Shelters. Collective protective equipment. Anti-radiation shelters. What means of collective protection are included? Purpose and use of collective protective equipment

Facilities collective defense. Classification, protective properties of structures used for protection personnel and weapons technology mass destruction

Collective protective equipment

Collective protective equipment is intended for cleaning atmospheric air from TX, RP and BA and supplying it to collective defense facilities for the purpose of ventilation of the inhabited premises of the facilities, providing air for the personnel sheltering in them, as well as creating excess pressure (backwater) that prevents the penetration of external contaminated air through leaks in the enclosing structures of the facilities.

According to the conditions of combat operation, collective defense means are divided into:

Air purification products for military fortifications (FVA, FVK, KRV);

Air purification means for mobile objects of ground weapons and military equipment(FVA, FVU);

Pre-filters;

Absorber filters.

Collective defense equipment for military fortifications

Collective defense means for military fortifications include:

Filter and ventilation kit FVK-200K;

Filter ventilation units FVA-100/50, FVA-50/25, FVA-50/25D, and for large-capacity buildings the filter ventilation unit FVU-1000;

Air regeneration kit KRV.

The FVU-1000 filter-ventilation unit is intended for equipping large-capacity military fortifications.

The KRF set is designed to equip military fortifications at command posts at the operational-tactical level, operating in complete isolation.

The FVK-200K filter and ventilation kit is designed for equipping military fortifications with a capacity of up to 40 people.

The FVA-100/50 filter-ventilation unit is intended for equipping military fortifications at control posts and medical posts, as well as shelters for personnel with a capacity of up to 20 people.

Filter ventilation units FVA-50/25 and FVA-50/25D are designed for equipping military fortifications (shelters and command posts) with a capacity of 10-12 people.

EQUIPMENT AND COMPOSITION OF FILTER VENTILATION UNITS, KITS AND UNITS

Note. Unit FVA-50/25D for airborne troops differs from the FVA-50/25 unit in configuration and packaging. The FVA-50/25D kit includes only one sheet of rubberized fabric. Instead of a roll of waterproof paper, there is a roll of polyethylene film with an area of ​​40 m2. The hermetic door is reduced in height.

Filter ventilation unit FVA-100/50: 1 - air intake device; 2 - ventilation protective device VZU-100; 3 - fan VAP-1 with an electric motor and manual drive; 4 - air flow indicator URV-2; 5 - filter-absorber FP-100/50 or FPU-200 with a stand.

Filter-ventilation unit FVA-50/25: 1 - electric fan with manual drive; 2 - ventilation protective device VZU-50; 3 - air intake device; 4 - filter-absorber FP-50/25 with stand.

Filter ventilation unit FVU-1000: 1 - angle valve; 2 - sorbing cassettes; 3 - filter cassette; 4 - through valve; 5 - outlet pipe; 6 - differential pressure gauge DNMP-100S; 7 - muffler; 8 - starting device; 9 - fan with electric motor.

General view of the air regeneration kit: 1 - air ducts; 2 - control panel; 3 - sectional frame; 4 - PZ cartridges.

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPONENT PARTS OF FILTER VENTILATION UNITS, KITS AND INSTALLATIONS

The VAP-1 fan is equipped with an AOLB-12-2 electric motor with a power of 120 W or 4AAE56V2U3, the MGV-1 fan is equipped with an AOLB-012-2 electric motor with a power of 50 W or 4AAE50V2U2, the VR-12-26-3.5 fan is equipped with a 4A100 electric motor with a power of 4, 5 kW with a supply voltage of 380 V. The ERV-200K fan is equipped with a DAK-130-250-3 electric motor with a power of 520 W.

The installations and units are powered from the AC network of military power stations with voltages of 220 V and 380 V, as well as from an industrial network with AC voltage of 220-380 V. Fans VAP-1, MGV-1, ERV-200K also have a manual drive, providing air supply, which ensures protection of personnel (rotation of the gearbox handle at a frequency of 45... 50 rpm).

Ventilation protective devices VZU-100 and VZU-50 are designed for exposure to excess pressure in the shock wave front of up to 5 kgf/cm2 and retain from 60 to 70% of atmospheric dust.

The ventilation protective device, which is part of the FVA-100/50 unit, consists of a housing, two pipes that fit into each other, and a plug. At the bottom of the rear wall of the case there is a hole for draining condensate, closed with a plug.

The internal diameter of the pipes is 100 and 105 mm, the total length is 2 m. In the FVA-50/25 and FVA-50/25D units, air intake hoses are used to supply outside air from the ventilation protective device to the absorber filter.

The internal diameter of the hoses is 50 mm, the total length is 3.1 m.

Air purification from dust in ventilation protective devices VZU-100 and VZU-50 is carried out in a layer of aluminum shavings.

The explosion-proof device VZU-200V is designed for exposure to excess pressure in the shock wave front of up to 5 kgf/cm2 and retains up to 99% of atmospheric dust.

In the FVA-100/50 unit, one ventilation protective device is used to protect against the penetration of a shock wave through the air intake device and filter-absorber, and the other is used to protect against the penetration of a shock wave through a device for purging vestibules.

In the FVK-200K set, a deflector protective device is used to prevent the penetration of a shock wave into the structure through a device for purging vestibules. It differs from an explosion-proof device in the absence of a filter cassette.

Absorber filters FP-100/50, FP-50/25, FPU-200 are designed for repeated use. The shelf life of absorbent filters in original packaging at bases and warehouses is 15 years.

The device for purging vestibules is designed to provide ventilation for vestibules in fortification structures constructed from industrially manufactured elements. It consists of the same parts as the ventilation protective device, and differs from it in the presence of a valve for air flow. In the FVK-200K filter-ventilation kit, the device for purging vestibules includes a deflector protective device instead of a VZU. When the unit is operating, the valve opens under the influence of pressure and the air from the vestibule comes out. When the unit is stopped, the valve closes and prevents outside air from entering the vestibule.

A device for purging vestibules is installed between the protective and hermetic doors.

Sliding hermetic doors are designed to seal the doorways of a structure. Sealing and waterproofing of the structure's covering is carried out by laying waterproof paper (plastic film) in the ground at a height of 10-15 cm from the structure's frame during its construction. Waterproof paper (polyethylene film) is a consumable material and is used once.

Panels made of rubberized fabric are intended to seal the entrance of the structure and are consumables. In structures built from local materials, panels are used to seal the joints of hermetic partitions with the entrance frame. In structures that have one vestibule, they are also used to make a curtain, which separates the covered section of the trench in front of the security door from the atmosphere (to form another vestibule).

Units FVA-100/50, FVA-50/25, FVA-50/25D, sets FVK-200K and installation FVU-1000 are designed for repeated use. When a structure is abandoned, the unit (set, installation) is transferred to the replacement unit or dismantled for subsequent use in other structures. All dismantled parts are cleaned and packed into containers.

For collaboration with the FVK-200K filter-ventilation kit and the FVA-100/50 filter-ventilation unit, an air regeneration kit is used in military fortifications of the KRV.

The air regeneration kit for military fortifications KRV is designed to ensure the vital activity of personnel in military fortifications at command posts of the operational-tactical level in complete isolation mode in conditions that exclude the possibility of air intake for the operation of filter ventilation systems.

When working with KRF in the habitable premises of a military fortification, the oxygen concentration is maintained at least 18.5% vol. and carbon dioxide no more than 1.5% vol. at a volumetric air flow of 60 m3/h. Duration continuous operation of a set without replacing cartridges, the fire life is at least 6 hours.

MAIN PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KRV SET

Installation of the regeneration kit is carried out according to the diagrams given in the technical description and operating instructions. The quality of installation of the regeneration kit is assessed by a control inspection, checking the correct installation of the valve and manifold, the correctness and tightness of the connection of the components of the regeneration kit. Nipple connections must be turned counterclockwise until they stop. The clamps must be tightened. The exit covers from the PZ cartridges must be open. After checking the correct installation, the functionality of the FVK-200K or FVA-100/50 units or kits is checked.

The functionality of the kit as a whole is checked after the units of the kits are put into operation and the volume flow is measured on the control panel. The volumetric air flow must be at least 60 m3/h. The reason for insufficient air supply may be damage to the FVK-200K or FVA-100/50 fans. The regeneration kit is designed for repeated use with the replacement of P3 regenerative cartridges. When leaving the structure, the kit is transferred to a replacement unit or dismantled for subsequent use in other structures. All dismantled parts are cleaned and packed into containers. After the PZ cartridges have been used, they are dismantled. The procedure for disposal of cartridges is similar to the destruction of regenerative cartridges of self-contained breathing apparatus (see Appendix 7). It is prohibited to cover the inlet openings of partially used PZ cartridges with lids.

Classification, protective properties of structures used to protect personnel and equipment from weapons of mass destruction

The simplest open-type structures- trenches, crevices, trenches and communication passages - are equipped by the units themselves. Moistened ground floors should be installed above these structures, which significantly reduce the damaging effects of shock waves, light radiation, penetrating radiation from nuclear explosions and radioactive radiation from contaminated areas, and also protect against incendiary substances and direct contamination by droplet-liquid and aerosol toxic substances. To increase the stability of the simplest fortifications, it is advisable to make cool clothes in all cases where there is time and materials.

To shelter personnel, slots are arranged at the rate of one slot per squad, crew (crew). Entrances to slots can be horizontal or vertical; The vertical entrance has higher protective properties. To protect personnel from the shock wave, the entrance to the gap must be blocked with a shield made of boards, mats made of brushwood or other available materials. The slots can be adjacent to trenches and trenches or built separately. In all cases, the slots must be located where most personnel are located in time, and so that they can be quickly occupied by a warning signal about the threat and the beginning of the use of weapons of mass destruction and by warning signals.

It must be remembered, however, that the cracks, even if blocked, do not provide protection against toxic substances and biological agents. When using them in cases of chemical and biological contamination, you should use personal protection: in closed gaps - usually respiratory protection, in open gaps, in addition - and skin protection.

When choosing a location for a gap, you need to take into account the influence of topography and precipitation on the nature of possible radioactive contamination of the area; The site for the gap should be selected in an area that is not flooded by groundwater, flood and storm water, in a place with stable soil (preventing landslides).

Most reliable protection personnel are protected from weapons of mass destruction structures closed type - dugouts and shelters.

Dugout in contrast to the gap, a more substantial shelter, which, as a rule, has a main room, a vestibule and an antechamber. The dugout provides more reliable protection from weapons of destruction, including nuclear weapons.

The location of personnel in the dugout completely eliminates the damaging effects of light radiation, reduces the dose of penetrating radiation by 200-400 times and sharply reduces the impact of the shock wave.

The dugout is built for 8-15 people. Depending on the design and materials used, they can be of a cutless design, of brushwood fascines, of earth bags and of corrugated steel elements. The protective soil layer above the dugout is made at least 70 cm. In winter, stoves can be installed in the dugouts - standard ones or made from local materials.

Dugout of cutless design is the simplest shelter to construct, since its elements (posts, reels and struts) are connected without cutting down and its installation does not require qualified specialists.

To accommodate command and medical posts, ensure personnel rest and eat food during combat operations in contaminated areas, shelters with special equipment are being built to ensure the safe stay of personnel without personal protective equipment.

Dugout of cutless design: 1 - exhaust duct; 2 - ceiling (logs with a diameter of 16 cm); 3 - smoke protective device (SPD); 4 - curtain made from a raincoat tent; 5 - covered section of the trench 2.5 m long (logs with a diameter of 12 cm and a length of 3 m); 6 - heating stove; 7 7 seating area; 8 - upper and lower bunks; 9 - vertical fence wall

Asylum- a closed structure, specially built or equipped to protect military personnel from all weapons. Unlike the cracks,
dugouts, the shelter ensures long-term stay of people in it without the use of individual funds protection. To prevent OM, RP and BA from entering the shelter, it is sealed, the entrances are equipped with vestibules, and filter-ventilation units are installed inside the shelter to purify the air and the required excess pressure (pressure). The required degree of protection against the penetration of shock waves is achieved by installing an appropriate coating, supporting structure, as well as special equipment for all holes and openings. To reduce the depth of penetration of artillery shells, aerial bombs and missiles, a hard layer of “mattress” made of stone, precast concrete and other durable materials can be installed in the cover of the shelter. Heating and lighting equipment, bunks (beds) and other equipment are installed in the shelters.

According to the method of construction, shelters are distinguished between pit and underground type (with high level groundwater and in rocky soils, shelters of semi-buried and bulk types are usually installed). Underground shelters are erected without opening the surface of the earth; protective layer soil.

According to the purpose of the shelter, there are military and civil defense. Military shelters are classified according to the degree of protection, materials used, designs and method of construction. They are also divided into light and heavy type shelters. The first ones have a soil covering 90-130 cm thick, while the second ones have a “mattress” in the coverings.

Based on their protective properties, shelters are divided into classes, which are characterized by the degree of protection against shock waves. nuclear explosion. In terms of capacity, shelters are usually designed from 100-150 to several thousand people. Depending on the method of construction, they can be monolithic or prefabricated reinforced concrete. Based on their location, shelters are divided into built-in and free-standing. Shelters usually have compartments for accommodating people, a filter-ventilation room, a first-aid post, a bathroom, a pantry for storing food supplies and vestibules, and are necessarily equipped with protected entrances and emergency exits.

The shelter is built for a company or battery.

To protect equipment trenches and shelters are set up in the field. These structures are designed to protect equipment and weapons mainly from the projectile effect of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion. For the protection and rest of crews (crews), it is necessary to equip covered slots, which should be located in the steep slopes (at the bottom) of the trench or no further than 20-30 m from it. Personnel located in a blocked gap will be better protected from penetrating radiation than, for example, when they are in equipment.

Yu. G. Afanasyev, A. G. Ovcharenko, L.I. Trutneva

Biysk Technological Institute (branch)

Barnaul 2003

Introduction

Protecting the population and productive forces of the country from weapons of mass destruction, as well as during natural disasters and industrial accidents, is the most important task of the Office of Civil Defense and emergency situations. To solve this problem, it is necessary to create at economic facilities and in populated areas various types protective structures to shelter people. Protective structures can be built in advance and upon special instructions. As a rule, free-standing or built-in structures in the basement of the building are built in advance and are designed for a long service life. IN Peaceful time it is possible to use these structures for various economic purposes such as household premises, classrooms, garages, etc. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of using protective structures for their intended purpose in the shortest possible time.

Currently, the effectiveness of protecting people from modern means defeat depends not only on the readiness to receive people and the technical serviceability of protective structures equipped with sophisticated equipment, but also on the training of personnel to maintain protective structures. Service staff protective structures must be able to take different situations correct solution and complete all the tasks that arise.

Responsibilities for planning, organizing and providing shelter for people are assigned to the relevant services of shelters and civil defense shelters. They must develop basic planning documents, distribute protective structures between shops, departments, services of economic facilities, outline routes of approach to shelters or shelters, familiarize yourself with the procedure for sheltering everyone who will use them.

Before drawing up documents, the capacity and protective properties of structures are clarified. If there is a shortage, basements and other premises are identified that can be adapted for protective structures. Determine locations for the construction of prefabricated shelters. Protective structures are distributed according to population size, taking into account the possibility of their rapid filling with people from nearby houses. The main principle is the minimum time to approach protective structures.

To maintain protective structures at the site, formations are created. The personnel of these formations are responsible for preparing the structure for receiving people, organizing its filling, proper operation while people are in it, and for evacuating them from the shelter in the event of its failure.

1. Theoretical part

Civil defense protective structures are designed to protect people from modern weapons. They are divided into shelters, anti-radiation shelters and simple shelters.

Shelters 1.1.1 Construction of shelters

Shelters provide the most reliable protection of people from shock waves, light radiation, penetrating radiation and radioactive contamination during nuclear explosions, from toxic substances and bacterial agents, as well as from high temperatures and harmful gases in fire zones.

Modern shelters are technically complex structures, equipped with a complex of various engineering systems and measuring instruments that must provide the required standard conditions for the life support of people during the estimated time.

Based on capacity, shelters can be divided into the following types: low-capacity shelters (15-600 people), medium-capacity shelters (600-2000 people), large-capacity shelters (over 2000 people).

Depending on the location, shelters can be built-in or free-standing. Built-in shelters include shelters located in the basement floors of buildings (Figure 1), and free-standing ones include those located outside buildings (Figure 2).

In addition, buried rooms (basements, tunnels), underground workings (mines, mines, etc.) can be adapted for shelters. The shelter (Figure 3) consists of a main room, a mother and child room, a medical station, airlock chambers (vestibules), a filter-ventilation chamber, a sanitary unit, and has two exits. Entrances are equipped with security-hermetic doors. The built-in shelter must also have an emergency exit. A room (gateway) is provided at one of the entrances, which ensures the preservation protective properties shelter when people are allowed into it after other entrances are closed. Security-hermetic doors are installed in the gateway openings.

Shelters use filter-ventilation units with electric or manual drive. With the help of such installations, the outside air is purified from radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents and supplied to the shelter.

The shelter is equipped with water supply, sewerage, heating and lighting systems, and a radio and telephone are installed. The main room should have benches for sitting and bunks for lying on. People in the compartments are accommodated in places for sitting 0.45 x 0.45 m per person and for lying on tiers of bunks measuring 0.55 x 1.8 m per person.

The capacity of the protective structure is determined based on the norm of 0.5 m2 in a compartment per person. The height of the room must be at least 2.2 m, the total air volume per person is 1.5 m3.

Each shelter must be equipped with a set of means for conducting reconnaissance in contaminated areas, equipment, including emergency equipment, and emergency lighting.

It is necessary to constantly monitor the serviceability of shelter equipment.

1 – protective-hermetic doors; 2 – airlock chambers; 3 – sanitary unit; 4 – room for people to rest; 5 – emergency exit; 6 – filter-ventilation chamber; 7 – first aid station; 8 – food pantry

Figure 3 - Built-in shelter plan

1.1.2 Bringing protective structures to readiness

All protective structures must be kept in constant readiness to receive people. In peacetime, shelters are used for the economic needs of the enterprise (warehouses, labor protection office, civil defense class, etc.).

When bringing protective structures into readiness, the following steps are carried out: preparatory work. First of all, the approaches to protective structures are cleared, signs are installed - signs and light signals “Entrance”. All entrances and exits are opened to ventilate the premises. All equipment and property stored in peacetime is removed from them. Engineering and technical equipment is being reactivated. The ventilation system, heating, water and energy supply, radio and communications, shut-off devices (taps, valves, switches, etc.) are checked.

Bunks and benches are installed, drinking tanks are filled with water, and food is stored with a three-day supply. The diesel power plant is replenished with a three-day supply of fuels and lubricants. At the same time, the serviceability of protective and hermetic devices (doors, shutters, gates) is checked, and shelters are replenished with the necessary equipment.

1.1.3 Procedure for filling shelters and staying in them

When the civil defense headquarters reports the appropriate danger signals, the population should move to the nearest shelter in an organized manner. You need to take with you: personal protective equipment, documents for all family members (passports, military IDs, diplomas, birth certificates for children, etc.), money, jewelry, food supplies in the form of dry rations (for 2 - 3 days) and water (1.5 - 2 liters for each family member).

The filling of shelters is carried out in an organized, fast and without panic manner. Those being sheltered in the shelter are placed on benches and bunks. Those who arrive with children are placed in separate sections or in the mother and child room. The elderly and sick are placed closer to the air distribution ventilation pipes. This work is carried out by the unit for filling and placing sheltered people. After filling the shelter, by order of the group commander, the flight personnel close the protective-hermetic doors and emergency exit shutters.

Latecomers fill the shelter through a special airlock.

In protective structures, the premises are cleaned twice daily by the forces of those sheltered by order of the senior groups. Maintenance of equipment and cleaning of technical premises is carried out by the shelter maintenance team.

Those taking refuge in a shelter are obliged to:

Follow the internal regulations and all orders of the personnel of the shelter service level;

Maintain calm, prevent cases of panic and violations of public order;

Follow safety regulations;

Assist the maintenance team in emergency response and damage repair;

Maintain cleanliness in the premises.

Those sheltering in protective structures are prohibited from:

Smoking and drinking alcohol;

Bring (bring) pets into the building;

Bring flammable substances, explosive substances, substances with a strong or pungent odor, or bulky items;

Make noise, talk loudly, walk around unnecessarily, open doors and leave the building;

Use light sources with open fire.

Exit from shelters is carried out only with the permission of the commandant (senior) after clarification of the situation (radiation, chemical, biological and fire).

Organization and holding rescue work when shelters are damaged

To successfully carry out rescue operations in the source of nuclear damage, it is first necessary to make passages (passages) in the rubble. This work must be carried out as quickly as possible to ensure the timely entry of rescue teams to the littered or damaged shelters.

Before starting work on opening shelters, it is necessary, if possible, to turn off damaged water supply, gas pipelines, power supply networks, sewerage systems passing through or near the shelter, which can create additional danger for those taking refuge, as well as for personnel of non-military civil defense units conducting rescue operations. In case of malfunction of the ventilation equipment and lack of air supply, it is necessary to urgently make a hole in the wall of the shelter and organize the supply of air purified from harmful substances by compressors/

Depending on the nature of the destruction of the buildings under which the shelters are located, the following methods of opening them can be used: clearing debris from the main entrance; clearing littered emergency exit heads (hatches); making openings in the walls or ceilings of littered shelters; construction of openings in the walls of shelters from underground excavations.

Opening of shelters by clearing the blockage of the main entrance is carried out in the case when there are no emergency exits and when the nature of the destruction of buildings allows the use of this method. When clearing, the entrance is first cleared of heavy collapsed structures using truck cranes or manually, then from small debris and the doors are opened. Opening shelters by clearing debris from the head of an emergency exit is used in those shelters where there are emergency exits (Figure 5). Clearing work can be carried out using engineering equipment or manually. When working manually, it is enough to clear the exit hole in the head from the blockage or clear the hatch through which those taking refuge can escape.

In some cases, the evacuation of those being sheltered can be carried out through a punched hole in the ceiling of the shelter.

Depending on the current situation, other methods can be used to rescue people from blocked shelters. For example, the removal of people through adjacent basements after making an opening in the wall of the shelter adjacent to these rooms.

The task of the rescue formation commander is to choose the most appropriate method of opening a littered shelter. At the same time, in the event of a shelter being blocked or damaged, without waiting for outside help, work should be organized to ensure a way out of the shelter, with the involvement of people in it who are able to work.

Evacuation from the shelter is carried out by rescue teams in the following sequence: first, those who cannot get out on their own and children are brought to the surface. Particular attention is paid to children during evacuation. Then the rest are evacuated. If necessary, the victim is the first health care on the spot.

Evacuation of those sheltering from a destroyed or littered shelter, if necessary, is carried out in personal protective equipment.

1.2 Anti-radiation shelters

Radiation shelters protect people from radioactive contamination and light radiation and reduce the impact of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion and penetrating radiation. They are usually equipped in the basement or ground floors of buildings and structures.

It should be remembered that different buildings and structures attenuate penetrating radiation in different ways: the premises of the first floor of wooden buildings weaken penetrating radiation by 2 - 3 times; premises of the first floor of stone buildings - 10 times; premises upper floors(except for the topmost) multi-storey buildings - 50 times; the middle part of the basement of a multi-story stone building - 500 - 1000 times. The most suitable for anti-radiation shelters are the interiors of stone buildings with solid walls and a small area of ​​openings. If there is a threat of radioactive contamination, these openings are sealed with available materials: bags of soil, bricks, etc.

If necessary, separate anti-radiation shelters are constructed.

1.3 The simplest shelters

The most accessible means of protection against modern weapons are the simplest shelters. They weaken the effects of shock waves and radioactive radiation, protect against light radiation and debris from collapsing buildings, and protect against direct contact with clothing and skin of radioactive, toxic and incendiary substances.

The simplest shelter is an open gap (Figure 9), which is opened with a depth of 180 - 200 cm, a width of 100 - 120 cm at the top, and 80 cm at the bottom with an entrance at an angle of 900 to its longitudinal axis. The length of the gap is determined at the rate of 0.5 m per person being covered.

Subsequently, the protective properties of the open gap are enhanced by installing steep layers, covering with soil filling and a protective door. This type of shelter is called a covered gap.

In order to weaken the damaging effect of the shock wave on those taking cover, the gap is made zigzag or broken. The length of the straight section should be no more than 15 meters. It must be remembered, however, that the cracks, even if blocked, do not provide protection against toxic substances and bacterial agents.

When using them, if necessary, you should use personal protective equipment: in closed gaps - usually respiratory protection, in open gaps, in addition, skin protection.

The location for the construction of the gap should be chosen mainly in areas without hard soils and coatings. In cities, it is best to build gaps in squares, boulevards and large courtyards, in rural areas- in gardens, vegetable gardens, vacant lots. You cannot build cracks near explosive workshops and warehouses, tanks with highly toxic substances, near high-voltage electrical lines, main gas, heat and water pipelines.

Figure 10 - Covered gap

When choosing a location for a gap, one must also take into account the influence of topography and precipitation on the nature of possible radioactive contamination of the area. Sites for them should be selected in areas not flooded by groundwater, flood and storm water, in places with stable soil (preventing landslides). The distance between adjacent slots must be at least 10 meters.

The construction of the gap should begin with laying out and tracing it - indicating the plan of the gap at the selected location. At the boundaries of the future crack and at the places where it breaks, stakes are driven in, tracing cords are pulled between the stakes, along which grooves are torn off with shovels. The layout of the gap should be made in such a way that surface water flows freely to the sides without falling into the gap. When digging a gap, the soil is thrown out on both sides, at a distance of no closer than 50 centimeters from the edges. This will make it possible to subsequently lay the gap covering elements on solid, stable ground.

At one of the walls, cracks at a depth of 130 - 150 centimeters make a seat 85 centimeters wide. It is advisable to cover the seat with boards (boards). Cracks in the walls create niches (recesses) for storing food and water supplies. It is advisable to make the floor in the gap plank, but you can also limit yourself to earthen.

It is advisable to make the entrances to the gap 2 - 2.5 meters long, stepped, located at right angles to the gap.

To enhance the protection of people in the closed gap from the shock wave and to prevent the penetration of radioactive substances into it, the entrances to it should be equipped with doors or covered with attached shields.

To protect against fire, all open wooden parts of the cracks are covered with fire retardant compounds (lime coating - 62% slaked lime, 32% water and 6% table salt).

Covered gaps must be ventilated. To do this, install an exhaust duct in the crack on the opposite side of the entrance.

The box should be brought out to a height of 150 - 200 centimeters. There should be means of lighting in the blocked gap.

Work on the construction of cracks should be carried out at an accelerated pace in order to provide them to the entire population in need of protection within the shortest possible time after the danger of an enemy attack appears.

1. 4 Protective properties of the area

The protective properties of the area depend on the relief, the shape local items and their location relative to the explosion.

Better protection provide narrow, deep and winding ravines, quarries and especially underground workings. Hills with steep slopes, embankments, pits, low stone fences and other shelters of this type are also good protection from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Small recesses, hollows, and ditches have some protective properties.

Forests weaken the effect of all damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. They reduce the impact of the shock wave and penetrating radiation; reduce radioactive contamination; weaken the effects of light radiation. However, it should be remembered that light radiation causes a fire in the forest. Young deciduous forests are least susceptible to fire; it should be used primarily for protection purposes. Since a strong shock wave breaks and destroys trees, it is best to be located in clearings, clearings and clearings covered with bushes.

If at the time of a nuclear explosion you find yourself outside a shelter or shelter, you must quickly lie down on the ground face down, using low stone fences, ditches, ditches, pits, stumps, highway and railway embankments for protection (Figure 11). You cannot take cover near the walls of buildings and structures - they may collapse.

During a flash, you should close your eyes - this can protect them from damage by light radiation. To avoid burns, exposed areas of the body must be covered with some kind of cloth. When the shock wave passes, you need to stand up and put on personal protective equipment. If they are not there, you should cover your mouth and nose with any bandage (handkerchief, scarf, etc.) and shake off dust from your clothes.

2. Practical work

Topic: Collective means of protection

Goal of the work:

Study the structure, protective properties of shelters, anti-radiation shelters, shelters of the simplest type and the rules of behavior in them;

Work out standards No. 1 and No. 2;

Material support:

Equipped shelter;

Personal protective equipment (GP-5 gas masks);

Posters.

Completing of the work:

Study the structure of shelters, the procedure for filling and staying in them (clause 1.1.1, clause 1.1.3);

Master the skills of carrying out rescue operations when shelters are damaged (clause 1.1.4);

Study the device, purpose and rules of conduct in

anti-radiation shelters (clause 1.2);

Study the structure, purpose and rules for using shelters of the simplest type (1.3);

Study and master the protective properties of the area (clause 1.4);

Development of standards No. 1 and No. 2 (Tables 2.1, 2.2).

3. Test questions

What collective protection means do you know?

Give a classification of shelters by capacity.

What types of shelters are there by location?

Explain the structure of the shelter.

What are the seating standards for one person?

What are the seating standards for lying on tiers per person?

For what purposes are shelters used in peacetime?

List the procedure for bringing protective structures into readiness.

What should you take with you when going to a shelter?

How do latecomers get to the shelter?

Name the main responsibilities of those sheltering in a shelter.

What is it prohibited for those taking refuge in a shelter to do?

What is the procedure for carrying out rescue operations when a shelter with sheltered people is damaged?

Name the main methods of opening affected shelters.

How is the evacuation of shelters carried out?

What is the purpose of anti-radiation shelters?

What rooms are suitable for radiation shelters?

Explain the design of free-standing radiation shelters.

Name the simplest type of shelter.

When staying in simple shelters, do you need to use personal protective equipment?

How will you choose a place to build simple shelters?

Explain the structure of open and closed type slots?

How to use the protective properties of the area from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion?

Bibliography

1. Life safety / Ed. S.V. Belova. – M.: Higher. school, 1999. – 448 p.

2. Atamanyuk V.G. and others. Civil defense: Textbook for universities. - M.: Higher. school, 1986. - 207 p.

3. Rudenko A.P. etc. Educational and methodological manual for conducting classes on civil defense with a population not employed in production. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1988. - 192 p.

4. Civil defense / Ed. E. P. Shubina. - M.: Education, 1991. - 223 p.

5. Semenov S.N. etc. Conducting classes on civil defense: Toolkit. - M.: Higher school, 1990. - 96 p.

6. Rusak O.N., Malayan K.R., Zanko N.G. Life safety: Tutorial for universities. – St. Petersburg: Lan, 2000. – 448 p.

7. Kukin P.P., Lapin V.L. and others. Life safety: Textbook for universities. – M.: graduate School, 2002. - 319 p.

Each enterprise must comply with the relevant labor protection standards for two or more workers at the same time. Collective protection means include devices or structures that guarantee this possibility. The safety of life and health of employees is ensured without fail at every enterprise.

Safety must be achieved regarding possible radiation, electrical damage, temperature effects, vibrations, biological, chemical, mechanical factors, noise and much more. Collective protective equipment at the enterprise is developed precisely for this purpose. Such devices are divided into two main groups. Some are designed to ensure the safety of employees during the process. labor activity, others serve as emergency shelters.

Classification of collective protective equipment

VHCs reduce the likelihood or completely prevent personnel from being exposed to occupational factors that pose a health hazard. The products are used to normalize lighting and purify air in work areas. Every enterprise must provide protection against falls from a height, contact with electricity, and biological, chemical and mechanical influences. The temperature range suitable for the body is always maintained. Workers should not be exposed to lasers, ultrasound, vibration, noise, electric fields, as well as infrared, ionizing, electromagnetic, and ultraviolet radiation.

Air and lighting safety

Collective protective equipment includes devices for ventilation, air conditioning, deodorization, maintaining barometric pressure, alarms, and autonomous airspace control. VS for normalizing the visual environment in work areas are lighting openings, lanterns, spotlights, and protective devices.

Exposure to infrared, electromagnetic, ultraviolet radiation, noise and current

Collective protection means include fencing, warning, sealing devices, protective coatings, devices for cleaning liquids or air, decontamination, sealing, automatic control, control at a certain distance, devices for storing or moving radioactive elements, containers, safety signs. Noise is suppressed thanks to special technology, soundproofing and absorbing coatings. To protect personnel from electric shocks, insulating materials, grounding, control, alarm and automatic shutdown devices are used.

Exposure to static electricity and temperatures

Collective protection means include moisturizing, grounding, shielding devices, neutralizers and anti-electrostatic substances. SPS against low or high temperatures of equipment and air are devices for heating or cooling, signaling, remote control, automatic control, fencing and thermal insulating devices.
Mechanical, chemical influences, as well as biological factors are also subject to maximum neutralization.

Preventing falls from height

Protective equipment includes sealing, fencing, safety devices, alarm devices, automatic control, long-distance control, toxin removal, air purification, preparations and equipment for deratization, disinfestation, sterilization,

Fire-technical products

Personal and collective protective equipment for workers during fires must be available at every enterprise. According to the relevant order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, employees have the right to gain access to devices and structures to ensure group security, as well as special technical devices to prevent fire or maintain life. The safety of people must be maintained while firefighting efforts are being carried out and their health is at risk. Building designs must provide shelters, windows, doors, as well as locations for fire extinguishing equipment and personal protection for enterprise employees.

Occupational health

Working conditions in hot weather in open areas and in production premises during the warm season provide for the use of collective protective equipment for personnel to comply with hygiene standards (prevention of heat stroke).

Civil defense facilities

TO collective means protection of the population include various shelters in case of disasters, wars, and accidents. The relevance of their organization for enterprises located in hazardous areas cannot be questioned. Government regulations are created to regulate the design and operation of VCS.

Means of collective defense against weapons of mass destruction

VCS are engineering structures designed to protect the population. These are the most reliable means of protecting citizens in the event of the use of offensive means, the consequences of which are widespread. Anti-radiation shelters can be used as a shelter.

Collective protection means prevent the effects of harmful gases, biological and other high temperatures, and the consequences of nuclear explosions. Such shelters provide several rooms to accommodate people and equipment, as well as ventilation chambers, bathrooms, medical rooms, storerooms, power units and water extraction areas. For the most part in such projects there are several exits, closed by an absolutely sealed hatch or door. They are always located in areas where the possibility of collapse is excluded. Capacious structures include vestibules and shafts.

Ventilation

Air supply to the VCS occurs in several modes. Clean ventilation as well as filtration is possible. Restoration of oxygen reserves and the function of complete isolation are provided in shelters built in areas with a high probability of fire. The supply systems for electricity, water, heating, and sewerage are connected to external networks.

The shelters are equipped with portable backup devices in case of malfunction of the main stationary ones, as well as containers for storing water and collecting waste. Heating is carried out through the operation of heating networks. All shelters must be equipped with fire extinguishing, reconnaissance, protective clothing and spare tools.

Exposure to radiation

Personal and collective protective equipment for workers when an area is contaminated with radiation prevents exposure to ionizing, light radiation, as well as neutron flux, provides shelter from the shock wave, and avoids the entry of toxic and biological substances. For the most part, such shelters are installed in basements. The possibility of quickly constructing shelters from reinforced concrete elements, timber, bricks, stones and even brushwood cannot be ruled out.

All kinds of recessed rooms can be converted into radiation shelters. These include cellars, caves, basements, underground workings, and storage for vegetables. Main characteristics collective protective equipment of this type is a fairly high strength of the walls.

Increasing the security of the premises

To do this, window and unused doorways are sealed, and a layer of soil is laid on the floors. If necessary, external backfilling of walls protruding above the ground is carried out. Collective protective equipment at the enterprise is specially sealed. Slots, holes or cracks in ceilings and walls, at the outlets of wiring and heating pipes, as well as on window slopes are sealed. The doors are covered with felt or some other dense fabric.

Exhaust and supply ducts are designed for ventilation of rooms with a small area. In buildings adapted for shelter, but not equipped with a water supply system, liquid containers are installed at a rate of 4 liters per person per day. The bathroom is equipped with a cesspool. A portable container or dry closet can be installed. Sun beds, benches and food caches are also installed. An external electrical network provides lighting for such premises.

Retrofitting basements

The safety properties of each collective protective equipment, the use of which, according to the plan, should provide shelter from radiation, can be increased many times due to additional equipment. After the shelter commandant gives the appropriate orders, all sealed doors, emergency exits, and ventilation plugs are closed. The air filtration system is activated. If toxic or noxious substances enter, each shelter occupant must immediately put on personal respiratory protection.

If possible, it is necessary to activate the oxygen filtration unit if there is a fire near the shelter or if there is too much concentration of potent poisons. You will first need to put the shelter into complete isolation mode. Many people think that gas masks are considered collective means of protection. These are individual devices intended for personal use, which should be equipped with each shelter. After the harmful substances have evaporated from the shelter, gas masks can be removed.

Generally accepted rules

Only the headquarters of the civil defense facility determines the required duration of use of collective protective equipment for workers. Rules of behavior during exit, as well as the procedure for action, must be established in advance. Shelter residents receive all instructions by telephone or some other means of communication. The service level manager must warn about the possibility of leaving the shelter.

Simple shelters

What means of collective protection can be classified as the simplest? These are open or covered gaps that can be constructed using available materials. The protective properties of the simplest shelters are very reliable. Thanks to their use, penetrating radiation, shock waves, and light radiation cause less damage. The level of radiation and the effect of biological and toxic substances on the skin is reduced.

Slots are built in areas where the possibility of blockages or flooding by rain and melt water is excluded. First, open structures are created. These are trenches in the form of a zigzag, consisting of several sections more than 15 meters in length. The depth is up to 2 meters, and the width is approximately 1 meter. This shelter is designed for 50 people. Before constructing a gap, it is necessary to mark its plan on the ground.

Conclusion

Today, anyone can find out which means of protection are collective. These structures and devices are provided to ensure the safety of working personnel at enterprises, as well as for the defense of citizens in cases of natural Disasters, threats of exposure to radioactive or chemical substances. The shelter can be equipped in any basement or building with sufficiently thick walls. Each shelter must be equipped with the necessary equipment to maintain full cycle life activities of people, as well as a sufficient amount of personal protective equipment for the inhabitants.

Field defenses

Movable (maneuvering)

open type:
closed type:
trenches;
trenches;
cracks;
niches
dugouts;
dugouts;
shelters
tanks;
BMP;
armored personnel carriers;
special transport, including ambulance
The protection of crews, tanks, infantry fighting vehicles and other mobile objects is achieved by equipping them with collective protective equipment. They include a radiation and chemical reconnaissance device PRHR, a filter-ventilation unit FVU for purifying air from chemical agents, radioactive substances and BS, means of sealing the machine and switching equipment.

The simplest open-type field structures reduce losses from the effects of conventional weapons and the shock wave of a nuclear explosion, and partially protect against light and ionizing radiation, but they are ineffective in protecting against toxic substances and biological agents.

Closed field structures provide more reliable protection for personnel, the wounded and the sick. They reduce the radius of the damaging effect of the shock wave by 4-8 times, reliably protect against damage from light radiation and incendiary substances, and reduce the degree of impact by tens of times ionizing radiation. Sealing closed field structures provides additional protection against aerogenic damage from chemical agents, radioactive substances and BS.

Basic requirements for the construction of a MPP field shelter

The construction of a field shelter is completed by a team of 18 people in 18-20 hours. A typical shelter along the internal perimeter has a cross-section of 12 + 1.9 +1.9 m. It is equipped with 2 entrances: the main and the spare. Each entrance has a vestibule, external and internal vestibules. In the main entrance, the named rooms are 3 m long, and in the spare entrance they are 0.95 m long, the entrances are 0.75 m wide.

The vestibule is equipped with a security door. The vestibules have sealed doors. Shelter doors are included in the standard equipment of the MP unit.

An FVA-100/50 and a field heating stove with a chimney equipped with a shock wave protection device are installed in the shelter.

Depending on the special equipment, closed field structures can be ventilated or unventilated. The most complete and reliable protection from all damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction is provided by shelters equipped with filter-ventilation units.

According to their own given properties field shelters are divided into light and heavy type shelters. Light-type shelters are constructed from ready-made frame-fabric and wooden structures or corrugated sheet iron and are covered on top with a layer of earth 1.2-1.5 m thick. Heavy-type shelters are constructed from logs or prefabricated reinforced concrete structures. To increase the protective properties from penetrating radiation of neutron ammunition, it is advisable to make the soil filling from wet soils and subsequently maintain it in a wet state.

The entrance to the shelter is equipped with a vestibule device, which allows both entry and exit from the shelter in contaminated atmosphere conditions, by means of a lock. Shelters intended to accommodate medical units are equipped with 2-3 vestibules with a length of each of them at least 3 m - to ensure free passage for the wounded and sick on stretchers. Stationary shelters and heavy field shelters are equipped with an emergency exit in the form of a manhole and a spare vestibule.

Due to the fact that the filter ventilation unit pumps air into the shelter, the excess pressure in it is maintained at a level of 2-5 mm of water. Art., which makes the shelter airtight.

Shelters are complex engineering structures, the operation of which must be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of official instructions.

In combat conditions, shelters can be used with different operating modes.

The normal mode (clean ventilation) ensures the operation of the structure under normal sanitary conditions of atmospheric air. In this mode, shelters are used to shelter personnel (wounded and sick) from conventional weapons. In this case, only the outer door closes, which can be opened if necessary.

In the filter-ventilation mode, entry and exit from the shelter is permitted subject to certain precautions.

When using the shelter medical purposes and the placement of the wounded and sick in it, the following basic rules should be observed:

1) the wounded and sick are brought (or they enter) into the main room of the shelter through sealed vestibules, lingering in each of them (with the doors closed) for 5-6 minutes. In the event of contamination of the external atmosphere with radioactive substances, the wounded and sick are carried (or they pass) through the vestibules without delay;

2) in vestibules, only one door opens at the same time; the next wounded (patient) should be brought into the vestibule room only after the door is closed behind the previous wounded (patient);

3) you should wear gas masks in vestibules;

4) during the bringing (entry) of the patient into the shelter and removal (exit) from it, it is necessary to switch the operation of the filter-ventilation device to full capacity;

5) gas masks in the main room of the shelter are removed after 5-10 minutes of fan operation in filter ventilation mode;

6) in unventilated hermetic shelters, entry and exit during a chemical attack are not allowed;

7) in all cases, before entering the shelter, additional degassing, decontamination, disinfection of uniforms are carried out, equipment is removed and measures are taken to prevent the introduction of chemical agents, radioactive substances, and chemical substances into the main premises of the shelter.