elasticity, mechanical strength, high dust holding capacity, and, most importantly, because of their high filtering properties.

2. Gas masks - against harmful vapors and gases.

3. Gas and dust protection - against gases, vapors and aerosols, while being present in the air.

An important distinctive feature of FP materials made from perchlorovinyl and other polymers with insulating properties is that they carry electrostatic charges, which dramatically increase the efficiency of capturing aerosols and dust.

Depending on the service life, respirators can be:

1. One-time use (ShB-1 "Petal", "Kama", U-2K R-2), which after working out are unsuitable for further use. Disposable respirators are usually dustproof.

2. Reusable (RPG-67) - change of filters, usually gas and dust filters, is provided. RPG-67 has several brands that correspond to the brand of the filter cartridge. In turn, the cartridges differ in the composition of the absorbers. There is a marking in the center of the cartridge lid. Gas and dust respirators reliably protect the respiratory system if they are correctly selected, worn comfortably and the headband is fitted over the head.

The R-2 respirator is most widely used in the civil defense system. Р-2 is a filtering half-mask, providing the possibility of repeated use and stay in it for up to 12 hours; designed to protect the respiratory system from radioactive and ground dust. Since R-2 does not enrich the air, it can be used

1 All about gas masks and respirators. Tutorial. Moscow, 1992.

2 Atamanyuk V.G. Civil defense. Moscow, 1986.

only when the concentration of oxygen in the air is not less than 17%, it also does not protect against toxic gases and vapors. If moisture accumulates inside the respirator, it is recommended (if possible) to remove it for 1-2 minutes and wipe the inner surface, and then put it on again.

The R-2 respirator is a filtering mask equipped with two inhalation valves, one exhalation valve with a safety screen, a headband and a nose clip.

Self-priming self-priming hose respirators are used for high concentrations of gases and vapors and oxygen content of less than 16%.

To protect spray painters from paint and varnish mist under especially unfavorable conditions, it is recommended to use a RMP-62 hose respirator.

1	The weight	60 g
2	Filter surface	200 cm2
3	Number of sizes	3
4	Resistance to air flow with middle breathing	less than 9 mm. water Art.

Respirators have a number of advantages: low breathing resistance, low weight. This prolongs the time spent in the respirator and reduces pressure on the face, however, their use is prohibited to protect against highly toxic substances such as hydrocyanic acid, etc., as well as from substances that can enter the body through intact skin.

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MINISTRY OF BRANCH OF RUSSIA

Federal State Budgetary educational institution higher professional education

"RUSSIAN STATE HUMANITARIAN UNIVERSITY"

(RSUH)

BRANCH IN DOMODEDOVO

Secondary vocational education

Baeva Ekaterina Sergeevna

"Respiratory protection equipment"

Test work on student's BJD

2nd year full-time study

Teacher:

Varlamov

Domodedovo 2014

Introduction

1. Personal protective equipment

2. Respiratory protection

3. Methods of respiratory protection

4. Means of skin protection

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

As a result of his activities, a person uses chemical substances, which by their properties have a harmful effect on the body. Despite the constant improvement of technology, the potential danger of situations associated with releases of SDYAV, leaks, etc. is increasing. To protect the population from the effects of SDYAV, as well as to localize the consequences, timely and correct use of personal protective equipment is required. And to detect danger, it is necessary to use means of radiation and chemical reconnaissance.

An important contribution to the development of gas protection was the use of activated carbon to clean the air from toxic substances, proposed in 1915 by the famous scientist N.D. Zelinsky.

The purpose of this work is to study ways to protect the respiratory system from highly active toxic substances.

1. Individual protection means

At work with harmful working conditions, as well as at work carried out in special temperature conditions or associated with pollution, workers are given free overalls, special footwear and other personal protective equipment. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used to protect workers. Individual and collective protection workers - technical means used to prevent or reduce the impact on workers of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors, as well as to protect against pollution (Art.209 Labor Code RF). In accordance with GOST 12.4.011-89 Employees' protective equipment, depending on the nature of their use, is divided into two categories: collective protective equipment and personal protective equipment. Personal protective equipment refers to means designed to ensure the safety of one worker.

Personal protective equipment includes:

1. Insulating suits: pneumosuits, waterproof suits, spacesuits.

2. Respiratory protection equipment: gas masks, respirators, self-rescuers, pneumatic helmets, pneumatic masks, pneumatic jackets.

3. Special protective clothing: sheepskin coats, coats; short coat, short fur coats; capes; raincoats, half-raincoats; bathrobes; costumes; jackets, shirts; trousers, shorts; overalls, semi-overalls; vests; dresses, sundresses; blouses, skirts; aprons; shoulder pads.

4. Protective equipment for legs: boots; boots with an elongated bootleg; boots with a shortened bootleg; ankle boots; boots; low shoes; shoes; shoe covers; galoshes; bots; slippers (sandals); high fur boots, chuvyaki; shields, boots, knee pads, footcloths.

5. Hand protection: gloves; gloves; half gloves; fingertips; handhelds; wristbands; armbands, elbow pads.

6. Head protection equipment: protective helmets; helmets, comforters; caps, berets, hats, caps, kerchiefs, mosquito nets.

7. Means of eye protection: goggles.

8. Face protection: face shields.

9. Protective equipment for the organ of hearing: anti-noise helmets; anti-noise earbuds; anti-noise headphones.

10. Protective equipment against falling from a height and other safety equipment: safety belts, cables; hand grips, manipulators; knee pads, elbow pads, shoulder pads.

11. Dermatological protective agents: protective; leather cleaners; reparative means.

Overalls, special footwear and other personal protective equipment issued to employees are considered the property of the organization and are subject to mandatory return: upon dismissal, upon transfer to another job, at the end of the wearing period instead of the new one received, unless a different procedure is established in the organization.

Personal protective equipment is issued for a certain period, which is calculated from the date of their issuance to the employee.

The administration is obliged to replace or repair overalls and safety footwear that have become unusable before the expiration of the established period of wearing for reasons beyond the control of the employee.

Failure to use personal protective equipment can lead to accidents.

2. Respiratory protection

Filtering gas masks

Filtering masks GP-5 and GP-4u are used to protect the respiratory system, eyes and face from poisonous, radioactive substances and bacterial agents. The principle of the protective action of gas masks is based on the fact that the contaminated air used for breathing is preliminarily purified from harmful impurities using special absorbers and filters.

To protect the respiratory organs for the adult population, filtering masks GP-5, GP-7, GP-4u, etc. can be used. The GP-5 gas mask consists of a gas mask box and a face piece (helmet-mask). In addition, a box with anti-fog films and a bag are included with the gas mask. The filter element in the gas mask box is activated carbon.

The size of the GP-5 gas mask box is half the size of the GP-4u gas mask box; box height about 70 mm, diameter 107 mm.

The front part of the GP-5 gas mask is a rubber helmet-mask with goggles, fairings and a valve box with inhalation and exhalation valves. The gas mask box is screwed directly onto the valve box (without corrugated connecting tube).

Isolation devices and gas masks

Unlike filtering gas masks, isolating devices and gas masks completely isolate the respiratory system from the environment. Breathing in them occurs due to the oxygen in the device (gas mask) in a compressed form or in the form of a chemical compound. Isolating devices (gas masks) are used when filtering gas masks cannot provide reliable protection, namely: at high concentrations of OM; when working with unknown substances that are poorly retained by a filtering gas mask; in case of a lack of oxygen in the air, for example, when extinguishing fires in premises.

The isolating devices (gas masks) include: oxygen isolating devices KIP-5, KIP-7 and KIP-8, isolating gas masks IP-4, IP-46, IP-46M.

In KIP-5, KIP-7 and KIP-8, the air necessary for breathing is freed from carbon dioxide in a regenerative cartridge and enriched with oxygen in a breathing bag from an oxygen cylinder; and in the IP-4, IP-46 and IP-46M gas masks, the necessary breathing air is freed from carbon dioxide and enriched with oxygen directly in a regenerative cartridge filled with a special substance.

3. Respiratory protection

To protect the respiratory system from radioactive dust, in addition to filtering gas masks and isolating devices and gas masks, anti-dust respirators of various types, dust-cloth masks, cotton gauze dressings, etc. can be used. Usually they are a front part (mask or half mask) on which filter elements are mounted.

Anti-dust respirators are devices designed to protect the respiratory system from harmful aerosols.

Respirator R-2 it is used to protect the respiratory system from radioactive, industrial and ordinary dust. It can also be used when acting in the focus of bacteriological damage to protect against bacterial agents in the air in the form of aerosols. For children from 7 to 17 years old, a child respirator is intended, which differs from an adult in size.

Respirator ШБ-1 "Petal" made of a special material with high filtration capacity and is intended for single use. Its weight is about 10 g. A properly fitted respirator retains up to 99.9% of dust.

In the absence of gas masks, reliable protection of the respiratory system from radioactive dust is provided by an anti-dust cloth mask and a cotton-gauze bandage, which can be made by the population itself at home.

Anti-dust fabric mask PTM- 1 consists of a body and a mount. The body is made of four to five layers of fabric. For the top layer, coarse calico, staple fabric, knitted fabric are suitable, for the inner layers - flannel, cotton or woolen fabric.

The mask is removed on command or independently, as soon as the danger of immediate injury has passed. The removed contaminated mask must be turned inside out and placed in a bag or bag. As soon as possible, the mask should be deactivated (cleaned or shaken out of radioactive dust), then washed in hot water with soap and rinsed thoroughly several times, changing the water. The dried mask can be reused.

Cotton-gauze bandages are usually disposable. After removing the contaminated dressing, it is destroyed (burned or buried). When using the simplest respiratory protection, dust goggles should be worn to protect the eyes. You can also make glasses yourself: stick a foam rubber rim on a strip of glass or transparent film, and fasten the strings around the edges.

4. WITHskin protection products

Skin protection includes regular clothing and footwear. Ordinary capes and raincoats made of PVC or rubberized fabric, coats of drape, rough cloth or leather provide good protection from radioactive dust and bacterial agents; they can also protect against droplets of organic substances for 5-10 minutes, wadded clothing protects much longer.

To protect the feet, industrial and household boots, rubber boots, galoshes, felt boots with galoshes, leather and leatherette shoes are used.

Rubber or leather gloves and tarpaulin gloves can be used to protect your hands. When using ordinary clothing as a means of protection for greater sealing, it is necessary to fasten it with all buttons, tie the cuffs of sleeves and trousers with a braid, raise the collar and tie it with a scarf. protection respirator gas mask

For more reliable protection of the skin, it is recommended to use a simplified protective filter set, which, with special impregnation, can provide protection from OM vapors. The kit can consist of ski, work or school, normal male suit or a standard quilted jacket (jackets and trousers), gloves (rubber, leather or impregnated woolen, cotton), rubber boots for industrial and household use or rubber boots with impregnated stockings, felt boots with galoshes, shoes made of leather and imitation leather.

Clothes taken for impregnation must completely (hermetically) cover the human body. The most accessible means for impregnating clothes at home are solutions based on synthetic detergents used for washing clothes, or a soap-oil emulsion.

To obtain 2.5 l of the solution required for impregnation of one set, take 0.5 l of detergent and 2 l of water heated to 40-50 ° C, then mix thoroughly until a homogeneous solution is obtained.

Clothes impregnated with the indicated solutions are odorless, non-irritating to the skin and easy to wash. The impregnation does not destroy the clothing and facilitates its degassing and decontamination.

The simplest means of skin protection are worn immediately before the threat of injury from radioactive, toxic substances or bacterial agents. After that, put on a gas mask (in case of radioactive or bacterial contamination, you can use a respirator, a PTM-1 mask or a cotton-gauze bandage), raise the collar of the jacket (jacket) and tie it with a scarf, put on a hood, a hat, gloves (mittens).

Conclusion

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used to protect workers. Personal and collective protective equipment for workers - technical means used to prevent or reduce the impact on workers of harmful and (or) hazardous production factors, as well as to protect against pollution (Article 209 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

You should not save on personal protective equipment and violate the law, because the consequences of this violation can lead to serious consequences and even death.

The correct use of RPE is highly dependent on the behavior of the individual worker, and even when used correctly, it is not stable (see Respirator). Therefore, the legislation requires the employer to use the RPE to preserve the health of workers only when it is impossible to provide acceptable working conditions in other, more reliable ways - by changing technological process, sealing of equipment, automation of production, the use of local and general ventilation, etc. In addition, harmful substances that pollute the air can enter the body not only through breathing, but also with insufficient adherence to the rules of personal hygiene (food, drink, etc. . NS.). The RPE cannot prevent the ingestion of harmful substances into the body in such ways, and this also makes the reduction of air pollution more preferable.

List of used literature

1. Repin Yu.V. "Fundamentals of Human Security" Manual for the course "Fundamentals of Life Safety. 1996 "

2. Sitnikov V.P. "Fundamentals of Life Safety". M .; WORD, 1997

3. Toropov SA Industrial gas masks and respirators 1940.

4. Shershneva L.I. "Human Security". M .; AST - 1994

5. Chukaev K.I. Poisonous gases 1915

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Respiratory personal protective equipment (gas masks, respirators, cotton-gauze bandages) and skin protection (protective suits). Characteristics and types of filtering and isolating gas masks. Means of protection for skin and exposed areas of the body.

Construction of RPE

To prevent contaminated air from entering the respiratory system, the RPE must separate them from the surrounding polluted atmosphere (for this, front part), and provide the employee with clean or purified air suitable for breathing (filters are used for this, or a source of clean air: external - with supply through a hose, or autonomous - supply in cylinders, in a chemically bound form, etc.). RPE type and its protective properties depend on the design of its components and the principle of operation (cm. Respirator classification) .

Front part

The front part of the RPE is used to separate the respiratory system from the surrounding contaminated atmosphere, and can be tightly attached to the face, and loosely attached.

Facials that fit tightly to the face

Mouthpiece- the front part held between the lips and teeth. For a more secure fit, it can be equipped with a headband and a chin rest. It is mainly used in self-rescuers. Often the mouthpieces are equipped with a nose clip and safety glasses.

Quarter mask- covers the mouth and nose, but does not cover the chin. In the USSR, quarter-masks were not made, and in the Russian Federation they did not receive distribution.

Half mask- covers the mouth, nose and chin. Can be made of filter material (filter half mask) or airtight elastomer material (elastomer half mask). Elastomeric half masks are made with removable gas mask, anti-aerosol or combined filters, or they are connected to a source of clean air. Elastomeric half masks with non-removable filters (disposable) are also produced, but they have not become widespread in the Russian Federation.

Full face mask- covers the mouth, nose, chin and eyes, is used with replaceable filters, or connected to a source of clean air.

• Due to the tight fit, these face pieces can be used in inexpensive RPEs that do not have a forced supply of breathable air under the mask, since they are able to prevent ambient air from entering the respiratory system during inhalation. And when these face pieces are used in conjunction with a pressurized source of breathable air under the mask, their protective properties are greatly enhanced.

Facials with a loose fit to the face

Air Hood- The face part of the RPE, which is freely worn on the head, which completely covers the head, is usually made of impermeable fabric.

Pneumatic helmet- the front part (hard), which covers the face and head, and additionally provides protection of the head from mechanical influences.

Types of RPE and restrictions on the area of ​​their permissible use

Pneumatic jacket- the front part, consisting of a hood and jacket, made of impervious materials.

Pneumosuit- the front part, made of impermeable material, and completely covering the whole body. Air jackets and air suits provide the most reliable protection for employees, and are used mainly in the nuclear industry (when clean air is supplied through a hose).

• All of these face pieces can only be used when they are forcibly supplied with air (pressurized, continuously, or on demand while inhaling). For air supply, autonomous sources (filter cleaning units, cylinders, etc.) can be used, or remote ones - with supply through a hose.

Source of breathable air

Application of RPE in industry

With the right choice of RPE, its effectiveness in practical use depends very much on how correctly the front part is matched to the face of a particular worker (if there is a discrepancy in shape and size between the mask and the face, gaps arise through which polluted air can enter the respiratory system), and on how correctly the RPE is used. Therefore, in developed countries, where both the employer and the PPE manufacturer are liable in the event of injury to the worker, the use of PPE occurs within the framework of a (written) respiratory protection program, is regulated in detail by legislation and - in accordance with the requirements of this legislation - is checked by inspectors, routinely and employee complaints. To regulate the choice and organization of the use of RPE in developed countries, respiratory protection standards have been used for several decades (see. Legislative regulation of the choice and organization of the use of respirators, and to verify compliance with the requirements - specific instructions for conducting inspections for inspectors.

The relationship between health preservation, the quality of RPE and the organization of their use

In developed countries, there are also standards for the certification of the RPEs themselves - as separate devices. These standards are intended to additions respiratory protection standards by ensuring a specified minimum level of product quality. For example:

The standard for the certification of half-mask respirators contains certain requirements for its quality, the fulfillment of which allows, with the right choice and correct use, to reliably ensure a 10-fold reduction in the pollution of the inhaled air (USA). On the other hand, the standard for the selection and use of respirators requires that the selection of a half mask should not be used when the air pollution exceeds 10 MPC, that only certified half masks are purchased, and that the employer takes a number of specific measures to ensure the correct individual selection and correct use of half masks by trained workers.

The standards for the certification of gas mask filters contain specific requirements for the protective properties of the filters. different types when exposed to several specific harmful gases - under strictly defined conditions. However, the conditions for using these same filters may differ from laboratory (for certification), and the filter life can also be very different from that required for successful certification. In addition, the amount of harmful substances for protection against which gas filters are used is hundreds of times greater than the amount of gases used for certification, and the service life of a gas filter can greatly depend on the type of harmful gases, or their combination. Therefore, for the timely replacement of gas filters, legislation obliges the employer to use filters with end-of-life indicators, or to replace filters on a schedule, using the results of life calculations made using special computer programs or other methods.

• The combination of meeting the requirements for the quality of the RPE and meeting the requirements for their the right choice and the organization of the correct application allows to ensure sufficiently reliable protection of health, and to avoid the occurrence of occupational diseases and the death of workers. This is confirmed by numerous measurements. protective properties RPE of various types, which was carried out right during work in various industrial conditions (see. Respirator), as well as when simulating the performance of work (in the laboratory) and calculations made on the basis of statistical processing of measurement results.

Conclusion

The correct use of the RPE is highly dependent on the behavior of the individual worker, and even when used correctly, it is not stable (see. Respirator). Therefore, the legislation requires the employer to use the RPE to preserve the health of workers only when it is impossible to provide acceptable working conditions by other, more reliable methods - changing the technological process, sealing equipment, automating production, using local and general ventilation, etc. ... In addition, harmful substances that pollute the air can enter the body not only through breathing, but also with insufficient adherence to the rules of personal hygiene (food, drink, etc.). The RPE cannot prevent the ingestion of harmful substances into the body in such ways, and this also makes the reduction of air pollution more preferable.

Literature

State standards of the Russian Federation for RPE - devices

• GOST R 12.4.186-97 Air insulating breathing apparatus.
• GOST R 12.4.189-99 Respiratory protection means. Masks.
• GOST R 12.4.190-99 Respiratory protection means. Half masks and quarter masks made of insulating materials
• GOST R 12.4.191-99 Respiratory protection means. Filtering half masks for protection against aerosols
• GOST R 12.4.192-99 Filtering half masks with inhalation valves and non-removable gas and (or) combined filters.
• GOST R 12.4.193-99 Respiratory protection means. Gas and combined filters
• GOST R 12.4.194-99 Respiratory protection means. Anti-aerosol filters.
• GOST R 12.4.195-99 Respiratory protection means. Classification
• GOST R 12.4.196-99 Occupational safety standards system. Insulating suits.
• GOST R 12.4.214-99 Respiratory protection means. Thread for face pieces. Standard threaded connection
• GOST R 12.4.215-99 Respiratory protection means. Thread for face pieces. Central threaded connection
• GOST R 12.4.216-99 Respiratory protection means. Thread for face pieces. Threaded connection М45х3
• GOST R 12.4.220-2001 Personal respiratory protection equipment. Self-contained insulating apparatus with chemically bound oxygen (self-rescuers).
• GOST R 12.4.231-2007 Respiratory protection means. AX gas mask and combination filters for protection against organic compounds with a low boiling point.
• GOST R 12.4.232-2007 Respiratory protection means. SX gas mask and combination filters for protection against special connections
• GOST R 12.4.233-2007 Respiratory protection means. Terms and Definitions
• GOST R 12.4.235-2007 Respiratory protection means. List of equivalent terms
• GOST R 12.4.241-2007 Personal respiratory protection means additional for work with radioactive and chemically toxic substances.
• GOST R 12.4.249-2009 Occupational safety standards system. Self-contained self-contained breathing apparatus using compressed oxygen or oxygen-nitrogen mixture.
• GOST R 12.4.250-2009 Filtering RPE with forced air supply, used with a helmet or hood
• GOST R 12.4.251-2009 (EN 14387: 2008) Gas and combined filters. General technical requirements. Test methods. Marking
• GOST R 12.4.252-2009 Respiratory protection means. Breathing apparatus with a clean air hose for use with masks and half masks
• GOST R 12.4.253-2011 Respiratory protection means. Self-contained self-contained breathing apparatus with compressed and chemically bound oxygen for mine rescuers.

• GOST R EN 13274-1-2009 Personal respiratory protection equipment. Test methods. Part 1. Determination of the suction coefficient and the coefficient of penetration through the RPE
• GOST R EN 13274-7-2009 Respiratory protection means. Test methods. Part 7. Determination of aerosol filter permeability
• GOST R EN 13274-8-2009 Occupational safety standards system. Personal respiratory protection. Test methods. Part 8. Determination of resistance to dusting with dolomite dust

• GOST R 22.3.06-97 Safety in emergency situations. Personal protective equipment against radioactive substances. General technical requirements
• GOST R 22.9.02-95 Safety in emergency situations. Modes of activity of rescuers using personal protective equipment when eliminating the consequences of accidents at chemically hazardous facilities. General requirements

• GOST R 50990-96 Respirators. Method for determining the coefficient of permeability to dust

State standards of developed countries for RPE - for the selection, issuance and organization of the use of RPE

• American Standard Safety Code for the Protection of Heads, Eyes, and Respiratory Organs, ASA Z2-1938
• American Standard Safety Code for Head, Eye, and Respiratory Protection ASA Z2.1-1959
• American National Standards Institute, ANSI Z88.2-1969 Practices for Respiratory Protection
• American National Standards Institute, ANSI Z88.2-1980, Practices for Respirator Protection
• US Standard: ANSI Z88.2-1992 Consensus Standards for a Respirator Program
• US Standard 29 CFR 1910.134 "Respiratory protection". ... Translation available: Standard 29 CFR 1910.134
• Australian and New Zealand standard AS / NZS 1715: 2009 "Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective equipment"
• British Standard BS 4275: 1997 "Guide to implementing an effective respiratory protective device program" London: BSI

State standards of the USSR for RPE - devices

• GOST 12.4.004-74 Filtering respirators RPG-67
• GOST 12.4.005-85 Method for determining the value of breathing resistance
• GOST 12.4.007-74 Method for determining the temperature of inhaled air
• GOST 12.4.008-84 Personal protective equipment. Method for determining the field of view
• GOST 12.4.028-76 Occupational safety standards system. Respirators ШБ-1 "Petal".
• GOST 12.4.041-89 (2001) Filtering respiratory protection means. General technical requirements
• GOST 12.4.061-88 Method for determining human performance in personal protective equipment
• GOST 12.4.067-79 Method for determination of human heat content in personal protective equipment
• GOST 12.4.075-79 Method for determination of CO2 and O2 in inhaled mixture
• GOST 12.4.081-80 Method for measuring the volumetric flow rate of air supplied to hose-type personal protective equipment
• GOST 12.4.092-80 Method for determining sound damping of personal protective equipment
• GOST 12.4.121-83 Industrial filtering gas masks. Technical conditions
• GOST 12.4.122-83 Filtering and absorbing boxes for industrial gas masks
• GOST 12.4.156-75 Occupational safety standards system. Industrial filtering gas masks and respirators. Nephelometric method for determining the permeability coefficient of filtering-absorbing boxes by oil mist
• GOST 12.4.157-75 Industrial filtering gas masks and respirators. Nephelometric methods for determining the coefficient of suction of oil mist under the face
• GOST 12.4.158-90 Filtering respiratory protection means. Methods for determining the time of protective action of filtering-absorbing boxes for vaporous harmful substances
• GOST 12.4.159-90 Filtering respiratory protection means. Methods for determining the time of protective action of filtering-absorbing boxes for gaseous hazardous substances
• GOST 12.4.160-90 Filtering respiratory protection means. Method for determining the time of protective action of filtering-absorbing boxes for carbon monoxide
• GOST 12.4.166-85 Occupational safety standards system. The front part of the ShMP for industrial gas masks. Technical conditions
• GOST 12.4.174-87 Respiratory protection means. Nomenclature of quality indicators

• GOST 8762-75 Round thread with a diameter of 40 mm for gas masks and calibers to it. Basic dimensions
• GOST 10188-74 Filter boxes for gas masks and respirators. Method for determining resistance to constant air flow
• GOST 17269-71 Gas and dust filtering respirators RU-60m and RU-60mu. Technical conditions

Tutorials

• N. Ivonin Filtering and isolating gas masks 1935 djvu

• Dubinin M. and Chmutov K. Physical and chemical foundations of the gas mask business. Moscow 1939

• Nancy Bollinger, Robert Schutz "NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection" NIOSH, 1987 Translated: "Guidelines for Industrial Respiratory Protection" 1987

• Nancy Bollinger: NIOSH Respirator Selection Guide, 2004. Translated: Respirator Selection Guide. 2004

Respiratory Personal Protective Equipment Books

• Description of gas masks and bandages available in the active armies in 1915 djvu
• Chukaev K.I. Poisonous gases 1915 djvu
• B. F. Grinder What everyone needs to know when working in a respirator 1916 djvu
• I.G. Cinnamon Choking and Poisonous Fumes 1916 djvu
• V.N. Boldyrev Brief practical instruction on fumigating troops Moscow 1917 djvu
• Grindler B.F. What everyone needs to know when working with respirators 1932 djvu
• M. Mitnitsky Wearing gas masks in the production of M 1937 djvu
• Vigdorchik E. A. "Instructions for the use of industrial gas masks" Leningrad 1938 (project)
• Toropov S. A. "Tests of industrial filtering gas masks" Moscow 1938. djvu
• Shafranova A.S. Personal protective equipment M 1939
• S.A. Toropov Industrial gas masks and respirators 1940 djvu