Nicolo amati who are his sons. The secret of the three masters. The most famous Italian students

To use the preview of presentations, create yourself a Google account (account) and log into it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Additional material for music lessons Violin masters

The idea to delight the ear by rubbing hair from a horse's tail against the dried, twisted and stretched intestines of animals arose in time immemorial. The invention of the first stringed instrument is attributed to the Indian (according to another version - Ceylon) king Ravana, who lived about five thousand years ago - probably for this reason the distant ancestor of the violin was called Ravanastron. It consisted of an empty cylinder made of mulberry, one side of which was covered with the skin of a wide-scaled water boa. A stick attached to this body served as a neck and neck, and at its upper end there were holes for two tuning pegs. The strings were made of gazelle intestines, and the bow, curved in an arc, was made of bamboo wood. (Ravanostron has survived to this day among wandering Buddhist monks).

Gradually, bowed instruments spread in different countries of the East, crossed with the Moors to the Iberian Peninsula (the territory of present-day Spain and Portugal), and from the VIII century they appeared in other parts of Europe. In the Middle Ages, there were two varieties of them - rebekas, similar to today's mandolins, and fidels.

The founder of the school of violin makers was Andrea Amati from Cremona. He belonged to one of the oldest names in the city. He began to work on violins as a child (instruments with the 1546 label have been preserved). Amati was the first to establish the type of violin as an instrument approaching in its expressiveness to the timbre of the human voice (soprano). He made violins mostly small, with low sides and a rather high vault of decks. The head is large, expertly carved. Andrea Amati raised the importance of the profession of a violin maker. The classical type of violin he created has remained largely unchanged. Nowadays, Andrea Amati's instruments are rare.

It is generally recognized that the highest perfection of the instrument was given by the student of Amati - Antonio Stradivari, whose name is known not only to musicians, but also to every cultured person. Stradivari was born in 1644 and lived his whole life, never leaving, in Cremona. Already at the age of thirteen he began to study the violin business. By 1667, he completed his studies with Amati (in 1666 he made his first violin without the help of a mentor), but the period of creative research, during which Stradivari was looking for his own model, lasted more than 30 years: his instruments reached perfection in form and sound only at the beginning of 1700 -s.

Stradivari's contemporary and rival was Bartolomeo Giuseppe Guarneri, the grandson of the ancestor of the dynasty of violin makers Andrea Guarneri. Giuseppe Guarneri received the nickname "del Gesu" because on the labels of his instruments he put a badge that resembled the emblem of the Jesuit monastic order. Guarneri's instruments differed from Stradivari's violins in a flatter shape of the soundboard and were covered with varnishes of a wide variety of shades, from golden yellow to cherry (Stradivari's lacquer always had an orange-brown hue after 1715).

Today, at the very top of the violin Olympus, only one master is confidently located - Antonio Stradivari. Until now, no one has reproduced the flying, unearthly sound of his creations. How he achieved this miracle is not known for certain. In his homeland, in the famous Cremona, the traditions of the great Italian are honored to this day - about 500 violin makers work in the city, plus several hundred students from all over the world attend the Stradivari School. But so far no one has managed to repeat the masterpieces of the master.

It is known that Antonio Stradivari's violin was in the collection of the Yusupov princes, who bought it at the beginning of the 19th century in Italy. The instrument has been a family heirloom for almost a hundred years - it was occasionally played by members of the princely family. At the beginning of the 20th century, this violin was kept in the Yusupov palace. In 1917, the violin disappeared, as did the owners of the palace. However, she was not taken abroad, as many believed - in 1919, when the Yusupov palace was turned into the Teacher's House, she was found in one of the hiding places. It turned out that this violin, made by the master just a year before his death, is one of his best instruments!

A rare opportunity to hear a real Stradivarius violin is occasionally given to Petersburgers. Within the framework of the "Palaces of St. Petersburg" festival, two violins, "Francesco" and "Empress of Russia", came on short tours. The history of the latter is inextricably linked with St. Petersburg: created in 1708, it was acquired for the Russian Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, who presented it to her secretary. Subsequently, the instrument often changed owners, and after the revolution it ended up in the fund of the German company Rare Mahold Violins. "Empress" was also performed in December 1993 in Tsarskoye Selo.

Surely you will unmistakably distinguish a violin from any other instrument both in voice and in appearance. In the 17th century, they said about her: “She is just as necessary an instrument in music as in human existence her daily bread”. The violin is often referred to as the "Queen of Music" or "Queen of Musical Instruments".

The work was carried out by a student of grade 6A of the NSSH No. 1 Abutyev Artur Thank you for your attention

These three masters are considered to be the creators of the first modern violins. However, it would be an exaggeration to see them as the first craftsmen who made high quality bowed instruments. They inherited the tradition of making viols (and lutes), represented by the few instruments that survive. There is documentary evidence of the existence of violins, which were used for 30 years (and maybe even earlier) before the appearance of the first instruments known to us by Andrea Amati, dating back to 1546.

On the other hand, figurative materials show that during Andrea's lifetime there was a model of the instrument that was different from the one that Amati in Cremona and his colleagues in Brescia adopted as a standard. This last type of instrument was not substantially changed a century later by the great Antonio Stradivari. Amati was the first to establish the type of violin as an instrument approaching in its expressiveness to the timbre of the human voice (soprano).

Andrea Amati made violins mostly small, with low sides and a rather high vaulted deck. The head is large, expertly carved. For the first time he determined the selection of wood, characteristic of the Cremona school: maple (lower decks, sides, head), spruce or fir (upper decks). On cellos and double basses, the backs are sometimes pear and sycamore. Achieved a clear, silvery, gentle (but not strong enough) sound. Andrea Amati raised the importance of the profession of a violin maker. The classical type of violin he created (the outline of the model, the treatment of the vaults of the decks) remained largely unchanged. All subsequent improvements made by other masters were mainly related to the power of sound. Nowadays, Andrea Amati's instruments are rare. His works are characterized by great grace and perfection of geometric lines.

Amati perfected the type of violin developed by his predecessors. In some violins of an enlarged format (364-365 mm), the so-called Grand Amati, he amplified the sound while maintaining the softness and tenderness of the timbre. With a graceful form, his instruments produce a more monumental impression than the works of his predecessors. The varnish is golden-yellow with a slight brown tint, sometimes red is also found. Nicolo Amati's cellos are also excellent. Violins and cellos, created by the most famous of the Amati family masters - Nicolo, have survived very few - a little more than 20.

Amati violins have a pleasant, clean, gentle, though not strong, tone; these violins are small in size, beautifully finished, they are significantly curved at the top and bottom, as a result of which they do not have a wide and sonorous tone.

About everything that has been dear to people for centuries,
Who will sing for us more sincere and tender?
The soundboard is pressed tightly to the chin,
Like the letters S - two notches on it.
The bow touched the elastic strings, and you froze, gasping for breath:
The excited and warm voice of the violin
As unique as the voice of a nightingale.

My first violin

MY FIRST VIOLIN
They gave it to me in
music school.
The violin was new
shiny smelled of pine needles
and varnish.
I'm scared at first
was to her
touch, that's how she is
seemed tender and
fragile.
But over time I
used to it.
This is how our
friendship!!!

Origin story

Violin - bowed string
musical instrument. Has folk
origin, modern look violin
acquired in the 16th century, received a wide
spread in the 17th century.
Has four strings.
Violin as a folk instrument
especially widespread
received in Poland, Ukraine, Romania and
Yugoslavia.

Violins were made in many countries, but the best violin makers lived in Italy. This is Andrea and Nicolo Amati, Andrea and Giuseppe

Guarneri ....
Nicolo Amati taught
violin case Antonio
Stradivari, whose violins
considered unsurpassed
masterpieces of the violin
skill.

It seemed a simple matter:
Bow, strings, body
discreet -
Craftsman made of wood
Its rude and simple.
Simple tool
wood,
And how wonderful it sounded!
No wonder the Slavs fell in love
His soulful song.
Born in love and
hope,
He laughed and sang and cried:
In the hut - rude, as
before,
And in the castle - sparkling
varnish.

And the master worked, and the shavings
Lay on the floor in a curl
And the strings rang obediently
Under a thin graceful bow.
Simple, skillful hands
Inserted into a violin solo
Living, singing sounds -
An almost human voice.
It contains all the intonations of speech,
And tears, and sadness, and a smile ...
And the world whispers in admiration:
"Your Majesty Violin!"

The craftsmen are known to be very picky
chose materials
We walked through the forest and among the many trees,
first of all, oil, they chose "singers",
those. noticed which spruce they sit on more often
birds then auditioned for doctoral
pipe to appreciate the melodiousness.
We cut down a tree in winter when it sleeps. AND
did not fall, but carefully lowered to the ground.
The secret of making tools was kept
secretly and passed from father to son, from
the master - to the student. Violin in the orchestra
the main instrument is the queen of the most
famous concert halls.

Slowly, slowly
Violinist. the violin master gets along
Will cut through the f-holes, barely breathing, bow
will tighten, the bar will stroke,
Correct the deck, curl,
Varnish carefully.
Now he did the best he could
Now you can play the violin!
Sing queen laugh cry
Your voice and your camp are slender.
How lucky is your violinist
May he be worthy of you!
N. Manushkina "Violin"

Such an unusual structure

SO UNUSUAL
STRUCTURE
Created
violin as an analogue
human
vote. Still,
even on the
modern
technique failed
synthesize
timbre
human
voices and violins.

Leo Tolstoy spoke

LEO TOLSTOY SPEAKED
"If you want,
so that your children
have grown
good
people - teach
play them on
violin ".

Famous violinists
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) - Venetian abbot.
Composer, violinist, teacher, conductor.
Niccolo Paganini (1782-1840) - Italian violinist and
guitar virtuoso, composer. One of the most striking personalities
musical history of the 18th-19th centuries
Johann Strauss (father) (1804-1849) - Austrian composer,
violinist and conductor.
Johann Strauss (son) (1825-1899) - Austrian composer,
conductor and violinist, acclaimed "king of the waltz
Leonid Kogan (1924-1982) - Soviet Jewish violinist
origin, teacher, professor of the Moscow Conservatory,
People's Artist of the USSR.
Vladimir Spivakov (September 12, 1944) - Soviet and Russian
Jewish violinist and conductor, People's Artist
USSR, founder and director of the chamber orchestra “Virtuosi
Moscow

Composer - genius: WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART

COMPOSER - GENIUS:
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
Prominent representative
Vienna classical
schools of composition,
violinist - virtuoso,
harpsichordist, organist.
He wrote many
sonatas, concerts for
violins.

Vladimir Spivakov

Soviet and Russian conductor,
violinist, teacher. Art
director and chief conductor
National Philharmonic
orchestra of Russia and
State Chamber
orchestra "Virtuosos of Moscow",
president of Moscow
International House of Music.
Until 1997, Vladimir Spivakov played on
violin by master Francesco
Gobetti given to him by the professor
Yankelevich. Since 1997, the musician has been playing
on Antonio's instrument
Stradivarius, which was given to him in
lifelong use of patrons -
fans of his talent.

GERMAN VIRTUOSE Violinist DAVID GARRETT

David plays two violins: Antonio
Stradivari 1716 (4.5 million euros) and
Giovanni Battista Guadagnini 1772
(acquired in 2003 for $ 1 million).
Garrett is considered one of the most
successful classical music stars in
world, has released 10 albums, 2 million
CDs were sold only
album "Encore". David has several
awards, among them: Golden Camera,
Gold and Platinum Plates.

Why Sherlock Holmes and Einstein played the violin

WHY SHERLOCK HOLMES AND EINSTEIN
PLAYED THE VIOLIN
Violin practice is great for developing
brain. While playing a piece on the violin, a person can
accidentally solve a difficult
an intellectual task,
This property of the violin is beautiful
was known to Sherlock Holmes.
According to Conan Doyle, the detective played
on the violin when he had to think about something.

Perhaps the most famous physicist -
Einstein was a passionate violinist.
He spoke more than once about
what if he hadn't taken up
science, then for sure became
would be a musician. Classes
he did not leave the violin
all my life playing sonatas and
quartets along the way with
discoveries in
science.

Amati's violin is quietly crying,
And the face of this violin is sad,
How could she get to that wall
This room is beautiful but large.
The subtle sound of almost a child
Flying through golden pears
That voice was so high
As if he came out of human souls.
Stradivari, or friend of Amati,
Were often in the role of executioners,
Not ashamed of the famous nobility,
Got the name of the violinists.
And musicians fly around the world,
The pear tree sings
And his familiar rumbles
They continue to go to the people,
And the violin be proud of a wonderful article,
A cello sings next to her
Stradivari, or friend of Amati,
They drown out a gentle pipe. Boris Mezhiborsky http://www.stihi.ru/2013/01/31/12573 Violin…. That many instruments, sometimes strikingly different from each other and popular throughout Europe, inevitably had to create something that would include all the best. Prototypes of the present violin appeared in one or another country, national schools for the production of a new instrument arose, and the first virtuosos appeared. Already in the 16th-17th centuries, large schools of violin makers emerged in several European countries. In Italy - G. da Salo, G. Magini (Bresha); families Amati, Guarneri, A. Stradivari (Cremona); D. Montagnana, Santo Serafin, F. Gobetti, before. Gofriller (Venice); the Grancino and Testore families, KF Landolfi (Milan); the Galliano family (Naples); the Guadanini family, which for two hundred and fifty years made violins in Turin. The last of the twenty masters of this dynasty died in Turin in 1948.
M. Dobrutsky, the Groblich and Dankwart families worked in Poland. In Austria and Germany J. Steiner, the Kdotz family. Later, the French masters came forward - N. Lupeau, J.-B. Vuillaume; Russians - I. A. Batov; Czech - T. Edlinger, J.O. Eberle. Information that the earliest samples of a professional classical violin were made by the German master Kaspar Duiffoprugar (Tiefenbrucker) (c. 1515-1571), who worked in Lyon, is unreliable. It is known that he made viola, gamba, lute. It is possible that in recent years he also worked on the construction of the violin, taking as a basis the French folk bowed instrument vielu, which could contribute to the emergence of the so-called French small violin. In any case, none of his identical violins have come down to us. Science has also not entirely accurate information regarding the activities of the head of the Breshan instrumental school Gaspar da Salo (Bertolotti) (1540-1609). Only eight instruments remain, attributed to him, but their authenticity is highly questionable. Initially, Gasparo da Salo learned to play the viola in the cathedral chapel of Salo, then to make instruments in the family workshop with his grandfather and father. From 1562 he began to work in Bresse, in the workshop of Girolamo Virha (c. 1523 - after 1574). He made viols, gambas, lutes. Several excellent violas of his work, a double bass, played by the famous D. Dragonetti, have survived. The violins attributed to Salo are for the most part made rather crudely and contradict the fame enjoyed by the master. There are also doubts about Salo's ownership of the violin, which Paganini owned, having bequeathed it to Ole Bul. The violin was inlaid by Benvenuto Cellini, who carved the head of an angel and the figure of a siren (the violin is kept in the People's Museum in Bergen). Judging by the violas made, Gasparo da Salo was the first to embody the classical image of the instrument - the formula of the body contours, the convexity of the decks, their uneven thickness, and used a double mustache. True, the body was still quite massive and the spring was machined along with the bottom deck. The sound of his violas is dark, matte, close to the violas. The varnish is dark bronze. But the first, to the classical form of violin and viola known to us now, were the masters from the Amati family. Amati is an Italian family of craftsmen from Cremona who made violin instruments (cellos and violins), the first mention of which dates back to 1097. Andrea Amati (1520-1578), who made his first violin in 1555, became the founder of the Cremona violin school. The violins he made bore the name Amadus on the labels. He is credited with inventing the design of the modern violin. Based on the images of violins preserved in ancient paintings, one can see that even during the life of Andrea Amati, the model of the violin was significantly different from the instruments that began to be made in Brescia and Cremona.
It is surprising that the violin makers who are considered to be the best to this day lived and worked in the small Italian town of Cremona.
Why Cremona? North of Italy? Look at the familiar places from classical works - Parma Yu Verona, Modena, Milan, Brescia ... Probably, it was not in vain that Stendhal and Shakespeare placed their heroes in these regions ... The industrial north, then non-existent Italy ... Or maybe the special air, the character of the inhabitants, tree species ... Now you can’t guess. But it was in this city that the great masters - Amati, Stradivari and Guarnegi - worked ... Perhaps, only the school of violin makers in Brescia, located very close by, could compete with the Cremona school. It is believed that the founder of the Amati dynasty Andrea studied with the masters of the Brescian school.
It is believed that it was Andrea Amati who became the very first master in the world who began to produce the violins we know today. His violin design became popular and won unprecedented success, first among the musicians of Cremona in the 16th century, and then throughout Europe. For the manufacture of his musical instruments - and he, in addition to violins, made violas and cellos - Andrea Amati used spruce and wavy maple. At the age of 26, he began to put his own mark on instruments and, together with his brother Antonio, opened a workshop. At this time, a plague swept across Europe and his parents and sisters died from this terrible disease. Amati was the first to regulate the selection of a tree typical for the Cremona school: sycamore (wavy maple) from Dalmatia and Bosnia (which was used for gondola oars in Venice) and spruce (less often fir) from the southern slopes of the Alps for the upper deck. He also determined the tone of the varnish - a lighter, dark yellow with a bronze and reddish tint. The most important thing is to change the sound of the violin. He managed to achieve a soft, unusually beautiful, close to the human voice (soprano) sound. The not very strong, chamber tone of his violins, the ease of sound production corresponded to the aesthetic norms of the era, ensemble practice. Andrea worked on making instruments for the ensemble "King's 24 Violins" of France, Charles IX. For the king's orchestra, he made a total of 38 violins, including treble and tenor ones. Some of them have survived. The violins he made bear the coat of arms of Charles IX of France. Today the oldest surviving violin from this collection was made by him in 1560. Andrea Amati died in 1578 and passed on his skills to his sons, Antonio and Girolamo. His sons, Antonio Andrea (1555-1640) and Ieronimo (Girolamo) (1556-1630), continued their father's work and later worked together on making violins. Amati's tools had a characteristic yellow lacquer color. The model created by Andrea Amati, his grandson, son of Jeronimo, Nikola Amati (1596-1684), brought it to the highest perfection. He was an outstanding master who felt the new requirements of the era, the need to create a truly concert instrument. This forced us to switch to a slight increase in the size of the body ("large model"), a decrease in the bulge of the decks, an increase in the sides, and a deepening of the waist. He paid special attention to the careful selection of wood according to its acoustic properties, improvement of the tuning system of the decks (interval - a second), impregnation of the decks (soil) and the elasticity of the varnish. Its varnish is transparent, golden-bronze with a reddish-brown tint. Constructive changes made it possible to achieve greater strength and durability of the sound while maintaining its beauty, silvery, characteristic "spice of the bouquet", color. His instruments are still highly regarded by violinists. Nicola Amati managed to create a school of violin makers, to educate genuine violin creators, including A. Stradivari, A. Guarneri, F. Ruggeri, P. Grancino, Santo Serafin, as well as his son, Jeronimo Amati (1649-1740), who completed the work father.
Very figuratively the relationship between Nicola Amati, Antonio Stradivari and Andrea Guarneri was described by the Weiner brothers in their novel "A Visit to the Minotaur". The book clearly traces two storylines linking the Middle Ages and modernity. The drama of the great masters, their searches, reflections, impulses. Read the novel. This is a wonderful detective story and such a story about the greatness of the Spirit and the history of the creation of the Miracle ... I guarantee that you will not regret it. It was this novel that prompted me to type "Stradivarius violin" on YouTube and for the first time plunge into a magical world that I did not know anything about before ... Nicolo improved the design of the violin, which had previously been accepted, by creating instruments that had a stronger and more dynamic sound. Today, there are very few instruments made by him, and they are extremely valued for their ideal shape and soft timbre of sounding, close to the sound of a female soprano. A distinctive feature of the violins created by the Amati school of violin makers is a special form of f-holes. Amati perfected the type of violin developed by his predecessors. In some violins of an enlarged format (364-365 mm), the so-called Grand Amati, he amplified the sound while maintaining the softness and tenderness of the timbre. With a graceful form, his instruments produce a more monumental impression than the works of his predecessors. The varnish is golden yellow with a slight brown tint, sometimes red is also found. Nicolo Amati's cellos are also excellent. Violins and cellos, created by the most famous of the Amati family masters - Nicolo, have survived very little - a little more than 20. Unfortunately, the distance was cut off on Nicolo Amati ... a gift from the Amati family…. But there were disciples, great disciples. And also, there are great instruments with the help of which, even now we can listen to great Music, fall and take off, die and be born again ...

Slide 2

Violin

Slide 3

Where did the violin come from?

It is impossible to establish exactly who invented the violin, but it is known for certain that the best examples of this amazingly beautiful sound of the instrument were made in the 17th and 18th centuries. There were entire famous families of violin makers in Italy. The secrets of violin making were carefully guarded and passed on by inheritance.

Slide 4

Violin Craftsmen

The most famous family of violin makers was the Amati family from Cremona, Italy. For a long time it was believed that no one else could create violins with such an amazing and rare melody and tenderness.

Slide 5

Antonio Stradivari

But Nicolo Amati had a talented student of Antonio Stradivari; without exaggeration, he was called a master of masters. He created a violin somewhat larger and flatter than those that existed before him. But the most important thing is that he managed to bring the sound of the instrument closer to the timbre of a human voice.

Slide 6

It is known that Stradivari created over 1000 instruments. Many of them were named after the musicians who played them. Only 540 Stradivari violins have survived to this day, each of which is highly regarded and considered an outstanding work of art.

Slide 7

Violin by Antonio Stradivari

Slide 8

Nicolo Paganini

The history of music knows many famous violinists. The consummate violinist of all time was Nicolo Paganini, who lived in the first half of the 19th century.

Slide 9

Violin in a symphony orchestra

More than a third of the musicians in the symphony orchestra are violinists. This is due to the fact that the violin occupies a leading place in the orchestra due to the beauty and expressiveness of its sound.

Slide 10

Slide 11

There is a legend that Leonardo da Vinci ordered that all the time, while La Gioconda was posing in his studio, there was music performed by strings. Her smile was a reflection of the sounding music.

Slide 12

Norwegian violin hardingfele

In many countries, the clergy took up arms against good violinists - even in quiet Norway they were considered accomplices of the dark forces, Norwegian folk violins were burned like witches.

Slide 13

The most expensive violin

The violin, made by the renowned Italian master Giuseppe Guarneri, was sold in July 2010 at an auction in Chicago for $ 18 million and is the most expensive musical instrument in the world. The violin was made in 1741 in the 19th century and belonged to the famous violinist Henri Vietant.

Slide 14

The smallest violins

In 1973, Erik Meissner made a violin with a height of only 4.1cm. Despite its small size, the violin produces pleasant sounds.

Slide 15

Violin height 1.5 cm

David Edwards, who once played the violin in the Scottish National Orchestra, made the 1.5 centimeters tall violin, the smallest in the world.

Slide 16

Violin-canvas

Violins sometimes serve as a kind of canvas for artists. Julia Borden has been painting violins and cellos for several years.

Slide 17

Before painting the violin, the artist needs to remove the strings and prepare the surface for drawing. Julia Borden's amazing, whimsical, vibrant creations are unique and eye-catching.

Slide 18

Violin as a sculpture

Swedish sculptor Lars Wiedenfalk constructed the Blackbird violin from stone. It was made according to the drawings of Stradivari, and the material was black diabase. The violin sounds no worse than many wooden ones and weighs only 2 kg, since the thickness of the stone walls of the resonator box is no more than 2.5 mm. It is worth noting that the "Blackbird" is not the only such instrument in the world - the Czech Jan Roerich makes marble violins.

Slide 19

Among the works of Mozart there is an unusual duet for two violins. The musicians should face each other and put the page with the scores between themselves. Each violin plays a different part, but both parts are recorded on the same page. Violinists begin to read notes from different ends of the sheet, then meet in the middle and again move away from each other, and in general, a beautiful melody is obtained.

Slide 20

Einstein loved to play the violin and once took part in a charity concert in Germany. A local journalist, admired by his performance, learned the name of the "artist" and the next day published a note in the newspaper about the performance of the great musician, incomparable virtuoso violinist, Albert Einstein. He kept this note to himself and proudly showed it to his acquaintances, saying that he was actually a famous violinist, and not a scientist.

Slide 21

On January 12, 2007, one of the best American violinists, Joshua Bell, agreed to take part in an experiment - in the morning for 45 minutes he played in the lobby of a subway station under the guise of an ordinary street musician. Of the thousands of people who passed by, only seven became interested in music.

Slide 22

View all slides