Historical and cultural heritage of the country. The main types and types of cultural and historical heritage

The world of Russia. 2004. N9 2

Historical and cultural heritage

as a special resource of the region and a factor

his social economic development

P.M. SHULGIN

Modern trends in the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments testify to the increasing animation for the study of historical and cultural heritage. Particular attention is drawn to the idea of ​​forming protected historical and cultural territories, which can be historical cities, estates and monastic complexes, historical battlefields, historical paths and roads, historical production areas, etc. Such territories are already being created in the form of either museum-reserves, or other spatial entities, including even specific administrative-territorial units. In some cases, their activities are able to determine the future economic specialization of the region, the prospects for its socio-economic development. Historical and cultural heritage is gradually perceived as a specific resource of the territory, acts as a new active phenomenon of economic life.

Culture in modern Russia is going through a difficult and contradictory period. On the one hand, its financial situation continues to remain very unenviable - there are not enough funds for the restoration of historical and cultural monuments, for the implementation of interesting projects, for supporting the activities of cultural institutions. Sadly, many proposals for cultural development, formulated in the late 1980s and early 1990s and brought to the stage of feasibility studies or design decisions, remained unfulfilled due to lack of funding. It was not possible to implement the plans for the development of tourism in the revived historical cities and old estates, to master forgotten historical places, to restore cultural monuments.

On the other hand, for modern period characteristic of the appeal to the previously hidden layers of the past, new directions of the cultural life of the country. There is a reassessment of the national heritage, forgotten names and events are returning from oblivion, religious monuments are being restored.

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ki and shrines. A notable phenomenon in the life of the regions of Russia was the appearance of many publications on history, local history, and the study of the nature of the native land (these are reprints of old editions, and the publication of unpublished manuscripts, and new local history works). The concept of "heritage" has acquired special significance, which was almost never used a decade and a half ago. Therefore, it is important to identify and understand the main trends associated with the peculiarities of the development of the country's culture in the coming years, and possibly decades.

First of all, this is the outlined transition from the protection of individual monuments to the preservation of the entire historical and cultural heritage in its integrity and diversity (this trend was outlined by DS Likhachev in the 1980s) [Likhachev 1982, p. 10-16], including both the heritage objects themselves, the environment in which they exist, and the person as the bearer of the heritage. At the same time, the identification of the entire totality of heritage covers not only outstanding monuments of history and culture, but also other elements - folk culture, traditions, crafts and trades, historical urban environment, rural development and settlement system, ethnoculture, natural environment, etc. a necessary background or condition for the preservation of a monument, but they are also considered as an immediate and essential part of the national heritage, as special elements that determine the identity of the culture of a country or its region.

A similar trend has been actively developed in the search for historical and cultural monuments. Their inventory in various regions of the country has supplemented the existing lists with many new objects. These included both outstanding monuments of history and monumental art, as well as architectural structures of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, typical buildings of historical cities, unique factory buildings, industrial facilities, residential buildings, outbuildings in rural areas, etc. Special attention appealed to the unity of the architectural or historical appearance, when, for example, not only the central monument of the ensemble should be protected, but also the surrounding residential or household buildings, structures of a later time. This approach made it possible to start work on preserving the general cultural and landscape appearance of the territory and the historical environment, and not a separate monument.

This work needs to be continued. Many monuments of the traditional urban environment (low-rise buildings of city streets, architecture of small forms), objects of industrial architecture, architecture of the 20th century need additional identification, state registration and protection. In Russian regions, there are very few studies of monuments in rural areas, descriptions of the traditional appearance of a rural house and its economic environment. Almost no attention is paid to the preservation of the historical planning of rural settlements (if such work has been carried out in cities for a long time, then in most rural areas it has not begun), the preservation and revival of the historical types of rural settlement.

The interpretation of many historical events needs to be rethought, and in this regard, a new approach to identifying historical monuments is needed. Here it is required not only to move away from the previously widespread ideological preference, to show tolerance in relation to the religious worldview, but

and understand the significance of any historical figure1. It is very important to restore forgotten or biasedly hushed up previously historical events and names, and not only outstanding personalities, but also ordinary peasants and townspeople, artisans and merchants, teachers and doctors, preserved in archives or in the memory of people.

Historical technologies and traditional forms of nature management are a serious object for study and conservation. It is difficult to attribute them directly to the monuments of history and culture. In many cases, they are not even materialized into any objects that could be preserved in museum collections, but act in the form of peculiar algorithms, methods of processing or impact on a particular substance or material. However, their sociocultural role is undeniable and can have a great impact on the development of individual regions.

The study of traditional nature management is often present in the study of the culture of the peoples of the North or other small groups and ethnic groups. However, it remains poorly studied in most central regions Russia. First of all, it is various aspects development of the peasant economy, nature management in landlord farms and monasteries, its features in small historical cities. Meanwhile, this heritage not only actively influenced the formation of the culture of regional and social groups, but also contained factors of ecological management, which are especially important today [Stepenev 2002, p. 138-158].

Historical technologies remain without sufficient attention. Moreover, with the development of souvenir production, they are often replaced by completely different modern methods for the sake of greater labor productivity and ease of manufacturing. However, it was precisely the technological features that largely determined not only the originality of a particular production, but also the all-Russian specialization of the corresponding region. Vologda lace, Zhostovo trays, Kargopol toys - their fame is determined not only by the artistic appearance of the products, but also largely by the use of traditional technological methods.

Local features are manifested in the technologies for the preparation of clay and clay products, dyes from natural raw materials, methods of dyeing fabrics or other objects, in the methods of processing metal, wood, in folk painting, in traditional ways preparation of various dishes of folk cuisine and drinks.

The preservation of historical technologies is the most important condition for the revival of traditional schools of painting, folk crafts (pottery, weaving, the art of cabinetmakers, etc.). Most of the technologies (for example, the use of vegetable dyes for dyeing fabrics) are environmentally friendly and have antiseptic properties, this is also the significance of their revival.

Thus, an important trend in modern cultural development is the formation of a system of historical and cultural territories. This is a new direction

1 This approach is most clearly formulated in the activities of the Cultural Foundation and in the magazine “Our Heritage *.

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Nation in cultural policy presupposes the preservation of heritage primarily on the basis of the territorial principle [Sbornik ... 1990; Vedenin, Shulgin 1992, p. 90-99; Unique territories ... 1994]. The need to allocate this kind of territories is due to the fact that they "dropped out * from the existing system protected objects (actually monuments, protection zones of monuments, reserves, national parks, etc.). At the same time, it becomes clear that the protection and use of single (point) objects cannot be effective outside the surrounding historical and natural space. It is necessary not only from the point of view of the perception of the monument, but also its viability, be it a natural system or an architectural complex. An unused (dead) monument for a long time (and in many respects still) was the most common object. However, each monument used to be a living organism, and its modern life is impossible outside the surrounding area, and not as a protected zone, but as a natural, traditional natural-historical environment. Therefore, specially protected historical and cultural territories make it possible to simultaneously solve the issues of protection and rational use of monuments of history, culture and nature.

The creation of a system of unique territories will make it possible to have a space saturated with historical and natural memory, which becomes an object of heritage. It should also be added that the protection of natural or historical and cultural objects in conditions of active economic activity is impossible without preserving their natural environment.

Historical and cultural territories: approaches to the definition and typology

Historical and cultural territory can be defined as a special holistic spatial formation, where objects of exceptional value and significance are preserved in the traditional natural and socio-cultural environment. It is created by combining monuments and territory objectively related to them due to ethnic, economic, historical and geographical factors into a single complex. Its uniqueness is determined by the presence and combination of memorial, architectural and archaeological sites, monuments of science, engineering structures, historical buildings, traditions of folk crafts and economic activities, folklore and ceremonial national culture, natural attractions and historical forms of nature management, which are of exceptional historical and cultural value of the peoples of our country and world cultural heritage.

The research carried out made it possible to identify the following main types of historical and cultural territories: historical cities; historical rural settlements and territories; monastic and manor complexes; ethno-ecological regions inhabited by small peoples; battlefields; historical production areas, tracks and roads; archaeological sites.

The historic city, undoubtedly, is a territory in which the preservation of architectural, historical and cultural monuments, historical

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planning, archaeological cultural layer and natural natural and cultural landscape. The official status of the historic city is due to the harmonious combination of these elements, i.e., their separation, unification and preservation in the form of an integral structure. A specially protected historical and cultural territory can be a small or medium town or only a small part of it.

Usually, a complex of architectural and historical monuments, especially within the boundaries of a small town, has a very close relationship with its natural surroundings (a river valley flowing through the city, surrounding fields, forests, etc.). The preserved natural relief emphasizes the picturesqueness and originality of the planning structure, opens up special points of perception of architectural monuments. The outskirts of the city come close to a field, river, forest, and can merge with neighboring villages. Natural green areas together with private gardens form a special unique landscape.

The underdevelopment of the industrial base of a number of small towns resulted in the preservation of their internal appearance and the natural environment. It is this integrity that gives the entire spatial complex of the historical city a special new quality that distinguishes it, for example, from the preserved historical quarter.

A special type of such territories can be attributed to several dozen large cities of Russia, which have retained their historical appearance, but their identification as historical in some cases is quite problematic. As a rule, the development of their historical sites is more subordinate to the general tasks of the city's development; labor and household migrations significantly predominate over travel for cultural purposes. Involved in the city-wide structure, they lose their inner integrity and unity, they merge into the city-wide organism. But there is always the possibility of a sufficient isolation of the historical center or another area, the development of its socio-cultural specialization.

Historical rural settlements have retained their planning and architectural appearance, traditional types of land use, elements of folk culture in everyday life and creativity of people. As a rather striking example, we can consider p. Kimzha, Mezensky District, Arkhangelsk Region - a typical Pomor settlement. In addition to the preserved layout and architectural appearance, it is distinguished by the untouched nature and living cultural traditions. The historical territory allocated here could include not only the village and its environs, but also the adjacent lands - hayfields, pasture areas, berry fields, hunting places, etc. development.

Given a significant concentration of monuments on a relatively large area, this entire territory can claim a special historical status. This can be, for example, a rural administrative region that has preserved the traditional system of rural settlement and combines interesting rural settlements, monastic complexes, and natural attractions. An example of such a territory should be considered the Suzdal

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district, where, in addition to the historic small town (Suzdal), even more

50 ancient villages with churches and monuments of civil architecture, the whole appearance of the Suzdal opolye.

It is quite expedient and possible to preserve the integral structure of the rural settlement system. It clearly shows the originality of various regions of Russia. This, for example, is a special architectural and planning type of a Pomor village (village), or rather groups of northern villages along rivers or the sea coast (for example, in the Arkhangelsk north or on the territory of the settlement of the horse Cossacks along the Khoper river). A special type is the sparsely populated rural system of the Non-Chernozem Zone, which has almost disappeared in this part of Russia in recent decades. In contrast to it, it is necessary to note the relatively dense network of farms and villages of the Russian Cossacks. Interesting examples and features of rural settlement can be found among other peoples.

Monastic complexes, such as the Solovetsky Islands and about. Valaam, most vividly represent the unique historical, cultural and natural territories, where architecture and natural surroundings constitute an integral and inseparable phenomenon of spiritual and cultural life. However, other monasteries, not necessarily insular or isolated, form a historical form of development of the region, connecting monastic buildings, remote hermitages, numerous economic structures, agricultural land and nearby settlements. Their territories are distinguished not only by economic, but also by spiritual unity through the symbolism of architecture, toponymy, natural tracts specially created by man, but they have not yet officially received the corresponding status.

Some of the manor complexes already have the protected status of a separate monument or a museum-estate, a museum-reserve. At the same time, for a significant part of them, the principle of development as specially protected historical, cultural and natural territories seems to be possible and more effective. It is on the organization of the territory within wider, historically determined economic boundaries than a protected zone or a landscape park. It can include not only an architectural complex, a manor park and a utility yard, but also former agricultural lands, forests, and surrounding villages. In this case historical space at the same time it is filled with the economic base for the revival of the former production specialization, the creation of museum, scientific and educational, tourist complexes. On such principles, it is possible to unite the "bush" of nearby estates.

Ethnoecological areas inhabited by small peoples are still an insufficiently explored and rather specific type of historical territory, which, however, has not only the right to exist, but also needs to be immediately adopted a special protected status. These are mainly the lands of the peoples of the North or places of residence of small ethnographic groups, usually in large areas with individual outstanding cultural monuments (their main wealth is archaeological monuments). The interaction between man and the environment gives natural objects a special content here. Many of them (rivers, hills, even individual trees

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and other local objects) have a mythological character, and for the indigenous population - even an animate meaning.

Such a territory preserves the history of the people, and its intactness ensures the preservation of the national culture and forms of management, guarantees the preservation of the language, identity and traditions of the local population.

A special type of historical territory is battlefields. For these objects, the main thing is to preserve the landscape associated with a specific battle that went down in the history of the country. Borodinskoye and Kulikovo fields are examples of already established protected areas covering an area of ​​several hundred square kilometers. At the same time, many battlefields still need memorialization and special measures for registration and security.

Historical production areas are represented by former industrial or other economic objects that have preserved a unique and unique complex of industrial monuments. There are almost none of them left in Russia, but there are sufficient prerequisites for identifying historical production zones of not only all-Russian, but also world significance. They could be the ancient mining areas of the Urals, areas of intensive mining, shipyards, unique industrial and energy facilities, etc. A project is already underway to create a museum-plant in Nizhny Tagil (Sverdlovsk region). The Chelyabinsk region is promising in this respect, ancient mines and mine workings, factories with adjoining settlements have been preserved here, there is an opportunity to recreate old mechanisms and technologies. The nuclear test site on Novaya Zemlya can become a unique monument of science and technology, where areas and equipment with traces of the first works on the creation of domestic atomic weapons are still preserved. There are many similar territories of local importance in almost every region of the country.

Historical paths and roads are a very interesting and unusual type of spatial (extended) object. The really existing famous ancient Roman Alpieva road has become a kind of memorial museum. Analogs in our country are, first of all, the Circum-Baikal railway (a unique engineering structure and a historical monument), sections of the Babinovskaya road (the way to Siberia through the Middle Urals in the 16th-18th centuries), the Siberian tract, the famous Vladimirka, etc. be considered as a general cultural evidence of universal human ties (for example, the Great Silk Road, the Way from the Varangians to the Greeks).

The need to identify archaeological sites is also due to the trend of transition from the protection and study of individual archaeological sites to the study of the archaeological heritage as a whole. Archaeological lands (known and as yet unexplored sites) are potentially rich in archaeological sites in unity with the natural environment. Their protection is extremely important from the point of view of ensuring the safety of lands and natural factors (relief, vegetation, etc.), and the allocation of archaeological territories is due to the intensive economic development of a number of regions (for example, the active development of the Tyumen north, the laying of highways in Siberia and the Far East).

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Research has also revealed such an interesting type of territory as "dead" cities. An example is Pustozersk in the lower reaches of the Pechera. Attempts at museification, creating a kind of research and tourist center in this once famous historical city and unique place, may be effectively implemented within the framework of the strategy of creating specially protected historical and cultural territories.

Summarizing the above, I would like to note that the system of historical and cultural territories is interesting not only and not so much as a historical and cultural phenomenon, but as a possible form and mechanism for preserving the heritage of the peoples of Russia.

Historical and cultural territories: administrative and legal status

The concept of "ecological framework" is accepted by the European community [Declaration 1999, p. 221-224] and has long been used in Russia. This concept includes natural areas (both especially valuable and the most typical for a given country), in which it is necessary to ensure the ecological purity of forests, rivers, the air basin and preserve the natural heritage. In our opinion, such an understanding of the historical and cultural framework of the country should be extended to the national cultural heritage. This is also important due to the fact that now there is almost no unified view historical territories as integral spatial objects, and even more so as objects of economic and legal regulation.

A definite step in this direction has already been taken. A system of protected natural areas is developing, in the structure of which an extensive network of national and natural parks with monuments of architecture, archeology, ancient villages with a living population plays a key role. At the same time, the practice of national parks in Russia is narrowly departmental (as environmental organizations), when, with rare exceptions, there is almost no clear program for the preservation and use of cultural heritage.

It should be borne in mind that many cultural monuments are in an active economic environment. Therefore, the most important aspect of the preservation and use of the national heritage is the formation of such an economic education in which all problems are solved in a comprehensive manner. The economic, historical, cultural and natural potential of the territory, of course, has a positive effect on development recreational sphere, information, scientific and educational complexes, the recreation of folk crafts and industries, the activation on this basis of other related economic structures, the introduction of modern mechanisms for the use of heritage.

It should be emphasized that this path finds expression in regional policy and most often manifests itself in a special specialization, preservation and use of the existing natural and cultural heritage. Thus, heritage is an important factor in modern socio-cultural and economic

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mnical development, ensuring the use of a specific historical, cultural and natural resource, and not dictated from above by industrial and agricultural technologies.

For a number of regions that do not have significant industrial or agrarian potential, an orientation towards cultural heritage is becoming one of the real opportunities for social growth. Moreover, it is an opportunity that does not pose a threat to the ecology or social environment, but, on the contrary, allows the restoration of traditional forms of environmental management, relations between people, and culture.

This approach fully complies with Art. 5 of the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and natural heritage recommending that the participating states "pursue a common policy aimed at giving the cultural and natural heritage certain functions in public life and at including the protection of this heritage in general planning programs" [Convention ... 1973, p. 36].

This also predetermines the need to develop a special status of territories, possibly even a change in their administrative-territorial status. So, on the island of Valaam in Lake Ladoga with its unique monastic complex and integral historical and cultural territory, there was only a village council. For a long time, the Solovetsky archipelago was also in the rank of the village council. Kizhi is an ordinary rural settlement. Most of the monuments, as a rule, are on the balance sheet of local authorities or some enterprise (institution). Therefore, speaking of a new territorial approach to the preservation and use of heritage, in a number of cases it seems necessary1 to introduce a new specific type of administrative-territorial unit (historical and cultural territory), which will make it possible to clearly distinguish it in administrative and legal terms, to give it economic independence. In any case, this status should reflect and consolidate the socio-cultural and economic specifics of the development of the region.

The necessary regulatory and legal support of historical and cultural territories, first of all, should be the recognition of the value of historical and cultural heritage and the legislative definition of a system of measures for its protection (identification, registration, zoning and regime of land use, security and restoration work, environmental and architectural control, etc. etc.).

It should also be understood that the administration of the territory will have mainly to independently create economic conditions for the preservation and use of the heritage. This presupposes a special tax regime to facilitate the attraction of funds for development. At the same time, direct federal assistance for the restoration of heritage sites and the implementation of social and cultural policy (targeted budget financing, provision of benefits) is not excluded.

This formulation of the question is not an attempt to achieve any exclusive rights. It reflects the objective features of development, the specific place of lands of especially valuable heritage in the system of territorial division of labor. Basic principles of the territorial approach to the solution

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problems of preserving and using the national heritage were first laid down in the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 22, 1992 No. 266 "On measures of state support for culture and art in the period of economic reforms", in which local authorities were recommended to develop regional programs for the development of culture and create a system of historical -cultural and natural areas as the most effective measures for the preservation and use of heritage. In the same year, by presidential decree, the first especially valuable historical, cultural and natural territory in the Valaam archipelago was created. Similar problems are being addressed in a number of other regions of Russia.

A well-known legal precedent is the policy of combining the boundaries of the allocated historical and cultural territory with administrative boundaries and at the same time giving it a special administrative status. Perhaps the first such attempt should be recognized as the introduction of a special status for the territory of the Caucasian Mineral Waters [Position ... 1992, p. 153-160]. In 1996, the Moscow government adopted a city law on territorial units with a special status. On these territories, representing natural, historical, cultural, architectural and other value, it was supposed to introduce a special management regime with the creation of special administrations.

Thus, a territorial unit with a special management status “Kitai-Gorod” was formed (order of the Mayor of Moscow dated April 10, 1996, No. 193-RM). The regulation on the administration of Kitay-Gorod states that this inner-city territory is formed as a historical, architectural and cultural zone in order to increase the efficiency of reconstruction and restoration of buildings and structures, and the operation of the territory [About creation ... 1996, p. 12].

In 2001, another territorial unit with a special status, Kuzminki-Lyublino, was created in Moscow. This territorial unit includes a unique palace and park ensemble, as well as the territory of the park and forest park [On Education ... 2001, p. 8-11].

In Kazan, a historical and cultural reserve zone "Staro-Tatar settlement" has been created [Staro-Tatar ... 2001]. This decision is based on the organization of the Kazan State Historical and Cultural Reserve "Staro-Tatar Sloboda" (February 17, 1998). This part of the city territory was formed as a town-planning historical and cultural monument of the Tatar people. Its total area is 88 hectares, and the prefecture is the executive body. It has the rights of a legal entity and carries out the implementation of the powers of the local administration provided for by the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On Local Bodies of State Power and Administration". Historical and cultural territory of the same type “Gorodskoy Posad” arose in the historically inhabited Russian part of Kazan.

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Comprehensive regional programs for the preservation and development of historical and cultural territories

The urgent task of implementing proposals for creating a system of historical and cultural territories is the development of specific proposals in the form of a comprehensive target program that determines the prospects for the development of culture, social environment and economy of a particular region. The materials of such a program include a conceptual model of future development, methodological provisions that contribute to the identification and use of historical, cultural and natural potential, economic calculations and substantiation of prospective indicators for the main elements of the social sphere and economy, recommendations for organizational and managerial decisions [Complex ... 1994].

The program defines and assesses the historical, cultural and natural heritage of the territory in its entirety. Despite the ongoing work on fixing the monuments of history and culture, they are still extremely incompletely identified, and only a part of them has been registered with the state.

A separate section is devoted to cultural and landscape zoning. At this stage, the historical, cultural and natural value of various lands is determined, which makes it possible to carry out their functional zoning and determine the protection regime for specific objects. At the same time, a revaluation of the value of land is possible, based not on its cadastral value (for example, by possible conditions agricultural production), and on the additional account of the historical, aesthetic, recreational features of each allocated area. This is very important precisely in connection with the change in land ownership relations, the possibility of its sale or lease.

The next section of the program is the development and justification of a system of measures for the conservation and use of heritage. The main content of the section is made up of industry-specific events:

development of cultural objects (museum complex, theater and entertainment institutions), interaction with the educational complex, etc .;

tourist and recreational development (organization and improvement of local infrastructure for educational, scientific, ecological and ethnographic tourism; creation of tourist villages; use of manor complexes and private housing stock in small historical cities by specialized travel agencies and companies;

revival of traditional and historical industries and crafts, environmentally friendly forms of nature and land use; interaction with new modern production structures;

local history and other types of cultural activities.

The program is designed taking into account the social factors of the heritage; their impact on the cultural development of the region, on the decision social problems local population. Special attention should be paid to the social development of rural areas, the preservation of rural settlements, and the development of the territory. The social development program also includes consideration

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problems related to demographic and social structure population, employment problems, especially relevant in small historical cities and in the countryside. The functional structure of rural settlements, their possible agro-recreational functions, the prospects of small villages are specially determined. When developing this section, social and economic processes are considered not just as a background, but as part of measures for the protection and use of heritage.

In the final part of the program, the economic, legal and organizational conditions for its implementation are being worked out. Here, specific tasks are formulated for administrations of different levels and for heritage protection authorities. A special role is given to the status of historical, cultural and natural territories, legal and organizational aspects, draft decisions of local government bodies are being developed in accordance with their competence.

An integrated approach to the formation of the program allows you to fully and quickly solve the assigned tasks, to attract specialists from related industries (ecology, urban planning, economics, etc.). The interdepartmental nature of the program opens up opportunities for attracting additional financial resources, taking into account the use of resources allocated, for example, to economic projects for the development of production, regional target programs, funds public funds and charitable organizations. Some of the most important measures can be carried out at the expense of earmarked funds from the federal budget.

An example of the development and implementation of a comprehensive regional program of this type can be considered Yalutorovsk - a small Siberian historical city (about 30 thousand inhabitants), an ordinary among the small historical cities of the Tyumen region. Although it has preserved individual interesting monuments architecture and wooden historical buildings, nevertheless it remained little known and was usually remembered only as a place of exile for the Decembrists.

In 1996-1997. Russian Research Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage named after D.S. Likhachev, the “Comprehensive program for the preservation and use of the historical, cultural and natural heritage of the historical city of Yalutorovsk and its surroundings” was developed. The program contained a list of measures to identify the historical, cultural and natural heritage of the city and its environs, to study cultural and economic traditions, assess cultural life, museum construction, tourism development, as well as proposals for organizational and economic solutions during its implementation [Historical ... 1997] ...

The discussion and adoption of the program gave a powerful impetus to the cultural development of Yalutorovsk. Over the past years, more than 100 monuments of history and culture have been identified and placed under protection, and museum construction is being actively carried out. In addition to the only (and rather politicized) Museum of the Decembrists, today there are three more museum centers - the Museum of Local Lore (based on the exposition "Bread and Oil of Siberia"), the House of Nature, the Educational and Museum Center of the Lancaster School. The city created the "House of Crafts" - a center that unites folk craftsmen and at the same time implements

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teaching children. The Center of National Cultures (with Tatar, German, Kazakh, Ukrainian, Caucasian and other branches) is actively working. In fact, cultural festivals are the annual “Decembrist Evenings” and the spring Mamontov festival (Savva Mamontov is a native of the city). In recent years, monuments to the Decembrists, S. Mamontov, a memorial sign at the site of the city's founding, a chapel with a museum exposition at the site of the destroyed central cathedral have been erected.

Based on the proposals formulated in the program, organizational and legal prerequisites were created for the development of culture, the preservation and use of heritage in a broader sense (amendments were made to the charter of the city, taking into account the specifics of its development as a historical settlement). The City Duma adopted a number of local legislative initiatives contributing to the implementation of the program, developed, submitted to the Regional Duma and adopted a law on the program for the preservation of heritage in Yalutorovsk - the first legislative act on the territory of the Russian Federation concerning the specifics of the development of a small historical city2. Unfortunately, this experience has not yet found wide application in other regions.

We can say with full confidence that only thanks to this law and the developed strategic program for the development of culture, the above-mentioned changes in Yalutorovsk became possible. The implementation of the program clearly demonstrated a fundamentally new use of heritage as one of the branches of specialization of the economic complex of a small historical city. Obviously, in the future, it will be she who will determine its face, its main features among other cities in the region and Russia as a whole.

The city budget received additional funding for culture. In the development of the program, specific plans for the activities of cultural institutions were prepared, proposals for budget and competitive applications were formulated. Most of these projects received support and financial assistance. In recent years, Yalutorovsk has been able to win about ten grants from various foundations, including for the development of the museum complex, for the creation of a fundamentally new museum exposition "Bread and Oil of Siberia", Siberia, a school for girls, opened by the Decembrist Yakushkin, for the work of the Center for National Cultures.

It is noteworthy that most of these cultural programs are closely associated with economic projects. Thus, the concept of the Museum “Bread and Oil of Siberia” arose in close cooperation with local bread and butter factories. The general idea of ​​the exposition is the historical traditions of local enterprises and the quality of Siberian products (Siberian butter was competitive in European markets in the late 19th - early 20th centuries). When creating the city educational center, the tasks of preserving the building of the first school for girls in Siberia and reviving the traditions of teaching according to the method of the "Lancaster school" as a kind of monument of pedagogical thought were successfully solved.

2 It should be said that in Russia there is neither a law on a historical city, nor another legislative act that defines the rights of cities and the specifics of their management.

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The Yalutorovsk cultural strategy has become a testing ground for colleagues from other small towns. In May 2002, a forum of historical cities and settlements of the Ural-Siberian region took place, which brought together about 40 representatives from eight neighboring regions of the Federation. The meeting participants highly appreciated the five-year experience in the development of Yalutorovsk and especially noted the need to apply such approaches, combining promising tasks in the field of culture with the general economic strategy of urban development [Yalutorovskie ... 2002).

In a similar way, a long-term program for the development of the estate " Yasnaya Polyana". It was created as a program for the activities of the existing museum-reserve, but from the very beginning it was based on the principle of an integrated regional approach to solving the problems of both museification and the economic use of the territory. The program substantiates the expansion of the boundaries of the museum-reserve, including in it not only the memorial estate park and its surroundings, but also those associated with the life of L.N. Tolstoy rural settlements - Yasnaya Polyana proper and the villages of Grumant, Kozlova Zaseka, Kochaki. It was assumed that the museum-reserve will be able to take on the functions of organizer of the social and economic development of the territory (orchard, apiary, stables, pond facilities), form a hotel and tourist complex, and assist the social development of rural settlements.

The same direction was adopted as the most important development perspective of Yasnaya Polyana and gradually, but clearly, step by step, it is being implemented. We can say that Yasnaya Polyana at the present time, more than any other estate complex, meets the principles of an expedient combination of cultural and economic development. On this example, one can see the tendency not only to museification, but also to the economic revival of such a complex cultural and economic phenomenon as the Russian estate [Shulgin 2001, p. 166-177].

In the future, the development of the entire "Tolstoy space" of the Tula region is planned. (these are the former estates associated with the Tolstoy family, and the former district town, and now almost abandoned village of Krapivna). Serious work has been done on the landscape (landscape-historical) zoning of the region's territory, the ways of its museum and economic development have been outlined. The activities of the museum-reserve are becoming an important factor determining the development of several administrative regions west of Tula.

The proposed provisions can be considered as a fundamentally new mechanism for the functioning of especially significant protected historical and cultural territories of the country. The proposed approach makes it possible to abandon the established practice of dead museification and preservation, from the desire to preserve the external attributes of a monument when it loses its vitality. It allows you to include heritage in the modern life of society, to see in it the basis for the future development of territories and regions. This approach acquires particular relevance when determining the development strategy of small historical cities and rural settlements, places of settlement of small peoples, and various ethnographic groups. The system of historical and cultural territories can also become a kind of testing ground where intensive

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active international exchange and cooperation in the field of conservation and study of natural and cultural heritage.

Historical and cultural heritage of the regions - social and economic resource of Russia

The realities of the last decade make the historical and cultural heritage an increasingly noticeable and significant phenomenon in economic life. We can say that for many years this phenomenon was hardly mentioned either in statistical economic information or in analytical reports. Individual indicators cited in the analysis of the cultural and educational sphere (the number of museums or attendance at cultural events) could not systematically characterize the national cultural heritage, and even more so to assess its potential.

At the same time, it should be recognized that the integrated use of this potential is extremely important for the development of the country, both socially and economically; it allows one to present a unique value characteristic of a country within the framework of the development of world civilization. At the same time, it also constitutes a special part of its resource potential [Yasin 2003]. In this sense, the heritage is part of the national wealth of the state (in the economic interpretation of this term) - the aggregate material goods which society has at its disposal and which ultimately determine its subsequent development and influence on the world stage.

There is no doubt that the social significance of the historical and cultural heritage is understood and recognized quite widely. The role of heritage is invaluable in the development of culture and education, it is dominant in defining the national identity of the country and its individual regions. It is also important to note that it was in the 1990s that Russia came out with the presentation and nomination of its individual unique landmarks as part of the world cultural and natural heritage.

The international community has long been concerned about the state of cultural heritage and the preservation of unique areas of the natural environment. In addition to the adoption of national lists of the most valuable and protected objects in the second half of the XX century. the task was set to preserve and provide assistance to cultural monuments and natural areas within the framework of interstate programs. Since 1972, the list of objects has become a kind of register of heritage of universal human importance. world heritage, drawn up within the framework of the UNESCO international convention on the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage [World ... 1999].

Russia is well represented in this list. By 2003, it included 17 objects of global value, of which 11 - in the nomination "cultural heritage" and 6 - in the nomination "natural heritage". Among them, in particular, are the unique monuments of the historical cities of Russia - Moscow,

Petersburg, Novgorod, Vladimir, Kazan, monastic complexes of the Solovetsky Islands, Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Ferapontov Monastery, about. Baikal,

P.M. Shulgin

volcanoes of Kamchatka, etc. Since 1991, the country has compiled national list especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation, which currently has more than 60 objects.

In recent years, we are increasingly aware of the national heritage as a very important and still undervalued economic factor in the development of the country and regions. Heritage is a part of national wealth that has real value. Its resource potential is quite comparable with other resources of the country.

Detailed assessments of the value of the historical and cultural heritage as a whole, as well as individual monuments of history and culture, have practically not been carried out, a generally accepted methodology for assessing monuments has not been developed, and individual proposals cause more controversy than consent [Glagolev 1986, p. 86-97]. At the same time, using Russian and foreign experience, one can at least approximately estimate the potential of the heritage and compare it with other economic indicators.

At present, in the Russian Federation more than 86 thousand monuments of history and culture are registered and protected by the state (this term refers to monuments of archeology, architecture, history and monumental art) [Kultura ... 2000, p. 90-133]. The most approximate estimate of their cost, based on restoration costs and does not sufficiently take into account the artistic value and uniqueness of the objects, is approximately $ 230 billion.

underestimated number of historical and cultural monuments, since many of them are at the stage of state registration and protection;

the need for an individual assessment of many monuments, and not on the basis of replacement value, but taking into account the aesthetic qualities and memorial value;

a comprehensive assessment of the monument, coupled with the natural-historical landscape and its surrounding territory.

If we take these factors into account, then the overall resource assessment of the historical and cultural heritage increases significantly. Preliminary calculations show that with the most complete consideration of the value of heritage sites and the real value of land for historical and cultural purposes, the above estimate can be increased by almost two orders of magnitude and will amount to 12-15 trillion dollars.

Undoubtedly, these are very rough estimates and, in addition, estimates of a potential resource. Only a developed market can give a real economic assessment of the national heritage, which can declare the demand for heritage as a special kind of resource for the economic development of the territory, tourism, urban infrastructure, educational and social programs.

In the last years of the XX century, the country's economy began to form a market in the field of historical and cultural heritage, which can be called one of the new economic phenomena. This is reflected not only in the demand for something antique, but also in many other trends. First of all, in a significant increase

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of the cost quotes of real estate and land plots directly related to the historical centers of cities and historical places in general (and often this excess does not directly correspond to the infrastructure of the area of ​​historical development or the modern economic development of a historical place). At the end of the 1990s, we witnessed the privatization of the first monuments of history and culture, and now there is already quite an active demand for their purchase or lease. Interesting examples can be cited when only historical names ("Yasnaya Polyana" and "Kulikovo Pole") were in demand in the Tula region. many enterprises in the brands of sweets, drinks, other products, in the names of firms and companies. The value of the historic brand for the development of economic activity has surpassed all previously imagined expectations.

The most illustrative example of the involvement of heritage in the economic market is the analysis of the first steps associated with the privatization of historical and cultural monuments. Officially, this opportunity was provided after the publication of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 26, 1994, which allowed the privatization of historical and cultural monuments of local importance. At the same time, objects that are immovable monuments of history and culture of local significance are subject to privatization with the obligatory condition of their owners maintaining them in an appropriate manner in accordance with the requirements of protective obligations.

The first reaction to this document in many regions was the development of prohibitive measures against possible privatization. Lists of local monuments were compiled, in no case subject to privatization, and other protective documents were adopted. Only a few years later came the understanding that slogans about heritage protection, not supported by real financial investments, remain an empty phrase.

The search for an owner capable of restoring and maintaining an ancient building, the search for a reliable owner for a monument is now becoming one of the main concerns of local cultural heritage protection authorities. This contributed to the privatization of monuments, and if earlier the administrations of the subjects of the Federation tried to transfer as many monuments as possible to the jurisdiction of the federal center and thereby relieve themselves of responsibility for their financing, in recent years the Ministry of Culture has received dozens of requests to transfer federal monuments to local subordination for them. privatization.

Contrary to expectations and fears, the privatization of historical and cultural monuments has not become a mass phenomenon. This process began in Moscow and

Petersburg, competitions were held in other large cities (Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg), but in general, the number of privatized monuments is still small. Suffice it to say that in such large cities with active economic development as, for example, Vladimir or Tyumen, only a few cases of privatization were recorded.

This is largely due to the lack of clear legislation governing the privatization of heritage sites. It is also necessary to establish a real and flexible price for historical and cultural monuments (including rent). In particular, there are options when government agencies will

P.M. Shulgin

not to collect money from the owner, but, on the contrary, to pay him extra (in the form of direct subsidies or exemption from payments) if he agrees to privatize the monument and invest in it in accordance with certain conditions (for example, privatization of a significantly destroyed monument, restoration of an estate remote from large centers, restoration of abandoned rural monuments, etc.). At the same time, a system of penalties for violating the terms of use of the monument is also needed. The development of such economic mechanisms will make it possible to intensify privatization and direct it towards the preservation and use of cultural and historical heritage.

We can single out another extremely important factor in the use of national heritage as an economic resource. It is associated with the development of small historical cities and settlements and is expressed in the formation of the heritage sphere as a kind of leading branch of the economy of these places. This trend captures not only such generally recognized historical cities as Suzdal or Rostov the Great, but also other places. For example, Totma in the Vologda Region, Verkhoturye in the Sverdlovsk Region, Yalutorovsk in the Tyumen Region, Kargopol in the Arkhangelsk Region. and a number of other small towns, in the strategy of long-term development, place the main stake on the preservation and use of their cultural heritage, on the creation of museums-reserves, the development of tourism [Concept ... 1998, p. 44-68].

This strategy presupposes the preservation of the historical city and the region in its diversity, the provision of a unique landscape, the recreation of traditional nature management and historical industries with their organic integration into modern social and economic processes. It is planned to actively develop the recreational sphere and tourism, museum activities, the scientific and educational complex, and on this basis to activate other related economic structures. This development path is increasingly common in regional politics, manifesting itself in the special specialization of a number of regions in the preservation and use of natural and cultural heritage.

So, the national heritage is an important factor in the social and economic development of individual cities and regions. It can ensure the development on the basis of this specific resource of a number of territories, the historical, cultural and natural wealth of which is becoming one of the real opportunities for economic and social recovery. In other words, in recent years, the historical and cultural heritage has emerged as a new factor in the social and economic life of many territories and as a special indicator of the development of the regional economy.

Literature

Vedenin Yu.L., Shulgin P.M. New approaches to the preservation and use of cultural and natural heritage in Russia // News of the Academy of Sciences. Ser. geogr. 1992. No. 3.

World cultural and natural heritage: documents, comments, lists of objects. Moscow: Institute of Heritage, 1999.

Glagolev A.I. On the value of a cultural monument and its economic expression // Pamyatnikovedenie. Theory, methodology, practice. Research Institute of Culture. M., 1986.

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Declaration of the Euroeconet (Maastricht Declaration) // World Cultural and Natural Heritage: Documents, Comments, Lists of Objects. Moscow: Institute of Heritage, 1999.

Historical city of Yalutorovsk: materials for the program of preservation and use of the historical and cultural heritage of the city and its surroundings. Moscow: Institute of Heritage, 1997.

Comprehensive regional programs for the preservation and use of cultural and natural heritage. Moscow: Institute of Heritage, 1994.

Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by the General Conference at its seventeenth session. Paris: UNESCO, 1973.

The concept of a comprehensive program for the preservation and use of the historical, cultural and natural potential of the historical city of Kargopol and the Kargopol region // Ecology of culture. Newsletter. Arkhangelsk: Committee for Culture and Tourism of the Administration of the Arkhangelsk Region. 1998. No. 4 (7).

Culture and cultural policy in Russia / Otv. ed. I.A. Butenko, K.E. Razlogov. Ser. "Scientific reports". No. 115. M .: Moscow Public Science Foundation, 2000.

Likhachev D.S.Ecology of culture // Monuments of the Fatherland: Almanac All Russian society protection of monuments of history and culture. M., 1982. No. 2.

Museum-Reserve "Kulikovo Pole": a concept of development / Ed. P.M. Shulgin. Moscow: Institute of Heritage, 1999.

On the creation of a territorial unit with a special status in the Central Administrative District of Moscow // Bulletin of the Moscow City Hall. 1996. No. 10.

On education in the South-Eastern Administrative District of the Territorial Unit with a special status "Kuzminki-Lyublino" // Bulletin of the Moscow City Hall. 2001. No. 21.

Regulations on the specially protected ecological-resort region of the Russian Federation - Caucasian Mineral Waters of the Stavropol Territory and its administration // Collection of acts of the President and the Government of the Russian Federation. 1992. No. 3.

Collection of materials of the 1st all-Union conference on the preservation and development of unique historical territories. Moscow: Soviet Culture Foundation, 1990.

Old Tatar settlement. From the past to the future. Kazan, Prefecture of the Historical and Cultural Reserve Territory "Isker Tatar Bistese" ("Old Tatar Sloboda"), 2001.

Stepenev V.I. Modern agrarian reform in Russia: the relevance of the historical heritage in environmental management // Heritage and the Present. Issue 8.M .: Institute of Heritage, 2002.

Unique territories in the cultural heritage of the regions / Ed. YL. Mazurov. Moscow: Institute of Heritage, 1994.

Shulgin P.M. Economic revival of the Russian estate // Russian estate on the threshold of the XXI century. (Khmelitsky collection of articles 3). Smolensk: SGPU, 2001.

Yalutorovsk cultural initiatives. Yalutorovsk: Administration of Yalutorovsk, 2002.

Yasin E.G. Modernization of the economy and the system of values. M .: GU-HSE, 2003.

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Introduction

Chapter I. Analysis of the current state of the historical and cultural heritage of Russia

2.2 Archaeological heritage

2.3 Museum-reserves

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic. The historical and cultural heritage of Russia is an integral part of human culture, an effective lever for the formation and development of the intellect of a person, society, ethnos, the most important repository of historical memory. It absorbs that part of the multifaceted historical experience of society that is necessary for a person in the stormy conflicts of our time, and which allows us to trace the inextricable connection of times - a guiding thread connecting the most ancient layers of history with the present day.

An introduction to the historical and cultural heritage gives us not only an understanding of the past, but also knowledge of the present in the light of the meaning that we see in the future. No wonder V.G. Belinsky wrote: "We question and interrogate the past so that it explains to us our present and hints about our future."

Historical and cultural heritage is a comprehensive, reliable and imaginative carrier of information about the past. It is a storehouse of material and spiritual components, which has a personal, collective, state or other origin. The historical and cultural heritage is represented by a multitude of evidences of a different nature. This and archaeological finds(household items, jewelry, tools, etc.), and architectural landscapes, and other preserved objects of material culture, written sources, works of art, video and audio documents, etc.

The components of the historical and cultural heritage are in constant danger of being forgotten. This happens both under the influence of time and the forces of nature, and as a result of the activities of people who sometimes cause irreparable damage to monuments through ignorance or malice. In the work of B.C. Solovyov's "The Mystery of Progress" says that Aeneas did not carry bags of money out of burning Troy, he took the gods and a weak father with him, that is. historical memory thus laying the foundation for a new Italy. This is what a person should do. Everything that remains in our memory from the past, from tradition, must be saved and saved immediately. The preservation of the historical and cultural heritage of our Fatherland is the most important, primary task of the Russian society and state. The 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees the right of every citizen to participate in cultural life and use cultural institutions, and to have access to historical and cultural heritage. At the same time, the Constitution of the Russian Federation obliges citizens to take care of the preservation of the historical and cultural heritage, to protect the monuments of history and culture. The social and legal reality in the field of protection of the historical and cultural heritage of Russia urgently requires changes, both in the field of lawmaking and in the implementation of law.

The study of the protection of the Russian historical and cultural heritage seems to be very relevant given the situation that has developed in our country with the monuments of historical and cultural significance by the beginning of the XXI century.

The degree of elaboration of the problem. Despite the relevance, the issues of protecting the historical and cultural heritage from environmental and anthropogenic factors of influence have not been sufficiently studied, including in the historical and legal aspect. Evolution of the protection of the historical and cultural heritage of Russia in the second half of the XX century. has not yet become the subject of a special study. Certain aspects of this topic were considered in the works of museologists, historians and culturologists. The theoretical basis of these studies is to a certain extent formed by the fundamental works of S.S. Alekseeva, N.I. Vetrova, N.M. Zolotukhina, I.A. Isaeva, A.M. Troubles, Yu.A. Vedenin, V.V. Guchkova, M.E. Kuleshova and others.

The purpose of the study is to obtain new scientific knowledge about the patterns of development of the legislative, organizational activities of state bodies for the protection of historical and cultural heritage, as a means of protecting heritage from the factors of their destruction.

The main objectives of the research include:

Study of the current state of cultural heritage in Russia;

Consideration of the main anthropogenic and natural factors in the destruction of cultural heritage;

Consideration of measures that are used to preserve Russian cultural heritage.

Chapter I. Analysis of the current state of the cultural heritage of Russia

Russian cultural heritage is of unique value for the peoples of the Russian Federation and is the most important integral part of the world cultural heritage. Preservation and promotion of this heritage is the key to the tourist attraction of Russia.

The physical condition of more than half of the country's historical and cultural monuments under state protection continued to deteriorate in 2004 and is currently characterized as unsatisfactory. According to experts, about 70% of the total number of monuments needs urgent measures to save them from destruction, damage and destruction as a result of the manifestation of various negative phenomena and processes, among which environmental ones play a special role.

It is known that the state of monuments of cultural history largely depends on the influence of various natural factors that can lead to their degradation, and not only the structures themselves, but also the expositions and funds located in them, may suffer from this. Therefore, environmental monitoring of the state of museums, libraries, archives, scientific and educational institutions that have the status of especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia, begun in the mid-1990s, is continued now.

Almost every monument is experiencing, to a greater or lesser extent, negative impacts of various kinds. environmental factors... The most common problems are non-observance of the temperature and humidity regime inside buildings, the presence of rodents, insects, the development of fungi and mold, flooding of foundations, basements and communications, as well as air pollution.

The ecological situations, reflected in the state reports for the previous years, continue to be relevant. In addition to them, in 2004, the following problematic factors for cultural heritage monuments emerged with particular acuteness.

Air pollution by industrial facilities, vehicles and utilities contributes to the formation of a chemically aggressive environment and causes the destruction of natural building materials, as well as brickwork, paint layers, plaster, and decor. This, in particular, is the effect of air pollutants on the marble bust of A.V. Koltsov and the monument to I.S. Nikitin in Voronezh, white-stone carvings of the Nativity and Smolensk churches, the Bishop's Garden and the Park named after Kulibin in Nizhny Novgorod; the park of the Batashevs' estate in the town of Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod region [Giants; c 114].

Contamination of the territory of monuments with waste (household, construction, industrial), leading to the development of biological damage to building structures, disruption of surface water drainage and waterlogging of soils, and an increase in fire hazard. This problem was recorded in the Altai Territory, it has persisted since past years in the cities of Samara, Syzran, Chapayevsk, Novokuibyshevsk, Tomsk and many other regions of the country.

Transport vibration is said to be responsible for the deterioration of the state of many historical and cultural monuments: the literary necropolis, the Bristol hotel, the Tautomatograph cinema, the Tulinov-Vigel estate in Voronezh; buildings of the ensemble of wooden architecture (11 residential buildings of the late XIX - early XX centuries) on the street. Shuiskaya in Petrozavodsk.

Vibration caused by production was again named responsible for the deterioration of a number of monuments in the Nizhny Novgorod region: the Assumption Church in Bogorodsk, the Church of the Sign in Bor, the Resurrection, Znamenskaya and Holy Cross Churches in the town of Balakhna; the complex of architecture in Kursk: the Cathedral of the Sign, the bishops' chambers, the building of the gymnasium, the Assembly of the Nobility - from the dynamic impact of Electroapparat OJSC.

Underflooding by groundwater and man-made waters (a typical example is the Church of Peter and Paul in the village of Chelmuzhi, Medvezhyegorsk district of Karelia, which has been flooded for many years as a result of the construction of the Svirskaya hydroelectric power station and is virtually abandoned.), Including due to the destruction of drainage systems (house merchant Domogatsky, Kazan women's monastery in Kaluga), etc.

Violation of the temperature and humidity regime of monuments with their subsequent distortion appearance due to the uncontrolled growth of the cultural layer, it was noted in the cities of Karelia (Petrozavodsk, Sortavala, Olonets - damage to the walls and internal structures of monuments of the 18th - 19th centuries), also due to a violation of the ventilation systems of buildings (Chambers of the Korobovs in Kaluga).

Deterioration (deterioration of the technical condition) of heritage sites due to physical deterioration or violation of protection regulations sometimes occurs in the form of weathering of brickwork seams and brick destruction. This situation was acutely manifested in the state of gravestones on mass graves during the Great Patriotic War in the Krasnodar Territory.

Desertion of rural settlements, entailing abandonment or abandonment of monuments (Karelia, Arkhangelsk region, Altai Territory, etc.): as a result, not only individual monuments are lost, but also entire historical settlements (in particular, in Olonetsky, Pudozhsky, Medvezhyegorsky and other regions Karelia).

Vandalism manifested in the theft of monuments or their elements made of non-ferrous metals (5 historical monuments at the Sulazhgorsk cemetery in Petrozavodsk). In Kazan, targeted (on criminal orders) dismantling of historical buildings and even their deliberate arson to use the vacated territory for new construction were recorded, the same situation can be observed in Ulyanovsk.

2003 was not marked by particularly catastrophic natural disasters for monuments. As a result of the earthquake in Altai, only one monument was damaged - in the city of Aleisk. However, the basements of monumental buildings in Omsk suffered from significant deviations of weather conditions from the climatic norm, for example, intense rainstorms in the summer of 2003. The rise in the level of the Caspian Sea continues to remain a specific natural disaster for the monuments, in the coastal zone of which there are many objects of cultural heritage. The threat of destruction is recorded, in particular, for 10 monuments of the Lagansky district of Kalmykia, which found themselves in the zone of flooding by sea waters.

Landslides remain a threat to mass graves in the village. Lower Volgograd region; numerous monuments of the Kuban and Rostov region; Tobolsk Kremlin and some monuments of Ulyanovsk.

Shore abrasion, together with erosion, was named the main risk factor for the Republic of Adygea (the zone of influence of the Krasnodar reservoir), the Komi-Permyatsk Autonomous Okrug (the Kama reservoir), the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (a unique monument - Pustozerskoe settlement suffers); sharply made itself felt by undermining the banks of the Dnieper in Smolensk.

Many medium-sized and large cities of the country are characterized by the simultaneous manifestation of many environmental risk factors, mutually reinforcing each other: for example, in Tambov, there is congestion of transport highways in the historical core of the city, which causes air pollution and vibration of the following monuments of federal significance: Gostiny Dvor, Women's gymnasium, Orphan's house. In the city of Uglich, Yaroslavl Region, the violation of the naturally balanced regime of groundwater as a result of the construction of the Uglich hydroelectric power station and the spontaneous transformation of the infrastructure that disturbed the surface runoff led to the development of the process of suffosion removal of sand particles in the river. Volga. This led to a deterioration in the engineering and geological conditions of the city's territory and caused a negative impact on the stability of such outstanding monuments as the Resurrection Cathedral, the Church of Dmitry on Blood, the Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist, etc.

Among the most common problem situations in 2004 in the regions of the country, visual disturbance of the landscape continued to remain: the unregulated development of summer cottages of landscape-valuable sites almost closely approaches the cult monuments. For example, in the immediate vicinity of historical settlements and architectural monuments in the villages of Chuinavolok and Akhpoila in the Pryazha region of Karelia. The historical village of Suisar in the same region with perfectly preserved historical planning and buildings is surrounded on all sides by dacha cooperatives. The same was also noted in the Moscow, Ryazan and Voronezh regions. In the cities of the Altai Territory, it manifests itself in the form of building up historical centers with high-rise buildings [Polyakova; p.156].

Environmentally unregulated development (the Komi Republic, Ryazan, Tambov, Samara, Volgograd regions) leads to the violation of artistically valuable and, as a rule, the most environmentally friendly landscapes from the point of view of the architectural appearance of the environment. The saturation of historical centers with administrative institutions and trade enterprises leads to an increase in motor transport and human flows, to the accumulation of negative impacts, to a visual violation of the monuments of landscape gardening. This situation is often due to the lack of funds for the development of projects for protection zones of monuments. In the city of Zmeinogorsk, Altai Territory, in close proximity to the complex of monuments of the Zmeevsky mine and the Zmeinogorsky silver smelting plant, a temporary modular filling station continues to function, despite its expiration in 2003. Unauthorized allocation of land for individual residential development continued on the territory of historical landscapes (in park complexes Leningrad region).

Unfortunately, the practice of reconstruction of monuments does not stop without appropriate permits and approvals from the state authorities for the protection of monuments. In the historical part of the city of Olonets (Karelia), the construction of a shopping center was started without approval. As a result of the work performed, the historical and architectural environment has been distorted and the archaeological layer has been disturbed. Similar situations were recorded in the historical part of Rostov-on-Don, Moscow and Novosibirsk regions.

The fire hazard of individual monuments and entire complexes is increasing. In 2004, several large fires were recorded at monuments of federal significance in the city of Rostov-on-Don. The same factor was named a priority for the Ryazan region. Due to the fires, monuments in the Altai Territory, Arkhangelsk (Izhma churchyard in the Primorsky District) and the Moscow Region have been lost and damaged.

The results of environmental monitoring of immovable cultural heritage sites of the country in 2004 made it possible to identify the following most problematic monuments of national importance in this regard:

Monuments of wooden architecture in the Murmansk region (the Assumption Church in the village of Varzuga and the Nikolskaya Church in the village of Kovda); unique works of architecture of the Museum of Wooden Architecture in the village of Vasilevo-Torzhok District, Tver Region; House of M. Yu. Lermontov in the village of Taman in the Kuban - dilapidated;

Alexander Oshevensky monastery in Kargopol district and Novodvinskaya fortress in Konveyer village of Arkhangelsk region - collapse of buildings from dilapidation due to lack of funds for emergency work;

Historical buildings of Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region - lack of users of monuments;

The Tsiolkovsky House in Ryazan is a complex of negative urban-ecological factors;

Monuments of the Cathedral Mountain ensemble in Smolensk, towers and spins of the Smolensk fortress; Tambov Drama Theater; Krasnodar building local history museum(an architectural monument of the 19th century) - the impact of industrial enterprises of the city, transport;

Vladimirskaya church in the village. Balovnevo, Dankovsky district and the Church of Autonomus of the temple complex in the village. Kashary of the Zadonsky district of the Lipetsk region; a monument of federal significance “The building where the world's first cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin ”in Orenburg - destruction due to insufficient attention and support;

Merchant mansions in the town of Kozmodemyansk and the Sheremetev castle in the village of Yurino of the Mari El Republic;

The structures of the Monastery of the Holy Spirit (Alatyr) and the Tikhvin Monastery of Chuvashia - suffered from landslides;

Monument buildings relocated from the flooded area of ​​the reservoir of the Cheboksary HPP - restoration in places of relocation;

Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin and other monuments of Nizhny Novgorod - impact of landslides, vibration and other urban environmental factors;

Monuments of the historical center of Rostov-on-Don (Drama Theater named after M. Gorky, hotel "Bolshaya Moskovskaya", export grain warehouses, etc.) - rise in the level of groundwater and background environmental factors;

Ascension military cathedral in Novocherkassk, Rostov region - rising groundwater level;

Wooden nine-domed Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos in the village. Gerasimovka, Alekseevsky district, Samara region - collapse caused by flooding from snow melting and heavy rains after laying a road near the church;

Holy Trinity Church in Balakovo, Saratov Region; monuments of Sochi (Winter Theater, Art Museum, sanatorium “Caucasian Riviera” - destruction of decor, structures) - a complex of negative environmental factors;

Holy Trinity (Lenvinskaya) church in Berezniki and Ust-Borovsk salt plant in Solikamsk, Perm region - coastal abrasion, tectonics, etc .;

Memorial complexes associated with the events of the Great Patriotic War on the island. Dixon - erosion, visual pollution of landscapes, neglect due to the remoteness of monuments from the places of residence of the population;

Objects of cultural heritage included in the historical districts of Tomsk ("Swamp" "Tatar Sloboda", "Voskresenskaya Gora");

Monuments of wooden architecture of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. in the city of Mariinsk, pos. Itatsky, the villages of Ishim, Zeledeevo, Maltsevo, Proskokovo and other settlements on the historical Siberian (Moscow-Irkutsk) tract of the Kemerovo region - natural aging without proper care.

Developing regional policy strategies in the field of preserving historical and cultural monuments, experts name the following priority areas for protecting cultural heritage from the negative consequences of the manifestation of risk factors, including environmental risk:

Coordination of all types of work on the lands of historical and cultural purposes;

Development and approval of projects for security zones;

Control over the conduct of new construction;

Monument insurance;

Removal of environmentally harmful industries from the territories of monuments and from lands of historical and cultural purposes;

Emergency work, conservation of monuments;

Implementation of engineering and environmental measures (protection against vibration, stray currents, greening of transport schemes of cities, lowering the level of groundwater, installation of storm sewers, vertical planning and improvement of historical territories, bank protection works);

Staffing and financing of work on the systematic monitoring of the state of cultural heritage sites.

Chapter II. Factors of destruction of historical and cultural heritage

2.1 Monuments of history and culture

Among the immovable objects of the cultural heritage of Russia, exposed to the manifestation of environmental risk factors, there are primarily historical and cultural monuments that are protected by the direct action law "On the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments".

As of the beginning of 1999, there were 86,220 objects in the State Register of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Russian Federation. Among them there were 24888 monuments of federal (all-Russian) and 59,965 monuments of local importance.

The state registration of monuments in accordance with the above-mentioned law is carried out according to the following main types:

Historical monuments - 24192 objects;

Archeological monuments - 14974 objects;

Monuments of urban planning and architecture - 22,500 objects;

Monuments of monumental art - 2357 objects.

The state of the monuments of history and culture, which are under state protection, is characterized by almost 80% by experts as unsatisfactory. About 70% of the total number of objects is in need of urgent measures to rescue from destruction, damage and destruction as a result of the manifestation of various negative phenomena and processes, including environmental ones.

Note: the shaded lines in the table correspond to categories 4 and 5 of the integral ecological assessment of urbanized territories (State report "On the state of the natural environment of the Russian Federation in 1997", p. 340), which correspond to environmental conditions that have significant deviations from the normative ones; n. - no data available.

According to the official information received from the constituent entities of the Federation, in 1999 there were more than 19 thousand monuments of history and culture in Russia under the negative influence of environmental factors, including: under the influence of factors of natural origin - more than 7 thousand, anthropogenic origin - about 12 thousand objects. According to expert estimates, more than 33 thousand monuments are destroyed under the influence of environmental factors, or over 38% of the total number of cultural heritage sites in the country.

During the reporting year, the total loss of 113 monuments was recorded in 53 constituent entities of the Federation. For a relatively short time of observation, 2,226 objects of cultural heritage were lost. It can be assumed that the total value of real losses in the country exceeds this figure twice or more.

Natural natural risk factors for historical and cultural monuments, as in previous years, accounted for about 40% of all losses of cultural heritage sites. In this case, the main role was played by coastal abrasion (both seas and artificial reservoirs), sea transgression, landslides and land erosion.

The damage from the consequences of the rise in the level of the Caspian Sea, caused to the monuments of the Astrakhan region, the Republic of Dagestan (where the most ancient city of Russia Derbent is especially prominent) and the Republic of Kalmykia, as well as the economic facilities of these regions, is increasing.

Landslides have become a priority environmental risk factor in a number of cities in the Vladimir region; in 1999, the Zvorykins' estate of the 19th century suffered from them. in the city of Murom and a number of monuments in the city of Suzdal. Other monuments in the cities of Vladimir, Gorokhovets, Gus-Khrustalny and rural settlements area. In the zone of landslide grounds there are unique monuments of the city of Tsivilsk (Tikhvin monastery) and the city of Alatyr (monastery of the Holy Spirit) in the Chuvash Republic, the city of Taganrog (Vorontsovsky descent) in the Rostov region, numerous monuments in the Republic of Tatarstan, the Volgograd region and in other regions Volga region, Trinity-Selenginsky monastery in the Baikal region of the Republic of Buryatia, etc.

The development of landslide processes in combination with land erosion seriously threatens monuments in a number of regions of the country, in particular: the Church of All Saints of the Vazheozersky Monastery of the Olonets District of the Republic of Karelia; mass graves and memorials on the right bank of the river. Volga in Volgograd; Holy Trinity (Lenvinskaya) Church in Berezniki, Perm Region. Strong destruction of the river bank. Sukhony in the village. Dymkovo of the Vologda Oblast threatens an architectural monument of the 18th century. - the church of Dmitry Solunsky. In recent years, seasonal flooding by flood waters has been increasingly affecting the state of architectural monuments in the town of Veliky Ustyug in the Vologda Oblast and in the village of Starocherkasskaya in the Rostov Oblast. Similarly, in terms of consequences, the flooding of the territory of the Monument to the Skete of Patriarch Nikon in the New Jerusalem Monastery in the city of Istra, Moscow Region, various monuments in the city of Nizhny Novgorod, cities and villages of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, and the city of Turukhansk in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Anthropogenic factors of environmental risk, as in previous years, as a whole throughout the country dominated in 1999 over factors of natural origin. During the period under consideration, these factors manifested themselves mainly in the form of air pollution, vibration, flooding of the territory and other disturbances in the geological environment.

The consequences of air pollution were especially acute in the deterioration of the state of structural materials and historical park ensembles. During 1999, the noted processes were recorded in almost all large historical cities of the country, including Velikiy Novgorod, Volgograd, Vologda, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Kursk, Lipetsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Novocherkassk, Omsk, Petrozavodsk, Rostov-on-Don, Smolensk, Tambov, Ulan-Ude, Khabarovsk, Cherepovets.

Radioactive contamination of the environment as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant remains specific for a limited number of regions of the country. This problem is especially urgent for the Bryansk region, where 159 monuments of history and culture were found on the radioactively contaminated territory. Among them are such monuments of federal significance as the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village. New Ropsk of the Klimovsky region and the Assumption in the village. Radogoshch, Komarichsky district, historical buildings of the town of Novozybkov, monuments of wooden architecture Zlynki.

Transport and industrial vibration has a detrimental effect on individual outstanding monuments and their entire complexes in cities: Petrozavodsk (an ensemble of wooden architecture monuments on Shuyskaya St.), Vologda (Kremlin walls), Cherepovets (historical center), Zvenigorod of the Moscow Region (Savvino-Storozhevsky monastery), Bryansk (federal monuments - Gorno-Nikolskaya and Tikhvinskaya churches, the old Meat Rows quarter), Lipetsk (monument to Peter 1), Elista (monument to OI Gorodovikov), Samara and Rostov-on-Don (historical parts of cities), in the industrial centers of the Khabarovsk Territory, Nizhny Novgorod and Tambov Regions, in the city of Chelyabinsk - in connection with the construction of the subway, in Kyakhta (a federal monument Gostiny Dvor or Customs), in the city of Yeniseisk (a federal monument - Troitskaya church), etc.

Flooding of the territory remains an acute problem, especially in the zones of creating reservoirs and constructing canals. The Leningrad region is characteristic in this respect, with entire areas of monuments in flooded territories - the palace and park ensembles of Ropsha, Gostilitsa, Taitsy, etc. as a result of the construction of the Severo-Dvinskaya hydrotechnical system) in the Vologda region. The situation with flooding of the territories of numerous monuments in the Novgorod region, in the basins of the Luga, Msta, Lovat, Volkhov rivers remains difficult. For many years, the Church of Peter and Paul (1577) in the village of Chelmuzhi of the Medvezhyegorsk region of the Republic of Karelia, located on the shore of Lake Onega, has been flooded due to the rise in the level of the lake as a result of the construction of the Svirskaya hydroelectric power station. In the basements of historical buildings in the central part of Ulan-Ude in the warm season, there is a constant presence of groundwater, the increase in the level of which in the capital of the Republic of Buryatia is associated with the construction of a dam on the river. Selenge.

The Volga region remains another region of massive flooding of monuments. Numerous monuments in Cheboksary and other cities of the Chuvash Republic, which found themselves in the flooded zone of the Cheboksary hydroelectric station, needed urgent work to waterproof the foundations. In the Republic of Tatarstan, hundreds of monuments of history and culture have suffered significant damage. In the Samara region, the consequences of flooding of coastal territories by the Kuibyshev and Saratov reservoirs are affected.

According to the available information, the noted problem is increasingly manifested in large cities, including those outside the zones of influence of reservoirs. Such cities include Rostov-on-Don with its historical center, Novocherkassk with its famous Voznesensky military cathedral and some others. Water leaks so widespread in cities from water supply systems, heat supply systems, artesian wells, especially in the absence of drainage, inevitably lead to waterlogging of the foundations and walls of historical buildings, a change in the structure of the soil, leaching of lime mortar from the foundation masonry and, as a result, to uneven settlement of buildings. and deformation of supporting structures. The noted processes are typical for the monuments of cities and villages of the Udmurt Republic (the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Izhevsk, the house of the merchant Bashenin in Sarapul, the Trinity Church in the village of Elovo of the Kez District, etc.), the cities of Omsk, Novosibirsk, historical settlements of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Kansk and Minusinsk, Sakhalin region and other regions. Flooding of buildings in the historic town of Mariinsk, Kemerovo Region, was caused by a violation of its drainage system.

Often, flooding of the territory is superimposed on the areas of manifestation of atmospheric pollution, vibration and other environmental risk factors, which increases their harmful effects for all recipients, including immovable cultural heritage sites. Typical examples of this kind in 1999 were: the building of the Nobility Assembly in Penza, the Gostiny Dvor in Tambov, the Dalmatovsky Monastery in the Kurgan Region, the monument to V.I. "in Volgograd (the monument is in disrepair and needs urgent rescue work).

Relatively new factors of environmental risk, such as ecologically unregulated development, uncontrolled growth of the cultural layer and visual pollution of valuable historical landscapes, manifested themselves widely and almost everywhere in the country. The noted phenomena in 1999 were recorded in the Republic of Karelia (Petrozavodsk, Sortavala, Olonets, historical villages of the Pryazhinsky district), the Moscow region (the estate "Ostafyevo" of the Podolsk district, "Lyubimovka" of the Pushkin district, etc.), the Samara region (the territory of the national park " Samarskaya Luka "and a number of other areas), the Smolensk region, in the historical villages of the Kemerovo region, etc. etc.).

Often, unfortunately, numerous environmental risk factors manifest themselves together, in various combinations, enhancing the final effect. So, in particular, the situation is developing with respect to the Dmitrovsky and Assumption Cathedrals, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (all of the 12th century) and other monuments of the Vladimir-Suzdal white-stone architecture included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The number of destructive effects in relation to them include: sulfate-salt (powdery) destruction of white stone, various types of weathering, flooding, air and water pollution, vibration and some others. Similar processes, albeit to a lesser extent, are manifested at another World Heritage site - in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in the Moscow region.

An ecologically aggressive environment accelerates the natural destruction of monuments due to aging processes. The noted phenomenon is typical not only for monuments of white-stone architecture, but also for wooden architecture, traditional in Russia. During the reporting period, experts recorded a deterioration in the state of wooden architecture monuments both in the regions of the Russian North traditional for the latter, and in the Novosibirsk region (the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos and Seraphim of Sarov in the village of Turnaevo, Bolotninsky District), in the Altai Territory, Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk and Tomsk regions, the Republic of Buryatia, etc.

The results of the analysis of information on the impact of environmental factors on the state of cultural heritage in recent years allow us to draw the following conclusions:

The process of loss of historical and cultural monuments under the influence of environmental factors continues almost everywhere;

A very significant part of the cultural heritage of the regions and the country as a whole is under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors of environmental risk;

The list of environmental risk factors for heritage sites is constantly expanding; along with the numerically prevailing traditional natural and anthropogenic risk factors (flooding of the territory, air pollution, vibration, etc.), the impact of new factors, such as visual pollution (distortion) of historical landscapes, ecologically unregulated privatization, etc., is increasingly manifested.

2.2 Archaeological heritage

Archaeological research in the Russian Federation has revealed more than 100 thousand archaeological monuments, including sites, fortified settlements, settlements, burial grounds, sanctuaries, rock art monuments, mines, workshops, areas of the cultural layer in historical cities. Of these, 15 thousand objects are under state protection, as in previous years. Information on the state of the archaeological heritage of Russia was presented in 1999 by 51 constituent entities of the Federation.

Among the natural processes, the intensive destruction of archaeological monuments in the coastal maritime zones should be noted. Unfortunately, the federal target program "World Ocean" does not set the task of preserving the archaeological heritage. This situation should be corrected. The effective means of preserving the archaeological heritage in these areas are the development and implementation of a monitoring program for the archaeological heritage, and urgent rescue operations at the most important sites.

A special problem is the physical destruction of the cultural layer in historic cities. In large cities, it passed into new phase when investors are ready to pay for any excavations and fulfill all scientific standards in order to obtain land plots in the city center. Such excavations are in no way consistent with the tasks of preserving and using the archaeological heritage. The physical destruction of the archaeological cultural layer in historic cities is not always preventable. Often, builders try to carry out work without special archaeological research. Against the background of relatively prosperous Moscow, the situation in small towns of Russia looks especially depressing.

The requirement of the day is the transition from the system of registering archaeological monuments to monitoring the archaeological heritage. A number of regions are already monitoring some of their territories (Stavropol Territory, Volgograd, Irkutsk, Chelyabinsk regions).

The protracted process of adopting the Federal Law "On Cultural Heritage Objects (Historical and Cultural Monuments) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation" has a direct negative impact on the protection and use of the archaeological heritage.

Currently, the land cadastre of Russia is being compiled. This work requires the urgent inclusion of bodies for the protection of monuments. Compilation of the Register of Archaeological Lands is one of the most urgent tasks. The Ministry of Culture of Russia and the State Land Committee of Russia have begun to agree on positions and approaches. This work began in the regions of Russia as well. Against this background, the position of a number of subjects of the Federation that do not have information about the users (owners) of the sites within the boundaries of which the monuments of archeology are located, causes serious criticism.

In this situation, the most important measures to preserve the archaeological heritage of the peoples of Russia are:

Creation of a legal framework capable of ensuring the preservation of the archaeological heritage in modern socio-economic conditions;

Coordination of the activities of the Ministry of Culture of Russia with all ministries and departments on the territory of which the destroyed archaeological monuments are located;

Renewal and development of the Federal subprogram for the preservation of the archaeological heritage, the most important directions of which should be monitoring of the identified objects, the identification of archaeological monuments and their inclusion in the monitoring system, the development of projects for protection zones, museumification;

Coordination of actions of the Ministry of Culture of Russia and the State Committee for Ecology of Russia for the conduct of archaeological expertise within the framework of a general environmental expertise;

Development and implementation of archaeological monitoring at the federal and regional levels;

Participation of state bodies for the protection of immovable monuments of history and culture of all levels in the preparation of the land cadastre of Russia.

2.3 Museum-reserves

Despite the persistence in 1999 of the severity of the organizational and financial problems of its functioning, the network state museum-reserves countries protected by the Law "On the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments" did not decrease. According to the Ministry of Culture of Russia, as of January 1, 2000, there are 88 museum-reserves approved by the decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation. Their number has not changed since last year. However, it should be noted that there are a number of cultural institutions, which, by decision of regional authorities, received the status of a museum-reserve, enshrined in the official name.

The environmental value of reserve museums (MZ) is often due to the significant size of their territories (Prokhorovskoye field - 6 thousand hectares, Borodino - 11 thousand hectares, Solovetsky - 106 thousand hectares), as well as the territories of their protected zones. The size of the latter reaches 10 thousand hectares in Kizhi, 64.5 thousand hectares in Borodino, almost 200 thousand hectares in the Kulikovo Pole Mineral Resources. Unfortunately, in a number of cases, protection zones, vital for the preservation of the cultural and natural heritage of reserve museums, are simply absent, for example, in the Tsarskoye Selo, Monrepo Park, Rostov Kremlin, Kirillo-Belozersky MZ, etc. In some other cases, the security zones are grossly violated.

Museum-reserves and museums-estates close to them in their functions are subordinate institutions of the Ministry of Culture of Russia and / or its regional bodies and belong to objects of federal or regional property. The vast majority of objects are actually specially protected historical, cultural and natural areas with very important educational, educational and recreational functions.

Due to the value and uniqueness of their exhibits, the museum-reserves that have formed over many decades have become practically irreplaceable centers of culture, not only of local, but of regional and even national importance.

There is no special control of the ecological situation in the territories of the Ministry of Health, however, for the second year, the Ministry of Culture of Russia has been sending requests with a proposal to conduct an expert environmental assessment of the territories of museum-reserves and museum-estates. In the current year, reports on the negative impact of environmental factors were received for 45% of the number of reporting territories (97), of which 9 are museum-reserves, for which there was no previous information. As the analysis of the current situation shows, the environmental problems faced by reserve museums change little from year to year. The analysis of the situation in 60 territories of the Ministry of Health is carried out, information about which is available for 1998-1999.

40 objects (66%) have one or another environmental problem. One or two problematic situations were allocated for 35 (58%) territories of the Ministry of Health, three each for four museums-reserves located in large industrial centers or in close proximity to them (Moscow, Yaroslavl, St. Petersburg). And only on the territory of the V.D. Polenov Museum-Reserve four problematic situations were identified, but this is most likely due to the increased attention of the administration to the state of the natural environment on the territory of the museum.

In comparison with the previous year, the ecological situation has changed insignificantly: practically the same indicators of the prevalence of air pollution and the aquatic environment, the indicator of flooding of the territory has decreased by 6% and the indicator of degradation of vegetation has increased by 2%. At the same time, the indicator of territories without problem situations decreased from 42 to 34%, which is fully consistent with both the recorded trends in the dynamics of environmental indicators in the country, and with expert assessments in the relevant area.

Air pollution

The problems of some MoHs in most cases remained the same as in the previous year. From the newly received information, the situation in the Yasnaya Polyana health care facility is noteworthy. Air pollution of the territory of the museum-reserve is significant, higher than the maximum permissible concentrations for forest plantations (MPC - forest), approved for Yasnaya Polyana. The main source of pollution is the Shchekinoazot chemical plant located 2.5 km from the MZ. In addition, atmospheric air pollutants are the Pervomaiskaya CHPP (2.5 km) and the Kosogorsk Metallurgical Plant (5 km), as well as vehicles moving along the Simferopol highway and the ring road. An excess of the approved standards for the following pollutants was noted: ammonia (2 MPC-forest), nitrogen oxide and dioxide (2 and 4 MPC-forest), hydrogen sulfide (1.5 MPC-forest), formaldehyde (3 MPC-forest), methanol ( more than 2 MPC-forest), sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide (below MPC-forest).

Analysis of the dynamics of the state of the air basin over the past 5 years does not give grounds to assume a sharp decrease in the level of air pollution and, consequently, a decrease in the rate of degradation of vegetation (see below).

The sites of the Novorossiysk Metallurgical Plant are located in close proximity to industrial enterprises in the city of Novorossiysk. Air pollution is significant, the maximum permissible concentration for suspended solids was exceeded by 2.7 times, nitrogen dioxide - by 1.3 times, formaldehyde - by 5.3 times. Sources of pollution: cement plants, machine-building enterprises, OJSC Novorossiysk Commercial Sea Port, OJSC Novorossiysk Ship Repair Plant and motor vehicles. Protected objects are adversely affected by cement dust pollution.

Vegetation degradation

MZ "Kulikovo Pole". The territory of the museum-reserve includes, in addition to the steppe areas, forest plantations, park plantations, orchards. The object is located in an area of ​​intensive agricultural development, the processes of degradation of vegetation cover are significant. The main reasons for the degradation of vegetation are the continuing unauthorized deforestation (gully oak groves, on the Water Field), hunting, excessive plowing of land, in places close to protected areas, intensive grazing, and in some places - a high recreational load. The disappearance of rare herbs and a number of rare steppe species listed in the Red Book is noted. The biological stability of tree and shrub vegetation is weakening, drying out and premature death of the stand, and the absence of natural renewal of the main forest-forming species are noted.

MZ "Yasnaya Polyana". The main cause of vegetation degradation is the negative impact of industrial emissions. The zone in which there is a threatened degree of weakening of forests (including the park part) occupies an area of ​​198.6 hectares (78%), the zone of moderate degree of weakening of forests - 55.4 hectares (22%).

Solovetsky MZ. Degradation of vegetation in the forest area of ​​the Ministry of Health occurs on tourist routes and in recreational areas used by the local population. The main physical parameters of vegetation degradation: trampling of the ground cover, soil compaction, development of the path network. Reasons for degradation: unregulated secondary use, uncontrolled visits to the forest area of ​​the Ministry of Health by unorganized tourists and the local population, damage to plants and unauthorized felling of firewood and industrial wood.

Museum-estate of M.I. Glinka, a branch of the Smolensk State Museum of Fine Arts. Vegetation suffers from flooding of the territory. Degradation manifests itself as follows: the development of root and stem rot of soft tree species, which leads to the partial death of trees, a change (deterioration) in the species composition of the herbage, the emergence of marsh vegetation in places where it had not previously existed. The dynamics of degradation is growing.

MZ "Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda". The hollowness of lindens is noted, which experts associate with soil pollution with heavy metals, in particular, mercury.

Flooding of the territory

Krasnodar Iron and Steel Works, Temryuk Museum of Military Equipment. The significant flooding of the territory on which the museum of military equipment is located is explained by the proximity of the Azov floodplains, which are part of the Kurchansk estuary system. The specificity of the hydrological regime of the estuary causes landslides, flooding of nearby objects on the territory of the museum.

Flooding problems are also noted in another branch of the Ministry of Health - the Taman Museum Complex. Subsoil waters erode the territory where the M.Yu. Lermontov. The coastline is crumbling at the Hermonassa-Tmutarakan settlement.

Museum-estate of M.I. Glinka, a branch of the Smolensk State Museum of Fine Arts. The reason for the flooding of the territory is the economic activity of the Smolensk nuclear power plant (the reservoir of the nuclear power plant on the Desna river). The rise in the level of groundwater in the Novospasskoye area is 2-3 m higher than the natural water level in the river. Gum. An increase in the level of standing groundwater on the territory of the estate causes the formation of swampy areas, the release of groundwater to the surface in places where it was not there before, which negatively affects the state of vegetation.

Visual pollution

The main goal of the Kulikovo Pole Museum-Reserve is to preserve the memorial territory as a carrier of objective information about the historical event. According to the data of extensive complex archaeological and paleogeographic studies carried out in the supposed area of ​​the Battle of Kulikovo, a significantly greater afforestation of the area, including the watersheds in Old Russian time, was revealed. The modern landscapes of the territory of the museum-reserve are the result of intensive anthropogenic processes that have significantly changed natural ecosystems.

Almost completely plowed up areas of watersheds, above-floodplain terraces, gentle slopes of gullies indicate the presence of processes of visual pollution, i.e., processes of loss of aesthetic attractiveness of the landscape due to the replacement of a very complex and varied structure of natural complexes of the northern forest-steppe (upland oak forests and ravine oak forests, steppe slopes, meadow - steppe and meadow complexes, steppe and forested watersheds) on monotonous treeless agricultural landscapes.

2.4 Protected objects of landscape architecture

In 1999, the main problem situations typical for monuments of gardening and park art, memorial estates, historical landscapes in cities, forest park zones of mass recreation of the population did not fundamentally change. However, some of them, associated with new housing, transport construction in the suburbs, with the weakening of control by state bodies and the public, have become even more widespread in the Moscow, Tver, Tula, Pskov regions and other regions of the country.

The greatest damage to objects of landscape architecture is caused by the uncontrolled "sprawl" of low-rise buildings in the vicinity of large cities, the provision by local authorities of naturally valuable territories for the construction of cottages, mansions, access roads to them, engineering communications. Of particular concern is the fact that a significant part of land allotments for these purposes gravitates towards the most picturesque places - the banks of rivers and lakes, forest edges, glades, etc. stations directly outside the city boundaries.

So, in the security zone of the Moscow estate Bratsevo, it is planned to build private cottages, which will be located between the Moscow Ring Road and the estate church, on the territory of the former orchard. The significance of this project should be considered in the context of the changes that have already occurred in the estate earlier, during the construction of the ring road through its territory, and which significantly devalued this historical and cultural monument, torn it away from its natural environment, and sharply worsened its environmental performance. The attendance of the Bratsevsky Park decreased due to the noise and visual effects of the highway, air pollution.

The situation around many estates near Moscow requires urgent intervention. In Neklyudovo (Mytishchi district of the Moscow region), where the Children's Center is currently located, preparatory measures are underway for the construction of a village with mansions - by cutting down park areas. In the same area, in the former estate of the Alekseevs - Lipki, land plots were taken out in the protected zone, the cutting of parks was planned, which are dear to us, as a memory of the great theater director K.S. Stanislavsky.

In 1999, this problem acquired the character of a legal precedent; the case is being considered by the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation. On the territory of Pleshcheyevo (associated with the stay of PI Tchaikovsky there), cottages have already been built, waste water from them spreads over the areas left from the estate park.

Often, new settlements are being built not only contrary to the current environmental legislation, but also in violation of safety rules, such as, for example, the prohibition of housing construction in places subject to the threat of flooding. So, in the risk zone of the Khimki reservoir, immediately below its dam, in the floodplain of the river. Khimki is building "elite" housing. This quarter practically depreciates the exceptional landscape advantages of the area with a special combination of expressive relief: water, forest plantations, trails, springs. Irreparable damage has been caused to the species qualities of the Pokrovsko-Glebovsky forest park. This whole area gives the impression of complete abandonment: springs are polluted, ponds-"planters" are lost, random passages and passages appear in the place of park alleys, tree heaps are not cleared.

In many cases, the factor of abandonment of historical parks comes to the fore. The former estate of A.T. Bolotov - Dvoryaninovo in the Tula region. Nothing has been done to prevent the collapse of the Bogoroditsky Park created by him on the river. Lean, which is increasingly turning into wild thickets. The destruction of the Tver estate of Znamenskoye-Raek, a monument of Russian garden and park art, continues. Forests, glades, alleys are neglected, overgrown. The Rotunda gazebo, which adorned the park for two centuries, which was created by a famous architect, writer, inventor, scientist-educator of the 18th century, also collapsed. ON. Lviv.

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Currently, there are 26 World Heritage Sites on the territory of the Russian Federation:
16 cultural sites (marked with the letter C - cultural in the World Heritage List) and 10 natural (designated with the letter N - natural) heritage.

Three of them are transboundary, i.e. located on the territory of several states: Curonian Spit (Lithuania, Russian Federation), Ubsunur Basin (Mongolia, Russian Federation), Struve Geodetic Arc (Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden, Estonia)

The first objects - "Historical Center St. Petersburg and related groups of monuments ”,“ Kizhi Pogost ”,“ Moscow Kremlin and Red Square ”were included in the World Heritage List at the 14th session of the World Heritage Committee, held in 1990 in the Canadian city of Banff.

14th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1990 (Banff, Canada)

No. С540 - Historical center St. Petersburg and related groups of monuments

Criteria (i) (ii) (iv) (vi)
The Venice of the North, with its many canals and more than 400 bridges, is the result of the greatest urban development project begun in 1703 under Peter the Great. The city turned out to be closely connected with the October Revolution of 1917, and in 1924-1991. he bore the name Leningrad. Its architectural heritage combines such different styles as baroque and classicism, which can be seen in the example of the Admiralty, the Winter Palace, the Marble Palace and the Hermitage.
Object information:

No. С544 - Kizhi Pogost

Criteria: (i) (iv) (v)
The Kizhi Pogost is located on one of the many islands of Lake Onega, in Karelia. Here you can see two wooden churches from the 18th century, as well as an octahedral bell tower, built of wood in 1862. These unusual structures, which are the pinnacle of carpentry skills, represent an example of an ancient church parish and harmoniously blend with the surrounding natural landscape.
Object information:
on the site of the Kizhi Museum-Reserve
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. С545 - Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

Criteria: (i) (ii) (iv) (vi)
This place is inextricably linked with the most important historical and political events in the life of Russia. Since the XIII century. The Moscow Kremlin, created in the period from the XIV century. to the XVII century. outstanding Russian and foreign architects, was a grand ducal, and then a royal residence, as well as a religious center. St.Basil's Cathedral, a true masterpiece of Russian Orthodox architecture, rises on Red Square, which stretches along the walls of the Kremlin.
Object information:
on the website of the Moscow Kremlin Museums
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

16th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1992 (Santa Fe, USA)

# С604 - Historical Monuments of Veliky Novgorod and its Suburbs

Criteria: (ii) (iv) (vi)
Novgorod, favorably located on the ancient trade route between Central Asia and Northern Europe, was in the 9th century. the first capital of Russia, the center of Orthodox spirituality and Russian architecture. Its medieval monuments, churches and monasteries, as well as the frescoes of Theophanes the Greek (teacher of Andrei Rublev), dating from the 14th century, clearly illustrate the outstanding level of architectural and artistic creativity.
Object information:
on the website of the Department of Culture and Tourism of the Novgorod Region
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. С632 - Historical and Cultural Complex of the Solovetsky Islands

Criterion: (iv)
The Solovetsky Archipelago, located in the western part of the White Sea, consists of 6 islands with a total area of ​​more than 300 sq. km. They were settled in the 5th century. BC, however, the very first evidence of a person's stay here dates back to the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. The islands, starting from the 15th century, became the place of creation and active development of the largest monastery in the Russian North. There are also several churches of the 16th-19th centuries.
Object information:
on the website of the FGBUK "Solovetsky State Historical, Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve"
on the website "Museums of Russia"

No. С633 - White-stone monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal

Criteria: (i) (ii) (iv)
These two ancient cultural centers of Central Russia occupy an important place in the history of the formation of the country's architecture. There are a number of majestic religious and public buildings of the XII-XIII centuries, among which the Assumption and Dmitrievsky cathedrals (Vladimir) stand out.
Object information:
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

17th Session of the World Heritage Committee -1993 (Cartagena, Colombia)

No. С657 - The architectural ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in the city of Sergiev Posad

Criteria: (ii) (iv)
This is a vivid example of an active Orthodox monastery with the features of a fortress, which fully corresponded to the spirit of the time of its formation - the 15th-18th centuries. In the main temple of the Lavra - the Assumption Cathedral, created in the image and likeness of the cathedral of the same name in the Moscow Kremlin - there is the tomb of Boris Godunov. Among the treasures of the Lavra is the famous Trinity icon by Andrei Rublev.
Object information:
on the website of the Ministry of Culture of the Moscow Region
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

18th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1994 (Phuket, Thailand)

No. С634rev- Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye (Moscow)

Criterion: (ii)
This church was built in 1532 on the Tsar's estate Kolomenskoye near Moscow to commemorate the birth of the heir, the future Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The Church of the Ascension, which is one of the earliest examples of the hip-roof completion in stone, which is traditional for wooden architecture, had a great influence on the further development of Russian church architecture.
Object information:

on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

19th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1995 (Berlin, Germany)

N719 - Virgin Komi forests

Criteria: (vii) (ix)
The heritage site, covering an area of ​​3.28 million hectares, includes lowland tundra, mountain tundra of the Urals, as well as one of the largest tracts of primary boreal forests that have survived in Europe. The vast territory with bogs, rivers and lakes, where conifers, birch and aspen grow, has been studied and protected for over 50 years. Here you can trace the course of natural processes that determine the biodiversity of the taiga ecosystem.
Object information:

on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

20th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1996 (Merida, Mexico)

№ N754 - Lake Baikal

Criteria: (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)
Located in the southeast of Siberia and covering an area of ​​3.15 million hectares, Baikal is recognized as the oldest (25 million years) and deepest (about 1700 m) lake on the planet. The reservoir stores approximately 20% of all the world's fresh water reserves. In the lake, which is known as the "Galapagos of Russia", thanks to its ancient age and isolation, a freshwater ecosystem, unique even by world standards, has been formed, the study of which is of enduring importance for understanding the evolution of life on Earth.
Object information:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

22nd Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1998 (Kyoto, Japan)

№ N768rev - "Golden Mountains of Altai"

Criteria: (x)
The Altai Mountains, which are the main mountainous region in the south of Western Siberia, form the sources of the largest rivers in this region - the Ob and Irtysh. The heritage site includes three separate sites: the Altai nature reserve with the Teletskoye lake water protection zone, the Katunsky nature reserve plus the Belukha natural park, the Ukok plateau. The total area is 1.64 million hectares. The region demonstrates the widest range of altitudinal zones within Central Siberia: from steppes, forest-steppe and mixed forests to subalpine and alpine meadows and glaciers. The area is home to endangered animals such as the snow leopard.
Object information:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

23rd Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1999 (Marrakesh, Morocco)

№ N900 - Western Caucasus

Criteria: (ix) (x)
This is one of the few large alpine massifs in Europe where nature has not yet undergone significant anthropogenic influence. The area of ​​the object is about 300 thousand hectares, it is located in the west of the Greater Caucasus, 50 km northeast of the Black Sea coast. Only wild animals graze on the local alpine and subalpine meadows, and the vast, untouched mountain forests, stretching from the low-mountain zone to the sub-alpine, are also unique in Europe. The area is characterized by a wide variety of ecosystems, highly endemic flora and fauna, and is an area where the mountain subspecies of the European bison once lived, and was later re-acclimatized.
Object information:
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

24th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2000 (Cairns, Australia)

No. С980 - Historical and architectural complex of the Kazan Kremlin

Criteria: (ii) (iii) (iv)
Arising on a territory inhabited since ancient times, the Kazan Kremlin traces its history back to the Muslim period in the history of the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. It was conquered in 1552 by Ivan the Terrible and became a stronghold of Orthodoxy in the Volga region. The Kremlin, which largely preserved the layout of the ancient Tatar fortress and became an important center of pilgrimage, includes outstanding historical buildings of the 16th-19th centuries, built on the ruins of earlier structures of the 10th-16th centuries.
Object information:
on the website of the State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve "Kazan Kremlin"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

# С982 - Ferapontov Monastery Ensemble

Criteria: (i) (iv)
The Ferapontov Monastery is located in the Vologda region, in the north of the European part of Russia. This is an exceptionally well-preserved Orthodox monastery complex of the 15th-17th centuries, i.e. a period that was of great importance for the formation of a centralized Russian state and the development of its culture. The architecture of the monastery is unique and holistic. In the interior of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, magnificent wall frescoes by Dionysius, the greatest Russian artist of the late 15th century, have been preserved.
Object information:
on the website of the FGBUK "Kirillo-Belozersky Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve"
on the website of the Museum of Frescoes of Dionysius
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. С994 - Curonian Spit
Cross-border facility: Lithuania, Russian Federation

Criterion: (v)
Human development of this narrow sandy peninsula, which is 98 km long and 400 m to 4 km wide, began in prehistoric times. The scythe was also exposed to natural forces - wind and sea ​​waves... The preservation of this unique cultural landscape to this day has become possible only thanks to the incessant struggle of man against the processes of erosion (fixing of dunes, forest planting).
Object information:
on the website of the Curonian Spit National Park (Russia)
on the website of the Curonian Spit National Park (Lithuania)
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

25th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2001 (Helsinki, Finland)

№ N766rev - Central Sikhote-Alin

Criterion: (x)
In the Sikhote-Alin mountains, the Far Eastern coniferous-deciduous forests grow, which are recognized as one of the richest and most original in terms of species composition among all the forests of the temperate zone of the Earth. In this transition zone, located at the junction of the taiga and the subtropics, an unusual mixture of southern (tiger, Himalayan bear) and northern species of animals (brown bear, lynx) is noted. The territory stretches from the highest peaks of the Sikhote-Alin to the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, and serves as a refuge for many endangered species, including the Amur tiger.
Object information:
on the site of the Sikhote-Alin nature reserve
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

27th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2003 (Paris, France)

№ N769 rev- Ubsunur Basin
Cross-border facility: Mongolia, Russian Federation

Criteria: (ix) (x)
The heritage site (with an area of ​​1,069 thousand hectares) is located within the boundaries of the northernmost of all the drainless basins of Central Asia. Its name comes from the name of the vast shallow and very salty lake Ubsunur, in the area of ​​which a lot of migratory, waterfowl and near-water birds accumulate. The object consists of 12 scattered sites (including seven sites in Russia, with an area of ​​258.6 thousand hectares), which represent all the main types of landscapes characteristic of Eastern Eurasia. A wide variety of birds is noted in the steppes, and rare species of small mammals live in desert areas. Globally rare animals such as the snow leopard and the argali mountain sheep, as well as the Siberian ibex have been recorded in the highlands.
Object information:
on the website of the Tuva Republican Branch of the Russian Geographical Society
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

# С1070 - Citadel, Old Town and fortifications of Derbent

Criteria: (iii) (iv)
Ancient Derbent was located on the northern borders of Sassanid Persia, which at that time stretched east and west from the Caspian Sea. The ancient fortifications, built of stone, include two fortress walls that run parallel to each other from the seashore to the mountains. The city of Derbent was formed between these two walls and has retained its medieval character to this day. It continued to be a strategically important site until the 19th century.
Object information:
on the website of the State Budgetary Institution "Derbent State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

28th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2004 (Suzhou, China)

No. С1097 - Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (Moscow)

Criteria: (i) (iv) (vi)
The Novodevichy Convent, located in the south-west of Moscow, was created during the 16th-17th centuries and was one of the links in the chain of monastic ensembles united in the city's defense system. The monastery was closely connected with the political, cultural and religious life of Russia, as well as with the Moscow Kremlin. Here they were tonsured into nuns and buried representatives royal family, noble boyars and noble families... The ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent is one of the masterpieces of Russian architecture (“Moscow Baroque” style), and its interiors, where valuable collections of paintings and works of decorative and applied art are kept, are distinguished by rich interior decoration.
Object information:
on the website of the Theotokos-Smolensk Novodevichy Convent
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

№ N1023rev - Natural complex of the Wrangel Island reserve

Criteria: (ix) (x)
The heritage site, located beyond the Arctic Circle, includes the mountainous Wrangel Island (7.6 thousand sq. Km) and the Herald Island (11 sq. Km) along with the adjacent waters of the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas. Since this area was not covered by a powerful Quaternary glaciation, there is a very high biodiversity here. Wrangel Island is known for its huge walrus rookeries (some of the largest in the Arctic), as well as the world's largest density of polar bear ancestral dens. The area is important as a feeding ground for gray whales migrating here from California, and as a nesting site for more than 50 bird species, many of which are considered rare and endangered. More than 400 species and varieties of vascular plants have been recorded on the island, that is, more than on any other Arctic island. Some of the living organisms found here are special island forms of those plants and animals that are widespread on the continent. About 40 species and subspecies of plants, insects, birds and animals are identified as endemic.
Object information:
on the website of the FSBI State Nature Reserve "Wrangel Island"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

29th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2005 (Durban, South Africa)

No. С1187 - Struve Geodetic Arc
Cross-border site: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden, Estonia

Criteria: (ii) (iii) (vi)
The Struve Arc is a chain of triangulation points stretching for 2820 km across ten European countries from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea. These reference points of observation were laid in the period 1816-1855. astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (aka Vasily Yakovlevich Struve), who thus made the first reliable measurement of a large segment of the earth's meridian arc. This allowed us to accurately establish the size and shape of our planet, which was an important step in the development of earth sciences and topographic mapping. It was an exceptional example of scientific collaboration between scientists. different countries and between the ruling monarchs. Initially, the "arc" consisted of 258 geodetic "triangles" (polygons) with 265 main triangulation points. The World Heritage Site includes 34 such points (the most well-preserved to date), which are marked on the ground in a variety of ways, such as: hollows carved in the rocks, iron crosses, cairns or specially erected obelisks.
Object information:
on the site St. Petersburg Society of Geodesy and Cartography
on the website of the Land Department of the Ministry of the Environment of Estonia
on the website of the Finnish Cartography Department
on the Norwegian World Heritage site
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. С1170 - Historical center of Yaroslavl

Criteria: (ii) (iv)
The historic city of Yaroslavl, located about 250 km northeast of Moscow at the confluence of the Kotorosl River into the Volga, was founded in the 11th century. and subsequently developed into a large shopping center... It is known for its numerous churches of the 17th century, and as an outstanding example of the implementation of the urban planning reform carried out by the decree of Empress Catherine the Great in 1763 throughout Russia. Although the city has retained a number of remarkable historical buildings, it was later reconstructed in the classicist style based on a radial master plan. It also has preserved from the 16th century. buildings of the Spassky monastery - one of the oldest in the Upper Volga region, which arose at the end of the 12th century. on the site of a pagan temple, but rebuilt over time.
Object information:
on the website of the Official portal of the city of Yaroslavl
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

34th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2010 (Brasilia, Brazil)

№ N1234rev - Putorana Plateau

Criteria: (vii) (ix)
This site coincides with its borders with the Putorana State Natural Reserve, located in the northern part of Central Siberia, 100 km beyond the Arctic Circle. A part of this plateau, included in the World Heritage List, has preserved a full set of subarctic and arctic ecosystems preserved in an isolated mountain range, including untouched taiga, forest-tundra, tundra and arctic desert systems, as well as a pristine lake with cold water and river systems. The main route of reindeer migration runs through the site, which is an exceptional, majestic and increasingly rare natural phenomenon.
Object information:
on the website of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "United Directorate of Taimyr Reserves"
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

36th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2012 (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation)

№ N1299 - Natural Park "Lena Pillars"

Criteria: (viii)
The natural park "Lena Pillars" is formed by rock formations of rare beauty, which reach a height of about 100 meters and are located along the banks of the Lena River in the central part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). They originated in a sharply continental climate with an annual temperature difference of up to 100 degrees Celsius (from -60 ° C in winter to + 40 ° C in summer). The pillars are separated from each other by deep and steep ravines, partially filled with frost-covered fragments of rock. The penetration of water from the surface accelerated the freezing process and contributed to frosty weathering. This led to the deepening of the ravines between the pillars and their dispersal. The proximity of the river and its course are dangerous factors for the pillars. The site contains the remains of a wide variety of Cambrian species.
Object information:
on the website of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Natural Park "Lena Pillars"
on the website of the Natural Heritage Protection Fund
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

38th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2014 (Doha, Qatar)

No. С981rev- Bulgarian Historical and Archaeological Complex

Criteria: (ii) (vi)
The facility is located on the banks of the Volga River to the south of the confluence of the Kama River and to the south of the capital of Tatarstan, Kazan. It contains evidence of the existence of the medieval city of Bolgars, an ancient settlement of the people of the Volga Bulgars, which existed from the 7th to the 15th centuries. and was in the XIII century. the first capital of the Golden Horde. Bolgar demonstrates historical and cultural relationships and transformations in Eurasia over several centuries, which played a decisive role in the formation of civilizations, customs and cultural traditions. The site is an important testament to the historical continuity and diversity of cultures. It is a symbolic reminder of the adoption of Islam by the Volga Bulgars in 922 and remains sacred place pilgrimages of Tatars - Muslims.
Object information:
on the website of the Bulgarian State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve "Great Bolgar"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

37th sessionWorld Heritage Committee - 2013 (Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Cambodia)

№C1411 - Ancient city of Tauric Chersonesos and its choir

Criteria: (ii) (v)

The object represents the ruins of an ancient city founded by the Dorian Greeks in the 5th century BC. NS. on the northern coast of the Black Sea. The site consists of six elements, including the ruins of a city and farmland, divided into several hundred rectangular areas of equal size, which were used for growing grapes; vineyard products were intended for export and ensured the prosperity of Chersonesos until the 15th century. On the territory of the object there are several complexes of public buildings, residential areas and monuments of early Christianity. It also features stone and Bronze Age settlement ruins, Roman and medieval tower fortifications and water systems, and exceptionally well-preserved vineyards and dividing walls. In the III century A.D. NS. Chersonesos was known as the most successful wine-making center on the Black Sea and served as a link between Greece, the Roman Empire, Byzantium and the peoples of the northern Black Sea coast. Chersonesos is an outstanding example of the democratic organization of agriculture in the vicinity of the ancient city, reflecting the urban social structure.

Object information:

41- session of the World Heritage Committee - 2017 (Krakow, Poland)

№N1448rev - Landscapes of Dauria

Criteria: (ix) (x)

Located on the territory of Mongolia and the Russian Federation, this site is a unique example of the Daurian steppe ecosystem, which begins in the east of Mongolia and stretches across Russian Siberia to the northeastern border of China. The cyclical climate with alternating wet and dry periods has contributed to the emergence of a wide variety of species and ecosystems that are important to the entire world. The various types of steppes represented here, such as wet meadows, forest and lake areas, are home to such rare species of fauna as the Daurian crane and bustard, as well as millions of rare and vulnerable migratory birds that are endangered. The park is also an important site on the migration route of Mongolian Dresden.

Object information:

# C1525 - Cathedral of the Assumption and the Monastery of the island town of Sviyazhsk

Criteria: (ii) (iv)

The Assumption Cathedral is located on the island city of Sviyazhsk and is part of the monastery of the same name. Located at the confluence of the Volga, Sviyaga and Shchuka rivers, at the crossroads of the Silk Road and the Volga River, Sviyazhsk was founded by Ivan the Terrible in 1551. It was from this outpost that Ivan the Terrible began the conquest of the city of Kazan. The location and architecture of the Assumption Monastery testifies to the existence of a political and missionary program developed by Tsar Ivan IV in order to expand the territory of the Moscow state. The frescoes of the cathedral are among the rarest examples of Eastern Orthodox wall painting.

Object information:

Cultural heritage is an important part of the life of every nation. For this reason, one should know what cultural heritage is and why it is so important to preserve it. It helps to better know and understand the history of the formation of modern society.

What is cultural heritage

Nature and culture in their totality form the human environment. The skills and knowledge acquired by humanity since the beginning of time are accumulated and multiplied over the centuries, forming a cultural heritage. There is no single definition of what cultural heritage is, as this term is viewed from different points of view.

From the point of view of cultural studies, this is the main way of existence of culture. Heritage sites preserve and pass on to subsequent generations values ​​that carry an emotional aspect. History considers cultural heritage primarily as a source of information about the development and formation of modern society. The legal point of view does not take into account the emotional value, but determines the degree of information content and relevance of a particular object, as well as its ability to influence society.

If we combine these concepts, then cultural heritage can be defined as a set of tangible and intangible values ​​created by nature and man during previous historical eras.

Social memory

Social memory should be understood as the basis of social cognition. The experience and knowledge accumulated by humanity is passed on from generation to generation. The development of a modern person is possible only on the basis of the knowledge of ancestors.

Cultural heritage and social memory are concepts that always accompany each other. Heritage sites are the main means of transferring knowledge, thoughts and worldview to future generations. This is irrefutable evidence of the existence of certain people, events and ideas. In addition, they guarantee the reliability of social memory, preventing it from distorting.

Social memory is a kind of library where all useful knowledge is stored that can be used and improved by society in the future. Unlike the memory of one person, social memory has no end and belongs to every member of society. Ultimately, heritage determines the basic elements of social memory. Those values ​​that are not included in the cultural heritage sooner or later lose their meaning, are forgotten and are excluded from social memory.

Organization of UNESCO

UNESCO is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. One of the goals of UNESCO is to unite countries and peoples for the preservation of world cultural values.

The organization was formed in November 1945 and is based in Paris. Today, more than two hundred states are members of UNESCO.

In the field of culture, the organization is engaged in the preservation and protection of the cultural and natural heritage of mankind. The basis of this activity is the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted in 1972. During the first session, the main provisions and tasks of the World Heritage Committee were adopted.

The committee also defined natural and cultural criteria for evaluating sites, according to which they were included or not included in the list of protected. The preservation of cultural heritage is an obligation undertaken by the state that has a particular object, with the support of UNESCO. Today the register includes over a thousand protected objects.

World heritage

The 1972 Convention clearly defined what cultural heritage is and divided it into categories. Cultural heritage should be understood as:

• monuments;
• ensembles;
• places of interest.

Monuments include all works of art (painting, sculpture, etc.), as well as objects of archaeological significance (rock inscriptions, burials), created by man and valuable for science, history and art. Ensembles are architectural groups harmoniously blended into surrounding landscape... Places of interest are human creations that are separate from or in conjunction with nature.

The convention also set out the criteria for natural heritage. It includes natural monuments, places of interest, geological and physiographic formations.

Cultural heritage of Russia

To date, twenty-seven sites located in Russia are included in the World Heritage Register. Sixteen of them were selected according to cultural criteria and eleven - natural sites. The first sites were classified as World Heritage in 1990. Another twenty-three objects are on the list of candidates. Of these, eleven are cultural, three are natural and cultural, nine are natural objects.

Among the member states of UNESCO, the Russian Federation is in ninth place in terms of the number of World Heritage sites.

Days of Cultural Heritage in Moscow - International Day for the Protection of Monuments and Sites (celebrated on April 18) and International Museum Day (May 18). Every year these days, free access to heritage sites opens in Moscow, excursions, quests, and lectures are organized. All these events are aimed at popularizing cultural values, familiarizing with them.

Legal aspect

The Federal Law (FZ) on cultural heritage sites was adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2002. This law defines the preservation of cultural heritage as a priority task for the authorities. Also, the law establishes the procedure for identifying heritage sites and including their register.

This register includes tangible and intangible cultural property that has passed the expert review. Each object entered in the register is assigned a registration number and a passport. The passport contains detailed characteristics of the object: name, date of origin, photographic materials, description, information about the location. The passport also reflects data on the expert assessment of the facility and the conditions for the protection of the facility.

According to the Federal Law on cultural heritage objects, cultural values ​​are recognized as the property of the state. In this regard, the need was declared to preserve them, as well as to popularize and provide accessibility to heritage sites. The law prohibits altering and demolishing objects. Management of cultural heritage sites is a set of measures aimed at monitoring, preserving and developing cultural sites.

Natural objects of Russia

There are ten World Heritage Sites on the territory of the Russian Federation. Six of them, according to the UNESCO classification, should be considered as a phenomenon of exceptional beauty. One of these objects is Lake Baikal. This is one of the oldest freshwater formations on the planet. Thanks to this, a unique ecosystem has been formed in the lake.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka are also natural phenomena. This formation is the largest cluster of active volcanoes. The area is constantly evolving and has unique landscapes. The Golden Altai Mountains are unique in their geographical features. The total area of ​​this heritage site is one million six hundred and forty thousand hectares. This is the habitat of rare animals, some of which are on the verge of extinction.

Cultural objects of Russia

Among the objects that represent the cultural heritage of Russia, it is difficult to single out more significant exhibits. The culture of Russia is ancient and very diverse. These are monuments to Russian architecture, and a colossal project of interweaving streets and canals of St. Petersburg, and numerous monasteries, cathedrals and kremlin.

The Moscow Kremlin occupies a special place among the heritage sites. The walls of the Moscow Kremlin are witness to many historical events that affect the life of Russia. St. Basil's Cathedral, located on Red Square, is a unique masterpiece of architecture. The main part of the World Heritage in Russia is made up of churches and monasteries. Among them is the "Solovetsky Islands" ensemble, the first settlement of which dates back to the 5th century BC.

The importance of cultural heritage

The value of cultural heritage is very great both for society as a whole and for each person individually. Personal development is impossible without knowledge of the traditions and experience of ancestors. The preservation of heritage sites and their enhancement is an important task for every generation. This ensures the spiritual growth and development of humanity. Cultural heritage is an important component of culture, which helps to assimilate the experience of world history.

Over the millennia of history, man has created many drawings, inscriptions, buildings, statues, household items. From the moment of gaining consciousness, a person with incredible zeal produces traces of his existence - in order to impress the future generation or in pursuit of a more practical goal. All these are artifacts, displays of human culture. But not all of this is cultural heritage.

Cultural heritage is creations created by a person of the past (material or spiritual), in which a person of the present sees and wishes to preserve them for the future. Heritage itself is defined as an integral part of culture, acting simultaneously as a way of appropriating cultural phenomena by an individual, and as the very basis of culture. In other words, cultural heritage is a special part of culture, the importance of which has been recognized for generations. It is also recognized now and the zeal of contemporaries must be preserved and passed on to the future.

TM Mironova contrasts the concepts of “monument” and “objects of cultural heritage”. In her opinion, the very word “monument” means some kind of object for keeping memory. While the objects of cultural heritage were acquired by us not just for storage, but for an active attitude towards them, awareness of their value for today in the course of modern interpretation.

Two approaches to society's attitude to cultural heritage: protection and preservation

1. Protection of cultural heritage. The condition and main requirement for the maintenance of an object is considered to be its protection from external influences. The object is raised to the rank of immunity. Any interaction with the object is prevented except necessary measures... The emotional basis of such an attitude is a feeling of longing for the old days or an interest in the rarities and relics of the past. An object is defined as a memory of the past embodied in a specific object. The more ancient an object is, the more valuable it is as a bearer of the memory of a past era. This concept has a significant drawback. Over time, such a carefully guarded object of the past turns out to be something alien in a constantly changing environment. It is not filled with new content and soon runs the risk of becoming an empty shell and being on the periphery of public attention and, as a result, in oblivion.
2. Preservation of cultural heritage. It arose in the second half of the twentieth century in connection with the complication of relations with the monuments of cultural heritage. It includes a set of measures not only for the protection, but also for the study, interpretation and use of cultural objects.

Previously, some individual objects (structures, monuments) were protected, which were selected by specialists using "obvious criteria". The transition from exclusively protective measures to the concept of conservation has made it possible to include entire complexes and even territories in this process. The selection criteria for objects have expanded.

The modern approach does not imply a rejection of the protection of cultural heritage, but leads to a greater expediency of this process. The results showed that the reasonable use of historical sites (buildings, territories) is more conducive to the revitalization ("return to life") of cultural heritage monuments than an orientation solely towards protection. The attitude to the monument went beyond the simple protection of the material shell of the object of antiquity. Monuments of cultural heritage have become not just a reminder of the past. First of all, they became significant as a value in the eyes of their contemporaries. They are filled with new meanings.

UNESCO cultural heritage. Activities in the field of preservation of cultural heritage

1972 year. Adoption of the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

This convention did not give the very definition of the concept of "cultural heritage", but its categories were listed in it:

• Monuments of cultural heritage - understood in a broad sense, this includes buildings, sculptures, inscriptions, caves. A monument is a unit of cultural heritage, defined as a specific object with artistic or scientific (historical) value. But at the same time, the isolation of the monuments of one from the other is overcome, since they are supposed to be interconnected with each other and their connection with the environment. The totality of monuments forms the objective world of culture.
• Ensembles, which include architectural complexes.
• Places of interest: created by man or by him, but also with the significant participation of nature.

The meaning of this convention is as follows:

• implementation of an integrated approach in assessing the relationship between cultural and natural heritage;
• a new group of objects (points of interest) has been added to the protected ones;
• guidelines were given for the inclusion of heritage sites in economic activities and their use for the implementation of practical goals.

1992 year. La Petite Pierre. Revision of the Guidelines for the Implementation of the 1972 Convention. The Convention spoke of created by both nature and man. But the procedure for their identification and selection was not provided at all. To correct this, international experts formulated and included in the guidelines the concept of "cultural landscape", which led to the adjustment of cultural criteria. To be awarded the status of a cultural landscape, a territory, in addition to its globally recognized value, must also be representative of the region and illustrate its exclusivity. Thus, a new category of cultural heritage was introduced.

1999 year. Amendments to the 1972 Convention Implementation Guide.
The content of the amendments was a detailed definition of the concept of "cultural landscape", as well as the characteristics of its species. These included:

1. Man-made landscapes.
2. Naturally developing landscapes.
3. Associative landscapes.

Criteria for the cultural landscape:

• universally recognized outstanding value of the territory;
• authenticity of the area;
• integrity of the landscape.

year 2001. UNESCO conference, during which a new concept was formulated. Intangible cultural heritage is a special process in human activity and creativity, contributing to the emergence of a sense of continuity in different societies and maintaining the identity of their cultures. At the same time, its types were distinguished:

• traditional forms of life and cultural life embodied in the material;
• forms of expression that are not physically represented (language itself, orally transmitted legends, songs and music);
• the semantic component of the material cultural heritage, which is the result of its interpretation.

2003 year. Paris. Adoption by UNESCO of the Convention on the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Need this event was dictated by the incompleteness of the 1972 Convention, namely the absence of even mentioning spiritual values ​​in the document among the World Heritage Sites.

Obstacles to the preservation of cultural heritage

1. Representatives of different strata of society have opposite views on the advisability of preserving this or that heritage of the past. The historian sees a model before him victorian architecture in need of restoration. The entrepreneur sees a dilapidated building that needs to be demolished and the vacated plot of land used to build a supermarket.
2. Generally accepted criteria for the scientific or artistic value of an object have not been developed, that is, which objects should be classified as cultural heritage, and which are not.
3. If the first two issues are resolved favorably (that is, it was decided to preserve the object and its value was recognized), a dilemma arises of choosing ways to preserve the cultural heritage.

The importance of cultural heritage in the formation of historical consciousness

In the changing everyday life, modern man more and more clearly feels the need for involvement in something permanent. Identifying yourself with something eternal, primordial means gaining a sense of stability, certainty, and confidence.

Such goals are served by the cultivation of historical consciousness - a special psychological education that allows a person to join the social memory of his people and other cultures, as well as to process and broadcast historical event-national information. The formation of historical consciousness is possible only on the basis of historical memory. The substrates are museums, libraries and archives. N.F. Fedorov calls the museum a "common memory" opposing spiritual death.

Priorities for the development of historical consciousness

1. Assimilation of the concept of historical time - cultural heritage in different forms enables an individual to feel history, feel the era through contact with heritage objects and realize the connection of times reflected in them.
2. Awareness of the variability of value orientations - acquaintance with cultural heritage as a presentation of ethical, aesthetic values ​​of people of the past; showing modifications, broadcasting and displaying these values ​​in different periods of time.
3. Familiarization with historical origins ethnic groups and peoples through the demonstration of authentic samples folk art and the introduction of elements of interactivity in the form of involving traditional rituals and ceremonies in the experience.

Use of cultural heritage sites in social planning

Cultural heritage is objects of the past that can act as a factor in the development of modern society. This assumption has long been discussed, but practical implementation began only in the second half of the twentieth century. America, Spain, Australia were the leading countries here. An example of this approach is the Colorado-2000 project. This is a development plan for the eponymous state of America. The development was based on the process of preserving the cultural heritage of Colorado. Participation in the program was made available to all, resulting in the involvement of all sectors of Colorado society in the process. Experts and laymen, government agencies and corporations and small firms - their combined efforts were aimed at implementing the development program of Colorado based on the disclosure of its historical uniqueness. These projects allow participants to feel themselves as bearers of the authentic culture of their native lands, to feel the contribution of each to the preservation and presentation of the heritage of their land to the world.

The importance of cultural heritage in maintaining a unique diversity of cultures

In the modern world, the communicative boundaries between societies are erased, and the original ones are under threat, which is difficult to compete for attention with mass phenomena.

So there is a need to instill in people pride in the heritage of their people, to involve them in the preservation of regional monuments. At the same time, respect for the identity of other peoples and countries should be fostered. All of this is designed to counter globalization and loss of identity