Use of rock salt. Origin, properties and uses of rock salt

How did the reserves of table salt form in the earth? Why are thick layers of rock salt found in rock layers?

We know that salt is deposited in isolated areas of the earth's surface that have limited communication with the sea, where new portions arrive all the time or periodically sea ​​water and where, thanks to the dry climate, and consequently strong evaporation, the brine becomes more and more saturated.

Where these areas of the surface gradually sank, thanks to the tectonic movements of the earth's crust, thick deposits of table salt formed.

But how did the salt get into the sea? Why are rock salt deposits located either deep in rocks, or protrude to the surface of the earth, or sometimes form so-called salt domes?

To answer these questions, we must first tell you a little about the geological past of our Earth.

Since its inception, the globe has gradually changed its face.

Apparently, billions of years ago our planet was surrounded by a thick, impenetrable curtain of water vapor. They gradually cooled, thickened into clouds and fell to the ground in showers. Water filled the depressions of the earth, forming seas and lagoons. Rainwater, streams from mountain ranges and erupted hot water poured into them.

“One must think,” wrote academician V. A. Obruchev, “that the water of the primeval sea was already salty, since among the gases released from the magma there were components of various salts.”

Chemical compounds that were washed out of rocks and were in the atmosphere were carried along with water in dissolved form. Apparently, table salt ended up in the primordial ocean. According to academician A.E. Fersman, “This is where the story of her wanderings above the earth, underground and in the earth itself begins.”

Water that has entered its constant circulation on the surface globe, throughout the subsequent geological history the earth brought more and more reserves of salts to the seas and oceans.

According to geologists, rivers still annually bring 2,735 million tons of various salts to the seas from land. Of this, 157 million tons are sodium chloride. From this alone one can judge how large the reserves of salt dissolved in the ocean are.

The distribution of continents and oceans on the Earth's surface has changed more than once. This happened during mountain-building processes and from extremely slow fluctuations of the earth's crust, which are observed in our time. The earth's crust in different places either slowly sinks, and then sea water floods the land, or rises, and then the sea recedes and the seabed is exposed.

From the geological past of our Motherland, it is known that more than two hundred million years ago, during the so-called Permian period of the Earth’s history, the waters of the ancient Perm Sea spilled over the vast surface of the European part of Russia, reaching a million square kilometers. It extended from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the Caspian Lowland.

This sea existed for fifty million years. It covered the entire east of the European part of the country. Some of its bays and tongues in the north reached right under Arkhangelsk. In the south, long branches extended to the Donetsk basin and Kharkov. In the southeast it went far to the south.

Over the course of hundreds of thousands of years, this sea has changed its shape. It then retreated, then again flooded a huge expanse of land. This huge sea gradually shallowed, forming separate lakes along the shores. The humid climate gave way to desert winds and sun.

“The young Ural ranges were destroyed by powerful hot winds - everything was blown to the shores of the dying Perm Sea. The sea was moving south. In the north, gypsum and table salt accumulated in lakes and estuaries,” wrote A.E. Fersman. And in the southeast of our country, the Black Sea was then connected with the Caspian Sea, then separated, until, finally, they were finally separated from each other by the last rise of the Caucasus Mountains.

The barren, sandy desert with scattered salt lakes between the Caspian and Aral seas was also once the seabed. The desert soil is still saturated with salt, and it contains many sea shells that once lived in an ancient, disappeared sea.

And in those areas where there were estuaries and bays that had a limited connection with the sea, where there was a dry climate and where the earth’s crust subsided, we now find deposits of rock salt.

As is known, the formation of the earth's crust did not always occur calmly. The gigantic force of underground pressure more than once crushed the earth's crust into folds. Mountain ranges bulged, dips and subsidence occurred. During these displacements of rock layers, layers of sedimentary rocks deposited at the bottom sometimes came to the surface of the earth former seas. Layers of rock salt also came to the surface, while in other places the salt remained buried at great depths.

Let's take a look at the expanses of the CIS. The Volga region, the Urals and Central Asia are famous for their richest salt deposits. Rock salt deposits stretch between the Urals and Emba, from Solikamsk all the way to the Caspian steppes over six thousand square kilometers with a thickness of 450-500 meters. Ukraine is also rich in this regard - salt layers lie in the Donetsk depression, forming large accumulations in the area of ​​​​Artemovsk and Slavyansk.

Due to the difference in vertical pressures in the earth's layers, due to the plasticity of salt, so-called “salt domes” were formed - powerful salt deposits. Salt is so plastic that under pressure it flows like resin and forms rods and domes several kilometers high. In the Caspian region, in Ukraine and in the lower reaches of the Khatanga River there are over a thousand salt domes that formed during the formation of the Ural Mountains.

But underground rock salt deposits are not the only sources of table salt.

A huge number of salt lakes and lagoons - remnants of dried up or once gone seas - also serve as rich salt storage facilities. Here, in evaporating estuaries and lakes, crystals of sodium chloride, falling out of solution, settle to the bottom and over time form layers of salt.

In desert and semi-desert areas, lagoons, cut off from the sea, sometimes turn into a kind of natural “chemical laboratories” under the scorching rays of the sun. Transformations of various substances occur in them and various salts are formed, including sodium chloride.

One of the most majestic natural “laboratories” is the bay of the Caspian Sea - Kara-Bogaz-Gol.

This bay is separated from the sea by a long spit, and only a narrow strait still connects it to the sea. Not a single river flows into Kara-Bogaz. All around lies the waterless steppe. The dry steppe wind and scorching sun quickly evaporate the waters, and if water from the sea had not flowed into the bay, Kara-Bogaz would have dried up long ago. Its water is not like ordinary sea water. This is a thick saline solution in which the concentration of salts is twenty-four times greater than in the Caspian Sea. It has been established that hundreds of millions of tons of various salts are annually introduced into the bay along with sea water, but the water from the bay quickly evaporates, and thus a thick brine is obtained, from which mainly mirabilite (Glauber's salt) falls out in the form of crystals to the bottom of the bay ) and halite (table salt). Huge reserves of mirabilite made Kara-Bogaz-Gola famous as a deposit of world significance. In addition to mirabilite and table salt, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride and other salts are also produced here.

There are many salt lakes connected to the sea in Crimea and Moldova. Some of them have not yet completely separated from the sea, others are separated from the sea only by a narrow spit.

Crimean salt lakes are distinguished not only by the richness and diversity of salts, but also by the inexhaustibility of their salt reserves. These are, in the full sense of the word, “inexhaustible” sources of table salt. Most of them owe their origin to the sea, from which they were gradually separated by spits and embankments.

Strong evaporation of water led to the fact that the water level in the lakes dropped significantly compared to sea level and the brine in them thickened. But the sea continues to enrich these lakes with salt, as sea water seeps through sand spits and embankments and enters the lakes.

However, not all salt lakes separated from the sea. Many lakes arose differently. They were never connected with the sea and are therefore called continental. Thus, in the Caspian steppes there are many deep depressions into which spring streams rush and rainwater accumulates. And since the soil in these areas is saturated with salt, the flowing water erodes this salt, dissolves it, and the lake becomes salty. This is how the Central Asian, Transbaikal and Siberian salt lakes were formed.

Among the steppes and deserts, salt lakes stand out sharply with their whiteness. Salt crystals shimmer like a multi-colored rainbow from the rays of the sun.

The layer of salt deposits in some lakes reaches several tens of meters in thickness. This applies primarily to lakes that are connected by their feeding with deep salt deposits, for example, Elton, Baskunchak, Inder.

The most big lake, from which table salt is now extracted in Russia, is Baskunchak. It appears to be connected to the salt domes located in the depths. Some lakes are constantly fed by salt, which comes into them from the soil surrounding the desert. That is why their salt wealth is so great and inexhaustible. This assumption is confirmed by the example of some small lakes, the salt reserves of which are sometimes depleted after several years of development. However, some time passes, and the waters of the lake are again saturated with salt. Apparently, salt is dissolved in the soil by rainwater, and therefore these lakes are indeed fed by salt from the surrounding salt desert.

There are many salt marshes in the southern dry countries. Here, the scorching sun heats the soil up to 70-79 degrees in summer, and the slightest reserves of soil moisture evaporate; with strong evaporation, salty groundwater rises through capillaries in the sand. Water evaporates and salts are deposited in the upper layers of the soil. This is how salt marshes are formed where the subsoil salty water located at a depth of 1-2 meters.

In ancient times, farmers could not fight against soil salinization. Poor maintenance and excessive watering caused the level of salty groundwater to rise, and with strong evaporation, salinization was caused. Therefore, many lands in Central Asia turned into areas of so-called secondary salt marshes.

The third source of salt is mineral water, emerging to the surface of the earth from its depths.

Flowing underground among various rocks, water dissolves easily soluble salts in them and again draws them into the cycles of underground and above-ground wanderings.

These wanderings of salts are complex and confusing. They travel from the ocean to land and into the atmosphere, from there to rivers and further back to the ocean; and the second way: from underground sedimentary strata - to the surface of the earth and again deep into the earth...

But that's not all.

Fine salty dust swept away by the winds from the surface of dry salt marshes, the smallest droplets of sea water picked up by the wind, eruptions of active volcanoes, evaporation of salt lakes - all this contributes to the salt cycle on the surface of the planet.

Humans, animals and plants, by absorbing the salt they need, also participate in this cycle.

Salt is a food product used by people to add a more refined taste to cooked dishes. It is most often found in ground form - small white crystals. Table salt of natural origin often contains admixtures of various mineral salts, giving it different shades, most often gray. It is produced in all kinds of forms - unrefined and purified, finely or coarsely ground, pure, sea, iodized and many others.

According to production methods, salt is evaporated, rock and cage (sea). Rock salt is mined in mines and quarries. It includes a considerable amount impurities of earth and sand. Mineral impurities are not removed from the body, so rock salt is considered not entirely beneficial for the human body.

Evaporated salt is also mined from underground, but it has the form of a salty solution, which is then boiled down to obtain salt. It has the saltiest taste, is pure and contains no impurities. But it also does not contain useful minerals.

Sea salt is obtained by evaporating sea salt water from various lakes. It does not undergo a purification process, and thanks to this it retains all the minerals inherent in it by nature. Sea salt is not as salty, but is healthier for the human body, as it contains up to forty micro- and macroelements.

Salt is classified into grades: extra, highest, first, second. There is also artificially enriched salt with minerals. For example, iodized. There is usually enough iodine in it, but it disappears very quickly. As a healthier alternative, manufacturers produce sea salt with kelp. Dried, crushed seaweed retains persistent organic iodine compounds for a long time.

When choosing salt in a store, carefully study the packaging and pay attention to:

• origin of salt;
• grade and grind;
• information about adding nutrients;
• the presence of chemical additives that prevent clumping;
• recommendation for daily use (no more than 5-6 grams per day);
• name, telephone number and address of the enterprise.

Table salt should be stored only in a dry place, in any glass or ceramic container. It is advisable to place the jar in a cupboard near the stove, this will protect the salt from moisture. Be sure to tightly close the dishes, then the salt will not form lumps and cake.

If the salt becomes damp, add 10% potato flour to it, then it will remain dry no matter the humidity. A small amount of starch will not affect the color and taste of the salt. You can also add a few grains of rice to the salt shaker, or put a couple of sheets of blotting paper on the bottom of the container with salt.

Reflection in culture

In Japan, they sprinkle salt on the sumo wrestling platform, which they believe wards off evil spirits.

Thousands of years ago, salt was so expensive that wars were fought over it. In the 16th century, the Salt Riot occurred in Russia, which was caused by the highest prices for salt. And today, salt is the cheapest known food additive, not counting water.

This may be news and surprise to many, but salt has no calories, just like water. Accordingly, the calorie content of salt is 0 kcal. Why then is salt, like sugar, called dangerous if their calorie content is absolutely opposite?

The thing is that excessive salt consumption can not only put on extra pounds, but also lead to a disease such as obesity. Salt helps retain excess fluid in the body, stimulates hunger and consumption of fatty and sweet foods. Such nutrition is far from correct and unbalanced. Everything should be in moderation.

Halite stone is salt. Properties of halite. Description of halite

Halite is the only mineral in nature that people eat. Halite is commonly called rock salt or table salt. The word "halite" comes from the Greek gallos - sea salt.

Halite is an ordinary salt that everyone uses every day for food. Name of mineral in Ancient Greece meant both salt and sea.

Genetic classification. Halite is formed almost exclusively by sedimentation, crystallizing from natural brines. Due to the fact that its solubility is almost independent of temperature, it is separated from other dissolved salts. The same reason determines the tendency of halite to form skeletal and dendritic forms. Rock salt is deposited in sea bays when water evaporates.

Compound. Chemical formula NaCl with quite frequent admixtures of KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2.

a) color: halite occurs in nature in transparent or white(from air bubbles), red (from scattered hematite particles), gray(from impurities of clay particles), yellow and blue (from scattered metallic sodium),

b) hardness: 2, cleavage perfect to the cube,

d) degree of transparency: halite has a weak glassy luster.

Features of education. It is assumed that halite is formed on the earth's surface during sedimentation in sea lagoons and salt lakes (in the latter case, during the evaporation of underground mineralized waters). However, according to some signs, the accumulation of thick layers of halite (hundreds of meters thick) requires certain conditions in the upper zones of the earth's crust and metamorphism of sediments at low pressures and temperatures.

Place of Birth. Sedimentary deposits of halite are found in many places, including at a depth of 1,700 meters near Moscow. In Russia, halite is mined in the Donbass, Perm region, Lower Volga region and in Ukraine in Transcarpathia. Wieliczka, Inowroclaw and Bochnia (Poland) are famous for their beautiful examples. Large deposits are located in Germany (Strasbourg), Austria (Salzburg), and Ukraine. Halite is sodium chloride. The color of the mineral is most often white, but there are colorless, blue and red crystals.

Halite is used in a solution with iodine and water to gargle for sore throat, laryngitis and tonsillitis. A solution of warm water (1 tablespoon of mineral per glass) with halite relieves acute toothache. A clothes bag with hot salt is applied to areas affected by radiculitis, it is used to warm the chest during bronchitis, and to remove boils and boils.

At first glance, it may seem that the common (but extremely necessary) seasoning for our food, salt, cannot have any magical powers. But let's remember what our relationship really is to salt, or, in the language of mineralogists, to halite. What do we mean when we say: “I ate a ton of salt with him”? With this phrase we emphasize not only a long-term acquaintance with a person, but also complete trust in him. Moreover, note that the degree of intimacy and trust is measured not by bread, sugar or potatoes, but by salt.

And who doesn’t remember the phrases “salt of the earth”, “that’s the salt”, “what’s the salt of your story” and so on? It seems that these simple figures of speech are used for figurative language and do not have any hidden meaning. However, in almost all fairy tales and legends of the peoples of the world there is a mention of salt as the strongest amulet against witchcraft, evil spirits and from various troubles and troubles. For example, Vasilisa the Wise averts the eyes of Koshchei the Immortal and directs him in the other direction, throwing a handful of salt between herself and the pursuer; Baba Yaga gives salt to Ivan the Soldier as a talisman when he goes to the distant kingdom (that is, to the world of the dead) for his bride. In European legends, the bride sprinkles salt on the table at which the groom, who has forgotten her and himself, is feasting, his eyes open, and he remembers and given name, and your beloved, etc.

There was an opinion among the military that salt protected against wounds and death in battle. It was not for nothing that (even during the Second World War) a soldier took with him to the front a bundle with a handful of his native soil mixed with a pinch of salt.

And what can we say about the famous salt conspiracies to protect a person on the road from dashing people, to attract love; for “drying up” tears (from depression), for good luck, for happiness, for various diseases, etc. Any village healer knows that salt(halite) has the strongest magical properties, both protecting and strengthening a person’s connection with the Earth. How can you take advantage of these wonderful qualities of halite? First of all, make amulets, amulets and talismans out of it. It must be said that this magical assistant will serve a person regardless of what zodiac sign he was born under.

Talismans and amulets

As a talisman, halite serves its owner to attract good luck, love, and the sympathy of other people. As a talisman, it protects it from accidental wounds, injuries, and attacks by dashing people. Halite is an amulet against the influence of evil spirits (negative energy) on a person, cleanses the owner’s room and mind from negativity, and helps to achieve a successful career. It is not difficult to prepare a talisman, amulet or talisman - sew a pinch of salt (preferably a crystal) into a small piece of cotton cloth and carry it with you at all times in your pocket, bag or around your neck as an amulet. The only condition that must be met for the amulet to work successfully is that you not only do not need to show it to anyone, but you don’t even need to tell them that you have it.

Applications. More than two and a half centuries ago, difficulties with delivery salt forced the commander of the First Kamchatka Expedition V. Bering to organize the extraction of salt on the Pacific coast in Okhotsk in 1726, where it was obtained from sea water by freezing. The production started by the “people of the Bering expedition” and the plant that arose on its basis functioned for over a hundred years.

Sea salt has long been brewed by Russian Pomors on the White Sea coast and was called long-tailed fish.

In ancient times, salt was valued, it was an item of state trade, and because of it, wars and popular unrest arose. In Rus' in the 16th century, a single tax on salt was introduced - two hryvnias per pound, which was equivalent to a double increase in price, and in the spring of 1648 a salt riot broke out in Moscow, and then in Pskov and Novgorod.

Salty taste is a unique and most important property of halite. IN pure form this taste is characteristic only of halite and is, without a doubt, a way developed by long evolution to accurately isolate this substance, which is irreplaceable in its biological functions, among which the main one is maintaining salt balance, a necessary condition for metabolism in tissues and cells. This mineral can rightfully be considered priceless.

Each person needs to eat about 5-6 kg of table salt per year. For all of humanity, this amounts to about 7 million tons annually (for chemical industries - several times more). Once upon a time a slave was bought for a couple of bricks of salt; in Central Africa they were literally worth their weight in gold. But with the success of geological searches for halite deposits and its artificial cultivation, as well as thanks to improved transport and active trade, the “salt passions” subsided. This priceless mineral, which is impossible to live without, is sold at very affordable prices.

Let us once again emphasize a very important circumstance: it was precisely starting with halite that it was possible to organize an artificial cycle of renewal of mineral raw materials. This is already real geotechnology. And if it began for halite several centuries ago, now its methods are used more widely, although still too limited only for some minerals, mainly easily soluble. At the same time, most often we're talking about about underground mineless mining, and not about renewing reserves of valuable raw materials. However, the protection of mineral resources requires the creation of closed cycles for many, if not all, minerals and chemical elements.

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Edible rock salt - medicinal properties



Edible rock salt - medicinal

During the Great Patriotic War, surgeons working in field hospitals

they applied cotton cloth to the wounded's extensive lacerations,

soaked in a solution of table salt. In this way they saved them from

gangrene. After 3-4 days the wounds became clean. After this the patient

They put a plaster cast on him and sent him to a rear hospital. Favorable

The effect of saline solution is explained by the fact that it has the ability

absorb fluid from wounds, keeping red blood cells intact,

leukocytes and living blood and tissue cells. True, the salt concentration at

this should not exceed 8-10% (2 tsp per 200 g of water). Applicable in

bandages and in no case in compresses, that is, without using

cellophane and compress paper.

I need to be cured. Many years ago, a pebble formed in

gallbladder. Without thinking twice, I started taking choleretic herbs and

overnight, tie a cotton towel moistened to the liver area

saline solution (it should be as hot as it can stand

The bandage was fastened tightly. In the morning I took it off and wiped my skin with clean water.

I applied a heating pad to the area of ​​the liver and gallbladder.

This must be done

because as a result of deep heating they expand

bile ducts and dehydrated thick bile pass freely into

I did 10 such daily procedures. The stone stopped bothering me.

Boil 2 tsp. salt in 200 ml of water, wait a little until the water

I began to hover my finger with an abscess in this solution. First I held 1

then, as the water cooled, she gradually increased the procedure time.

So I smeared the sore finger with iodine. I did 3 procedures. On the next

they are from my own experience.

to cope, you need to wash your hair, then sprinkle your wet hair with salt and

massage them, rubbing salt into the roots. After this, rinse with warm water. AND

days in a row. Hair will stop falling out.

This is due to the toxins accumulated in the body. Cleanse your body of them

salt. In the morning on an empty stomach, dip a dry spoon in salt. On the tip

So little salt will settle that it will practically not be visible. Lick this one

tip of the tongue. A tiny amount of salt deposited on it will

cleanser. After 10 days you will feel cheerful and energized.

This procedure is contraindicated for hypertensive patients.

warm water). Procedure

perform for 5-10 minutes. And so on until complete recovery. This is the remedy

with increased sweating of the feet.

hot water throw a handful of salt and quickly

wet your head with the solution. Wrap yourself in a towel and go to bed.

fall asleep. The pain will pass.

1/4 cup water).

radishes, 1 glass of honey, 0.5 glasses of vodka, 1 tbsp. salt and rub in

mixture into the sore spot.

salt for each bucket

water). The duration of the procedure is 15 minutes. Do it 2-3 times a week

place a stool under it, on the stool - a cup of salt, ground into

turn on the fan and inhale this salty air for 15-30 minutes.

do regularly until the condition improves.

nurse A. N. Gorbacheva from

field hospitals with the wonderful surgeon Ivan Ivanovich Shcheglov,

widely used hypertonic (i.e. saturated) saline solution

damage to bones and joints. On extensive and dirty wounds he applied

a large napkin generously moistened with hypertonic solution. In 3-4

the wound became clean and pink, the temperature dropped to normal,

a plaster cast was applied. Then the wounded man went to the rear. So

We had virtually no deaths.

use saline tampons to treat caries complicated by granuloma. And cured

hypertonic solution on closed pathological processes in

such as cholecystitis, nephritis, chronic appendicitis, rheumatic carditis,

post-flu inflammatory processes in the lungs, articular rheumatism,

osteomyelitis, abscess after injections, etc.

who diagnosed and selected patients, 6 days with saline dressings

patients were cured of chronic appendicitis in 9 days without opening

shoulder abscess, bursitis of the knee joint was eliminated in 5-6 days, not

amenable to any means of conservative treatment.

a significant hematoma formed in the bed of a large artery without

superficial tissues. After 12 days, the hematoma became very dense,

cone-shaped. The patient began to complain of acute pain in the apex

cone The hematoma was opened and a lump of bright red (i.e.

completely pure) red blood cells the size of a goose egg. Subcutaneous

the hematoma of the entire leg and foot turned yellow after the first bandage, and also

the day disappeared altogether.

properties, absorbs only liquid from tissues and spares red blood cells,

living cells of the tissues themselves. Knowing that hypertonic saline

sorbent, I once tried it on myself with a 2-3 degree burn.

relieve the pain with pharmaceuticals, apply a salt bandage to the burn. Through

the acute pain passed, only a slight burning sensation remained, and after 10-15 minutes I

fell asleep. In the morning there was no pain, and after a few days the burn healed,

Here are more examples from practice. Once, during a business trip to the region, I

I stayed in an apartment where children were suffering from whooping cough. They continuously and

coughed debilitatingly. To save the children from suffering, I gave them

salt dressings. After an hour and a half, the cough subsided and did not resume until

After four dressings, the disease disappeared without a trace.

food. At night vomiting began, by the morning there was pain in the stomach, every 10-15

loose stool. The medications didn't help. Around noon I gave him a saline

on the stomach. After an hour and a half, the nausea and diarrhea stopped, gradually

The pain decreased, and after five hours all signs of poisoning disappeared.

processes, I decided to use their healing properties for treatment

The clinic surgeon suggested that I work with a patient who had

cancerous mole on the face. The methods used in such cases by the official

medicine, the woman was not helped - after six months of treatment, the mole turned purple,

increased in volume, a gray-brown liquid was released from it. I became

use salt stickers. After the first sticker the tumor became pale and

decreased, after the second the result improved even more, and after

stickers, the mole acquired the natural color and appearance it had before

rebirth. The fifth sticker ended the treatment without surgery

After surgery, apply salt dressings to the chest for several days.

The bandages helped - no surgery was required. Through

the same girl developed an adenoma of the second mammary gland. However, salt

The bandages helped avoid surgery this time too. 9 years later I

to the patient. She replied that she successfully graduated from university and feels

there were no relapses of the disease, and only the memory of the adenoma remained

lumps on the chest. I think these are purified cells from former tumors,

another woman is a museum researcher. Her diagnosis and

the directions for the operation were signed by the professor of medicine. But again

salt - the tumor resolved without surgery. True, this woman also has

tumors remained lumps.

glands. At the regional hospital, the patient was strongly recommended

he decided to try the salt pads first. After nine procedures

recovered. He is still healthy.

flow three years the woman suffered from leukemia - she was catastrophically

blood, which somehow supported her. Having found out that before the illness

I worked in a shoe factory with chemical dyes for years, I understood and

the cause of the disease is poisoning with subsequent disruption of the hematopoietic

“blouses” and “pants” bandages at night for three weeks.

The woman took the advice, and by the end of the treatment cycle the contents

hemoglobin in the patient’s blood began to increase. Three months later I met

patient, She was completely healthy.

Having summarized the results of our 25-year observations on the use of

solution of table salt in medicinal purposes, I came to the following conclusions:

table salt solution is an active sorbent. Salt reacts with water

only through direct contact, but also through air, material, tissue

When taken inside the body, salt absorbs and retains fluid in

cells, localizing it in their locations. Applied externally

dressings), the salt establishes contact with the tissue fluid and, by suction,

absorbs it through the skin and mucous membranes. Volume of fluid absorbed by the dressing

proportional to the volume of air displaced from the bandage. Therefore the effect

dressing depends on how breathable it is

in turn, depends on the material used for the dressing, its

the bandage acts locally:

only on the diseased organ, the affected area, penetrating into the depths. By

absorption of fluid from the subcutaneous layer, tissue rises into it

deeper layers, carrying with it the pathogenic principle: microbes,

inorganic substances, poisons, etc. Thus, during the action

fluid is renewed in the tissues of the diseased organ and disinfected

cleansing from a pathogenic factor, and therefore eliminating the pathological

process. In this case, the fabrics act as a kind of filter,

through microorganisms and particles of matter having a volume less

hypertonic solution of table salt acts continuously. Medicinal

the result is achieved within 7-10 days. In some cases it is required

back of the head After an hour or two, the runny nose goes away, and by the morning the headache will disappear.

In case of atherosclerosis, it is better not to apply a bandage - it also dehydrates the head

For a circular dressing, only 8% saline solution can be used.

the infection managed to penetrate into the pharynx and bronchi, doing it at the same time

head and neck (from 3-4 layers of soft thin fabric), on the back from two

wet and two layers of dry towel. Leave the dressings on all night.

Liver bandage (cotton towel folded in four layers)

is applied as follows: in height - from the base of the left thoracic

to the middle of the transverse line of the abdomen, in width - from the sternum and the white line

from the front to the back of the spine. Bandaged tightly with one wide bandage,

stomach. After 10 hours, remove the bandage and place it on the epigastric region.

heating pad for half an hour to expand through deep heating

duct for free passage into the intestines dehydrated and thickened

bile mass. Without heating this mass (after several dressings)

clogs the bile duct and can cause acute bursting

four-layer, dense but non-compressive saline dressing on both

glands. Apply overnight and leave for 8-10 hours. Duration of treatment - 2

cancer 3 weeks. For some people, a chest band may weaken the rhythms

cardiac activity, in this case, apply a bandage every other day.

Squeeze well and loosen slightly before inserting. Procedure

carry out once every

day, leaving the tampons on for 15 hours. For cervical tumors, the term

the solution can be used

only in a bandage, but in no case in a compress, because the bandage

2. The salt concentration in the solution should not be

exceed 10%. A bandage made from a solution of higher concentration causes pain in

overlay and destruction of capillaries in tissues. 8% solution - 2 teaspoons

table salt per 250 ml of water - used in dressings for children,

adults - 2 teaspoons of table salt per 200 ml of water. Water is possible

ordinary, optionally distilled.

treatment, wash the body warm

water and soap, and after the procedure, wash off the salt from the body with a warm, damp

choice of bandage material.

It must be hygroscopic and clean, without residues of fat, ointment, alcohol,

The skin of the body should also be clean. It is better to use for a bandage

cotton fabric, but not new, but washed many times. Ideal

cotton material, towel folded in no more than 4 layers,

up to 8 layers. Only with a breathable dressing does suction occur

6. Due to circulation

solution and air, the bandage causes a feeling of coolness. Therefore, the bandage

soak with hot hypertonic solution (60-70 degrees). Before

After applying the bandage, you can cool it slightly by shaking it in the air.

should be of medium humidity,

not very dry, but not too wet either. Keep a bandage on the sore spot

You can't put anything

over the bandage. To secure the bandage soaked in the solution, you need to

bandage it tightly enough to the body: with a wide bandage on the body,

chest, and narrow - on the fingers, hands, feet, face, head.

bandage the belt in a figure eight, through the armpits from the back. For pulmonary

do not apply a bandage under any circumstances!) the bandage is placed on

trying to get to the sore spot as accurately as possible. Bandage the chest

should be done tightly, but without squeezing the breath.

From the given fragments of the book about salt it is clear that salt should

1) for healing, 2) locally, otherwise the effect will not be the same. That's why

the sea (the whole body is covered in salt) dries out the entire skin, causing the skin and

becomes rude. But if you hang around for a few minutes (with the obligatory

fresh water), or sit on the bank with your feet in the water - it will be

because toxins will be drawn out of the legs, which are known

exactly in the feet.

Simple salt compresses are made from salt water (100 g

stone or sea

water) at room temperature or body temperature. This salty water

soak cotton fabric (or a bandage folded in several layers) and

apply it to the sore spot.

damaged skin after bruises, bruises, ulcers, burns and calluses.

l boiling water. The procedure is carried out

like this: soak a terry towel in a hot saline solution, apply

it to the chin,

neck, cheeks, elbow or knee.

relaxation and replenishment of microelements due to the activation of capillary

salts stimulate through bioactive points of the skin

salt. If the heat is difficult to tolerate, then place terry cloth under the bag.

On the part of the body that needs to be warmed up well, on top of the bag

wax paper (or medical oilcloth, or leather), making a kind of

sauna for this part of the body.

procedure) up to 30–40 minutes (therapeutic heating of the inflamed area or

where the pain is felt).

Salt poultices are used to relieve pain from rheumatism,

chronic diseases, when it is necessary to cause softening, resorption and

bringing out all kinds of hardenings, the described procedure

near him. The bandage is made of sterile linen or cotton

folded several times, or gauze folded eight times. To

To sterilize fabric at home, just put it in cool water

boiling water or iron with a very hot iron. The finished dressing is dipped into

pre-boiled water with salt (10:1), remove, cool,

shaking or squeezing lightly. The application site is pre-wiped

cloth to make contact with the body more closely, then apply a bandage and

forehead, back of the head, neck, back with the flu, on the affected area with burns,

abscesses, rheumatism, radiculitis.

various woolen items: mittens, socks, scarf or just a piece

fabrics. Such salted woolen items, wet or dried

compresses on sore spots for arthritis, radiculitis or colds

with a strong concentration of salt (5–7 tablespoons per 1 liter

water) shirt. Lay down

take the patient to bed, wrap him up well. So he should lie there and not take off

until it is completely dry.

with a towel so that the salt falls off, change into clean underwear.

magical ritual of cleansing a person from evil spells, evil spirits, evil eye.

various neuroses, neurasthenia, nervous and physical exhaustion,

diseases and even epilepsy.

toxins, dead cells. The healers believed that they had switched to the shirt

waste from a sick person.

using salt or sea water (0.5 kg

salt per 1 liter of water). For

When wiping the body or part of it, apply a canvas sheet soaked in

salted sea water and thoroughly wrung out. There's a body right there on top of the sheet

rub vigorously with your hands until you feel warm. The sheet is then removed

douse with water and rub thoroughly with a rough cloth.

the patient's condition, the whole body is wiped in parts with a moistened and well

with a towel or mitten, and then rub with a dry towel and cover

sheets and blanket.

pour over 1–2 buckets of water, the temperature is slightly lower than that

sheet when wiping. This procedure is refreshing and

sometimes prescribed for the purpose of hardening.

trophism of tissues, increased metabolism. This procedure is not recommended

patients with increased nervous excitability, heart defects, after

recent acute illness (eg pneumonia).

20–18°C and below. Duration - 3–5 minutes.

an independent course of treatment for patients with fatigue, neurasthenia,

asthenic condition, decreased metabolism (obesity).

hydrotherapy uses hot rubbing of the body or its parts.

water; apply a towel soaked in hot water to the body - on the back,

Such rubdowns give a feeling of warmth if you need it, and if

you are above the roof - it is brought out.

an indispensable remedy for summer heat, stuffiness, and lethargy.

yoga by “polishing” the body) take warm sea water and, dipping into it

palm, “polish” the entire body with the palm of the hand, rubbing water

throughout the body until it evaporates completely.

the skin becomes satin.

If you decide to harden your body, give it additional warmth and

energy, cleanse the body, improve blood circulation, use for

one of the following procedures.

Art. spoon of salt, 20 drops of iodine. Mix everything thoroughly. Store

in this solution. In the area of ​​the heart, without pressing, make 40 circular

take a shower, otherwise the heat coming from the body will not allow you to sleep.

do from autumn to May, that is, the entire cold season.

To strengthen weakened and often cold children, it is recommended

water-alcohol salt wash.

top) sea salt, 3-5 drops of iodine. Mix everything. Once a day (morning)

wipe the child with a napkin soaked in this solution. In the evening

Rinse any remaining salt from your skin in the bath or shower.

The feet are immersed in a basin of salt water and rubbed there. Procedure

at a water temperature of 10–15°С (cold baths), 16–24°С (cool baths)

36–46°C (warm and hot).

bruises, with increased sweating of the hands and feet, as well as for

colds as hardening procedures. After them it is shown

water) relieve pain in

muscles and joints, improve the condition of the skin and nails, promote

skin diseases, eliminate fungus.

to increase sweating, you can add mustard to the saline solution

alternate hot and cold baths). Warm ones are useful

legs with sea water - after them the swelling of the legs goes away, the blue spots disappear

purple spots appearing on the legs due to poor circulation

remaining after a healed wound.

course - 15–30 procedures.

eyes, strengthens the visual apparatus. To carry out this procedure

immerse your face in cold salt water and open your eyes for 15 seconds, and

raise your head and after 15-30 seconds immerse yourself in the water again. Repeat

If the bath is warm, then after it you need to immerse your face in cold water.

It is good to use sea water for an eye bath - the water is boiled in

minutes, then cools. Sea water baths performed

before bedtime, reduce eyelid irritation and various inflammatory

The water temperature for the eye bath is 20–38°C. However, one should remember

that “the eyes are of the nature of fire, water is harmful to them,” and do not be zealous in

water treatments for the eyes.

full bath of hot water. You need to take it before bed for 10–20

at least once a week. Never use during the procedure

The hotter the bath, the more effective it is.

caution. For those who cannot withstand high water temperatures, they

Epsom salt baths help neutralize them. They are especially

for rheumatism, radiculitis, catarrh, other catarrhal diseases,

rubbing for headaches, bruises, insect bites.

In medical practice, the following degrees of salinity of solutions are used.

cosmetic facial cleansing, that is, in all those cases when

When using salt, you need to achieve a high concentration of salt in the area

fat) and aromatic oils (fir, mustard, eucalyptus,

(inhalation), for the treatment of external skin diseases and defects, as well as

“paste” for cleaning teeth.

fat + 1 tbsp. spoon

chopped table salt.

pain. This mixture has an effect on the inflamed area

nourishing (micro and macroelements, salt ions) actions.

water, knead a very stiff dough.

(gouty joint, sprained ligaments, etc.), quickly relieves acute

cotton bag or simply wrapped in canvas and

a few minutes into the freezer.

blood vessels (for example, headache, bruise), and simply hypertrophied

or injured tissue (eg, varicose veins, bruise).

table salt, a small amount of it in the form of a cake is applied to

sore spot. Cover the top with multilayer gauze or a towel.

minutes, the application is removed.

successfully used as a pain reliever, for example, for sciatica,

mustard powder in equal proportions, applied to the folded

layers of bandage or plain cloth.

radiculitis) or for applications on the feet in the treatment of colds.

wheat (rye) bran.

into a basin, bury a leg or arm in it so that the one affected by the tumor

completely covered in this warm mixture. The procedure is carried out until complete

rheumatism with hard tumors in the joints of the arms and legs. Thanks to such

the joint is well steamed, the tumor softens and gradually

turn them inside out and crush them in salt dust. “Salted” like this

In this way, the socks are turned inside out and put on the feet. This procedure is very

if you just had a cold. To warm up, apply heating pads to your feet and

to bed, well wrapped up.

stimulates their reflex zones for a long time. In addition, such

applications on the feet provide increased immunity and improve overall health

well-being. The effect of salt applications can be enhanced by pouring

“salted” socks a little mustard powder, garlic (crushed

garlic) or dry garlic powder, as well as red pepper.

wool and draws out lymph waste through the skin in a calm

Borrowing a similar mechanism for drawing out salts, traditional healers

vegetable salt compresses to help fight pain and immobility

cells inorganic salts and wastes, dehydrates pathogenic

and on the other hand, the juices of vegetable pulps nourish the cells of the body

substances. This compress is placed on the sore joint every day for 5

Several courses of treatment are carried out for 7–10 days with a week break.

exacerbations and for prevention, additional courses can be carried out

A longer compress promotes the resorption of hematomas,

waste from connective tissue both in the joint and in other places,

signaling capillary blockage.

index finger and easily, without pressure, wipe the teeth, grasping

gums. It is recommended to carry out such preventive teeth cleaning 1–2 times.

century invented a unique medicine based on salt, which is widely used

our grandparents, for the treatment of bruises, skin cancer in primary

paralysis, headaches, erysipelas, rheumatism, as well as various

and external diseases.

fine, well-dried salt until the cognac rises to

After which shake the mixture for several minutes. When the salt has settled (after

minutes), the medicine is ready for use. Before use, the mixture should not be

shake, as salt sediment will cause pain if it gets into

(for one part of the medicine, three parts of boiling water). Usual reception: 2 dining rooms

medicines mixed with 6 tablespoons of boiling water, on an empty stomach 1 hour before

in the morning. Women and weakened sick men can take 1

spoon with 8-10 tablespoons of hot water. If you vomit or

you need to drink 2 cups of warm water before vomiting and then on an empty stomach

medicine. The medicine helps well with hypothermia and

removed until the wound heals, and the bandage is slightly moistened on the outside 3-4 times

for half an hour before bedtime.

before bedtime for 3-4 days. In the morning on an empty stomach, take 2 tablespoons

medicines mixed with 6-8 tablespoons of hot water. Do not use

passes, take 1 tablespoon of medicine per 6-8 tablespoons

water. Do not use for hypertension.

all night long. Usually three procedures are enough.

leave overnight. This needs to be done 3-4 evenings in a row.

If the pain constantly returns, take it for 12-14 days.

in the morning, 2 tablespoons of medicine with 5 tablespoons of hot water.

pepper; 1 glass of coarse salt pour 0.5 liters of cognac,

leave for 5 days. Do

lotions for heel spurs, osteochondrosis.

do sand baths. Mix salt with river sand in a 1:1 ratio,

warm up and bury your fingers in hot sand with salt, hold until

add a little water, knead a very stiff dough. Need a sore spot

with a tourniquet, wrap a sausage made from this dough several times, on top

compress paper and wrap with a warm scarf. Rinse the nose with salt water

method of yogis "jala-neti"In jala neti is used lightly

warm salt water equal to one level teaspoon of salt per

half a liter of water. If you

raised the vessel correctly and tilted the head, water pours out of another

nostrils without getting into the mouth.

nose - the most The best way protection against colds and their cure. Jala Neti can heal

chronic runny nose, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis and other diseases

nasopharynx, for example, inflammation of the adenoids. In conjunction with complete

Breathing cures bronchitis. This technique protects against pulmonary

diseases (asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, etc.). Taking it helps relieve fatigue,

get rid of headaches and insomnia. It can help heal

or reducing sinus headaches, migraines, epilepsy, depression,

Semenova A. Treatment with salt. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House “Nevsky”

prospect”, 1999, 116 p.

I.A. The healing power of ordinary salt. – St. Petersburg: Publishing house “Timoshka”,

Rock salt beneficial properties



Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl; also called “table salt”, “rock salt” or simply “salt”) is a food product. When ground, it appears as small white crystals.

Table salt of natural origin almost always contains admixtures of other mineral salts, which can give it shades different colors(usually gray). Produced in different types: purified and unrefined (rock salt), coarse and finely ground, pure and iodized, sea salt, etc.

The calorie content of salt is 0 kcal per 100 grams of product.

Salt or sodium chloride is a white crystalline mineral substance, occurring in nature; dissolves in water; one of the few minerals that people eat. Salt is required for the human body, but excessive consumption can increase the risk of various diseases, including high blood pressure, stroke.

Beneficial properties of salt

Salt is involved in maintaining and regulating the water-salt balance in the body and sodium-potassium ion exchange. The body compensates for the lack of salt by destroying bone and muscle tissue. Lack of salt can lead to depression, nervousness and mental illness, digestive and cardiovascular disorders, smooth muscle spasms, osteoporosis, anorexia (calorizer). Chronic lack of salt in the body can lead to death.

Excess salt in the diet is absorbed by the body. Control of the optimal sodium content in the blood is ensured by its excretion through the kidneys in the urine. Some of this element is lost through sweat.

A person with a salt deficiency usually feels weak and drowsy; with a long-term lack of salt, dizziness, nausea, loss of taste, and sometimes complete loss of taste appear.

Salt in cooking is used in almost all dishes for their intended purpose, to make them salty. Salt is combined with meat, fish, vegetables, side dishes and other products.

Sea salt: benefits and uses in cooking



The now fashionable sea salt is ordinary sodium chloride dissolved in the waters of the seas and oceans. It is this salt that makes the water in the sea salty. And it is precisely this that is mined by evaporating sea water under the hot sun for more than one millennium.

What's good about sea salt?



In fact, there is nothing special or super healthy about sea salt. Sodium chloride is, as they say, sodium chloride in Africa. Those microscopic doses of iodine, potassium, magnesium and other substances that enter our digestive tract with sea salt crystals have practically no effect on any processes in the body. For that matter, iodized salt is much healthier, especially for people living in iodine-deficient areas. But for some reason, using sea salt has become very fashionable. Some gourmets claim that sea salt tastes better than salt mined from mines (rock). But if there is no friend to your taste, then there is no evidence that sea salt is healthier than regular salt. Special surveys were conducted, and it turned out that people prefer sea salt because they believe that “it has less sodium.” In fact, sea salt contains the same amount of sodium as rock salt. There is less sodium in the salt in which potassium chloride and magnesium carbonate are added to sodium chloride.

How to use sea salt



If sea salt has exactly the same chemical composition as ordinary rock salt, then its scope of use should not be any different from the scope of table salt. So, in general, it is. Sea salt is used to salt dishes during the cooking process, add salt to already cooked food, and salt fish. Large crystals of sea salt slowly melt on the tongue, adding zest to salads and other dishes. Sea salt is less suitable for homemade preparations - after all, it contains iodine, and this is not very good for preservation. Many people note that homemade preparations with sea salt are “softer” and do not have the taste they should. And you absolutely cannot use colored sea salt for canning: the color of such salt is mainly due to clay and algae, which does not contribute to sterility.

But sea salt is very popular as a bath product, for nail and hair care, and also as a component of scrubs. It is recommended to rinse your nose with colds and gargle with sea salt dissolved in water. However, in the absence of sea salt, you can get by with simple table salt for these purposes.

Why is sea salt so popular?

Most likely, sea salt owes its popularity to the excellent work of marketers and romantically minded consumers. Of course, salting food with sea salt is much more interesting: mermaids, sea ​​king, secrets of the ocean and all that. What is one “flower of salt” worth - salt crystals collected by hand on the oceanic coasts of France. Fairy tale! Regular table salt seems so prosaic against this background. Sea salt is also often sold in the form of mixtures with herbs, pepper, garlic, lemon zest, colored with wine, flavored with lavender, dill and even truffles. Who can resist such beauty?

On the other hand, this should please: those who prefer sea salt are not alien to aesthetics and a craving for beauty. But you need to keep in mind that sea salt is not a food, but a seasoning, and try to comply with the daily intake of this product recommended by experts. Microelements should be obtained not from salt, but from fruits, meat and vegetables. And sea salt, if you like it so much, let it be: it’s quite suitable for adding salt to already prepared dishes.

The chemical formula of halite is NaCl.

halite - rock salt

Halite, or rock salt: this mineral is known to every person, so “ edible mineral» we encounter every day when we eat it. Rock salt, table salt, table salt, table salt are the names of the same natural sodium chloride, widely known since ancient times.

We buy finely crystalline white salt in bags; it is usually iodized. Those who prepare vegetables for the winter purchase coarse, non-iodized salt. It is believed that iodine imparts unnecessary softness to pickled vegetables. This salt has large crystals and a grayish tint.

Few people think about where salt comes from and how it is processed into the product that we are used to seeing in stores. Salt is formed in drying lakes and estuaries, along the shores of shallowing seas. In Kazakhstan, the salt lakes Elton and Baskunchak are widely known, in Turkmenistan the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, which belongs to the Caspian Sea.

At the beginning of the 20th century, salt was extracted by evaporation even from salt lakes in southern Siberia. In Khakassia, this mineral was obtained from the water of salt lakes; saltworks operated until the mid-thirties of the twentieth century. But as a result of climate change, the salinity of the lakes decreased and production was stopped.

Fossil salt layers are also known. This salt was formed by the natural evaporation of ancient bays and shallow seas. The layers can be up to several hundred meters thick and extend over vast distances. Thus, in Canada and the USA, underground salt layers are up to 350 meters thick and stretch from the Appalachians to the Michigan River.

Natural salt sometimes permeates layers of sandstone and other porous rocks. This is how the “salt licks” loved by animals are formed.

Natural salt forms cubic crystals, its color can be white, yellowish, bluish, pink. The taste of salt is salty without bitterness, unlike the taste of sylvite and carnallite, which are often found together with halite. Silvin and carnallit are bitter-salty, sometimes pungently bitter, and eating them by mistake can cause severe indigestion.

Salt is essential for the life of mammals, including humans. Animals come out of the forest “to the salt licks” and lick sedimentary rocks soaked in saline solutions. Lack of salt in food leads to lethargy, weakness, and increased fatigue, especially in hot weather, when salt is excreted through sweat. Lack of salt in the hot season leads to the destruction of bone and muscle tissue, from where the body extracts chlorine and sodium ions to ensure vital functions. Therefore, lack of salt can lead to osteoporosis. Doctors believe that the consequences of a lack of salt can be depression, nervous and mental illness.

At the same time, excess salt in food leads to increased blood pressure and negatively affects all internal organs.

The most ancient saltworks known to historians were found in excavations in the city of Provadia-Solonitsa in Bulgaria. The city existed six thousand years ago BC. Water from the salt lake was evaporated in large adobe ovens. Judging by the scale of production, salt was produced in large quantities over many centuries, perhaps millennia.

Nowadays, salt (halite) is used not only as a healthy food additive. This is the raw material for the production of chlorine, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda). Salt is sprinkled on city roads in winter to remove ice, and these are not all areas of application of the “edible mineral.”

Rock salt is a sedimentary mineral consisting primarily of sodium chloride. The composition of impurities depends on the characteristics of the deposits. Why is it rock salt, and not just, for example, sodium or chloride? This name reflects the state of the mineral and human attitude towards it. In their natural state, these are truly salty stones. Then, after processing, halite, as this salt is also called, becomes just the former salty powder. It is in this form that it acquires the name table salt.

Rock salt is a sedimentary mineral consisting primarily of sodium chloride

Halite stone belongs to the natural minerals of the halogen class of the sodium chloride subclass. However, most people on the planet know this stone simply as salt.

The mineral halite received its scientific name in Ancient Greece. The translation of this word is ambiguous, but its meaning is two concepts - sea and salt. The chemical formula of rock salt is simple - it is NaCl as the main substance and other elements as impurities. Pure rock salt contains 61% chlorine and 39% sodium.

In its pure form, this mineral can be:

• transparent;
• opaque but translucent;
• colorless or white with signs of glassy luster.

However, pure NaCl is rare in nature. Its deposits can have shades of colors:

• yellow and red (presence of iron oxide);
• dark - from brown to black (admixtures of decomposed organic matter, for example, humus);
• gray (clay impurities);
• blue and lilac (presence of potassium chloride).

The mineral halite is brittle, hygroscopic and, of course, has a salty taste. It dissolves well in water at any temperature, but melts only at high temperatures - not lower than 800°C. When fire melts, it turns yellow.

The crystalline structure of rock salt is a dense cube, the nodes of which contain negative chlorine ions. The octahedral voids between the chlorine atoms are filled with positively charged sodium ions. The structure of the crystal lattice is an example of ideal order - in it, each chlorine atom is surrounded by six sodium atoms, and each sodium atom is adjacent to the same number of chlorine ions.

Ideal cubic crystals in some deposits are replaced by octahedral ones. In salt lakes, crusts and druses can form at the bottom.

Gallery: rock salt (25 photos)

Massage with rock salt stones (video)

Origin of salt deposits

Rock salt is a mineral of exogenous origin. Salt deposits were formed during sedimentary processes in a dry and hot climate. The origin of salt deposits is associated with the slow drying of drainless salt lakes, sea bays and shallow waters.

Halite salt is formed in small quantities during soil salinization and during volcanic activity. Soil salinization occurs in arid regions. This process can develop under natural or anthropogenic conditions. Natural salinization occurs where groundwater with high salinity comes close to the surface. This water evaporates, and a salt crust forms on the soil surface. In addition, the soil can also become salinized from above, for example, during sea surges or tsunamis. In this case, a large amount of salty seawater penetrates into the lower horizons of the soil, and then evaporates, and salt is deposited on the surface.

A person contaminates the soil with abundant watering in arid climates. In regions where the evaporation of water from the lower layers of the soil collectively exceeds the influx of water through precipitation, the soil is highly mineralized. If you water it, evaporation also increases. As a result, minerals deposited in different soil layers come to the surface. On such soil a salt crust forms, preventing any manifestation of life.

Rock salt is divided into the following categories based on its origin.

1. Self-sedimentary, which forms in evaporite basins, deposited as granular crusts and druses.
2. Stone, lying in large layers between different rocks.
3. Volcanic salt rock, which is deposited in fumaroles, craters and lavas.
4. Salt marshes, representing salt crusts on the soil surface in an arid climate.

Geography of main deposits

Halite is concentrated mainly in deposits of the Permian period. This was approximately 250 - 300 million years ago. Then almost everywhere in Eurasia and North America a dry and hot climate formed. Ponds of salt water quickly dried up, and the salt layers were gradually covered by other sedimentary rocks.

On the territory of Russia, the largest deposits of halite are located in the Urals (Solikamskoye and Iletskoye deposits), in Eastern Siberia near Irkutsk (Usolye-Sibirskoye deposit). Halite is mined on an industrial scale in the lower reaches of the Volga, as well as on the banks of the famous salt lake Baskunchak.

Significant halite deposits are located:

• in the Donetsk region (Artemovskoye field);
• in Crimea (Sivash region);
• in northern India in the state of Punjab;
• in the USA - the states of New Mexico, Louisiana, Kansas, Utah;
• in Iran - the Urmia field;
• in Poland - the Bochnia and Wieliczka salt mines;
• in Germany near Bernburg, where halite has blue and lilac shades;
• large salt lakes are located in western South America.

Uses of rock salt

No matter how much people criticize the use of rock salt in Food Industry and in everyday life, a person cannot do without this “white death”. It's not just mineral compounds though complex composition Rock salt in some deposits is very valuable in medicine. Salt dissolved in water or food increases the number of ions, that is, positively and negatively charged particles, which activates all processes occurring in the body.

However, halite has also found its use in the chemical industry. For example, the production of hydrochloric acid, sodium peroxide and other compounds that are in demand in various consumer sectors cannot be done without NaCl. The use of halite, in addition to its consumption as food, provides more than 10,000 different production processes and final consumption.

This mineral is still the most popular and cheapest preservative, helping people live from one harvest to another, transport food over long distances, and stock up on food for future use. The function of salt as a preservative has saved and is now saving people all over the world from hunger.

Nowadays, sodium chloride has become one of the cheapest food products. And once upon a time there were salt riots. Convoys with this product moved under heavy security. This product was part of soldiers' rations. Perhaps the consonance between the words soldier and salt is not accidental.

How rock and extra salt are produced (video)

Salt extraction methods

How is halite mined nowadays? Modern mining is carried out using several methods.

1. Mass mining large quantity Rock salt is produced by the mine method, which involves extracting rock salt from sedimentary rocks. Since halite is a solid solid monolith, it must be softened at high temperature and under pressure. Special salt harvesters are used to raise salt to the surface.
2. The vacuum method involves boiling minerals out of water with high level dissolved salt concentration. To obtain brine, a well is drilled to reach the rock salt deposit. After this, clean fresh water is pumped into the subsoil. The mineral quickly dissolves in it, forming a saturated solution. After this, the brine is pumped to the surface. This is usually how salt is extracted for food and medical needs, since the brine does not contain impurities of other rocks.
3. The lake method is based on the extraction of salt in open salt reservoirs. This method does not require the construction of boreholes or the construction of mines. However, the product obtained in this way requires careful cleaning, which affects the cost.
4. The method of evaporating seawater has been practiced for about 2,000 years. It was popular in countries with dry and hot climates. To obtain salt from sea water, no energy sources were needed here, since the sun itself coped well with the process of evaporation of water. However, this process was very slow, so when there was a large concentration of people thirsting for salt, special heating was used.

The opposite of evaporation is a method practiced in regions with cold climates. The fact is that fresh water freezes faster than salt water. For this reason, the early ice in the vessel, when melted, was practically fresh water. In the remaining water, the concentration of salt increases. So from sea water it was possible to simultaneously obtain fresh water and saturated brine. Salt was boiled out of the water of the late ice quickly and with less energy consumption.

Nowadays, NaCl is a product that has become familiar, and the sign that spilled salt leads to a quarrel causes bewilderment. The use of sodium chloride in food is in the nature of bringing its taste to the state of sea water. This is a need for all organisms living on land.

The fact is that life arose in sea water. Not surprisingly, the internal environment of the human body corresponds to the parameters of salty sea water. So by consuming salt we restore the mineral balance established by evolution. Just don’t make a saturated solution from a weak saline solution and eat a lot of salt.

Rock salt (halite, Halite) is one of the most common minerals on earth. Chemical formula NaCl - A substance of natural origin, the main deposits are concentrated in places where in ancient times there were seas and oceans. The formation of new deposits occurs constantly; salt lakes, seas, and estuaries are potential deposits. On this moment elite varieties of table salt are mined in existing lakes, and the underlying reserves are a zone of halite formation.

Origin

Halite has surface and fossil deposits. Surface deposits are divided into ancient deposits and modern formations. The ancient ones are mainly represented by sedimentary origin on the sites of once-existing bays, lakes, and sea lagoons during a period when the planet was dry and very hot, which caused intense evaporation of water.

Fossil deposits occur in layers, stocks, or domes beneath the earth's surface in sedimentary environments. Fossil salt layers have a layered structure interspersed with clay and sandstone. The dome arrangement of halite is formed due to the movement of rocks, when the overlying layers, moving, push softer deposits of rock salt into weakened zones, resulting in a dome. The size of the domed halite can reach several tens of kilometers.

Types of halite

The mineral halite is divided into primary and secondary. The primary one was formed from the brine of ancient salt pools and has inclusions of other minerals. Secondary, later halite, formed as a result of redeposition of primary halite and is characterized by a high bromine content.

The mineral of secondary origin has a transparent, coarse-grained structure and forms large nests in the thickness of rock salt. When developing deposits, large nests of halite of secondary origin that come across are sometimes surprising with the beauty and clarity of lines, and the variety of colors. In strata deposits, halite is located in the form of veins, while its structure is more dense, white, sometimes the peripheral ends are colored Blue colour, which may indicate radioactivity.

Characteristics of the mineral

Halite has a glassy luster, a hardness index of 2, and the specific gravity of the mineral is 2.1-2.2 g/cm 3 . Crystals are white, grey, pink, blue, red or colorless. In the mass, a nugget can be painted in several colors. Crystalline halite is soldered in three directions on any face of the cube. In nature, it is found in the form of stalactites, druses, crystals, plaques, sagging, etc.

The mineral has a composition of positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chlorine ions. Halite tastes salty, has a solid structure, dissolves completely in water, giving a sediment of impurities, and at elevated concentrations precipitates in the form of crystals or flakes.

Place of Birth

The world's two largest halite deposits are located in the Volgograd region of the Russian Federation, one is located on Lake Baskunchak, the second is on One of the long-discovered salt mines is the Sol-Iletsk deposit in Orenburg region and Usolskoye in Yakutia. In Ukraine, the Slavyano-Artemovskoye and Prikarpatskoye fields are being developed.

Large area reservoir deposits are located in Germany and Austria. In the United States, extensive reserves of halite are found in Oklahoma and the Saskatchewan Basin in Canada.

Main scope of application

Halite salt is most often used as a reagent in the fight against ice on roads. Climatic conditions Most of the territory of Russia is characterized by long periods of cold, precipitation, forming an ice shell. Considering the length of highways, no equipment is able to quickly clear the roadway. The use of halite-based mixtures helps to quickly and effectively deal with ice and ensure traffic safety.

Technical salt halite has the following advantages:

• Lightweight, versatility of use.
• Preservation of reagent qualities at low temperatures (down to -30°C).
• Environmental Safety.
• Low consumption.
• Low cost.
• General availability.

Features of application

Treating the road surface with a halite-based reagent provokes the formation of a slurry that destroys the ice crust tightly adhered to the asphalt. The disadvantage of the reagent is the solidification of the entire mass (reagent and melted ice) at temperatures below -30°C.

For better cleaning of roads, halite salt is mixed with sand or stone chips, which allows you to quickly and efficiently clear the asphalt from ice cover. According to technical specifications, to clean one square meter of road, no more than 150 grams of salt is required, which puts the mineral beyond competition in comparison with other reagents. For household needs, especially in winter, you can purchase small packages of the mineral reagent. Industrial salt halite, the retail price of which varies from 5 rubles per kilogram, copes with the task perfectly.

Other uses

Technical salt (mineral halite) is used in industry in the following areas:

• Oil production. The main property of technical halite is the dissolution of ice, softening of frozen or hardened soil. In winter or in the Far North, a solution of mineral salt is pumped under pressure into drilled wells, which greatly facilitates further work and saves other resources.
• Tabletted halite is used for washing industrial boilers and heating systems in order to get rid of scale. This pressed form of the mineral is also used as a filter element for purifying large volumes of water, for example, in water wells. In addition to filtration, salt treatment rids water of germs and microorganisms. For domestic purposes it is used to reduce the hardness of hot water.
• Construction. Halite salt is used in the production of sand-lime bricks to make the final product resistant to sudden temperature changes, which also increases strength characteristics and extends service life. Bricks with salt additive during production have a lower cost. Salt added to the cement mortar helps it “set” faster, which speeds up the construction process and increases the durability and reliability of the building.

There are more than 14,000 areas in the world where commercial salt (halite) is used. In medicine it is used for the production of saline solutions, antiseptics, preservatives medicines. Technical salt has found application in the food industry as a refrigerant that allows you to quickly freeze and preserve food at the appropriate temperature.

Implementation

In implementation, there are three types of mineral, the differences lie in the characteristics:

• Highest grade - the sodium chloride content must be at least 97%, the content of foreign impurities is allowed no more than 0.85%.
• The first is at least 90% calcium chloride in mass, foreign impurities - 5%.
• Second, the minimum content of the main element should be about 80%, impurities are allowed in the amount of 12% of the total mass.

The amount of moisture for any variety is regulated at a level of no more than 4.5%. The price at which industrial salt (halite) is sold depends on the grade. The price per ton of raw materials ranges from 3500-3700 rubles (packaged).

According to GOST, storage and release of the mineral is allowed in bulk, in tons, in polypropylene packages different weights. At the same time, salt packaged in bags has a limited shelf life - up to five years, while salt without packaging can be stored for a very long time.

Enterprises developing deposits sell minerals by the carload to wholesale buyers, which allows them to increase production. According to the grade, the cost of a mineral such as salt (halite) is determined. The price per ton when sold by carriage standards varies in the range from 1,400 to 2,600 rubles.

In addition to technical applications, halite is sold as a necessary mineral supplement for animals, in which case the pressed mineral is produced in briquettes.