Areas of social policy in Russia
Covers fundamentally the main directions in the development of society. At the same time, the specific tasks facing various branches of social life are being solved. In this regard, there is a defense and environmental, internal and external, cultural and national, economic and social policy of the state. There is also a sphere related to the issues of the political system. Specialists also often use fractional divisions, especially considering the technical, agrarian, demographic and other political sectors.
Due to the fact that all aspects and areas of the life of society are closely interconnected, the above directions also interact. This frequent interpenetration and interweaving determines a rather conditional distinction.
However, there is a sphere that is closest to the entire set of interests and needs of a person. This area is addressed to the social life of the population - the social policy of the state.
This definition should be understood as the activities of the state apparatus, charitable foundations, public organizations aimed at meeting the interests and needs of citizens.
Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation
FGOU VPO "Vyatka State Agricultural Academy"
Faculty of Economics
Department of Economic Theory
COURSE WORK
on economic theory
"The main directions of social policy of the state in Russia"
Introduction
1.2. Main directions of social policy
1.2.2 Employment Policy
2 Social policy of Russia at the present stage of development
2.1.1 Dynamics of income
2.1.2 Employment dynamics
2.2 Institutions of social policy in Russia
Conclusion
Bibliography
In recent years, issues of social policy have come to the center of political discussions in almost all countries of the world, including Russia. And this is not surprising. After all, the success of a given state at the international level depends on how a society lives and develops. Human economic activity, ultimately, has the goal of creating a material base for improving living conditions. Since people in their economic activities are closely related to each other, changes in the living conditions of an individual cannot occur in isolation from changes in these conditions for other individuals. In turn, this requires coordination of the actions of various socio-economic actors to ensure favorable living conditions. This sphere of activity in a modern market economy is largely controlled by the state and is called social policy. In fact, the ultimate goals and results of economic growth are expressed in social policy. Social policy plays, from the point of view of the functioning of the economic system, a double role. As economic growth progresses, the creation of favorable conditions in the social sphere becomes the main goal of economic activity, that is, the goals of economic growth are concentrated in social policy. Secondly, social policy is also a factor in economic growth. If economic growth is not accompanied by an increase in well-being, then people lose incentives for effective economic activity. The higher the achieved level of economic development, the higher the requirements for people who ensure economic growth, for their knowledge, culture, etc. In turn, this requires further development of the social sphere.
Thus, social policy is one of the most pressing topics discussed both at the domestic level and internationally.
The purpose of this course work is to reveal the essence of the main directions of state social policy in Russia.
This goal assumes the solution of the following tasks:
Study the theoretical aspects of the social policy of the state;
Consider the main directions of social policy in Russia;
Identify the positive and negative aspects and prospects for the development of public administration in the social sphere.
The subject of the research is the social policy of the state;
the object of study is the Russian Federation.
When performing the course work, the following research methods were used: analysis, synthesis, statistical method, etc.
The theoretical basis of the study was the works of economists, as well as practicing specialists in the field of social policy of the state, such as: I.P. Nikolaeva, V.D. Roik, A.A. Kochetkov, G.G. Chibrikov, M.A. Sazhin and others.
Information base of the study: Russian legislation on social policy, the content of government programs for the development of the social sphere, statistics from the State Statistics Committee, materials from periodicals, etc.
1 Theoretical aspects of social policy of the state
1.1 Essence and main tasks of social policy
A socially oriented market economy presupposes significant government activity in solving social problems. This is due to the fact that the market economy does not guarantee workers the right to work, standard welfare, education, does not provide social protection for the disabled, the poor, and pensioners. Therefore, it becomes necessary for the state to intervene in the sphere of income distribution through social policy.
There is an opinion that social policy as a historical phenomenon appeared quite recently, that it is a product of the 20th century, even its second half. However, in history there have been no states that somehow did not solve social problems, but, above all, this activity was reduced to inevitable assistance to those affected by crop failures, droughts, natural disasters, epidemics, etc. Social policy is woven into the general system of state policy, and within the framework of the formation of civil society, it expands its capabilities and extends to active non-state associations and groups. The problems of social policy took shape during the nineteenth and twenty-first centuries. And with the growth of the scale of state intervention in social processes, it contributed to the separation of social policy from the entire complex of social regulation as an independent direction, covering a specific sphere of human life and activity. The emergence of the very concept of "social policy" is associated with the formation in the second half of the XIX century. theory and practice of the welfare state, which interferes in social processes with the aim of regulating and stabilizing them. The new functions of the state, which arose in connection with its socialization, acquired a more systemic and qualitatively defined character and were united by the term "social policy" "
A.A. Kochetkov believes that social policy is a system of economic relations that provides each member of society with guarantees of a certain standard of living, the minimum necessary for the development and use of his abilities (labor, entrepreneurial, personal) and securing it in case of loss of these abilities (old people, sick, disabled, children, etc.) M.A. Sazhin, G.G. Chibrikov and many other scientists.
From the point of view of I.P. Nikolaeva, social policy can be understood in the broad sense of the word, as a system of economic relations between state and non-state institutions, on the one hand, and individual social groups and individuals, on the other, regarding the provision of the latter with decent living conditions. In a narrow sense, social policy is an integral part of state economic policy aimed at solving social problems.
However, most often you can see the following definition of social policy and its essence: the social policy of the state is a policy aimed at changing the level and quality of life of the population, at mitigating contradictions between participants in the market economy and preventing social conflicts.
Thus, there are many terms that define this phenomenon, but one thing remains unchanged - social policy is an important part of state policy, without which many people simply could not survive.
Social policy is divided into extended and restrictive.
Extended social policy means the general availability of social programs, the universality of social payments, the all-encompassing nature of the state's redistributive activities.
Restrictive social policy means keeping it to a minimum, to the function of complementing the traditional institutions of the social sphere.
The indicator of the effectiveness of social policy is the level and quality of life of the population.
The living standard of the population is a set of indicators characterizing the level of material consumption of the population, for example, the consumption of products per capita, the provision of these products per one family or per hundred families, the structure of consumption.
The starting point in determining the standard of living is the "consumer basket" - a set of goods and services that provide a certain level of consumption. Changes in the cost of the consumer basket serve as the basis for the policy of forming the population's income. In this regard, the minimum and rational level of consumption is distinguished.
The minimum level of consumption is such a consumption set, the reduction of which puts the consumer beyond the bounds of ensuring normal living conditions.
The rational level of consumption is the amount and structure of consumption that is most favorable for an individual.
The minimum consumption level defines the so-called “poverty line”. The proportion of the population living below the poverty line is one of the most important indicators characterizing the standard of living in a given country. Reducing this indicator, fighting poverty is one of the main tasks of social policy.
Much more difficult to assess is the indicator of the quality of life of the population - a set of mainly qualitative characteristics reflecting the material, social, physical and cultural well-being of the population. This indicator provides for normal working conditions and its safety, an acceptable ecological state of the environment, the availability and possibilities of using free time, cultural level, physical development, physical and property security of citizens, etc.
Social policy is aimed at solving the following tasks:
1) stabilization of the standard of living of the population and prevention of mass poverty;
2) curbing the growth of unemployment and material support for the unemployed, as well as training labor resources of such a size and quality that meet the needs of social production;
3) maintaining a stable level of real incomes of the population through anti-inflationary measures and income indexation;
4) development of social sectors (education, healthcare, housing, culture and art).
Thus, the essence of social policy is to maintain relations both between social groups, strata of society, and within them, to provide conditions for increasing the welfare, living standards of society members, to create social guarantees for participation in social production.
Therefore, an important task of social policy is targeted (i.e., intended for specific groups of the population) social support from the state, first of all, to poorly protected segments of the population. The solution to this problem is aimed at maintaining optimal relationships between the incomes of the active (employed) part of the population and disabled citizens through the mechanism of taxes and social transfers.
1.2 Main directions of social policy
The practice of social policy in developed countries has developed several directions in its implementation:
Regulation of employment of the population;
State policy in the formation of income;
Social protection of citizens;
Policy on education, health care, housing, etc.
It should be noted that this list is essentially a reflection of the main tasks of the state social policy, presented in paragraph 1.1 of the course work.
These directions are discussed in more detail below.
1.2.1 State policy in the formation of income
Incomes between different segments of the population are distributed unevenly, i.e. there is income differentiation - differences in the level of income per capita or per one employed. Therefore, the state pursues a policy in the formation of income. Income inequality is common in all economic systems.
Various indicators are used to quantify income differentiation. The degree of income inequality is reflected by the Lorentz curve (Figure 1), when plotted on the abscissa the shares of families (in% of their total number) with the corresponding percentage of income are plotted, and the shares of incomes of the families under consideration (in% of the total income) are plotted on the ordinate.
The theoretical possibility of absolutely equal distribution of income is represented by the bisector, which indicates that any given percentage of families receive a corresponding percentage of income. This means that if 20, 40, 60% of families receive, respectively, 20, 40, 60% of the total income, then the corresponding points will be located on the bisector.
Figure 1 - Lorentz Curve
The Lorenz curve shows the actual distribution of income. The shaded area between the line of absolute equality and the Lorenz curve indicates the degree of income inequality: the larger the area, the greater the degree of income inequality. If the actual distribution of income were absolutely equal, then the Lorentz curve and the bisector would coincide. The Lorenz curve is used to compare the distribution of income over different periods of time or between different population groups.
The last of the most frequently used indicators of income differentiation is the decile coefficient, which expresses the ratio between the average income of 10% of the highest paid citizens and the average income of 10% of the poorest.
To characterize the distribution of total income between population groups, the population income concentration index (Gini coefficient) is used. The larger this coefficient, the stronger the inequality, i.e., the higher the degree of polarization of society in terms of income, the closer the Gini coefficient to 1. When incomes are equalized in society, this indicator tends to zero
The state income policy is an integral part of the social policy of influencing personal monetary income and the prices of goods and services, and thus also on personal real income. To assess the level and dynamics of the population's income, indicators of nominal, disposable and real income are used.
Nominal income characterizes the level of cash income regardless of taxation and price changes.
Disposable income is nominal income minus taxes and other mandatory payments, i.e. funds used by the population for consumption and savings. To measure the dynamics of disposable income, the indicator "real disposable income" is used, calculated taking into account the price index.
Real incomes characterize nominal incomes, taking into account changes in retail prices (tariffs).
Real disposable cash income is determined based on cash income of the current period minus mandatory payments and contributions, adjusted for the consumer price index.
The state policy of revenues is to redistribute them through the state budget through differential taxation of various groups of recipients of income and social benefits. At the same time, a significant share of the national income goes from high-income strata to low-income strata.
Transfer payments are payments by a government or a firm to a household or firm of money (or a transfer of goods and services) in return for which the payer does not receive goods or services directly.
Social transfers are a system of cash or in-kind payments to the population that are not related to their participation in economic activities at present or in the past. The purpose of social transfers is to humanize relations in society, prevent the growth of crime, as well as maintain domestic demand.
The mechanism of social transfers includes the withdrawal in the form of taxes of a part of income from the middle and high-income strata of the population and the payment of benefits to the most needy and disabled, as well as unemployment benefits. The government also redistributes income by changing prices set by the market, such as guaranteeing prices to farmers and introducing minimum wage rates.
The redistribution of income is carried out by direct and indirect methods. Direct channels of redistribution come from the budget: the funds collected in the form of taxes (the main role here is played by the progressive income tax) is allocated for social programs, benefits and payments. Indirect methods include charitable foundations, preferential taxation of the poor, the provision of free public education and healthcare services to the poor, state control of prices in monopoly markets, and other methods.
Since the sources of income of the population are wages, income from property (dividends, interest, rent), social payments (pensions, unemployment benefits), the problem of protecting monetary income from inflation is of particular importance. For this purpose, indexing is used.
Indexation is a mechanism established by the state to increase the monetary income of the population, which allows it to partially or completely compensate for the rise in prices for consumer goods and services. Income indexation is aimed at maintaining purchasing power, especially for socially vulnerable groups of the population with fixed incomes - pensioners, disabled people, single-parent families and large families, as well as young people.
Income indexation also has significant drawbacks. Thus, it can negatively affect the desire for more strenuous work, and also does not contribute to the implementation of anti-inflationary measures.
1.2.2 Employment Policy
Another important area of social policy is the employment policy, since a high level of employment also ensures the corresponding income of the bulk of the population. The employment rate refers to the percentage of the labor force that is currently employed. The state in its policy seeks to achieve full employment. Moreover, in this context, this concept does not mean the use of all available resources by the economy for the production of goods and services, but a level of employment when there is only frictional and structural unemployment.
Frictional unemployment - unemployment associated with voluntary job changes and periods of layoffs; temporary unemployment during periods of transition of workers from one job to another.
Structural unemployment is unemployment resulting from the discrepancy between the qualification structure of the labor force and the needs of production. Structural and frictional unemployment form the natural rate of unemployment. Unemployment is one of the main problems of the market economy, which must be solved by the state.
In the Western countries, over the past 30 years, a system of social shock absorbers has developed, which the state uses to ensure the economic security of workers. This includes special measures to protect employees from unemployment and to ensure their right to work. In order to regulate employment, the state takes the following actions:
Reduces the length of the working week during periods of mass unemployment;
Fires early retirement age civil servants;
Creates new jobs and organizes public works in the field of infrastructure, especially for the chronically unemployed and youth;
Limits immigration, stimulates the repatriation of foreign workers to reduce the supply of labor in the labor market.
The following is becoming more and more important:
Creation of labor exchanges;
Implementation of programs aimed at training and retraining the workforce.
The next element of the economic security system is unemployment insurance funds. They are formed at the expense of deductions from the wages of the workers themselves, as well as deductions of entrepreneurs from the wage fund. However, there are serious problems at what level to set the payment of benefits, so as not to remove the incentive to find a new job and save people from severe economic hardship; for how long to set the payment of unemployment benefits, so that a person has time to find a new job or change profession. Obviously, the state should care more about those who lost their jobs against their will.
Along with direct measures, there are indirect measures to regulate the labor market: tax, monetary and depreciation policies of the government, legislation in the field of social security, labor relations, etc.
1.2.3 Social protection of citizens
Social protection - support for low-income strata of the population and those who are not included in social production, as well as protection of persons working for hire through state regulation of the labor regime and its remuneration, the rights of the employee. This side of social protection is determined by the level of economic development of the country, the balance of political forces and the level of self-awareness.
The social protection system includes compulsory types of social insurance, its voluntary types; the state social assistance system and social assistance programs for enterprises.
Social protection principles:
Social responsibility of society and the state;
Social justice in the field of labor relations,
The universal and obligatory nature of the protection of employees from social and professional risks, the minimization of these risks;
State guarantees of social protection;
Economic and social freedom of workers in the field of labor and their personal responsibility;
The interest and solidarity of the subjects of protection in the formation and improvement of protection systems;
Multilevel and multidirectional methods of social protection, multidirectional measures of social protection.
The state system of social assistance is implemented through the mechanism of social programs. The most important part of the state social security program and the main mechanism of social protection of workers in a market economy is social insurance. It applies to persons who have had a permanent job for some time and who have lost it due to illness, unemployment, or retirement age. Compulsory forms of social insurance are distinguished: general social insurance, professional social insurance, territorial social insurance, as well as compulsory types of social insurance: insurance of pensions, against industrial accidents, in case of unemployment, sickness insurance, medical insurance. The most important direction of the pension insurance policy is the implementation of the concept of "dynamic pension": bringing pensions in line with the level of wages of the working population. Thus, it will be possible to prevent the depreciation (due to inflation) of the funds accumulated by the employee by means of regular deductions.
It is the responsibility of the state to provide a functionally capable system of health insurance institutions. Potential accidents at work and occupational diseases are covered by the accident insurance system. Social protection of workers, as the most important direction of the social policy of the state, is extremely important, because the majority of the population in all countries is made up of working people whose only (or main) income is wages, which means that they are economically vulnerable and have nothing to rely on other than state power.
1.2.4 Social Industries Development Policy
Housing policy is considered in the modern economy as an element of social policy designed to provide the necessary housing conditions. Easily and quickly resolved housing problems increase the territorial mobility of the labor force, which, in the context of significant structural changes, acquires special significance, because it increases production efficiency.
In the traditional version, this direction of social policy is carried out by allocating funds from the budget to provide assistance to workers who rent housing. However, there are alternative options: the state is able to encourage independent housing construction. In this case, various possibilities are used. For example, the territorial authorities themselves create relatively cheap housing complexes and rent them out to families with low incomes. Another way of social support in this area involves the use of housing built by private building cooperatives. The role of the state in this case is reduced to the fact that it provides construction companies with land free of charge, provides them with preferential loans or applies more lenient taxation to them. Under this option, the government usually controls the amount of housing rent, setting a ceiling on the amount of income for owners of rented housing. In some cases, it is necessary to act even more decisively: to withdraw land from private property and use it for state housing construction.
The state policy in the field of health care is reduced to providing conditions for maintaining the health of the population. In modern market conditions, this task is solved in the following directions:
Prevention of massive epidemics;
Ensuring the availability of high-quality and timely medical care;
Promotion of a healthy lifestyle, etc.
It should also be noted that health policy is closely related to such an element of social policy as the regulation of incomes of the population, since the availability of medical services largely depends on their level. As practice shows, developed countries strive to provide a minimum free list of medical services to the population (for example, ambulance services), but most of them are still provided on a paid basis. At the same time, to pay for treatment costs, special funds are created, formed from deductions from the wages of employees.
Education policy is also aimed at ensuring the availability and quality of education for the population. In developed countries, secondary education is compulsory and is free for the majority of the population, while training in specific professions is free (for certain categories of people) and on a paid basis (for the majority of the population).
2.1 Statistics of basic social indicators
2.1.1 Dynamics of income
According to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, income differentiation in Russia in 2009 reached such a level that the share of 10% of the wealthiest population accounted for 31.0% of the total cash income (in 2008 - 31.1%), and the share of 10 % of the poorest population - 1.9% (1.9%). At the same time, the Gini coefficient over the past five years has become even closer to unity, which indicates an increase in income differentiation in the country (Table 1).
Table 1 - Distribution of the total cash income of the population of Russia in 2005-2009.
| Indicators | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| Cash income - total, percent | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| including for 20 percent population groups: | |||||
| the first (with the lowest incomes) | 5,4 | 5,3 | 5,1 | 5,1 | 5,1 |
| second | 10,1 | 9,9 | 9,7 | 9,8 | 9,8 |
| third | 15,1 | 14,9 | 14,8 | 14,8 | 14,8 |
| fourth | 22,7 | 22,6 | 22,5 | 22,5 | 22,5 |
| fifth (with the highest income) | 46,7 | 47,3 | 47,9 | 47,8 | 47,8 |
| Funds ratio (income differentiation coefficient), in times | 15,2 | 16,0 | 16,8 | 16,8 | 16,7 |
| Gini coefficient (income concentration index) | 0,409 | 0,416 | 0,423 | 0,422 | 0,422 |
Although, it must be admitted, the number of people below the “poverty line” has significantly decreased (Table 2), the income of the population has increased (Figure 2).
Table 2 - The size of the population with cash incomes below the subsistence level and the shortage of cash income
Figure 2 - Dynamics of the main indicators of real incomes of the population in Russia in 2007-2009
So, in 2009. the volume of monetary incomes of the population was formed in the amount of 28388.8 billion rubles and increased by 12.5% in comparison with 2008. The population spent 19635.6 billion rubles on purchasing goods and paying for services, which is 5.0% more than in 2008. Savings for this period amounted to 5602.3 billion rubles, which is 67.3% more than in the previous year.
As for the size of wages, the minimum wage (minimum wage) is applied to regulate it, as well as to determine the size of various social benefits. Over the past five years, this indicator has grown significantly: from 720 rubles. in 2005 up to 4330 rubles. currently .
2.1.2 Employment dynamics
According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, the number of the economically active population aged 15-72 (employed + unemployed) in March 2010. amounted to 74.6 million people, or more than 52% of the total population of the country. Compared to February 2010 the number of unemployed has practically remained at the same level.
The unemployment rate, calculated as the ratio of the number of unemployed to the number of economically active population, in March 2010 amounted to 8.6% (Figure 3).
Figure 3 - Unemployment rate in Russia in 1999-2010
Employment rate (the ratio of the employed population to the total population of the corresponding age) in March 2010 amounted to 61.2% (table 3).
Table 3 - Economic activity of the population
| Indicators | IV quarter 2009 | 2010 r. | I quarter 2010 | I quarter of 2010 to IV quarter of 2009, (+/-) | ||
| January | February | March | ||||
| Thousand. human | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| Economically active population aged 15-72 (labor force) | 75570 | 74569 | 74464 | 74646 | 74560 | -1010 |
| employed | 69503 | 67737 | 68028 | 68228 | 67998 | -1505 |
| unemployed | 6067 | 6832 | 6436 | 6418 | 6562 | 495 |
| In percents | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| The level of economic activity (economically active population to the population aged 15-72) | 67,8 | 66,9 | 66,8 | 67,0 | 66,9 | -0,9 |
| Employment rate (employed to population aged 15-72) | 62,4 | 60,8 | 61,1 | 61,2 | 61,0 | -1,4 |
| Unemployment rate (unemployed to population aged 15-72) | 8,0 | 9,2 | 8,6 | 8,6 | 8,8 | 0,8 |
The total number of unemployed classified in accordance with the ILO criteria is 2.9 times higher than the number of unemployed registered with state employment services. At the end of March 2010. 2234 thousand people were registered as unemployed in state institutions of the employment service.
2.1.3 Indicators of housing conditions of the population
The main indicators of the living conditions of the population are shown in Appendix A and Tables 4, 5.
Table 4 - Granting subsidies to citizens for paying for housing and utilities
Table 5 - Provision of social support to citizens for paying for housing and utilities
Based on the data presented, we can conclude that:
Situations Russians' living conditions are slowly but surely improving;
Fewer people received subsidies / social support for paying for housing and utilities, but the amount of payments themselves increased.
2.1.4 Demographic situation
According to the Goskomstat of Russia, the resident population of the Russian Federation as of December 1, 2009. amounted to 141.9 million people and since the beginning of the year has increased by 3.2 thousand people, or 0.002% (as of the corresponding date of the previous year, there was a decrease in the population by 117.4 thousand people, or 0.083%).
Natural population decline in January-November 2009 decreased in comparison with the corresponding period of 2008. by 113.0 thousand people. The increased migration gain fully compensated for the numerical losses of the population and exceeded them by 1.4% (Figure 4, Table 6).
Figure 4 - Replacement of natural population decline by migration growth,%
Table 6 - Indicators of the vital movement of the population
| Indicators | January-November | For reference, per 1000 people of the population in 2008 as a whole | |||||
| thousand | per 1000 population1) | ||||||
| 2009 | 2008 | increase (+), decrease (-) | 2009 | 2008 | 2009 VC 2008 |
||
| Births | 1610,3 | 1566,9 | +43,4 | 12,4 | 12,1 | 102,5 | 12,1 |
| Of the deceased | 1834,6 | 1904,2 | -69,6 | 14,1 | 14,7 | 95,9 | 14,6 |
| including children under 1 year old | 12,9 | 13,2 | -0,3 | 8,12) | 8,72) | 93,1 | 8,52) |
| Natural decline | -224,3 | -337,3 | -1,7 | -2,6 | 65,4 | -2,5 | |
| Marriages | 1117,1 | 1102,3 | +14,8 | 8,6 | 8,5 | 101,2 | 8,3 |
| Divorces | 636,9 | 642,1 | -5,2 | 4,9 | 4,9 | 100,0 | 5,0 |
|
2) Per 1000 births. |
|||||||
In January-November 2009 an increase in the number of births was observed in 71 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, a decrease in the number of deaths - in 73 constituent entities.
In the country as a whole, the excess of the number of deaths over the number of births was 1.1 times (in January-November 2008 - 1.2 times), in 20 constituent entities of the Russian Federation it was 1.5-2.0 times.
Natural population growth in January-November 2009 recorded in 25 constituent entities of the Russian Federation (in the corresponding period of 2008 - in 21 constituent entities).
The main state institutions implementing social policy in Russia include:
President of Russian Federation;
State Council;
The State Duma;
Council of the Federation;
Federal executive bodies (ministries, services, agencies, foundations) that carry out state policy in the social sphere within the framework of their powers and areas of competence;
Public Chamber of the Russian Federation;
Public Council for Housing Policy under the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation.
In addition, there are a large number of research organizations in Russia dealing with social policy issues; below are just a few of them:
All-Russian Center for Living Standards (VTsUZh);
Institute for Socio-Political Research RAS (ISPI RAS);
Research of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISEI Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences);
Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of Population RAS (ISEPN RAS);
Institute of Sociology RAS (IS RAS);
Institute for Comparative Social Research (CESSI);
Independent Institute for Social Policy (IISP), etc.
Plus, the role of non-profit organizations (NPOs) as active participants in social policy is gradually growing in society.
Enterprises as the main economic entities in the economy can also rightfully be considered as participants in social policy at the micro level.
Unfortunately, as part of the course work, it is difficult to reflect all the diversity and interconnection of the functions and activities of the above subjects of social policy. Nevertheless, the conducted research allows us to conclude that at present in Russia the resource for the development of social partnership between the authorities, business and civil society is actively developing.
2.3 Assessment of the main directions of state social policy
Analyzing the main directions and assessing the effectiveness of social policy pursued in Russia, the author of the course work came across many opinions, often polar in content. The number of experts speaking on this issue is infinitely large. In this regard, three points of view are presented below: official (state), public (results of population surveys), and scientific (expert), which, according to the author of the course work, best give an idea of state social policy.
So, according to the Analytical Center of Yuri Levada (Levada Center), which regularly conducts surveys of the population on social issues, the opinions of Russians on this issue are as follows (see Appendix B):
Over the past five years, the absolute majority of citizens were primarily concerned about the rise in prices (over 70% of respondents). This is not surprising, since inflation in Russia is still at a high level (8.8% in 2009);
The problem of the growth of unemployment, in comparison with 2005, began to worry a much larger part of Russians (56% of those polled in June 2009 against 25% in 2008). This result is also quite understandable - in February 2009 the unemployment rate reached its peak since the beginning of the crisis (9.4%);
The problem of poverty in June 2009, despite the crisis, worries fewer people than it was in 2005. The statistics given in paragraph 2.1.1 of the course work fully explains this dynamics.
Among other pressing social problems, which received more than 20% of the votes, the following were noted:
Sharp stratification into rich and poor, unfair distribution of income (again the opinion of society is confirmed by the data of official statistics - see paragraph 2.1.1);
Inaccessibility of many types of medical services;
The crisis of morality, culture, morality;
Corruption, bribery;
The growth of drug addiction;
The growth of fees, the inaccessibility of education.
In this regard, it is interesting what the authorities are doing about this and how they assess their efforts. Below are the theses of the speech of the Minister of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation T.A. Golikova at the opening of the First Conference of Ministers of the Council of Europe member states:
« <…>Due to the financial crisis and the decline in production, significant groups of the population of our countries have suffered material losses. Many groups of the population developed a distrust of the existing financial and economic mechanisms. Today, social cohesion faces new challenges and new risks.
And in this regard, we, the heads of social ministries, have to solve a difficult task. On the one hand, we must soften the blows of the crisis on the most vulnerable groups of the population, on the other hand, in discussions with representatives of financial and economic ministries, we must defend the amount of financial resources allocated by the state to fulfill social obligations.
The Russian Federation has made a decision in principle that even in the current global financial crisis, all social obligations undertaken in the period prior to the onset of the financial crisis will be fulfilled at the proper level. The social obligations included in the budget of the Russian Federation are not reduced during the financial crisis.
In an immediate response mode, we took special measures to reduce social tensions, primarily in relation to the deteriorating situation on the labor market. At the highest government level, monitoring of dismissals of workers in connection with the liquidation of organizations or the reduction of personnel is organized and is carried out on a weekly basis. We are closely following the processes of transferring a number of enterprises to the mode of reduced working hours.
The Russian Federation has allocated additional, very significant funds for advanced vocational training of workers in the event of a threat of mass layoffs. And also for the creation of temporary jobs, the organization of public works, the organization of the relocation of the dismissed, to work in another locality. Naturally, with their desire and consent. Special measures are being taken to develop small business and self-employment of unemployed citizens.
The employment situation in the Russian Federation is under control. Rapid response measures in most regions of Russia are working quite effectively.
The focus of regional authorities is on the employment of the population with low monetary incomes, as well as unemployment among those citizens who, due to objective reasons, do not have sufficient competitiveness in the labor market.
Even in this difficult period, we intend to continue large-scale transformations in the social sphere.
The system of pension provision for citizens of the Russian Federation is actively developing and will continue to develop in the future. Especially in terms of government assistance to supplementary pension insurance.
It entered into force on October 1, 2008, and on January 1, 2009, the state began to co-finance the funded part of the labor pension of citizens. Part of the contributions to the funded part of the future pension is paid by the citizen, the other part is paid by the state (12 thousand rubles per year). The third party to co-financing can be an employer who receives tax benefits for this. Already today, over the five months of the law's work, more than 1 million Russian citizens have used this right.
The improvement and development of the state system of material support for young families who have given birth to second and subsequent children continues. This year, families who took out mortgage loans for the purchase of housing were able to use the funds of the so-called maternal family capital to pay off mortgage loans (and this is an amount of 300 thousand rubles). The federal budget has allocated significant funds for these purposes in the amount of up to 26 billion rubles (approximately 580 million euros).
Serious transformations will be carried out in the healthcare sector as well. This year, it is planned to adopt the Concept for the development of healthcare for the period up to 2020. The task was set to significantly improve the quality of medical services and increase the availability of medical care for all groups of the population without exception.
The key direction of health care will be the formation of a healthy lifestyle, the upbringing in every person of the need to strengthen their health and the health of their children.
First of all, this is overcoming bad habits (consumption of alcohol and tobacco), development of a physical culture and health-improving system, a significant improvement in occupational safety and health at the workplace.
Large-scale organizational, structural, financial and economic transformations, which are supposed to be carried out in Russian healthcare, are aimed at solving this problem.
Despite the financial crisis, the volume of financial support for the program of state guarantees in 2009 almost doubled compared to 2008. Absolutely all strata of society, including representatives of business, public and non-state institutions, are involved in overcoming the problems of the financial crisis.
It is especially important now that the well-functioning mechanism of social partnership does not fail. Hearing and understanding each other, finding a compromise and a mutually acceptable solution is the main task in social dialogue.
<…>Our task today is to minimize the social consequences that the financial crisis generates and to avoid any further social upheavals. "
As a third party's opinion, an excerpt from E.G. Gontmakher's lecture is given below. "Social Policy in the Context of the Russian Crisis", read on March 12, 2009 at the Bilingua Literary Café club within the framework of the "Polit.ru Public Lectures" project:
«<…>You know that Rosstat regularly publishes the Gini coefficient, different stratification coefficients. They are growing. And they have been growing in recent years. The principle is this: the rich get richer faster than the poor get richer. This principle existed until recently. The problem is not only in the numbers of income. We have some very interesting numbers. Half of the working population does not go to the doctor. Including those who are in need. Because either there is no money, or there is a reluctance to stand in lines. The fact is glaring.
<…>But it's not just about income. And the fact that more than half of our population is cut off from modern goods: high-quality medical care, high-quality education, including school. What happened to us? At one time we talked about the fact that there should be social mobility, mixing of different strata, etc. But this did not happen in our country.
<…>In Japan, a system has developed in which a person's life depends on which kindergarten he is in. And we have this ossified social scheme has developed regardless of the crisis.
<…>How can this process be assessed? I consider it negative. I am not exaggerating how these processes are taking place in the West. There are also many problems there. Still, there is more equality of living conditions there. We say that the Far East and Siberia are bare. That these are bad people, who leaves from there? Are these deserters who do not want to defend our cities from the Chinese? No. A person is looking for where it is better. And he goes to Moscow.
<…>We are now discussing the problem of the middle class. According to research done by the Independent Institute for Social Policy, a highly respected institution, the middle class has not increased in seven years. There is no demand for it. The middle class also includes normal jobs that involve intellectual intensive work. We have no demand for these jobs. The data show that we began to depend on gas, oil, timber even more than in 1999, when we began to get out of the crisis in 1998.
<…>I will not talk about such things as corruption, the quality of public administration, etc. I will only say that our main problem, if we talk about the crisis, the main stone that stands in our way out of the crisis is our state.
<…>We discussed, even before the crisis, the 2020 program and stumbled on one thing. Who will build this innovative economy of 2020? People in poor health? Two thirds of schoolchildren have chronic diseases, which, by the way, are not treated. Nobody is doing this.
<…>About universities. They buy diplomas from us. And if they don’t buy, then they pay for purely symbolic education. Even, by the way, not in the worst universities. Yes, we have a record number of people with higher education per capita in the world. So what? Our diplomas are of little value. Moscow State University is the only Russian university that is included in the first hundred of the international ranking. He is in 85th place. True, our craftsmen have built their own home-grown rating, and it turned out that he is in 5th place in the world. But, unfortunately, this is not the case!
<…>This is the very difficult state of our society and human potential. What to do? When you criticize, you always have to offer something. Otherwise, don't criticize.
<…>Social policy is also a cog. There are other cogs as well. Economic policy, financial policy, foreign, domestic, etc. If we now, even in our heads, build an ideal social policy without doing anything with other cogs, we are doomed to failure. And now the agenda for Russia is very difficult. This is worse than it was under Peter the Great. This is where the problem is. Promotion should be everywhere. I'm not a naive person. And I understand that there can be no prosperous social policy against the background of the failure of everything else.
<…>There are many models in the world (social policy - author's note) - and all are different: Chilean, American, European models. What we proposed, for example, for the pension reform, and which began to operate in Russia in 2002, is a combination of Poland, Hungary and Sweden. But this is in this particular case. I am not a supporter of social policy having some kind of label, such as "Scandinavian" or "Continental". The experience of Germany and the Scandinavian countries is closest to me personally. And Canada, the country where, according to all estimates, life is most comfortable. The criteria for the effectiveness of social policy are not the amount of money spent on it, but the indicators of people's lives. Life expectancy, years of study, the situation with unemployment, etc. And Canada is initially close enough to us: it is a federal country, a northern country. There are, of course, many differences as well. The size of the population, the fact that there are mainly migrants, etc. But I would take some elements of the Canadian-German-Scandinavian model. But this is manual and very delicate work.
<…>I know how information flows to different tables. This was brought in, but this was not brought in. It's good that Medvedev works with the Internet. I always remember the words of Putin about the work of an intelligence officer: "This is the collection of information and its rechecking." I often have the feeling that it is not being rechecked. Someone came, said - that's all. And you call the one who says differently. Here, of course, there is a problem when you see two points of view, but you have to make a decision. What if you pull out the wrong card! After all, this requires additional efforts, revision, and maybe even admitting mistakes. Unfortunately, these instruments of mutual exchange of messages between the authorities and society are not built in our country. This is our big problem. "
Summing up the polemics on the state's social policy, it should be noted that there are many positive aspects in this sphere in Russia, but problems have always been, are, and are likely to be. Unfortunately, there are no universal methods for solving them. To date, many programs have been written aimed at improving the socio-economic situation in Russia. How successfully they will be implemented can be judged only after a certain period of time.
social policy protection of the population
In this course work, such important issues of the social policy of the state as the regulation of incomes of the population, the provision of employment and the policy of the state in the labor market, the issue of social assistance and social guarantees were considered.
In conclusion of the study, we can conclude that the social policy of the state is one of the important issues, without the solution of which it is impossible to create a harmonious market economy and achieve prosperity in all spheres of society. In addition, and most importantly, the social sphere is an area that cannot be disadvantaged in terms of attention, funding, etc. It is also important that in a developing market economy (especially during the economic crisis), the regulation of processes in the social sphere is very difficult and often the state neglects the interests of the population for the sake of the reforms being carried out.
Having considered the main directions of social policy of the Russian Federation, we can conclude that, despite the presence of some negative aspects, there are many positive ones. And, in the opinion of the author of the work, outlining the guidelines for an active social policy in Russia, one should take into account the experience of developed countries with their achievements and problems. One cannot but take into account the fact that even in a developed economy, difficulties in the resource provision of the social sphere will increase. This imposes not only higher requirements on the per capita gross domestic product and on the level of costs for its production, but also may give rise to the need for a certain tightening of the conditions for the provision of social support. These global trends must be timely taken into account in Russian practice.
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Appendix A
Main indicators of housing conditions of the population
| Indicators | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| The total area of residential premises per inhabitant on average (at the end of the year) - total, m2 | 20,2 | 20,5 | 20,9 | 21,3 | 21,5 |
| from her: | |||||
| in urban areas | 19,8 | 20,3 | 20,5 | 20,9 | 21,3 |
| in the countryside | 21,0 | 21,1 | 21,8 | 22,3 | 22,3 |
| Number of apartments - total, mln. | 56,4 | 56,9 | 57,4 | 58,0 | 58,6 |
| of them: | |||||
| one-room | 13,1 | 13,2 | 13,3 | 13,4 | 13,6 |
| two-room | 23,0 | 23,1 | 23,2 | 23,4 | 23,6 |
| three-room | 16,5 | 16,7 | 16,8 | 17,0 | 17,1 |
| four-room apartments and more | 3,8 | 3,9 | 4,1 | 4,2 | 4,3 |
| Average size of one apartment, m2 of total living space |
49,9 | 50,1 | 50,4 | 50,8 | 51,3 |
| one-room | 32,2 | 32,4 | 32,3 | 32,5 | 32,6 |
| two-room | 45,8 | 45,9 | 45,7 | 45,9 | 46,2 |
| three-room | 61,0 | 61,1 | 61,0 | 61,4 | 61,9 |
| four-room and more | 87,5 | 88,9 | 91,8 | 93,2 | 95,5 |
| Share of the number of families registered as needing housing in the total number of families (at the end of the year), percent | 11 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 6 |
| Residential buildings overhauled per year, thousand m2 of total area | 4625 | 4768 | 5552 | 5302 | 6707 |
| Residential premises privatized (from the beginning of privatization, as of the end of the year): | |||||
| total, thous. | 20676 | 21980 | 23668 | 25149 | 25838 |
| as a percentage of the total residential premises to be privatized |
56 | 59 | 63 | 66 | 69 |
For a number of reasons, at the initial stage of radical economic transformations in Russia, the main emphasis was placed on the financial recovery of the economy and macroeconomic stabilization. The social sphere and its problems were relegated to the background. As a result, the population of Russia faced a sharp drop in living standards against the background of increasing social differentiation of society, including in terms of wages. The situation on the labor market has worsened, the demographic situation has worsened, an absolute decline in the country's population has begun, and life expectancy has decreased. According to the assessment of the Federation of European Employers, in terms of wages of workers, Russia ranks 23rd out of 29 in Europe (the estimate was given based on the results of July 2011). It is not surprising that a stable layer of “new poor” has formed in the country; those citizens who, even with a permanent job, have incomes lower than those necessary for a normal existence. From all of the above, we can conclude that Russia needs to pursue a social policy aimed at achieving a rational level of consumption for the majority of the population, creating conditions for skilled creative work, and creating an effective system of social protection. The state should be the guarantor of the functioning of social institutions, the preservation and development of systems of social protection of the population.
The main directions of Russia's social policy are:
I. Policy in the field of improving housing conditions.
II. Pension regulation policy.
III. Health policy.
IV. Education policy.
V. Policy in the field of regulation of the level of unemployment and employment.
Vi. Policy in the field of regulation of the population's income.
The practice of social policy in developed countries has developed several directions in its implementation. These include: social policy in the field of health care; social policy in the field of education; social insurance; social protection of employees; wages policy; social measures in the labor market; housing policy.
I. In Russia, providing the population with housing and improving the consumer qualities of the living environment has been and remains one of the most pressing social problems - it is enough to compare the number of square meters per citizen in Russia and, say, in Germany and the United States: 19, 6 m 2 versus 35 and 70 m 2, respectively, not to mention the difference in quality parameters of the average housing.
The total volume of the housing stock in Russia is 2.85 billion square meters. m (19 million residential buildings). However, of them: 62.1 percent are over 30 years old, 3.1 percent (88.7 million sq. M.) Is a dilapidated and emergency fund, in which more than 2.5 million people live;
More than 15 million people live in panel buildings built in the 50-60s, about 40 million people live in uncomfortable apartments. The average housing supply in Russia is 19.7 sq. m per person. This is 2-3 times less than in developed countries (for example, Madrid - 24, Paris, London - 32, Stockholm - 40 sq. M per person).
At least 15% of the country's population huddles in dwellings that are of little use for life, and 12%, in principle, do not have communal amenities. A quarter of the population of Russia lives in relatively prosperous - by domestic standards - housing conditions, that is, in a separate house or apartment with all the utilities, at the rate of 18 m 2 per person.
The national project “Affordable and Comfortable Housing for Citizens of Russia” was largely focused on the fact that people would take mortgage loans and buy apartments. Alas, in the current conditions, most citizens who counted on a mortgage will not be able to take it. Many banks stopped issuing loans or changed the terms of contracts, as there is an unstable situation in the financial markets and there is a problem of low liquidity.
According to experts, under the most favorable circumstances for the development of mortgages, no more than 7-8% of the population of Russia can actually use this financial and economic instrument. At the beginning of 2010. 2.82 million families (5.5% of the total number of families) were registered as needing housing. Over the past year, 244 thousand families received housing and improved living conditions (8.6% of the number registered at the beginning of 2010). Among them, 82.1 thousand families of participants in the Great Patriotic War and family members of the victims (deceased) participants in the Great Patriotic War, which is 2.8 times more than the number of families of the indicated categories registered at the beginning of 2010, 9.2 thousand. families of war veterans, disabled people and families with disabled children (4.2% of their number registered at the beginning of 2010).
An important direction in the implementation of the National Project is the provision of housing for young families. In 2010. the number of young families who received housing and improved living conditions amounted to 29.2 thousand (4.3% less than in 2009), of which 10.6 thousand (more than one third of the number of young families) - living in the countryside. The number of young families registered as needing housing in 2010 amounted to 408.4 thousand (2% more than in 2009), of which 129.9 thousand - living in rural areas (32% of the number of young families). In 2010. out of 10.8 thousand families of young specialists living in rural areas and registered as needy, more than 2 thousand families received housing and improved living conditions.
At the end of 2011, 849.2 thousand citizens (families) were registered in need of better housing conditions, which is 6.3 thousand less than at the end of 2010. The waiting time in line for receiving social housing for low-income citizens is 15 - 20 years. The number of those wishing to improve their living conditions is 61% (31.6 million families). The total demand for housing is about 1.57 billion m 2 (55% of the available fund). The number of young families who have improved their living conditions (including with the use of mortgage loans and loans) while providing assistance at the expense of the federal budget for 2006-2010 is 181.7 thousand families.
Due to the sharp differentiation of the population in terms of income, the solution of the housing problem for the majority of those who wish is more than difficult. At the same time, not only the poor are in line, but also those who are able to purchase housing on their own using a loan or with partial help from the state. Opinion polls show that 85% of Russians would like to improve their living conditions. But only 5-6% can do this immediately at the expense of already accumulated savings, without applying for a loan or loan. The majority of the population, due to lack of savings, cannot buy a new house or apartment, and are forced to postpone such a purchase for many years.
II. The income of the Pension Fund of Russia in 2010 increased compared to 2009 and amounted to 5.14 trillion. rubles. The total volume of expenditures in 2009 amounted to 3.3 trillion. rubles. The total revenues of the Fund's budget in 2011 totaled 5.14 trillion. rubles, total expenses - in the amount of 4.82 trillion. rubles, of which 2.9 trillion rubles will be allocated for the fulfillment of public regulatory obligations on the payment of pensions, benefits and social benefits. rubles.
At present, the old-age labor pension in Russia consists of three parts: basic (guaranteed by the state, and its size is established by law in the form of a fixed amount), insurance (a differentiated part, depends on the results of the work of a particular person) and funded (formed only among citizens of 1967 year of birth and younger).
The average labor pension in Russia after indexation on April 1, 2012 by 3.41 percent is 9.8 thousand rubles. Social pensions will grow by 14.1 percent, as a result of which the average social pension will amount to 5.8 thousand rubles.
Thus, in 2011 the average annual old-age retirement pension, and it is received by over 40 million people, exceeded the pensioner's subsistence minimum by 1.7 times and amounted to 8,412 thousand rubles.
III. However, social services and social assistance do not have a significant impact on the general financial situation of pensioners. The number of pensioners is becoming more and more, their number is increasing by 600-700 thousand per year, the number of disabled pensioners is growing especially intensively, which speaks not only of the aging of the population, but also of the quality of life in general. Pensioners make up a significant portion of the population, depositors and investors. The state, even in its own interests, should pay attention to their social well-being. In the healthcare sector, the practice of paying for medical services is becoming more common - in recent years, every second family had to pay for them independently, we are talking not only about the traditional private dental practice, but also about payment diagnostic examinations, doctors' consultations. Paid treatment is compulsory: the level of well-being of families forced to pay for medical services is not the highest, and in conditions when the scale of paid medicine is expanding against the background of falling incomes of the population, many refuse treatment for material reasons. Over the years of reforms, medicines have ceased to be in short supply, but for many they are not available due to high prices. The pharmaceutical market is currently characterized by instability, sharp fluctuations in the prices of medicines and their growth, and prices are growing both for imported medicines and for domestic ones. The structure of sales has changed towards cheaper medicines, the average check in pharmacies has fallen in price, consumer demand for medical products, products that improve the quality of life, care products and others has decreased. Up to 35% of patients are forced to refuse to buy prescribed drugs. The state introduced incentives for the free purchase of drugs, but due to the lack of financial support, this right for the majority of “beneficiaries” turned out to be formal. The situation is worsening, which is reflected in the gap between the officially proclaimed state guarantees for the provision of medical care to the population and real funding, in the incomplete health care reforms, and inadequate coordination of all structures responsible for the situation in this area. The share of the population's funds in paying for medical services is constantly growing, today it is equal to the share of the state. The most difficult situation with public funding is in small towns and villages, where there is no broad tax base.
The priority national project "Health" assumed the reorganization of the health care system in 2 years so that a standard set of quality medical services would be provided to all those in need. Unfortunately, long queues of patients at the doors of city polyclinics, gathering now long before their opening, indicate that this idea has not been implemented in 2 years. For most healthcare professionals, little has changed. In this regard, a practice has developed when a patient is actually forced to pay a doctor for the opportunity to gain access to free medical care. And if we take into account that about 40-50% of Russians are below the poverty line, this means that a significant part of the population is actually deprived of the opportunity to receive medical care according to their medical insurance policy.
In 2007, 924.8 patients were registered with the diagnosis, established for the first time in life, per 1000 population. The infant mortality rate in Russia in 2011 was 18.6 per 1000 live births. At the same time, a decrease in infant mortality occurred in all federal districts. All this was the result of the "Birth Certificate" program, which currently covers 92.7% of women and newborns.
IV. In 2008. the number of daytime general education institutions has decreased, which is to a certain extent associated with a decrease in the number of school-age children (according to preliminary data, the average annual number of children aged 7-17 years has decreased by 4.7%), at the same time, the number of gymnasiums and lyceums has increased. In 2010. 1302.8 thousand people received a certificate of basic general education, 719.6 of a secondary (complete) education. Enrollment in state and municipal secondary vocational educational institutions has decreased in comparison with 2010. by 8.3%. The number of people enrolled in extramural education in 2011 exceeded 3.5 million people. Admission to study at state and municipal universities at the expense of budgets of all levels amounted to 1195.4 thousand people. According to the results of the Unified State Exam (USE), 1566.0 thousand people were admitted to state and municipal universities.
Paid educational services to the population in February 2012 according to preliminary data, it was provided in the amount of 443.6 billion rubles. 28% of families pay for the education of their children, contributing money for optional, additional classes. The share of the population that pays for certain educational services (food, maintenance, school security, individual lessons) increases with the growth of urbanization. In general, 60% of families with school-age children believe that they will not be able to pay for the education of their children at a university.
The current education system is gradually losing its effectiveness. The gap between different levels of the system is widening, theory is breaking away from practice, the number of graduates who do not work in their specialty is growing, and the positions of Russian universities in international rankings are gradually falling.
V. The number of economically active population aged 15-72 years (employed + unemployed) in April 2012 amounted to 75.2 million people, or more than 53% of the total population of the country. In the economically active population, 70.9 million people were classified as employed in economic activity and 4.4 million people were classified as unemployed using the ILO criteria (i.e. did not have a job or profitable occupation, were looking for a job and were ready to start it. in the surveyed week).
Compared to March 2012 the number of employed people increased by 1,064 thousand people, or by 1.5%, the number of unemployed decreased by 502 thousand people, or by 10.3%. Compared to April 2011 the number of employed people increased by 1,143 thousand people, or 1.6%, the number of unemployed decreased by 1,039 thousand people, or 19.2%.
The total number of unemployed classified in accordance with the ILO criteria was 3.5 times higher than the number of unemployed registered with state employment service agencies. At the end of April 2012. 1254 thousand people were registered as unemployed in state institutions of the employment service, which is 4.5% less than in March 2012.
Average age of the unemployed in April 2012 was 35.2 years. Youth under 25 years old make up 28.1% of the unemployed, including those aged 15-19 - 5.4%, 20-24 years - 22.7%. The high unemployment rate was noted in the age group 15-19 years old (32.7%) and 20-24 years old (13.9%). Compared to April 2011 the unemployment rate at the age of 15-19 increased by 4.0 percentage points, and at the age of 20-24 by 0.3 percentage points. On average, among young people aged 15-24, the unemployment rate in April 2012 amounted to 15.6%, including among the urban population - 14.3%, among the rural population - 18.4%. The coefficient of excess of the unemployment rate among young people on average for the age group 15-24 years in comparison with the unemployment rate of the adult population aged 30-49 is 3.2 times, including among the urban population - 4.0 times, the rural population - 2 , 5 times. Among the unemployed, 29.2% are persons whose period of stay in the state of job search (unemployment) does not exceed 3 months. One year or more, 29.7% of the unemployed are looking for work (stagnant unemployment).
In April 2012. among the unemployed, the share of people who left their previous job due to the release or reduction of the number of employees, liquidation of an organization or their own business was 17.9%, and the share of people who left their previous job due to voluntary dismissal was 27.6% (in April 2011, respectively, 21.6% and 22.9%).
The lowest unemployment rate that meets the ILO criteria is in the Central Federal District, and the highest in the North Caucasian Federal District.
Vi. Real disposable cash incomes of the population in 2009 amounted to 101.8%, in 2010 104.7%. In 2011, real disposable cash incomes of the population increased by 0.8% compared to 2010. Cash income (on average per capita) in December 2011 amounted to 31,197 rubles, which is 13.7% more than in December 2010 and 47.9% compared to November 2011. In 2011, the monetary income of the population increased by 9.7% compared to 2010.
The average monthly accrued wages in December 2011, according to preliminary data, amounted to 30,856 rubles. Compared to December 2010, the growth rate was 11.3%, compared to November 2011 - 27.0%. The average monthly accrued wages in 2011 amounted to 23,532 rubles and in comparison with 2010 increased by 12.2%.
Real wages in December 2011 increased as compared to December 2010 by 4.9%. Compared to November this year, real wages increased by 26.4%. In 2011, the growth of the indicator in relation to 2010 amounted to 3.5%.
In the statistics of real disposable cash income, Rosstat includes benefits and subsidies provided by the state. And when the real value of wages is taken into account, the average inflation is laid down. Taking into account the indexation, obligatory payments are also increasing, while the growth of nominal wages is frozen, rather, they are even decreasing. In dollar terms, household income fell even more: taking into account the devaluation of the ruble, their decline occurred by about 35%.
Director General of the Institute for Comparative Social Research (CESSI) Vladimir Andreenkov noted that Rosstat data, as usual, show the average temperature in the hospital and do not fully reflect the contradictory trends in wages in different regions and in different segments of the population. After all, Moscow, as well as other large cities, makes a significant contribution to the increase in the average level of wages. This retouches the extremely low incomes of the population in most regions. But the main reason for the fall in real incomes of the population is huge inflation. In part, this decline, primarily in their own interests, is trying to compensate employers, as there has already been a tendency for salaries to go into the shadows. In times of crisis, the "universal law" is most clearly manifested, according to which the poor become poorer and the rich richer. The most relevant question now is how the proportions between the layers will change. According to some estimates made, a number of trends are already evident. Thus, there will be a significant expansion of poverty at the expense of people who have found themselves completely or partially "overboard", and the middle class, which has grown rather rapidly in recent years, will also shrink. At the same time, a significant drop in income and status of the upper middle class is unlikely to occur. At the end of 2011, the number of people living below the poverty line practically did not decrease. At the end of last week, the Ministry of Economic Development published a preliminary estimate of the number of poor people living in Russia. According to these data, in 2011. 24.5 million people had incomes below the officially established subsistence minimum (6.473 rubles per month). Thus, the poverty situation in Russia has hardly improved. It is obvious that in the conditions of the economic crisis, accompanied by an increase in the unemployment rate and a significant slowdown in the growth of real incomes of the population, and in recent months - even their fall, the situation with poverty can only worsen.
From all this, we can conclude that social policy in Russia is not effective. At present, the number of people with incomes below the subsistence level is very slowly decreasing, and the differentiation of the population by income is increasing; tensions on the labor market are increasing, arrears in the payment of wages, pensions and social benefits are growing; there is a problem with the demographic situation in the country, as the population of the Russian Federation is declining; there is a problem of providing the population with housing and improving the consumer qualities of the living environment; the availability of free medical care and the quality of services are declining; the number of unemployed is increasing every day; the country's education system is close to a state of general stagnation; the quality of life of Russians is at a low level. All this, especially now, during the economic crisis, requires the adoption of adequate measures by reforming public life, by pursuing an effective social policy of the state.
Social policy of Russia
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1. The goals of social policy and its main directions
Social policy is one of the most important directions, an integral part of the internal policy of the state. It is designed to ensure expanded reproduction of the population, harmonization of social relations, political stability, civil harmony and is implemented through government decisions, social events and programs. It is she who ensures the interaction of all spheres of society's life in solving social problems.
The goal of social policy is to improve the welfare of the population, to ensure a high level and quality of life characterized by the following indicators: income as a material source of livelihood, employment, health, housing, education, culture, ecology.
Social policy is the activity of the state and other political and social institutions aimed at the progressive development of the social sphere of society's life, at improving the conditions, lifestyle and quality of life of people, at ensuring their vital needs, providing them with the necessary social support, assistance and protection using for these purposes, the financial and other social potential of the relevant institution.
The government has identified as the main goal of social policy improving the living standards of the population and reducing social inequality, ensuring universal access to basic social benefits, first of all, high-quality education, medical and social services.
The tasks of political activity include not only the improvement of the living conditions of people, but also the development of their social qualities - industriousness, discipline, social responsibility, social activity, moral foundations, and, consequently, - the improvement of the people's way of life determined by these qualities.
The goals of social policy (social priorities) are:
Achievement of improvement of the material situation and living conditions of people;
Providing employment for the population, improving the quality and competitiveness of the labor force;
Guarantees of the constitutional rights of citizens in the field of labor, social protection, education, health protection, culture, housing;
Reorientation of social policy towards the family, ensuring the rights and social guarantees provided to the family, women, children and youth;
Normalizing and improving the demographic situation, reducing the mortality rate of the population, especially children and citizens of working age; improvement of social infrastructure.
Among the primary goals are the elimination and prevention of further arrears in the payment of wages, pensions and benefits; formation of a system of state minimum social standards (social standards); legislative consolidation of the procedure for determining and using the indicator of the size of the living wage, clarification of the methodology for calculating it; introduction of the tax code. It is also envisaged to increase the minimum state guarantees of wages and labor pensions to the level of the subsistence minimum for certain groups of the population; revision of the system and base of taxation of monetary incomes with a view to their more equitable distribution; creation of a full-fledged system of protection of the labor rights of citizens; the beginning of a large-scale pension reform and reform of the social insurance system and housing and communal services.
In a transitional economy, the role of regions in social policy is significantly increasing. The principle of social justice presupposes the alignment of regions according to the level of social development.
It is necessary to develop regional programs for employment, social protection, and support for entrepreneurship. The presence of such programs will allow us to focus funds on the implementation of the most important social priorities.
In regional social policy, the main attention should be paid to the following problems:
Equalization of conditions for budget financing of socially significant expenses;
support for social reforms and social development of problem regions;
adaptation of social reforms to the conditions of the North zone. Recently, the regions have been making their notable contribution to solving social problems. Thus, among the social expenditures of regional budgets, the share used for material support of the unemployed is increasing.
State regulation includes a set of measures to combat poverty and strengthen social protection of the population: increasing assistance to socially vulnerable groups of the population, providing subsidies to low-income families to pay for housing and communal services.
The housing and communal reform carried out in Russia is aimed at reducing benefits for the population, preserving these benefits only for those groups that are unable to pay for housing. The number of people who can apply for various payments, benefits and compensation reaches 100 million. Therefore, with significant budgetary funds allocated for social needs, real assistance that reaches each individual person is often purely symbolic. Poverty can only be overcome if able-bodied citizens earn enough money. In relation to them, the task of social policy should be to provide them with the opportunity to increase their well-being through their work, self-employment, initiative and enterprise. Measures are needed to stimulate investment for domestic producers in order to create new jobs. Until now, the country has not created a labor protection management system that corresponds to the new economic and labor relations; there are no economic mechanisms to induce employers to comply with labor protection requirements. Social protection requires the provision of labor protection at work. At private enterprises, there is practically no control over the observance of labor legislation in this area.
In the conditions of a transitional economy, the former system of social payments and benefits that were provided to each person throughout life is being destroyed. Instead, a new system was created during this period, based on market principles. Help is provided only to those who really need it and cannot earn themselves.
It should be noted that the introduction of new principles should not exclude the establishment of a guaranteed minimum of social payments and benefits for all groups of the population. All social benefits in excess of the minimum must be paid for from the personal income of the consumer of these benefits (as is the case, for example, in the UK, Sweden and in other countries).
The main priorities and areas of social protection and ensuring the required standard of living are:
· Indexation of household income: a set of measures to increase the real consumer content of the basic income of the population;
· Provision of minimum social guarantees for income, the main thing is the living wage. ("On the cost of living in the Russian Federation");
· Regulation of minimum standards and regulations: minimum regulatory expenditures of the consolidated budget for education, health care, housing, social services, etc.
· Providing benefits, discounts and subsidies. The main problem is their financial insecurity, therefore, at present, benefits are being converted into the form of targeted social benefits with their preservation only for the poor population (housing subsidies).
· Compulsory social insurance. Compulsory social insurance is intended to compensate for material losses caused by temporary or permanent interruption of work due to age, illness, work injury (payment of pensions, sick pay, unemployment benefits, etc.).
· Social security - aimed at the maintenance of disabled members of society: the elderly, disabled people, children, those who have lost their breadwinner. This system also includes social services: nursing homes, stay centers, prosthetics.
· Social assistance: it is not permanent and is of a purely specific, declarative nature. The criterion for eligibility for this type of assistance is defined as income below the subsistence level per family member.
One of the main tasks is to support those social institutions that use the most scarce and necessary for the future "human resources", to identify unique and difficult to reproduce resources, to search for technologies for their preservation. This refers primarily to education and science. A successful social policy is designed to create conditions for the future development of the country.
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- Baranova Irina Vladimirovna, Candidate of Science, Associate Professor
- Don State Agrarian University
- SOCIAL POLITICS
- POPULATION PROTECTION
- STANDARDS OF LIVING
This article examines the role and directions of social policy in Russia. Attention is paid to the directions of state policy in the field of an effective system of social protection and the standard of living of the population.
- Activities of the ministry of social policy of the sverdlovsk region on the organization of social protection of the population
Social policy is one of the most important directions of state regulation of the economy. Since the ultimate goal of the state's activities is to achieve a high level of well-being of society and create conditions for its further development, social policy is directly related to solving this problem. The state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of social support of citizens is formed in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
The role of social policy is twofold. First, as economic growth progresses, the accumulation of national wealth and the creation of favorable social conditions for citizens becomes the main goal of economic activity. From this point of view, the goals of economic growth are concentrated in social policy, and all other aspects of economic development are beginning to be considered as means of implementing social policy.
Secondly, social policy is a factor in economic growth. If economic growth is not accompanied by an increase in well-being, then people lose incentives for effective economic activity. At the same time, the higher the achieved level of economic development, the higher the requirements for people who ensure economic growth, their knowledge, culture, physical and moral development. In turn, this requires further development of the social sphere (Fig).
The main tasks of social policy:
- implementation of social protection of a person and the implementation of his basic socio-economic rights;
- providing conditions for improving the well-being of every person;
- maintaining a certain status of various social groups;
- development of social infrastructure (housing and communal services, transport and communications, education, health care, informatization);
- the formation of economic incentives for participation in social production;
- creation of conditions for all-round human development.
Figure - Directions of social policy in Russia
Federal and regional legislation distinguishes certain categories of the population protected by certain legal acts, since they will be in difficult life situations, such as:
- invalids of the Great Patriotic War and families of the dead servicemen;
- citizens affected by the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and radioactive releases in other places;
- unemployed;
- forced refugees and displaced persons;
- children - orphans, children left without parental care and the family in which they live;
- low-income families;
- large families;
- single mothers;
- citizens with HIV or AIDS;
- persons without a fixed abode.
For these categories social protection is considered as a system of permanent or long-term measures guaranteed by the state, providing conditions for overcoming a difficult life situation. These measures are aimed at creating the protected categories of the population equal opportunities with other citizens to participate in the life of society. These include social assistance and social support.
Social help- periodic or regular activities that contribute to the elimination or reduction of a difficult life situation.
Directions of social policy in the field of an effective social protection system (table):
Table. Directions of social policy in the field of an effective social protection system
The indicator of the effectiveness of social policy is the level and quality of life of the population.
The standard of living of the population is the level of consumption of material goods (provision of the population with industrial consumer products, food, housing, etc.)
The "real picture" of the standard of living is the "consumer basket", which includes a set of goods and services that provide a certain level of consumption.
In this regard, the "minimum consumption level" and "rational consumption level" are distinguished. The first is understood as such a consumption set, the reduction of which puts the consumer beyond the bounds of ensuring the normal conditions of his existence. This is where the so-called "poverty line" passes. At the same time, one should not confuse the “minimum consumption level” with the “physiological minimum consumption”, below which a person simply cannot exist physically. The share of the population below the “poverty line” is one of the most important indicators characterizing the standard of living in a given country.
“Rational consumption level” reflects the amount and structure of consumption that is most favorable for an individual. The statistics of approaching such consumption is of corresponding importance for assessing the standard of living.
The situation in the social sphere in the Russian Federation actualizes the problem of choosing the optimal model of social policy. In modern conditions, the confrontation between its two alternative variants is intensifying - the policy of the social and subsidiary state. At the same time, in recent years, in practice, the implementation of the doctrine of the welfare state has become more active, as evidenced by the national projects put forward by the President of the Russian Federation, which affect the main areas of socio-economic development: education, health care, housing, agriculture.
In particular, it is envisaged to increase the wages of workers in education and health care in order to stimulate the improvement of the quality of educational and medical services, the development of mortgage lending to solve housing issues, measures to support domestic agricultural producers. The implementation of these projects will be important for improving the level and quality of life of the inhabitants of our country.
Bibliography
- Constitution of the Russian Federation // Official site. - [Electronic document]. - Access mode: http: //www.constitution.ru/10003000/10003000-3.htm Date of access: 10.02.2016.
- Didenko Yu.S., Baranova I.V. Forecasting and analysis of the socio-economic development of the Rostov region // Scientific and methodological electronic journal Concept - 2015, - T. 13. -p. 1876-1880.
- Moroz D.A., Levchenko D.K., Baranova I.V. Food security and food independence of the Russian Federation // State and municipal management: modern problems, practice of solutions. - 2015. No. 3. S. 73-76.
- E. I. Kholostova Social policy: Textbook / E.I. Kholostova. - M .: INFRA-M, 2001 .-- 202 p.
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