Official business style of speech. Official business style: features and examples

Plan:

1. general characteristics officially- business style……..pages 3-4

2. Textual norms of business style……………………………pp.4-5

3. Language norms: drafting text, document…….……pp.5-8

4. Dynamics of the norm of official business speech………….…p.8-9

5. List of references…………………………………………p.10

General characteristics of the official - business style of speech

The word official means “government, official official.” “The language of laws requires, first of all, accuracy and the impossibility of any false interpretations” (L. V. Shcherba). Therefore, in official documents, words with a figurative meaning, as well as emotionally charged and colloquial vocabulary, are not used.

The official style is characterized by precisely those specific words, stable phrases and phrases that are commonly called clericalism.

Among the bookish styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, and syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

Characteristic feature formal business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles stereotyped phrases often act as a stylistic flaw, then in an official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural part of it.

Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers. The official business style document is distinguished by its lack of emotional overtones and dryness.

The use of language stamps and stereotypes (clichés) in official documents is mandatory, but in colloquial speech or in works of art inappropriate. An official document should be concise and written in such a way that the necessary information can be found immediately. Therefore, in order to understand what the document is about and to whom it is addressed, it is given a certain form.

There are several substyles of official business style:

Diplomatic substyle is a substyle of diplomatic documents, such as a diplomatic note, government statement, credentials. It is distinguished by specific terms, most of which are international: status quo, persona non grata, ratification, preamble. Unlike other substyles of official business style, in the language of diplomatic documents there is a high, solemn vocabulary to give the document emphasized significance, and etiquette forms of politeness that are generally accepted in international public address are used:

Documentary substyle - the language of legislative documents related to the activities of official bodies, includes vocabulary and phraseology of state law, civil law, criminal law, labor code, code of laws on marriage and family. Adjacent to it is vocabulary and phraseology associated with the work of administrative bodies and the official activities of citizens.

The everyday business substyle is found in business correspondence between institutions and organizations and in private business papers, as well as in official correspondence (business letter, commercial correspondence), official business papers(certificate, certificate, act, protocol), private business papers (application, power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, invoice, etc.). All of them are characterized by a certain standardization, which facilitates their compilation and use and is designed to save language resources and eliminate unjustified information redundancy.

Textual norms of business style

Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by a number of common features.

These include:

1) conciseness, compact presentation, economical use of language;

2) standard arrangement of material, frequent obligatory form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, birth and marriage certificates, monetary documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) widespread use of terminology, nomenclature names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), inclusion of complex abbreviations and abbreviations in the text;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, nominal prepositions (based on, in relation to, in accordance with, in fact, by virtue of, for the purposes of, at the expense of, along the line, etc.), complex conjunctions (due to the fact that, due to the fact that , due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.). As well as various stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (in case...; on the basis that...; for the reason that...; with the condition that...; thus , that...; the fact that...; the fact that..., etc.);

5) narrative character presentation, use of nominative sentences with listing;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the predominant principle of its construction;

7) a tendency to use complex sentences that reflect the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

The main feature of an official document is its standard form: all statements, powers of attorney, certificates and other business papers are written the same way. Since a significant part of the text of such papers is repeated in all documents of this type, for many of them there are forms on which the repeated text is already printed.

Language standards: drafting document text.

Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material, and this undoubtedly makes them easier and simpler to use. It is no coincidence that in certain cases of business practice, ready-made forms are used that only need to be filled out.

It is customary to label envelopes in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this has its advantage for both writers and postal workers. Therefore all those speech clichés, which simplify and speed up business communication, are quite appropriate in it.

In speech, there are ready-made turns of phrase that are familiar to native speakers, which are easily reproduced in any situation. Such phrases are called cliches, which exist in all styles of speech.

Unlike clichés, cliches are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. A speech full of cliches cannot be called expressive; on the contrary, it is a stylistic flaw.

Clericalisms are words and expressions used in an official business style. But when they penetrate other styles, it leads to a violation of stylistic norms.

Clerical notes: in pursuance of the decision, in order to avoid accidents, I attach to the application, present a certificate, place of residence, according to the order, state, cancel, make proposal(s), give preference, upon expiration of the contract, upon graduation, etc.

The form of each type of document is also stable, generally accepted, and standard. A stamp in an official style is justified and appropriate: it contributes to the accurate and concise presentation of business information and facilitates business correspondence.

As an official document, an autobiography has the following structure:

a) name of the document,

b) the text of the biography (it indicates, if possible, the exact dates of the events);

d) date of writing (under the text on the left). In the text of the biography, the writer indicates his last name, first name, patronymic; date, month, year and place of birth, family social affiliation; reports on education, labor and social activities.

Models of syntactic structures used in business correspondence:

We inform (you that) that...; We inform (you that) that...; we inform (you) of (that)…; We notify (you that) that... Joint-Stock Company(company) turns (to you) with a request (that) ... or ... with a request (to you) about ...; the district administration expresses a wish (desire, hope for) ... or ... really hopes for ...; according to instructions...; thanks to instructions; in connection with the refusal... (decision, instructions, implementation, delay, difficulties, intended improvements, possible clarifications)...; in accordance with the agreement (plan, direction, implementation, improvement, success, clarification, implementation)…

Information required for a resume:

1. Last name, first name, patronymic.

2. Address, telephone.

3. Date of birth.

4. Marital status.

5. Education (name educational institution, diploma qualification).

6. Work experience.

7. Additional information (computer skills, knowledge foreign languages etc.).

Example of an autobiography:

From 1967 to 1977 she studied at secondary school № 285.

In 1977 she entered the history department of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute.

In September 1983, she worked as a teacher at secondary school No. 75 in Moscow.

From 1989 to the present I have been working as the director of the above-mentioned school.

Married. I have a daughter.

Husband – Vasiliev Pavel Igorevich, born on August 17, 1959. Currently works as a teacher at the Academy of Postgraduate Education.

Daughter – Vasilyeva Natalya Pavlovna, student.

I live at: 129311, Moscow, st. Academician Korolev, 30, apt. 74.

The official business style is used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law and legislation. Official business speech is characterized by precision of formulation (which would eliminate ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation (it is brought up for discussion, not we bring it up for discussion; cases of non-fulfillment of the contract are noted, etc.), a high degree of standardization, reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relations.

In connection with these properties of the official business style, stable, clichéd phrases play a big role in it: to impute a duty, due to absence, to take measures, for lack of it, after the expiration of a deadline, etc. A striking sign of business style are combinations with verbal nouns: establishing control, eliminating deficiencies, implementing a program, checking execution, etc.

A significant number of speech genres are distinguished here: law, resolution, communiqué, diplomatic note, treaty, instruction, announcement, report, explanatory letter, complaint, statement, different kinds judicial investigative documentation, indictment, examination report, verdict, etc.

It is also necessary to take into account the conditions of communication, which in the business sphere determine the appearance of such a typical feature of the official business style as standardization (pattern, form). Since everything in legal relations is regulated, and communication is carried out according to certain standards that facilitate this communication, the speech standard, the template, turns out to be inevitable, necessary and even expedient and justified.

Due to the obligatory prescriptive nature and the need to formulate legal norms, business speech is also characterized by a special way of presentation. Narration, reasoning and description are not presented here in their “pure” form.

Since in the texts of state acts it is usually necessary not to prove something (analysis and argumentation precedes the compilation of these texts), but to establish and regulate, then these texts, in general, are not characterized by reasoning. The absence of this method sharply distinguishes the official business style from the scientific one, which is similar in a number of other features. This method of presentation, as narration, is also not typical for business sphere communication, since there is no need to talk about any events. Only in such genres as a protocol, a report, partly an agreement, and some parts of a resolution (statements) is there an appeal to a narrative style of presentation.

There are almost no “pure” descriptions in business speech. What looks outwardly like a description actually turns out to be a special prescriptive-statistical way of presentation, in which, for example, the present tense forms of the verb are assumed to have a subtext of obligation.

The official business style is divided into two varieties, two substyles - official-documentary and everyday business.

Each of the subtypes of official business style is unique. For example, the language of diplomacy has its own lexical system, rich in international terms (communiqué, attache, doyen); it uses etiquette words (king, queen, prince, Shahinshah, His Highness, His Excellency, etc.); The syntax of the language of diplomacy is characterized by long sentences, extended periods with branched allied communications, with those involved and participial phrases, infinitive constructions, introductory and isolated expressions.

The language of laws is official language, language state power, in which she speaks to the population. It requires precision in the expression of thoughts, generality, a complete lack of individualization of speech, and standard presentation.

Official correspondence is characterized, first of all, by high standardization. The existence of models and their speech variants, i.e. standards, greatly facilitates the preparation of business letters. Business letters are composed, not written. Brevity and accuracy are also necessary attributes of business letters.

Business papers (application, autobiography, receipt, etc.) should also be written briefly and clearly. They are compiled in a certain form.

Linguistic features of official business style

Vocabulary. 1. The lexical system of the official business style includes, in addition to common and neutral words, words and set phrases that have the connotation of an official business style. For example: proper, above, forwarded, recipient, present (meaning “this”).

• 2. The second feature of the lexical system of the official business style is the presence in it large quantity words belonging to professional (legal and diplomatic) terminology. For example: legislation, conduct, act, powers, levy, legal entity, revoke, revocation.
• 3. The vocabulary of the official business style is characterized by a complete absence of slang, colloquial words, dialectisms and words with an emotionally expressive connotation.
• 4. A feature of this style is also the presence of stable phrases of the attributive-nominal type with a connotation of an official business nature: cassation appeal, one-time allowance, established procedure (usually in the prepositional case: “in the established manner”), preliminary consideration, conviction, the acquittal.
• 5. The specificity of the lexical system of the official business style is the presence in it of archaisms, as well as historicisms. Archaisms: this, that, such, assurance of respect. Historicisms: His Excellency, Your Majesty. The named lexical units are found in certain genres official business documents, for example, historicisms - in government notes.
• 6. From a number of synonyms in the official business style, words are always selected that express the will of the legislator, such as, for example, decree, oblige, prohibit, permit, etc., but not say, advise.
• 7. Many of the words of the official business style appear in antonymous pairs: rights - duties, plaintiff - defendant, democracy - dictatorship, prosecutor - lawyer, accusatory - acquittal. Note that these are not contextual, but rather linguistic antonyms.

Morphology. 1. Among the nouns, names of people are used in an official business style based on a characteristic determined by some action or attitude; for example: tenant, tenant, adoptive parent, plaintiff, defendant.

• 2. Nouns denoting positions and ranks are used here only in the masculine form: witness Ivanova, police officer Sidorova.
• 3. Verbal nouns are widely represented: exile, deprivation, execution, finding, liberation; among them, verbal nouns with the prefix non-: non-fulfillment, non-compliance, non-recognition occupy a special place.
• 4. To avoid inaccuracies, the noun is not replaced by a pronoun and is repeated even in a nearby sentence.
• 5. The “morphological sign” of the official business style is the use of complex denominative prepositions: for purposes, in relation to, on the subject, in force, in part, etc. Their stylistic coloring is revealed when compared with simple prepositions and conjunctions involved in the formalization of similar relations ; compare: for the purpose of preparation - to prepare, for preparation; due to violation - due to violation.
• 6. In formal business style there is the highest among functional styles Russian language percentage of infinitive compared to other verb forms. Often this ratio reaches 5:1, while in scientific speech it is equal to 1:5.

This quantitative increase in the share of the infinitive is associated with the goal of most official business documents - to express the will, the establishment of the legislator.

7. Of the conjugated forms, the forms of the present tense are most often used here, but with something different, in comparison with scientific style, meaning. This meaning is defined as "present prescription", as opposed to "present timeless", which is common in scientific style.

Syntax. 1. Of the syntactic constructions that have the coloring of an official business style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as a combination with the preposition by and prepositional case, expressing a temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching.

• 2. The need for detailed presentation and reservations explains the complication of simple sentences with numerous isolated phrases, homogeneous members, often lined up in a long chain of points. This entails an increase in the size of a sentence (including a simple one) to several hundred word uses.
• 3. The percentage of complex sentences is relatively low, especially with subordinate reasons; the number of means of expressing logic and consistency of presentation in business speech is three times less than in scientific speech. Characteristic, however, is the widespread use of conditional constructions, since many texts (codes, charters, instructions) require stipulating the conditions of offenses and law and order.
• 4. In many genres of official business texts, infinitive constructions with the meaning of obligation are widely represented, for example: Specified solutions must be announced to the public.
• 5. The syntax of the official business style is characterized by “stringing the genitive case,” i.e. the use of complex phrases with several dependent components in the genitive case form without a preposition.
• 6. The official business style, like the scientific one, is also characterized by an objective word order, and

Grammatical features of official business style

Comparison of business, scientific, journalistic (newspaper) and literary texts allows us to highlight some grammatical features of the official business style:

1. Predominant use of simple sentences (usually narrative, personal, general, complete). Interrogative and exclamatory sentences practically never occur. Of the one-part ones, only impersonal ones are actively used and in some types of documents (orders, official letters) - definitely personal ones: For the purpose of... it is necessary to highlight...; In case... it will be necessary to reduce...; I order...; Draw your attention to...

Of the complex sentences, the most common are non-union and complex sentences with subordinate explanatory, attributive, conditional, reasons and goals, as well as constructions like... fulfilled contractual conditions, which allows... Widespread use of constructions with denominative prepositions (In the order of supervision...; Due to the refusal...; ...due to under-delivery of materials) allows you to avoid the use of complex sentences with subordinate clauses of reason, purpose, conditionals. Subordinate clauses of place and time are generally rarely used.

Formal business style

General characteristics of the official - business style of speech.

Basic language features.

Brief description of substyles and genres.

The official business style serves the sphere of administrative and legal activities. It satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of communication. Genres perform informational, prescriptive, ascertaining functions in various spheres of business life.

General stylistic features of official business speech: 1) accuracy of presentation, not allowing the possibility of other interpretations, detail of presentation; 2) stereotyping, standard presentation; 3) obligatory-prescriptive nature.

2. Basic language features.

Vocabulary:

The official business style system consists of the following linguistic means:

Having the appropriate functional and stylistic coloring (vocabulary and phraseology), for example: plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, delivery, prepayment, identity card and etc.;

Neutral, interstyle, as well as general book language means;

Linguistic means that are neutral in color, but in terms of the degree of usage in the official business style, have become its “sign”, for example: raise a question, express disagreement;

There is a tendency to reduce the number of meanings of words, to make the words and phrases used unambiguously, and to terminology p eat. Texts of this style provide precise definitions or explanations of the terms used (terminological combinations) if they are not commonly used, for example: The short delivery was caused by force majeure (the access roads were washed away by heavy rains);

Many of the words have antonymous pairs: rights - obligations, acquittal - indictment, action - inaction; synonyms are rarely used and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = provision; depreciation = depreciation; repayment = creditworthiness.

To convey the accuracy of the meaning and unambiguous interpretation, complex words formed from two or more words are used: tenant, employer, above, above mentioned

And stable combinations: tax return, destination, joint stock company. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the clichédness of the linguistic means used, which gives the texts of an official business style a standardized character;

Preference is given generic concepts: arrive (to arrive, to arrive, to come), transport means (bus, plane, train), populated paragraph (city, village, town), etc., because official business speech reflects social experience; the typical comes to the fore here to the detriment of the individual, peculiar, specific, since the legal essence is important for an official document.

Morphology:

The use of common nouns as proper names for the purpose of generalizing and standardizing the document: this Agreement, composition of the Contracting Parties;

Preferred use of prepositional - case forms of verbal nouns: based on, in relation to, by virtue of;

Many verbs contain the theme of prescription or obligation: prohibit, allow, oblige, indicate, assign and under.;

The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that is prescribed by law under certain conditions: The accused is guaranteed the right to defense;

When naming a person, nouns are most often used, denoting a person on the basis of an action or relationship, which is intended to accurately indicate the “roles” of the participants in the situation: applicant, tenant, tenant, executor, guardian, adoptive parent, witness, etc.

Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form even when they refer to female persons: police officer Smirnova, defendant Proshina, etc..

The use of verbal nouns and participles is typical: arrival of transport, filing claims, serving the population, replenishing the budget; given, indicated, assigned.

Syntax:

Phrases including complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, and also with the pretext By and prepositional case, expressing temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching;

Use of complex syntactic structures, impersonal and incomplete sentences: Listened..., Decided...;

Clichéd phrases: Please accept me for a position... in a department... at a rate... with....

Business speech is characterized by impersonal presentation and lack of evaluation. There is an unhindered statement, a presentation of facts in a logical sequence.

So, accuracy, unambiguity and standardization of the means used are the main features of the official business style of speech.

2. Brief description of substyles.

Diplomatic substyle found in diplomatic documents: diplomatic note, government statement, credentials. It is distinguished by specific terms, most of which are international: status quo, persona non grata, ratification, preamble etc. Unlike other substyles, in the language of diplomatic documents there is a high, solemn vocabulary to give the document emphasized significance, and etiquette formulas of politeness are also used in international public communication: I ask you, Mr. Ambassador, to accept the assurances of my highest respect... or The Ministry of Foreign Affairs pays its respects... .

Communiqué– official communication about important events for the state.

Convention– an international treaty, an agreement on any issue.

Memorandum– 1) memorandum, official certificate on any issue; 2) a document outlining the essence of the issue being discussed in diplomatic correspondence; 3) a letter with a reminder of something; 4) a list of circumstances in insurance policy, which are not covered by insurance.

Note- an official diplomatic written statement from one state to another.

Legislative (documentary) substyle is the language of legislative documents related to the activities of official bodies. It is characterized by the vocabulary and phraseology of civil and criminal law, various acts, codes and other documents serving the official and documentary activities of state and public organizations, as well as citizens as officials.

Constitution- the fundamental law of the state, establishing the foundations of the political and social structure.

Law- an official state document regulating any area of ​​public life and intended to be observed by all residents of the state.

Decree- an official government document prescribing the implementation, creation, etc. anything at the state level.

Charter- an official internal legislative document establishing standards of conduct, business communication, rights and obligations of members of any society, labor collective etc.

Stationery substyle found in business correspondence between institutions and organizations and in private business papers. In this substyle, the rigor of document preparation is somewhat relaxed; business letters and other papers can be written in any form.

Power of attorney- a personal business document that entrusts something to someone.

Agreement– a written or oral agreement about future actions or mutual obligations that is accepted by two or more persons, enterprises, states, etc.

Statement- a business paper containing a request (to issue or allocate something, to accept somewhere) to a superior person or to a higher authority.

Order- an official business document containing an order from management.

Protocol– 1) a document containing a record of any factual circumstances, official statements (at a meeting, court, interrogation, etc.); 2) an act of a commission or official containing a description of the actions performed and the facts established.

Receipt- a business paper of a personal nature, which is drawn up by a person who takes something for temporary use from someone.

Agreement- an official agreement about something with someone.

Negotiation– a type of business conversation that involves an official meeting of representatives of enterprises, various organizations, etc. with the aim of making or developing mutually beneficial decisions.

Among the bookish styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. The official business style is characterized by the presence of numerous speech standards - clichés.

Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material. It is no coincidence that in business practice ready-made forms are often used that are asked to be filled out. Even envelopes are usually labeled in a certain order; this is convenient for both writers and postal workers.

Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, business papers, etc. Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, official business style is generally characterized by a number of common features. These include:

1) conciseness, compact presentation, economical use of language;

2) standard arrangement of material, frequent use of form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, certificates, monetary documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) wide use of terminology, nomenclature of names (legal, diplomatic, military, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), inclusion of complex abbreviations and abbreviations in the text;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, denominal prepositions (in basis), as well as various stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (by for the reason that...);

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with listing;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the predominant principle of its construction;

7) the tendency to use complex sentences that reflect the logical subordination of some factors to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

There are two types of formal business style: official documentary style and everyday business. In the first, we can highlight the language of legislative documents related to the activities government agencies, and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations. In everyday business style, correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and private business papers, on the other, differ in content and genre.

The language of legislative documents includes vocabulary and phraseology of state, civil, criminal law, various codes, as well as vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies and the official activities of citizens.

The language of diplomacy is characterized by bookish, “high” vocabulary, used to create a certain solemnity and give the document emphasized significance. Diplomatic materials also use expressions related to etiquette and representing generally accepted formulas of politeness: I ask you, Mr. Ambassador, to accept...

5. Journalistic style of speech, its main features. The main genres of journalistic style.

The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”.

The words journalistic (socio-political literature on modern, topical topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics) have the same root as the word journalistic.

Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings:

1) visitors, spectators, listeners;

2) people, people.

The purpose of the journalistic style of speech - informing, transmitting socially significant information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.

The scope of use of journalistic style of speech - socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism - article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

For journalistic style of speech characteristic:

Logic,

Imagery,

Emotionality,

Evaluativeness,

Callability

and their corresponding linguistic means.
It widely uses socio-political vocabulary and various types of syntactic constructions.
Journalistic text is often is being built as scientific reasoning: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways to solve it are analyzed and assessed, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.
Publicistic speeches distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, strict validity. This also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech.
On the other hand, for journalistic speech is typical passion, appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is general availability: It is intended for a wide audience and should be understandable to everyone.
The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. To effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and others figurative means, resorts to the help of colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that enhance emotional impact of speech.
The journalistic articles of V.G. Belinsky, N.A. are widely known. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians V.S. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by outstanding Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Gobber.
M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “ Untimely thoughts"), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov, I.G. Ehrenburg.
Writers S. Zalygin, V.G. are known for their journalistic articles. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V. Lakshin, academician D.S. Likhachev.
TO journalistic style(as mentioned earlier) refers to the speech of the defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory and ability to speak.

6. Artistic style of speech, its main features. Scope of use.

The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Artistic style is a way for writers to express themselves, so it is generally used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays) texts written in advance are read. Historically, artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels, novels).

The features of the artistic style are:

2. Language means are a method of transmission artistic image, emotional state and the mood of the narrator.

3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonymies, etc., emotionally expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.

4. Multi-style. The use of linguistic means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subordinated to the implementation of the creative concept. These combinations gradually create what is called the author's style.

5. The use of verbal ambiguity - words are selected in such a way that with their help not only “to draw” images, but also to put hidden meaning into them.

6. The information transfer function is often hidden. The purpose of artistic style is to convey the author’s emotions, to create a mood and emotional state in the reader.

7.Text. Features, text structure. Information processing of text. Paragraph.

Tex-. These are two or more sentences or several paragraphs, connected into a whole by a theme and main idea, forming a statement, a speech work.

Subject- this is a designation of the subject of speech, that is, those life phenomena or issues that are selected by the author and depicted in his work (often the theme is reflected in the title).

Mainsigns of the text are:

1) completeness, semantic completeness, which manifests itself in the complete (from the author’s point of view) disclosure of the plan and in the possibility of autonomous perception and understanding text;

2) connectivity, manifested, firstly, in the arrangement of sentences in a sequence that reflects the logic of the development of thought (semantic coherence); secondly, in a certain structural organization, which is formed using the lexical and grammatical means of language;

3) stylistic unity, which is that text always formalized stylistically: as a colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic or artistic style.

4) integrity, which manifests itself in coherence, completeness and stylistic unity taken together.

The structure of a text refers to its internal structure. The units of internal text structure are:
- statement (implemented proposal);
- a series of statements combined semantically and syntactically into a single fragment;
- block fragments (a set of interphrase unities that provide integrity to the text through the implementation of distant and contact semantic and thematic connections).

Units of the semantic-grammatical (syntactic) and compositional level are interconnected.

From semantic, grammatical and compositional structure The text is closely related to its style and stylistic characteristics.

Each text reveals a certain more or less pronounced functional-style orientation ( scientific text, artistic, etc.) and has stylistic qualities dictated by this orientation and, moreover, by the individuality of the author.

The structure of the text is determined by the topic, the information expressed, the conditions of communication, the purpose of a particular message and the chosen style of presentation.

Paragraph - 1) indentation at the beginning of the line, “red” line... Each new paragraph reflects one or another stage in the development of actions, one or another characteristic feature in the description of an object, in the characterization of a hero, this or that thought in reasoning, in evidence. There are paragraphs consisting of one sentence. Direct speech is often written from a paragraph, as well as the text that follows it.

Information processing of text– the process of extracting the necessary information from the source text.

8. Functional and semantic types of speech. Forms of speech. Types of speech.

Depending on the content of the statement, our speech is divided into three types:

· description;

· narration;

· reasoning.

The description speaks of simultaneous signs, the narration speaks of sequential actions, and the reasoning speaks of the causes of properties and phenomena.

Description: A huge bird swam on the black water. Its plumage shimmered in lemon and pink colors. It was as if there was a beak with a red leather bag glued to the head.

Narration: The pelican hurriedly crawled ashore and hobbled towards our rest stop. Then he saw a fish, opened his beak, snapped it with a wooden sound, shouted “wek” and began desperately beating his wings and stamping his paws.

Reasoning: Pelicans cannot dive. This is due to the special structure of the bones and the presence of subcutaneous air sacs (according to K. Paustovsky).

The description can be used in any style of speech, but in a scientific style, the description of the subject should be extremely complete, and in an artistic one, the emphasis is placed only on the most striking details. Therefore, the linguistic means in artistic style more diverse than in scientific. In the first there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons and various figurative uses of words are very common.

The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about subsequent actions. The message about changing events is what is “new” in the sentences of such a text. The “data” is the person performing the action. Narratives often use verbs in the past perfect form. But in order to give expressiveness to the text, others are used simultaneously with these forms.

There are two parts to any argument. The first contains a thesis, i.e. a statement that needs to be proven. The second part provides justification for the idea expressed: arguments and examples are given. In reasoning there is often a third part – the conclusion. Thesis and justification are usually connected by the conjunctions because, since. The conclusion is added with the words therefore, thus, therefore. Complete reasoning, the parts of which are connected by conjunctions, is especially common in scientific and business speech. In conversation and artistic speech More often, reasoning is incomplete, and conjunctions are omitted.

9. The word in the lexical system of the language. Polysemy of the word. Homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and their use.

Word- a special unit of language. It is impossible to imagine a language without words.

The set of words forms the vocabulary of a language, or vocabulary. Vocabulary reflects reality, names various concepts - objects, signs, phenomena, processes: forest, trees, deaf, leaf fall, spinning.

One word can have several meanings. It names a number of interrelated objects and concepts: land is “land”, and “surface”, and “soil”, and “territory”, and “state”, which are located on the planet.

The meanings of the word are also related to its origin. In Latin, a person is called homo (from humus - “earth”, “soil”, “fertile layer”). This emphasizes that man is an earthly creature.

One meaning-concept can be expressed in different words. “The one who teaches” is a teacher, mentor, lecturer, educator.

Ambiguous words- words that have two or more lexical meanings.

Examples of polysemous words:
hand(part of the body - left hand ; handwriting, creative style - master's hand).

Homonyms- these are words that have different meanings, but the same spelling:
(example) In fields not mowed with a scythe,
It rained all morning.
Synonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, very close in their lexical meaning. These words are the most precise means of expression:
(example) The sun shone, the steppe sighed, the grass glittered in the diamonds of the rain, and the grass sparkled with gold.
Synonymous series consist of words of one part of speech: face - physiognomy - erysipelas. May include words of different styles.
Synonyms that connect parts of the text, allow you to avoid repetitions of the same word, bring together words that are not synonymous in the language (in the context of the text), are called contextual synonyms:
(example) The blue summer floated by
The blue summer was leaving.
Absolute synonyms are words that completely coincide in meaning.
Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings.
(example)They got along. Water and stone.
Poetry and prose, ice and fire.
Not so different from each other.
Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs by contrast, as in extreme opposites.
Paronyms- these are words with the same root, the same part of speech, close in meaning and sound. The sentence performs the same syntactic functions: deep - deep, heroism - heroism.
Mixing paronyms- a gross violation of literary forms of word usage.

Official business style (ODS) serves the sphere of official relations, in which communication participants perform certain social functions. Situations during such communication are as typical as possible, which gives rise to the standard speech behavior of their participants, therefore many documents are ready-made forms in which you only need to enter the passport data of the document submitter.

The term “official business style” is usually used to designate the peculiarities of the language of official (organizational and administrative) and diplomatic documents. The main function of the official business style is that, requiring a certain form when presenting the content in writing, it gives the text the character of a document and translates the various aspects reflected in this text human relations classified as official business documents.

The main features of ODS are precision of formulation, standard arrangement of material, regulation (limited set of linguistic means), rigor and simplicity, information richness, written form of presentation and impersonality of the statement.

ODS is divided into three substyles - legal, diplomatic and clerical and business. Each of them is reflected in a number of genres. The genres of the legal substyle include the constitution, code, law, charter, resolution; the genres of the diplomatic substyle include a credential, note of protest, declaration, communiqué; the genres of the clerical and business substyle include orders, contracts, notices, orders, as well as all types of documents. of a personal nature (application, complaint, receipt, power of attorney, letter, report / official / explanatory note, autobiography, etc.).

From linguistic features Official business style should highlight the following. TO lexical features UDF refers to the presence of stable expressions and terms denoting the realities of social life, as well as clericalisms that immediately catch the eye, are imprinted and later emerge in a spontaneous and unprepared form in colloquial speech ( proper, undersigned, hear, plaintiff, individual, consumer and etc.). ODS texts lack emotionally expressive vocabulary, evaluative and introductory modal words ( good, bad, like, want, probably, maybe, etc.). The words used in the texts are characterized by limited lexical compatibility, for example, official letter not written, A is being compiled.

In morphological terms noted use short forms adjectives with the meaning of obligation ( obliged, responsible, accountable) and participles ( the decision was made, the candidacy was supported), an abundance of denominate prepositions and conjunctions ( accordingly, in continuation, for the purpose, due to the fact that). To express imperativeness, infinitive constructions are used, reinforced by adverbs and modal words (repairs must be made, I order that measures be taken, it is necessary to begin... etc.).

TO syntactic features ODS texts include the active use of passive constructions ( the order is completed, it is not possible, negotiations are completed) and an abundance of sentences with homogeneous members and isolated phrases, various kinds of cliches and cliches with archaic elements ( according to the act, the punishability of the act).

ODS texts are characterized by sentences with inversion - the subject with an objective meaning follows the predicate ( Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience). Sentences with participial and adverbial phrases make the text information-rich. The texts are dominated by constructions with “stringing” of genitive cases of nouns without prepositions ( Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation is prohibited).

Official business texts are characterized by a high degree of segmentation, which allows you to clearly structure the text, dividing it into articles, paragraphs, paragraphs, and subparagraphs. The text is built according to a template (form), which includes all the elements required for a given genre.

ODS texts, or documents, occupy significant place in life modern man. They regulate our social life, so we feel the need for them every day. That is why each of us must be able not only to correctly interpret a document, but also to draft it correctly. The author composing this or that document must use in it those linguistic means that the genre of the document requires of him, and not “invent” his own phrases that differ from the standard ones.

The document is created in accordance with the genre model of the text with a constant composition, which includes mandatory thematic blocks, i.e. details.

For example, a job application contains the following details:

1) indication of the addressee (name of the manager and enterprise);

2) indication of the addressee;

3) name of the genre of the document (statement);

4) the main content of the request (please accept me...);

5) indication of the date of preparation of the document;

6) signature (handwritten signature).

It is necessary to strictly observe the requirements for the location of details in relation to each other. In the application, the addressee and addressee are indicated in the upper right corner of the sheet. Document title (with capital letter and without a dot at the end, if the addressee is with the preposition “from”, or with a lowercase letter and with a dot at the end, if the addressee is without the preposition “from”) is located in the middle, and the main content is along the width of the sheet. The date is placed at the bottom left, and the signature is placed at the right, on the same line as the date. In this case, empty lines are left between the details. Below the date and signature, free space is left for the resolution. Resolutions are also in the top left corner.

The official business style is the most common style, which functions not only in clerical work and diplomacy, but also in any official relations, for example, in production, at a university, in medical institutions, in the newspaper, etc.

When drawing up documents, generally accepted stable speech patterns are used: I ask your permission to...; I, who have signed below...; the certificate was given... that... indeed...; let me invite you...; I, who live at the address..., trust...

It is extremely important for documents correct usage verbs like trust, assure, guarantee, declare, notify, insist, confirm, notify, offer, order etc. These verbs are used in the first person plural or singular in sentences without a subject, as well as the third person singular when mentioning the addresser, for example: “I ask”, not “I ask”; “we undertake”, not “we undertake”.

The author of the document must be able to accurately and concisely express his point of view on the issue of interest to him. To do this, he must know linguistic means expressing cause-and-effect and other logical relationships, which, first of all, include complex conjunctions and denominate prepositions: for the reason, for the purposes of, on the basis of, in order to avoid, in accordance with, according to, thanks to, in view of and so on.

In official business papers, you should correctly use etiquette formulas of address, indicating the addressee’s respectful attitude towards the addressee: Thank you for..., We kindly ask you..., Unfortunately... It should be borne in mind that in a business letter the second person pronouns ( You, Your) are written with a capital letter, while in ordinary written speech such spelling contradicts the norms of Russian spelling.

In official business papers, familiar address to the addressee is not allowed ( Expensive…), indication of response time in ultimatum form ( Please answer me immediately...)or refusal to the addressee’s request without specifying reasons.

Typical errors in business speech include the following violations:

1) unmotivated use foreign words (prolong instead of extend; appeal instead of address);

2) the use of archaisms ( which instead of which, this year instead of this year);

3) incorrect use of paronyms ( graduated from university instead of graduated from university; introduce the products instead of introduce the products);

4) violation of the norms of using prepositions ( thanks, according to, despite, according to combined with the dative case; as a result, during differ in their spelling from prepositional-case combinations An experienced detective is involved in the investigation; there are rapids along the river).

Here are two options for writing a statement:.

Option 1 (application from whom):

prof. A.M. Shammazov

from a second year student

Faculty of Technology

Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich.

Statement

I ask you to transfer me to part-time study for family reasons. Extract from academic certificate about the tests and exams I passed are attached.

07/25/2012 Personal signature

Option 2 (whose statement):

Rector of Ufa State

Petroleum Technical University

prof. A.M. Shammazov

second year student

Faculty of Technology

Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich

statement.

In connection with the request of the enterprise, which sent me at its own expense for training, I ask you to transfer me to the specialty “Drilling of oil and gas wells”. A letter from the HR department of Burintech LLC is attached.