The most ancient civilization: Sumer. Sumerians Scientific achievements of the Sumerians

The Sumerians, their first civilization, arose in a mind-boggling time: no less than 445 thousand years ago. Many scientists have struggled and are struggling to resolve the mystery of the most ancient people on the planet, but mysteries still remain.

More than 6 thousand years ago, in the region of Mesopotamia, a unique Sumerian civilization appeared out of nowhere, having all the signs of a highly developed one. It is enough to mention that the Sumerians used the ternary counting system and knew Fibonacci numbers. Sumerian texts contain information about the origin, development and structure solar system.

In their depiction of the solar system, located in the Middle East section state museum in Berlin, at the center of the system is the Sun, surrounded by all the planets known today. However, there are differences in their depiction of the solar system, the main one of which is that the Sumerians place an unknown large planet between Mars and Jupiter - the 12th planet in the Sumerian system! This mysterious planet The Sumerians called Nibiru, which means “crossing planet.” The orbit of this planet is a highly elongated ellipse, crossing the solar system once every 3600 years.

Niberu's next passage through the solar system is expected between 2100 and 2158. According to the Sumerians, the planet Niberu was inhabited by conscious beings - the Anunaki. Their lifespan was 360,000 Earth years. They were real giants: women were from 3 to 3.7 meters tall, and men from 4 to 5 meters.

It is worth noting here that, for example, the ancient ruler of Egypt Akhenaten was 4.5 meters tall, and the legendary beauty Nefertiti was about 3.5 meters tall. Already in our time, two unusual coffins were discovered in Akhenaten’s city of Tel el-Amarna. In one of them, directly above the head of the mummy, an image of the Flower of Life was engraved. And in the second coffin, the bones of a seven-year-old boy, whose height was about 2.5 meters, were found. Now this coffin with the remains is on display in the Cairo Museum.

In Sumerian cosmogony, the main event is called the “celestial battle,” a catastrophe that occurred 4 billion years ago and changed the appearance of the solar system. Modern astronomy confirms the data on this catastrophe!

A sensational discovery by astronomers in recent years has been the discovery of a set of fragments of some celestial body that have a common orbit corresponding to the orbit of the unknown planet Nibiru.

The Sumerian manuscripts contain information that can be interpreted as information about the origin of intelligent life on Earth. According to these data, the genus Homo sapiens was created artificially as a result of genetic engineering about 300 thousand years ago. Thus, perhaps humanity is a civilization of biorobots. I’ll immediately make a reservation that there are some temporary inconsistencies in the article. This is due to the fact that many deadlines are set only with a certain degree of accuracy.

Six thousand years ago... Civilizations ahead of their time, or the mystery of the climate optimum.

The deciphering of Sumerian manuscripts shocked researchers. Here is a short and incomplete list of the achievements of this unique civilization that existed at the dawn of development Egyptian civilization, long before the Roman Empire, and even more so Ancient Greece. We are talking about a time about 6 thousand years ago.

After deciphering the Sumerian tables, it became clear that the Sumerian civilization had a number of modern knowledge from the field of chemistry, herbal medicine, cosmogony, astronomy, modern mathematics (for example, I used golden ratio, the ternary number system, used after the Sumerians only when creating modern computers, used Fibonacci numbers!), had knowledge of genetic engineering (this interpretation of the texts is given by a number of scientists in the order of the version of the deciphering of the manuscripts), had a modern government system - jury trials and elected bodies of the people (in modern terminology) deputies and so on...

Where could such knowledge come from at that time? Let's try to figure it out, but let's look at some facts about that era - 6 thousand years ago. This time is significant because the average temperature on the planet was then several degrees higher than it is now. The effect is called the temperature optimum.

The approach of the double system of Sirius (Sirius-A and Sirius-B) to the Solar system dates back to the same period. At the same time, for several centuries of the 4th millennium BC, instead of one Moon, two were visible in the sky - the second celestial body, comparable in size to the Moon at that time, was the approaching Sirius, an explosion in the system of which occurred again in the same period - 6 thousand years ago!

At the same time, absolutely independent of the development of the Sumerian civilization in central Africa, there was a Dogon tribe, leading a rather isolated way of life from other tribes and nationalities, however, as it became known in our time, the Dogon knew the details of not only the structure of the Sirius star system, but also owned other information from the field of cosmogony.

These are the parallels. But if the Dogon legends contain people from Sirius, whom this African tribe perceived as gods who descended from the sky and flew to Earth due to a catastrophe on one of the inhabited planets of the Sirius system associated with an explosion on the star Sirius, then if you believe the Sumerian According to texts, the Sumerian civilization was associated with settlers from the lost 12th planet of the solar system, the planet Nibiru.

According to Sumerian cosmogony, the planet Nibiru, not without reason called “crossing”, has a very elongated and inclined elliptical orbit and passes between Mars and Jupiter once every 3600 years. Long years Sumerian information about the lost 12th planet of the solar system was classified as legend.

However, one of the most amazing discoveries the last two years has been the discovery of a collection of fragments of a previously unknown celestial body, moving along a common orbit in a way that only fragments of a once single celestial body can do. The orbit of this aggregate crosses the solar system once every 3600 years precisely between Mars and Jupiter and exactly corresponds to the data from the Sumerian manuscripts. Where 6 thousand years ago ancient civilization Could the Earth have such information?

The planet Nibiru plays a special role in the formation of the mysterious Sumerian civilization. So, the Sumerians claim that they had contact with the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru! It was from this planet, according to Sumerian texts, that the Anunaki came to Earth, “descending from heaven to Earth.”

The Bible also testifies in favor of this statement. In the sixth chapter of Genesis there is a mention of them, where they are called nifilim, “descended from heaven.” The Anunaki, according to Sumerian and other sources (where they were called "nifilim"), often mistaken for "gods", "took earthly women as wives."

Here we are dealing with evidence of the possible assimilation of settlers from Nibiru. By the way, if you believe these legends, of which there are many in various cultures, then humanoids not only belonged to the protein form of life, but were also so compatible with earthlings that they were able to have common offspring. Biblical sources also testify to such assimilation. Let us add that in most religions, the gods met with earthly women. Doesn't what has been said indicate the reality of paleocontacts, that is, contacts with representatives of other inhabited celestial bodies that occurred from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years ago?

How incredible is it that creatures close to human nature exist outside of Earth? Among the supporters of the plurality of intelligent life in the Universe there were many great scientists, among whom it is enough to mention Tsiolkovsky, Vernadsky and Chizhevsky.

However, the Sumerians report much more than the biblical books. According to Sumerian manuscripts, the Anunaki first arrived on Earth approximately 445 thousand years ago, that is, long before the emergence of the Sumerian civilization.

Let's try to find an answer in the Sumerian manuscripts to the question: why did the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru fly to Earth 445 thousand years ago? It turns out that they were interested in minerals, primarily gold. Why?

If we take as a basis the version of an environmental disaster on the 12th planet of the solar system, then we could talk about creating a protective gold-containing screen for the planet. Note that technology similar to the proposed one is now used in space projects.

At first, the Anunaki unsuccessfully tried to extract gold from the waters of the Persian Gulf, and then took up mining in Southeast Africa. Every 3600 years, when the planet Niberu appeared near the earth, gold reserves were sent to it.

According to the chronicles, the Anunaki were mining gold for quite a long time: from 100 to 150 thousand years. And then, as expected, an uprising broke out. The long-lived Anunnaki were tired of working in the mines for hundreds of thousands of years. And then the leaders made a unique decision: to create “primitive workers” to work in the mines.

And the entire process of the creation of man or the process of mixing divine and earthly components - the process of in vitro fertilization - is painted in detail on clay tablets and depicted on the cylinder seals of the Sumerian chronicles. This information literally shocked modern geneticists.

The ancient Hebrew Bible, the Torah, which was born in the ruins of Sumer, attributed the act of creating man to Elohim. This word is given in plural and should be translated as gods. Well, the purpose of the creation of man is defined very precisely: “... and there was no man to cultivate the land.” The ruler of Niberu Anu and the chief scientist of the Anunaki Enki decided to create “Adamu”. This word comes from "Adamah" (earth) and means "Earthling".

Enki decided to use straight walking anthropomorphic creatures that already lived on earth, and improve them so much that they understood orders and could use tools. They understood that earthly hominids had not yet undergone evolution and decided to speed up this process.

Viewing the universe as a single living and intelligent being, self-organizing on an infinite number of levels, whereby mind and intelligence are permanent cosmic factors, he believed that life on earth originated from the same cosmic seed of life as on his home planet.

In the Torah, Enki is called Nahash, which translated means “snake, serpent” or “one who knows secrets, secrets.” And the emblem of the cult center of Enki were two intertwined snakes. In this symbol you can see a model of the structure of DNA, which Enki was able to unravel as a result of genetic research.

Enki's plans included using primate DNA and Anunaki DNA to create a new race. Enki attracted a young beautiful girl, whose name was Ninti - “the lady who gives life,” as an assistant. Subsequently, this name was replaced by the pseudonym Mami, a prototype of the universal word mom.

The chronicles record the instructions that Enki gave to Ninti. First of all, all procedures must be performed under completely sterile conditions. Sumerian texts repeatedly mention that before working with “clay,” Ninti first washed her hands. As is clear from the text, Enki used in his work the egg of an African female monkey that lived north of Zimbabwe.

The instructions read: “Mix clay (egg) from the base of the earth, which is slightly up (to the north) from Abzu, to the “essence”, and fit it into a mold with the “essence.” I imagine a good, knowledgeable, young Anunaki who will bring the clay (egg) to the desired state... you will pronounce the fate of the newborn... Ninti will embody in him the image of the gods, and what it will become will be a Man.”

The divine element, which in the Sumerian chronicles is called "TE-E-MA" and is translated as "essence" or "that which binds memory", and in our understanding it is DNA, was obtained from the blood of a specially selected Anunaki (or Anunaki) and subjected to processing in a “cleansing bath”. U young man They also took Shiru - sperm.

The word "clay" comes from "TI-IT", translated as "that which accompanies life." A derivative of this word is “egg”. In addition, the texts note that what is called napishtu (the parallel biblical term Naphsh, which is usually not accurately translated as “soul”) was obtained from the blood of one of the gods.

Sumerian texts say that luck did not immediately favor the scientists, and as a result of experiments, ugly hybrids initially appeared. Finally they came to success. The successfully formed egg was then placed in the body of the goddess, whom Ninti agreed to become. As a result of a long pregnancy and caesarean section, the first man, Adam, was born.

Since a lot of industrial workers were needed for the mines, Eve was created to reproduce her own kind by cloning. Unfortunately, this can only be assumed; no descriptions of the details of cloning have yet been found in the Sumerian chronicles. But having passed on to us your image and ability to intellectual development, the Anunnaki did not give us longevity. The Torah says about this: “Elohim said the phrase: “Adam became like one of us... And now, lest he stretch out his hand and take from the tree of life, and eat, and live forever.” And Adam and Eve were expelled from Eden!

More recently, as a result of careful DNA research, Wesley Brown made interesting discovery“about the mitochondrial Eve, common to all people of the Earth,” who lived in Africa approximately 250,000 years ago. And it turned out that the first human being came from the very valley where, according to the Sumerians, we mined gold!

Later, when the women of the Earth acquired an attractive appearance, the Anunnaki began to take them as wives, which also contributed to the development of the intellect of the next generations of people. The Bible of Moses says the following about this: “Then the sons of God saw the daughters of men, and they began to give birth to them. These are strong people who have been famous since ancient times.”

The New Explanatory Bible says the following about this: “This is one of the most difficult passages of the Bible to interpret; The main difficulty lies in determining who can be understood here as “sons of God.” And since the Bible of Moses does not directly say anything about the Anunnaki, the interpreters decided to consider the “sons of God” the descendants of Seth, the third son of Adam and Eve, who “were exponents of all that is good, sublime and good” - “Giants of the Spirit.” Well! If you don’t know about the content of the Sumerian chronicles, then this is still some kind of explanation.

Questions and answers.

1. Who could conduct mine development during the Stone Age?!

Archaeological research confirms that mining was carried out in South Africa during the Stone Age(!). Back in 1970, archaeologists discovered extensive gold mines in Swaziland, up to 20 meters deep. International group Physicists in 1988 determined the age of the mines - from 80 to 100 thousand years.

2. How do wild tribes know about “artificial people”?

Zulu legends say that these mines were manned by flesh-and-blood slaves artificially created by the “first men.”

3. The second discovery of astronomers testifies - there was a planet Nibiru!

In addition to the above-mentioned discovery of a group of fragments moving along the desired trajectory, corresponding to the ideas of the Sumerians, the recent subsequent discovery of astronomers was no less surprising. Modern astronomical laws confirm that between Mars and Jupiter there must have been planets twice as large as the Earth! This planet was either destroyed as a result of a major catastrophe, or was not formed at all due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter.

4. The Sumerians’ claim about the “heavenly battle” 4 billion years ago is also most likely confirmed by science!

After the discovery of the fact that Uranus, Neptune and Pluto “lie on their sides”, and their satellites lie in a completely different plane, it became clear that collisions of celestial bodies changed the face of the solar system. This means that they could not have been satellites of these planets before the disaster. Where did they come from? Scientists believe that they were formed from emissions from the planet Uranus during the collision.

It is clear that some destructive force of the object collided with these planets, so much so that it was able to rotate their axes. According to modern scientists, this catastrophe, which the Sumerians dubbed the “heavenly battle,” occurred 4 billion years ago. Note that the “heavenly battle” according to the Sumerians does not at all mean the notorious “ star Wars" We are talking about a collision of celestial bodies of enormous mass or another similar cataclysm.

Note that the Sumerians quite accurately not only describe the appearance of the solar system before the “heavenly battle” (that is, 4 billion years ago), but also indicate the reasons for that dramatic period! True, it’s a small matter – deciphering figurative phrases and allegories! One thing is clear: the description of the solar system before the catastrophe, when it was still “young”, is information transmitted by someone! By whom?

Thus, the version that the Sumerian texts contain a description of the history of 4 billion years ago has a right to exist!

Introduction

What happened on the land called by the Greeks Mesopotamia, which meant between two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates), can be called turning point in human history: civilization was born here. The descendants of Stone Age landowners who timidly settled along the banks of the swamps - the people we know as the Sumerians - managed to turn all the seeming shortcomings of their native land into enormous benefits that influenced the development of all mankind.

The sun burns the earth, killing the scanty vegetation that has sprouted after rare spring rains. A hot wind generated by the desert to the south raises dust storms that sweep across the bleak plain. Not a single hill is visible on the horizon. In these parts you can hardly find a tree to hide from the heat in its shade. The monotony of the landscape is broken only by two rivers. Water attracts life. Above the swamp, where rivers overflow their banks during rains, birds circle, schools of fish gather in shallow water. Along the banks of the swamps, people live in simple huts made of clay and silt. By digging up the ground, they cultivate small areas of land. This was the valley that lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers 9 thousand years ago. The lands seemed completely infertile. But, nevertheless, about 3000 years before new era a different picture would have appeared. Magnificent cities grew throughout the valley. And all around were fields sown with grain crops. The wind blew through the groves of date palms. Temples rose everywhere. One could see stone palaces, mansions and streets lined with spacious houses, hundreds of workshops with a variety of goods from pottery to precious jewelry.

Who were the first Sumerians, where did they come from in the Tigris and Euphrates valley - these questions are destined to remain unanswered. The homeland of these dark-haired and light-skinned people should be considered the east or north-west of Mesopotamia, their language is very similar to the language of the peoples of the Caspian Sea coast. The Sumerians probably settled in the valley around 3500 BC, around the time that primitive agricultural settlements were established there. In any case, the first Sumerians settled in the south of the valley, building their huts along the banks of the reed-covered swamps that abounded in the delta where the Tigris and Euphrates flowed into the Persian Gulf.

The history of the discovery and life of the Sumerians is still a mystery to historians and is compared in complexity to the discovery of space.

Chapter 1. The mystery of the discovery of the Sumerians.

1.1. The first explorers

Hesopotamia has attracted travelers and explorers for centuries. This country is mentioned in the Bible, ancient geographers and historians talk about it. The history of Mesopotamia was little known for the reason that Islam later reigned here, so it was difficult for non-believers to get here. Interest in the past, the desire to know what came before us, have always been the main factors that motivate people to take actions, often risky and dangerous.

The very first studies of Mesopotamia were written in 1178 and published in 1543 in Hebrew, and 30 years later in Latin - with a detailed report that deals with the monuments of ancient Mesopotamia.

The first explorer of Mesopotamia was the rabbi from Tudela (Kingdom of Navarre) Benjamin, son of Jonah, who in 1160 went to Mesopotamia and wandered around the East for 30 years. The hills with the ruins buried in them protruding from the sands made a strong impression on him and aroused a passionate interest in the past of the ancient people.

The speculations of the first European travelers were not always plausible, but always fascinating. They excited and awakened the hope of finding Nineveh - the city about which the prophet Nahum said: “Nineveh is devastated! Who will regret her? Nineveh, in 612 BC. e. destroyed and set on fire by the Median troops, who defeated the hated Assyrian kings in bloody battles, cursed and forgotten, became the embodiment of a legend for Europeans. The search for Nineveh contributed to the discovery of Sumer. None of the travelers even imagined that the history of Mesopotamia goes back to such distant times. The Neapolitan merchant Pietro della Valle did not think about this when he set off on a trip to the East in 1616. We owe him information about bricks found on Mukaiyar Hill, covered with some amazing signs. Valle suggests that these are writings, and they should be read from left to right. It seemed to him that the bricks had been dried in the sun. As a result of excavations, Valle discovered that the base of the building was made of bricks baked in ovens, but no different in size from those dried in the sun. It was he who first delivered wedge-shaped writing to scientists, thereby marking the beginning of a two-hundred-year history of their reading.

The second traveler who came across traces of the Sumerians was the Dane Carsten Niebuhr, who on January 7, 1761. went to the East. He dreamed of collecting and studying as many wedge-shaped texts as possible, the mystery of which worried linguists and historians of that time. The fate of the Danish expedition turned out to be tragic: all its participants died. Only Niebuhr survived. His “Description of Travels to Arabia and Neighboring Countries,” published in 1778, became something of an encyclopedia of knowledge about Mesopotamia. Not only exotic lovers, but also scientists were engrossed in it. The main thing in this work were carefully executed copies of the Persepolis inscriptions. Niebuhr was the first to determine that inscriptions consisting of three distinctly demarcating columns represented three types of cuneiform. He called them 1st, 2nd and 3rd classes. Although Niebuhr was unable to read the inscriptions, his reasoning turned out to be extremely valuable and basically correct. He, for example, argued that class 1 represents the Old Persian script, consisting of 42 characters. Descendants should also be grateful to Niebuhr for the hypothesis that each of the writing classes represents a different language.

1.2. Deciphering mysterious signs.

The observations made by this traveler and discoverer, as well as his reasoned assumptions, were used by Grotenfend in deciphering the cuneiform script. These materials turned out to be the key to solving the riddle of the existence of Sumer. On the threshold of the 19th century, the scientific world already had a sufficient number of cuneiform texts to move from the first, timid attempts to the final decipherment of the mysterious writing. Thus, the Danish scientist Friedrich Christian Munter suggested that class 1 (according to Niebuhr) represents alphabetic writing, class 2 – syllables and class 3 – ideographic signs. He hypothesized that three multilingual inscriptions from Persepolis, immortalized by three writing systems, contain the same texts. These observations and hypotheses were correct, however, this was not enough to read and decipher the indicated inscriptions - neither Munter nor Tychsen was able to read the Persepolis inscriptions. Only Grotefend, teacher of Greek and Latin languages Lyceum in Gottingen, achieved what his predecessors could not. This story has a rather piquant beginning. They say that Grotefend, a passionate lover of charades and puzzles, bet in a tavern that he would solve the “puzzle from Persepolis,” which allegedly caused laughter and ridicule. Who could have imagined that the most complex problem, over which famous scientists of Europe struggled in vain, would be solved by a humble teacher? When starting work, Grotefend used not so much his experience as an inveterate puzzle reader, although this experience undoubtedly helped him, but rather the achievements of his predecessors.

However, the question is whether there was Sumerian civilization there was only scientific hypothesis until, in 1877, an employee of the French consulate in Baghdad, Ernest de Sarjac, made a discovery that became a historical milestone in the study of Sumerian civilization.

In the area of ​​Tello, at the foot of a high hill, he found a figurine made in a completely unknown style. Monsieur de Sarjac organized excavations there, and sculptures, figurines and clay tablets, decorated with previously unseen ornaments, began to emerge from the ground.

Among the many objects found was a statue made of green diorite stone, depicting the king and high priest of the city-state of Lagash. Many signs indicated that this statue was much older than any piece of art found so far in Mesopotamia. Even the most cautious archaeologists admitted that the statue dates back to the 3rd or even 4th millennium BC. e. - that is, to the era preceding the emergence of the Assyrian-Babylonian culture.

Sumerian seals discovered

The most interesting and “informative” works applied arts, found during lengthy excavations, turned out to be Sumerian seals. The earliest examples date back to around 3000 BC. These were stone cylinders from 1 to 6 cm high, often with a hole: apparently, many seal owners wore them around their necks. Inscriptions (in a mirror image) and drawings were cut out on the working surface of the seal.

Various documents were sealed with such seals; masters placed them on manufactured pottery. The Sumerians compiled documents not on scrolls of papyrus or parchment, and not on sheets of paper, but on tablets made of raw clay. After drying or firing such a tablet, the text and seal impression could be preserved for a long time.

The images on the seals were very diverse. The most ancient of them are mythical creatures: bird people, beast people, various flying objects, balls in the sky. There are also gods in helmets standing near the “tree of life”, heavenly boats above the lunar disk, transporting creatures similar to people.

It should be noted that the motif known to us as the “tree of life” is interpreted differently by modern scientists. Some consider it to be an image of some kind of ritual structure, others – a memorial stele. And, according to some, the “tree of life” is a graphic representation of the double helix of DNA, the carrier of genetic information of all living organisms.

The Sumerians knew the structure of the solar system

Specialists in Sumerian culture Considered one of the most mysterious seals is the one on which the solar system is depicted. It was studied, among other scientists, by one of the most outstanding astronomers of the 20th century, Carl Sagan.

The image on the seal irrefutably indicates that 5-6 thousand years ago the Sumerians knew that it was the Sun, and not the Earth, that was the center of our “near space”. There is no doubt about it: the Sun on the seal is located in the middle, and it is much larger than the celestial bodies surrounding it.

However, this is not even the most surprising and important thing. The figure shows all the planets known to us today, but the last of them, Pluto, was discovered only in 1930.

But that, as they say, is not all. Firstly, in the Sumerian diagram Pluto is not in its current place, but between Saturn and Uranus. And secondly, the Sumerians placed another celestial body between Mars and Jupiter.

Zecharia Sitchin on Nibiru

Zecharia Sitchin, a modern scientist with Russian roots, a specialist in biblical texts and the culture of the Middle East, fluent in several Semitic languages, an expert in cuneiform writing, a graduate of the London School of Economics and Political Science, a journalist and writer, the author of six books on paleoastronautics ( an officially unrecognized science that searches for evidence of the existence in the distant past of interplanetary and interstellar flights, with the participation of both earthlings and inhabitants of other worlds), member of the Israeli Scientific Research Society.

He is convinced that the celestial body depicted on the seal and unknown to us today is another, tenth planet of the solar system - Marduk-Nibiru.

Here is what Sitchin himself says about this:

There is another planet in our solar system that appears between Mars and Jupiter every 3600 years. The inhabitants of that planet came to Earth almost half a million years ago and did much of what we read about in the Bible, in the Book of Genesis. I predict that this planet, whose name is Nibiru, will approach the Earth in our days. It is inhabited by intelligent beings - the Anunnaki, and they will move from their planet to ours and back. It was they who created Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens. Outwardly we look just like them.

An argument in favor of Sitchin’s radical hypothesis is the conclusion of a number of scientists, including Carl Sagan, that Sumerian civilization possessed enormous knowledge in the field of astronomy, which can only be explained as a consequence of their contacts with some extraterrestrial civilization.

Sensational discovery - “Platonov’s Year”

Even more sensational, according to a number of experts, is the discovery made on Kuyundzhik Hill, in Iraq, during excavations of the ancient city of Nineveh. A text containing calculations was discovered there, the result of which is represented by the number 195,955,200,000,000. This 15-digit number expresses in seconds the 240 cycles of the so-called “Platonic year,” the duration of which is about 26 thousand “normal” years.

The study of this result of the strange mathematical exercises of the Sumerians was carried out by the French scientist Maurice Chatelain, a specialist in communication systems with spacecraft, who worked for more than twenty years at the American space agency NASA. For a long time, Chatelain's hobby was the study of paleoasthanomy - the astronomical knowledge of ancient peoples, about which he wrote several books.

Highly accurate calculations of the Sumerians

Chatelain suggested that the mysterious 15-digit number could express the so-called Great Constant of the Solar System, which makes it possible to calculate with high accuracy the frequency of repetition of each period in the movement and evolution of the planets and their satellites.

This is how Chatelain comments on the result:

In all the cases I checked, the period of revolution of the planet or comet was (to within a few tenths) part of the Great Constant of Nineveh, equal to 2268 million days. In my opinion, this circumstance serves as convincing confirmation of the high accuracy with which the Constant was calculated thousands of years ago.

Further research showed that in one case the inaccuracy of the Constant still appears, namely in the cases of the so-called “tropical year”, which is 365, 242,199 days. The difference between this value and the value obtained using the Constant was one whole and 386 thousandths of a second.

However, American experts doubted the inaccuracy of Constant. The fact is that, according to recent research, the length of the tropical year decreases by about 16 millionths of a second every thousand years. And dividing the above error by this value leads to a truly stunning conclusion: The Great Constant of Nineveh was calculated 64,800 years ago!

I consider it appropriate to recall that among the ancient Greeks, the largest number was 10 thousand. Everything that exceeded this value was considered infinity by them.

Clay tablet with space flight manual

The next “incredible but obvious” artifact of the Sumerian civilization, also found during the excavations of Nineveh, is a clay tablet of an unusual round shape with a record ... manuals for pilots spaceships!

The plate is divided into 8 identical sectors. In the surviving areas, various designs are visible: triangles and polygons, arrows, straight and curved demarcation lines. A group of researchers, which included linguists, mathematicians and space navigation specialists, was deciphering the inscriptions and meanings on this unique tablet.

Researchers have concluded that the tablet contains descriptions of the “travel route” of the supreme deity Enlil, who headed the heavenly council of the Sumerian gods. The text indicates which planets Enlil flew past during his journey, which was carried out in accordance with the compiled route. It also provides information about the flights of “cosmonauts” arriving on Earth from the tenth planet – Marduk.

Map for spaceships

The first sector of the tablet contains data on the flight of the spacecraft, which on its way flies around the planets encountered along the way from the outside. Approaching the Earth, the ship passes through “clouds of steam” and then descends lower into the “clear sky” zone.

After this, the crew turns on the landing system equipment, starts the braking engines and guides the ship over the mountains to a predetermined landing site. The flight path between the astronauts’ home planet of Marduk and the Earth passes between Jupiter and Mars, as follows from the surviving inscriptions in the second sector of the tablet.

The third sector describes the sequence of actions of the crew during the landing on Earth. There is also a mysterious phrase here: “The landing is controlled by the deity Ninya.”

The fourth sector contains information on how to navigate by the stars during a flight to Earth, and then, already above its surface, guide the ship to the landing site, guided by the terrain.

According to Maurice Chatelain, the round tablet is nothing more than a guide to space flights with a corresponding diagram attached.

Here is, in particular, a schedule for the implementation of the successive stages of the landing of the ship, the moments and places of passage of the upper and lower layers of the atmosphere, the activation of the braking engines are indicated, the mountains and cities over which it should fly over are indicated, as well as the location of the cosmodrome where the ship should land.

All this information is accompanied big amount numbers containing, probably, data on altitude and airspeed that should be observed when performing the steps mentioned above.

It is known that the Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations arose suddenly. Both were characterized by an inexplicably vast amount of knowledge in the most different areas human life and activities (in particular in the field of astronomy).

Cosmodromes of the ancient Sumerians

After studying the content of texts on Sumerian, Assyrian and Babylonian clay tablets, Zecharia Sitchin came to the conclusion that Ancient world, covering Egypt, the Middle East and Mesopotamia, there should have been several such places where spacecraft from the planet Marduk could land. And these places, most likely, were located in the territories that ancient legends speak of as centers of the most ancient civilizations and in which traces of such civilizations were actually discovered.

According to cuneiform tablets, aliens from other planets used an air corridor stretching over the Tigris and Euphrates river basins to fly over the Earth. And on the surface of the Earth, this corridor was marked by a number of points that served as “road signs” - the crew of the landing spacecraft could navigate along them and, if necessary, adjust the flight parameters.

The most important of these points was undoubtedly Mount Ararat, rising more than 5,000 meters above sea level. If you draw a line on the map running strictly south from Ararat, it will intersect with the imaginary center line of the mentioned air corridor at an angle of 45 degrees. At the intersection of these lines is the Sumerian city of Sippar (literally “City of the Bird”). Here is the ancient cosmodrome, on which ships of “guests” from the planet Marduk landed and took off.

To the southeast of Sippar, along the centerline of the air corridor ending over the swamps of the then Persian Gulf, strictly on the center line or with small (up to 6 degrees) deviations from it, a number of other control points were located at the same distance from each other:

• Nippur
• Shuruppak
• Larsa
• Ibira
• Lagash
• Eridu

The central place among them - both in location and in significance - was occupied by Nippur (“Intersection Place”), where the Mission Control Center was located, and Eridu, located in the very south of the corridor and served as the main reference point for spacecraft landing.

All these points became, in modern language, city-forming enterprises; settlements gradually grew around them, which then turned into big cities.

Aliens lived on Earth

For 100 years, the planet Marduk was at a fairly close distance from the Earth, and during these years “older brothers in mind” regularly visited earthlings from space.

Deciphered cuneiform texts suggest that some aliens remained on our planet forever and that the inhabitants of Marduk could have landed troops of mechanical robots or biorobots on some planets or their satellites.

In the Sumerian epic tale of Gilgamesh, the semi-legendary ruler of the city of Uruk, in the period 2700-2600 BC. mentioned ancient city Baalbek, located in modern Lebanon. It is known, in particular, for the ruins of gigantic structures made of stone blocks processed and fitted to each other with high precision, weighing up to 100 tons or more. Who, when and for what purpose erected these megalithic buildings remains a mystery to this day.

According to Anunnaki clay tablet texts Sumerian civilization called “alien gods” who arrived from another planet and taught them to read and write, passed on their knowledge and skills from many areas of science and technology.

The civilization of ancient Sumer, its sudden appearance, produced an effect on humanity comparable to nuclear explosion: a block of historical knowledge shattered into hundreds of small fragments, and years passed before this monolith could be put together in a new way.

The Sumerians, who practically did not “exist” at all one hundred and fifty years before the heyday of their civilization, gave so much to humanity that many still wonder: did they really exist? And if they were, why did they disappear into the darkness of centuries with resigned muteness?

Until the middle of the 19th century, no one knew anything about the Sumerians. Those finds that were later recognized as Sumerian were initially attributed to other periods and other cultures. And this defies explanation: a rich, well-organized, “powerful” civilization has gone so deeply “underground” that it defies logic. Moreover, the achievements of ancient Sumer, as it turned out, are so impressive that it is almost impossible to “hide” them, just as it is impossible to remove Egyptian pharaohs, Mayan pyramids, Etruscan tombstones, and Jewish antiquities from history.

After the phenomenon of Sumerian civilization became a generally accepted fact, many researchers recognized their right to “cultural birthright.” The greatest expert on Sumer, Professor Samuel Noah Kramer, summed up this phenomenon in one of his books, declaring that “history begins in Sumer.” The professor did not sin against the truth - he counted the number of objects the right of discovery of which belonged to the Sumerians, and found that there were at least thirty-nine of them. And most importantly, what kind of items! If one of the ancient civilizations had invented one thing, they would have gone down in history forever! And here there are as many as 39 (!), and one is more significant than the other!

The Sumerians invented the wheel, parliament, medicine and many other things we still use today.

What did they give to other civilizations?

Judge for yourself: in addition to the first writing system, the Sumerians invented the wheel, a school, a bicameral parliament, historians, something like a newspaper or magazine, which historians called “The Farmer's Almanac.” They were the first to study cosmogony and cosmology, compiled a collection of proverbs and aphorisms, introduced literary debates, were the first to invent money, taxes, legislate laws, carry out social reforms, and invent medicine (the recipes by which we obtain medicine in pharmacies also first appeared in ancient Sumer ). They also created a real literary hero, who in the Bible received the name Noah, and the Sumerians called him Ziudsura. It first appeared in the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh long before the Bible was created.

Medicine

Some Sumerian designs are still used and admired by people today. For example, medicine had a very high level. In Nineveh (one of the Sumerian cities) they discovered a library that had an entire medical department: about a thousand clay tablets! Can you imagine - the most complex medical procedures were described in special reference books, which talked about hygiene rules, operations, even the removal of cataracts and the use of alcohol for disinfection during surgical operations! And all this happened around 3500 BC - that is, more than fifty centuries ago!

Ancient civilization of Sumerians

Considering the antiquity when all this happened, it is very difficult to comprehend other achievements of the civilization hidden between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

The Sumerians were fearless travelers and outstanding sailors who built the world's first ships. One of the inscriptions excavated in the city of Lagash talks about how to repair ships and lists the materials that the local ruler supplied for the construction of the temple. There was everything from gold, silver, copper to diorite, carnelian and cedar.

Metal smelting

What can I say: the first brick kiln was also built in Sumer! They also invented a technology for smelting metals from ore, such as copper - for this, the ore was heated to a temperature of over 800 degrees in a closed furnace with a low supply of oxygen. This process, called smelting, was carried out when the supply of natural native copper was exhausted. Surprisingly, these innovative technologies were mastered by the Sumerians several centuries after the emergence of civilization.

And in general, the Sumerians made all their discoveries and inventions in a very short time - one hundred and fifty years! During this period of time, other civilizations were just getting on their feet, taking their first steps, but the Sumerians, like a non-stop conveyor belt, supplied the world with examples of inventive thought and brilliant discoveries. Looking at all this, many questions involuntarily arise, the first of which is: what kind of wonderful, mythical people are they who came from nowhere, gave a lot of useful things - from a wheel to a bicameral parliament - and went into the unknown, leaving behind practically nothing? traces?

A unique writing system, cuneiform, is also an invention of the Sumerians. The Sumerian cuneiform script could not be solved for a long time, until English diplomats, and at the same time intelligence officers, took up it.

Judging by the list of achievements, the Sumerians were the founders of the civilization with which history began its record. And if so, then it makes sense to take a closer look at them to understand how this became possible? Where did this mysterious ethnic group get its material for inspiration?

Low truths

There are many versions about where the Sumerians came from and where their homeland is located, but this mystery has not been completely resolved. Let's start with the fact that even the name “Sumerians” appeared recently - they themselves called themselves black-headed (why is also unclear). However, the fact that their homeland is not Mesopotamia is quite obvious: their appearance, language, culture were completely alien to the tribes living in Mesopotamia at that time! Moreover, the Sumerian language is not related to any of the languages ​​that have survived to this day!

Most historians are inclined to believe that the original habitat of the Sumerians was a certain mountainous area in Asia - it is not for nothing that the words “country” and “mountain” are written the same in the Sumerian language. And taking into account their ability to build ships and be at ease with water, they lived either on the seashore or next to it. The Sumerians also came to Mesopotamia by water: first they appeared in the Tigris delta, and only then began to develop the swampy, unsuitable shores for life.

Ancient Sumerians are countriesand mysteries and unknown secrets

Having drained them, the Sumerians erected various buildings, both on artificial embankments or on terraces made of mud brick. This method of construction is most likely not typical of lowland inhabitants. Based on this, scientists have suggested that their homeland is the island of Dilmun (the current name is Bahrain). This island, located in the Persian Gulf, is mentioned in the Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh. The Sumerians called Dilmun their homeland, their ships visited the island, but modern researchers believe that there is no serious evidence that Dilmun was the cradle of ancient Sumer.

Gilgamesh, surrounded by bull-like people, supports a winged disk - a symbol of the Assyrian god Ashur

There is also a version that the homeland of the Sumerians was India, Transcaucasia and even West Africa. But then it is not clear: why at that time there was no special progress observed in the notorious Sumerian homeland, but in Mesopotamia, where the fugitives sailed, there was an unexpected takeoff? And what kind of ships, for example, were there in Transcaucasia? Or in Ancient India?

Descendants of the Atlanteans? Versions of their appearance

There is also a version that the Sumerians are the descendants of the indigenous population of the sunken Atlantis, the Atlanteans. Supporters of this version claim that this island-state died as a result of a volcanic eruption and a giant tsunami that even covered the continent. Despite the controversy of this version, it at least explains the mystery of the origin of the Sumerians.

If we assume that a volcanic eruption on the island of Santorini, located in the Mediterranean Sea, destroyed the Atlantean civilization in its very heyday, why not assume that part of the population escaped and subsequently settled in Mesopotamia? But the Atlanteans (if we assume that it was they who inhabited Santorini) had highly developed civilization, which was famous for its excellent sailors, architects, doctors, who knew how to build a state and manage it.

The most reliable way to establish a family connection between certain peoples is to compare their languages. The connection can be close - then the languages ​​are considered to belong to the same language group. In this sense, all peoples, including those that disappeared long ago, have linguistic relatives among the peoples living to this day.

But the Sumerians are the only people who have no linguistic relatives! They are unique and inimitable in this too! And the deciphering of their language and writing was accompanied by a number of circumstances that cannot be called anything other than suspicious.

British trace

The most important point in the long chain of circumstances that led to the discovery of ancient Sumer was that it was found not thanks to the curiosity of archaeologists, but in... the offices of scientists. Alas, the right to discover the most ancient civilization belongs to linguists. Trying to understand the secrets of the wedge-shaped letter, they, like detectives in a detective novel, followed the trail of a hitherto unknown people.

But at first this was nothing more than a guess, until in the middle of the 19th century, employees of the British and French consulates began the search (as you know, most consular employees are professional intelligence officers).

Behistun inscription

At first it was a British army officer, Major Henry Rawlinson. In the years 1837-1844, this inquisitive military man, a decipherer of Persian cuneiform, copied the Behistun Inscription, a trilingual inscription on a rock between Kermanshah and Hamadan in Iran. The major deciphered this inscription, made in ancient Persian, Elamite and Babylonian, for 9 years (by the way, a similar inscription was on the Rosetta Stone in Egypt, which was found under the leadership of Baron Denon, also a diplomat and intelligence officer, who was once exposed for espionage from Russia).

Even then, some scholars began to suspect that the translation from the ancient Persian language was suspicious and similar to the language of the embassy code talkers. But Rawlinson immediately introduced scientists to clay dictionaries made by the ancient Persians. It was they who pushed scientists to search for the ancient civilization that existed in these places.

Ernest de Sarzhak, another diplomat, this time French, also joined this search. In 1877 he found a figurine made in an unknown style. Sarzhak organized excavations in that area and - what do you think? — pulled out from under the ground a whole pile of unprecedentedly beautiful artifacts. So one fine day, traces were found of the people who gave the world the first writing in history - the Babylonians, the Assyrians, and the later large city-states of Asia Minor and the Middle East.

Amazing luck also accompanied the former London engraver George Smith, who deciphered the outstanding Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh. In 1872 he worked as an assistant in the Egyptian-Assyrian department of the British Museum. While deciphering part of the text written on clay tablets (they were sent to London by Hormuz Rasam, Rawlinson's friend and also an intelligence officer), Smith discovered that a number of the tablets described the exploits of a hero named Gilgamesh.

He realized that part of the story was missing because several tablets were missing. Smith's discovery caused a sensation. The Daily Telegraph even promised £1,000 to anyone who could find the missing pieces of the tale. George took advantage of this and went to Mesopotamia. And what do you think? His expedition managed to find 384 tablets, among which was the missing part of the epic that changed our understanding of the Ancient World.

Were there Shemers?

All these “oddities” and “accidents” accompanying the big discovery have led to the emergence of many supporters of the conspiracy theory in the world, which says: ancient Sumer never existed, it was all the work of a brigade of swindlers!

But why did they need this? The answer is simple: in the middle of the 19th century, Europeans decided to firmly establish themselves in the Middle East and Asia Minor, where there was a clear smell of great profit. But for their presence to appear legitimate, a theory was required to justify their appearance. And then a myth appeared about the Indo-Aryans - the white-skinned ancestors of Europeans who lived here from time immemorial, before the arrival of the Semites, Arabs and other “unclean” ones. This is how the idea of ​​ancient Sumer arose - a great civilization that existed in Mesopotamia and gave humanity the greatest discoveries.

But what then to do with clay tablets, cuneiform writing, gold jewelry and other material evidence of the reality of the Sumerians? “All this was collected from a variety of sources,” conspiracy theorists say. — No wonder the heterogeneity cultural heritage The Sumerians are explained by the fact that each of their cities was a separate state - Ur, Lagash, Nineveh."

However, serious scientists do not pay attention to these objections. Moreover, may he forgive us ancient Sumer, nothing more than a version that you can simply give up on.

Historians consider the first civilization on planet Earth to be a state in the Middle East, which was called Sumer.

Sumer was located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers - this is the so-called Mesopotamia or Fertile Crescent. This territory was perfectly adapted to agriculture, which made it possible for the Sumerians to create a power.

The foundation of the most ancient civilization occurred approximately in the 4th-3rd millennium BC. e. Sumer was the first civilization that had writing and left written evidence for itself.

Story

Historians still do not know the origin of the Sumerians, since their language has no similarities with other languages. However, there is an assumption that they came from Asia, and most likely their homeland was somewhere in the mountains. Many historians agree that the Sumerians arrived in Mesopotamia by sea. Because the first thing the Sumerians did, arriving in Mesopotamia, was to engage in shipping and navigation. The Sumerians consider Fr. their homeland. Dilmun. They consider this place the cradle of all life, but the Sumerians have no more information about it.

The first city founded by the ancient Sumerian civilization was Eris; the Sumerians considered this city to be the first in human history.

Already at the beginning of the third millennium, there were approximately 10-20 small city-states in the Fertile Crescent.

During this period, the following key cities of Sumer appeared: Kish - in the north; Ur and Uruk are in the south. The rulers of the city-states had absolute power.

In the middle of the third millennium, the rapid growth of Sumerian wealth began. The stratification of society is becoming ever stronger. The irrigation network is being expanded significantly and new canals have been dug. After the construction of canals, new cities emerged, like Babylon, many cities grew greatly and became richer.

Soon, most of Sumer is captured by the Akkadians. And by the beginning of the second millennium, Sumer was completely absorbed by the Babylonians.

Scientific achievements of the Sumerians

The ancient Sumerians invented cuneiform writing. Cuneiform is the earliest writing system of mankind. The material for the writing surface was clay tablets, on which writing was scratched out with sticks. The oldest discovery of Sumerian writing was the tablet from Kish, which dates back to 3500 BC. e. Pictographs are the basis of Sumerian writing. Number of different characters per initial stage the development of writing was about one thousand. However, their number was constantly decreasing.

Among the scientific achievements of the Sumerians is also the invention of the wheel, as well as baked bricks. They were also the first to use an irrigation system. The Sumerians were also the first civilization to create and improve specialized agricultural tools. Most historians agree that the ancient civilization of Sumer invented the potter's wheel. The claim that the ancient Sumerians invented brewing also remains unproven.

Architecture of ancient civilization

Since there was practically no stone on the territory of Sumer, they used baked clay - bricks. Architecture was the Sumerians' primary means of expressing their culture.
The most magnificent were palaces and religious buildings - ziggurats. Ziggurats resembled a stepped pyramid.

The ziggurat played a special role in religious life Sumerians, it can be compared with the meaning Egyptian pyramids for the Egyptians. All buildings were illuminated thanks to holes in the roof and doorways.

At first they built round dwellings, but soon began to use a rectangular shape. The huts were also coated with clay, which allowed them to retain heat longer.

Literature of Ancient Sumerians

The most famous monument of Sumerian literature is considered to be the “Epic of Gilgamesh,” where Sumerian legends were collected. the main role devoted to King Gilgamesh's quest for eternal life. Archaeologists found clay tablets on which the text of the epic was written in the great library of King Ashurbanipal.

Religion

The Sumerians believed in the existence of a whole pantheon of gods, the number of which reached fifty different deities.

The Sumerians believed that the gods created people from clay, which was mixed with the blood of the gods. The Sumerians believed that there once was Great Flood, which killed almost all people. They also believed that the main mission on Earth was to serve the gods. They say that the gods cannot exist without the labor of the Sumerians, and the Sumerians cannot exist without the grace of the gods.

Summarizing the above, we can come to the conclusion that Sumer was the first civilization on Earth. This civilization had its own written language, had a developed culture, and achieved great scientific achievements (the invention of the wheel, pottery, irrigation systems). And religion played the most important role in the life of the Sumerians.