Short course

musical literature

I.S. BANG
1. Polyphony is polyphony. A polyphonic work can have from two to five voices, each of which develops independently, but they are all woven into one musical fabric. Polyphony was widespread during the Renaissance (XVI – XVII centuries) Outstanding musicians polyphonists in the 1st half of the 17th century. were: German composers Georg Friedrich Handel, Georg Philipp Telemann, English - Henry Purcell, French composer Jean Baptiste Lully.
In Italy, Antonio Vivaldi stood out. His violin concertos and the suite “The Seasons” are widely known. In France, the most famous composers are harpsichordists: Jean Philippe Rameau, Francois Couperin, Louis Claude Daquin. The harpsichord sonatas of the Italian composer Domenico Scarlatti are very popular now.
But the “father” of polyphony is rightfully considered the great German composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 - 1750) His work is great and multifaceted.
Bach was born in the German town of Eisenach. He spent his childhood there, where he learned to play the organ, violin and harpsichord. From the age of 15, he lived independently: first in the city of Lüneburg, then, in search of work, he moved to the city of Weimar, where he served as an organist in the church and wrote his best organ works here: “Toccata and Fugue in D minor”, ​​organ chorale preludes and fugues. Then he moves to the city of Köthen.
In Köthen, he serves as a court musician for the Prince of Köthen and here he wrote the best keyboard works: the 1st volume of the HTK (well-tempered clavier), 6 English and 6 French suites, inventions, “Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue”.
Bach spent his last years in Leipzig. Here he worked as the head of the choir school (cantor) at the Church of St. Thomas and wrote many choral works: “Mass in B minor”, ​​“St. John’s Passion”, “St. Matthew’s Passion” and others best samples cantata and oratorio. Here he wrote the 2nd volume of the HTC.

I.S. Bach became the creator of polyphonic music. No one wrote polyphony better than him. His three sons also became famous composers, but the name of Johann Sebastian Bach went down in history musical art for all time! His music is eternal and understandable to people - it is alive.
2. Vienna Classical School.
This is a creative direction in music of the late 18th – early 19th centuries, which developed in Vienna (the capital of the Austrian Empire). Three composers belong to it:Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. A sonata-symphonic cycle was formed in their work. Their works are perfect in form and content (ie, classic). That is why they were called the great Viennese classics.
The music of composers of the Viennese classical school still remains an unsurpassed example of composition (classical - one of the meanings of the word - exemplary). School is the concept of succession here, i.e. continuation and improvement by one composer of the traditions and ideas of his predecessor.
The Viennese classics used a new musical structure (way of presenting musical thought) - homophono-harmonic, where there is a main melodic voice, and the other voices accompany the melody (they accompany it). Their work consists of an 8-bar (square) period. This is due to the use of Austrian and German folk themes. The harmony is dominated by triads of the main degrees T, S, D.

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) was the most senior of the Viennese classicists. The genres of sonata, symphony, concerto and quartet were finally formed in his work. He is called the “father” of symphonies (he has more than 100 of them). His music is based on themes of folk dances and songs, which he develops with great skill. In his work, the composition of a symphony orchestra was also formed, consisting of three groups of instruments - strings, winds and percussion. He served almost his entire life as a court musician for Prince Esterhazy, creating 104 symphonies, 52 sonatas, concertos and 83 quartets. But the pinnacle was his 12 London symphonies, the oratorios “The Seasons” and “The Creation of the World,” written in London at the end of his life.

The German composer became a follower of Haydn's work W.A.Mozart (1756-1791). His bright music is still modern - shining example classicism. WITH early years he began to compose sonatas, symphonies and operas. Using Haydn's sonata-symphonic cycle, Mozart developed and enriched it. If in Haydn the contrast between the main and secondary parts is not clearly expressed, then in Mozart the main part is very different in character from the secondary and the development (middle section) is therefore more intense. Mozart's music conveys with amazing power both mournful tragic moods ("Requiem"), humorous images, and beautiful nature. Mozart's music is distinguished by its beauty and grace. Mozart is the author of many operas, the most famous of which are: “The Marriage of Figaro”, “ magical flute", "Don Juan". He has about 50 symphonies (the most famous are G minor No. 40 and “Jupiter” No. 41), many sonatas, concertos for clavier, violin, oboe, flute, and divertiments.

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) - the third Viennese classic.
The great German composer was born in Bonn. A contemporary of the Great French Revolution, he embodied in his music rebellious pathos, the dream of freedom and happiness of mankind. He created 9 symphonies (the most famous: C minor No. 5, No. 9), a number of overtures (“Coriolanus”, “Egmont”, “Leonora”); 32 sonatas (“Lunar” No. 14, “Pathetique” No. 8, “Appassionata” No. 23, etc.), the opera “Fidelio”, 5 piano concertos, a violin concerto and sonatas for violin, 16 string quartets. Beethoven's work is filled with enormous energy, the contrast between themes is very bright, his music is dramatic and at the same time life-affirming and understandable to all people.
3. The era of romanticism in music.
Romanticism is an art movement that arose in early XIX century, during the time of reaction after the French bourgeois revolution. People of art at this time could not truthfully reflect reality and they had to either go into the world of fantasy or reflect the inner world of a person, his feelings and emotions.
In music, the first romantic composer wasFranz Schubert (1797-1828) – great Austrian composer and songwriter (he has more than 600 of them).
In his youth he had to experience many losses. Finding himself alone in Vienna, he lived with friends and acquaintances and was full of hopes for a wonderful future. His songs during this period were light in content (the cycle “The Beautiful Miller's Wife”). But gradually he begins to understand that life is not as cloudless as it seemed to him, that the fate of a musician is poverty and need. In the song "Organ Grinder" he painted a portrait of himself - a singer thrown out by society. Gloomy moods are reflected in the cycle “Winter Retreat”, “Swan Song”. Such masterpieces as the ballad “The Forest King” and “Margarita at the Spinning Wheel” were written to Goethe’s words. Schubert's "Serenade" has firmly entered the repertoire of famous singers. In addition to songs, Schubert also wrote 8 symphonies (the most famous “Unfinished” in B minor No. 8 in two parts). He also has many small piano works: musical moments, impromptu, ecosesuses, waltzes.
Schubert died very early - at the age of 31, but with his works he managed to prepare the emergence of followers of his work.
One of them was the Polish composer piano genre Fryderyk Chopin (1810 – 1849).
His music is brilliant. Despite the fact that he wrote exclusively for the piano, he nevertheless discovered a whole world - from the secret depths of human feelings to simple scenes of village life.
Turning to Polish national genres - mazurkas, polonaises, waltzes, he showed them from different sides. For example, his mazurkas can be ballroom, or they can resemble a simple village dance. Polonaises are sometimes brilliant, sometimes tragic.
Waltzes are also very diverse in character, and his etudes go beyond the scope of a purely technical work - they are already concert pieces - paintings. Chopin's preludes are small in size, but very different in the shades of feelings touched upon in them. Chopin's nocturnes are examples of melody and harmony. Chopin is the creator of a new genre piano music- This is a ballad genre. He also has sonatas. Chopin's funeral march is familiar to everyone - this is the 3rd movement of the B minor sonata.
Fryderyk Chopin is a favorite composer of many pianists. Since 1927, the World Chopin Piano Competitions have been regularly held in Warsaw.
The third romantic of foreign music -Robert Schumann (1810 – 1856).
This is a great German composer - a dreamer and inventor. He had an amazing ability to portray portraits of people in music, often with humor. The piano cycle “Carnival” is his most famous work. He wrote many small pieces for piano, “Album for Youth”, “Butterflies”, 3 sonatas, “Symphonic Etudes” and other works.
4 . The work of composers of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Richard Wagner (1813-1883) - Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a German dramatic composer and theorist, theater director, conductor, and polemicist who became famous for his operas, which had a revolutionary influence on Western music. Among his main works are “The Flying Dutchman” (1843), “Tannhäuser” (1845), “Lohengrin” (1850), “Tristan and Isolde” (1865), “Parsifal” (1882). .) and the tetralogy “The Ring of the Nibelungs” (1869–1876).

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) - famous Italian composer, author of many immortal works. His work is considered the highest point in the development of 19th century music in his native country. Verdi's activity as a composer spanned more than half a century. She was mainly associated with the opera genre. Verdi created the first of them when he was 26 years old (Oberto, Count di San Bonifacio), and he wrote the last one at 80 years old (Falstaff). The author of 32 operas (including new editions of works written earlier) is Giuseppe Verdi. His biography still arouses great interest, and Verdi’s works are still included in the main repertoire of theaters around the world today.. His most famous operas were Aida, Rigoletto, and La Traviata.

Edvard Grieg (1843 – 1907) - period, figure, ,. Grieg's work was formed under the influence of the Norwegian folk culture.

Among Grieg's most famous works are two suites from the music for the drama "", and violin sonatas.

Grieg focused his attention on songs and, of which he published more than 600. About twenty more of his plays were published posthumously. Grieg's vocal compositions were written to the words of Danish and Norwegian, sometimes German poets.

Claude Debussy (1862-1918) - French composer C. Debussy is often called the father of music of the 20th century. He showed that every sound, chord, tonality can be heard in a new way, can live a freer, more colorful life, as if enjoying its very sound, its gradual, mysterious dissolution into silence. It is no coincidence that Debussy is considered the main representative. The composer's favorite genre is the program suite (orchestral and piano), like a series of different paintings, where the static nature of landscapes is set off by rapidly moving, often dance rhythms. These are the suites for orchestra "" (1899), "" (1905) and "" (1912). For piano, “”, “, “” is created, which Debussy dedicated to his daughter.

5. Russian musical culture.

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (1804-1857)
The great Russian composer is the founder of national classical music.
After graduating from the university noble boarding school, he traveled extensively throughout Europe, studying the music of foreign countries (Italy, Germany, Austria). Returning to his homeland, Glinka set out to create a Russian national music school and he managed to do it.
Glinka collected and processed Russian folk songs and he wrote his works using their intonations, dressing them in strict classical forms.
Glinka is the author of about 80 romances and songs, including such masterpieces as “Doubt”, “I Remember a Wonderful Moment”, “Lark” and others.
His first opera on a historical plot was “Life for the Tsar” (“Ivan Susanin”).
From this opera came a branch of Russian historical opera (it became an example of this genre). Glinka’s second opera was written based on the fairy tale by A. S. Pushkin “Ruslan and Lyudmila”. She laid the foundation for Russian fairytale opera.
In addition, “All Russian symphonic music is contained in Glinka’s Kamarinskaya, like an oak in an acorn.” - wrote P.I. Tchaikovsky. This is true. In addition to “Kamarinskaya,” Glinka wrote two overtures on Spanish themes, “Aragonese Jota” and “Night in Madrid,” and his “Waltz Fantasy” is an example of beautiful lyrics in instrumental music.
Having summed up everything that was created before him by Russian composers, Glinka raised Russian music to a qualitatively new level and achieved recognition of Russian music at the world level.

Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky (1813 – 1869)
A follower and younger contemporary of Glinka, he entered the history of Russian musical culture as the creator of socially revealing works. Among them is an opera based on the plot tragedy of the same name Pushkin's "Rusalka", where the composer conveyed the tragedy of a simple peasant girl Natasha, abandoned by the prince, to the grief of her father. Another opera is based on the text of Pushkin’s little tragedy “The Stone Guest”. This is also a socio-psychological drama. In his operas Dargomyzhsky introduced a new principle of end-to-end musical development. It was that musical numbers arias, arioso, duets, choruses - smoothly and without stopping they turn into recitative and vice versa, and the orchestral part often conveys what is not expressed in words.
Dargomyzhsky is the author of about 100 romances and songs. Among them are very popular: “I’m Sad”, “Old Corporal”, “Titular Councilor”, “Worm” and others.
In his music, Dargomyzhsky relied on folk songs, but at the same time on the intonations of living human speech. “I want the sound to directly express the word. I want the truth!” - this is Dargomyzhsky’s creative credo.

6. Musical culture of the second half of the 19th century.
In the second half of the 19th century, a rise began in Russia national art- literature, painting, music. At this time, a circle of like-minded musicians arose, named by the famous music critic Stasov "A mighty bunch." It is also called the “Great Russian Five” or the “New Russian School”.
The circle included 5 composers.
Its leader was Miliy Alekseevich Balakirev (1837-1910) – a bright figure, musical talent. His merit is that he collected and processed Russian folk songs. Balakirev did not create very many works. The most interesting of them are the fantasy “Islamey”, 8
Russian folk songs arranged for piano, about 50 romances.

Alexander Porfirievich Borodin (1833-1887)
- an outstanding chemist, teacher, composer. Author of the opera “Prince Igor” based on the historical plot of the ancient Russian chronicle “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, the symphonic picture “In Central Asia”, wonderful 2 quartets, 3 symphonies (the most famous 2nd is called “Bogatyrskaya”) and 18 romances. The composer embodied in his work the epic epic of the Russian people, and also illuminated the world of East Asia with its beautiful melodies.
Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (1839-1881) - composer-tribune, who reflected the life and history of the fair-haired people. His operas “Boris Godunov”, “Khovanshchina” and monumental folk musical dramas are the pinnacle of his creativity; musical comedy according to Gogol " Sorochinskaya fair» reveals living vivid images ordinary people; the cycle “Pictures at an Exhibition”, the song cycles “Children’s”, “Songs and Dances of Death”, romances are included in the repertoire of world theaters.
Caesar Antonovich Cui (1835-1918) – composer and music critic, author of opera-fairy tales “Little Red Riding Hood”, “Puss in Boots”, “Fool Ivan”, romances, songs, short piano pieces. His works are not as significant as those of other composers of the “Mighty Handful,” but he also made a contribution to the treasury of Russian music.
What united all the composers of the “Mighty Handful” was that they had a reverent attitude towards Russian folk song and sought to enrich Russian classical music and elevate it on a global scale. All of them are followers of the great Russian classical composers M.I. Glinka and A.S. Dargomyzhsky.
Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) - talented Russian composer, one of the most important figures in the creation of priceless Russian musical heritage.
The central place in Rimsky-Korsakov's legacy is made up of operas - 15 works demonstrating the diversity of the composer's genre, stylistic, dramatic, and compositional solutions. Two main directions distinguish the composer’s work: the first is Russian history, the second is the world of fairy tales and epics, for which he received the nickname “storyteller.”
In addition to his creative activities, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov is known as a publicist, a compiler of collections of folk songs, in which he showed great interest, and also as a completer of the works of his friends - Dargomyzhsky, Mussorgsky and Borodin. Rimsky-Korsakov was the creator of a school of composition; as a teacher and director of the St. Petersburg Conservatory, he trained about two hundred composers, conductors, and musicologists, among them Prokofiev and Stravinsky.

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840 -1893) - Russian composer of the romantic period. Some of his compositions are among the most popular musical works. He was the first Russian composer whose work opened up the musical world of Russia at the international level. A factor that helped Tchaikovsky's music become popular was a shift in attitudes towards Russian audiences. The publication of his songs from 1867 and excellent piano music for the domestic market also contributed to the composer's growing popularity. At the end of the 1860s, Tchaikovsky began composing operas. Among his most significant works- operas: “The Queen of Spades”, “Eugene Onegin”, “The Maid of Orleans”, “Mazepa”, “Cherevichki” and others, ballets: “The Nutcracker”, “Swan Lake”, “Sleeping Beauty”, symphony No. 1 “Winter Dreams” ", symphony No. 6 "Pathetique", overture-fantasy "Romeo and Juliet", piano cycle "Children's Album"; symphonic, chamber, piano, choral, vocal works and arrangements of folk songs, as well as many other works.

7. Works of composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries

The work of Russian composers of the late 19th - first half of the 20th century is a holistic continuation of the traditions of the Russian school. At the same time, the concept of the approach to the “national” affiliation of this or that music has changed; there is practically no direct quotation of folk melodies, but the intonational Russian basis, the Russian soul, has remained.

Alexander Nikolaevich SKRYABIN (1872 - 1915) - Russian composer and pianist, one of brightest personalities Russian and world musical culture. Scriabin's original and deeply poetic creativity stood out as innovative even against the backdrop of the birth of many new trends in art associated with changes in public life at the turn of the 20th century.
The peak of Scriabin's compositional creativity was the years 1903-1908, when the Third Symphony ("Divine Poem"), the symphonic "Poem of Ecstasy", "Tragic" and "Satanic" piano poems, 4th and 5th sonatas and other works were released. Another masterpiece of Scriabin is “Prometheus” (“Poem of Fire”), in which the author completely updated his harmonic language, departing from the traditional tonal system, and for the first time in history this work was supposed to be accompanied by color music, but the premiere, for technical reasons, was held without lighting effects.
The last unfinished “Mystery” was the plan of Scriabin, a dreamer, romantic, philosopher, to appeal to all of humanity and inspire it to create a new fantastic world order, the union of the Universal Spirit with Matter.

Sergei Vasilyevich Rahmaninov (1873 - 1943) - the world's largest composer of the early 20th century, a talented pianist and conductor. The creative image of Rachmaninoff the composer is often defined by the epithet “the most Russian composer,” emphasizing in this brief formulation his merits in uniting the musical traditions of the Moscow and St. Petersburg schools of composition and in creating his own unique style, which stands out in the world musical culture.

He studied at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, after 3 years of study he transferred to the Moscow Conservatory and graduated with a large gold medal. He quickly became known as a conductor and pianist, and composed music. The disastrous premiere of the innovative First Symphony (1897) in St. Petersburg caused a creative composer's crisis, from which Rachmaninov emerged in the early 1900s with a mature style that united Russian church song, outgoing European romanticism, modern impressionism and neoclassicism, all full of complex symbolism. During this creative period, his best works were born, including the 2nd and 3rd piano concertos, the Second Symphony and his most favorite work - the poem "Bells" for choir, soloists and orchestra.
In 1917, Rachmaninov and his family were forced to leave our country and settle in the USA.

Interesting fact : during the Great Patriotic War, Rachmaninov gave several charity concerts, the proceeds from which he sent to the Red Army Fund to fight the Nazi occupiers.

Igor Fedorovich STRAVINSKY (1882-1971) - one of the most influential world composers of the 20th century, a leader of neoclassicism. Stravinsky became a “mirror” of the musical era; his work reflects a multiplicity of styles, constantly intersecting and difficult to classify. He freely combines genres, forms, styles, choosing them from centuries of musical history and subjecting them to his own rules.

He began composing professionally relatively late, but his rise was rapid - a series of three ballets: “The Firebird” (1910), “Petrushka” (1911) and “The Rite of Spring” (1913) immediately brought him to the ranks of composers of the first magnitude.
In 1914 he left Russia, as it turned out, almost forever (in 1962 there were tours in the USSR). Stravinsky is a cosmopolitan, having been forced to change several countries - Russia, Switzerland, France, and eventually stayed to live in the USA. His work is divided into three periods - “Russian”, “neoclassical”, American “mass production”, the periods are divided not by the time of life in different countries, but by the author’s “handwriting”.

Sergei Sergeevich PROKOFIEV (1891-1953) - one of the largest Russian composers of the 20th century, pianist, conductor. Prokofiev can be considered one of the few (if not the only) Russian musical “prodigies”, from the age of 5 he was engaged in composing, at the age of 9 he wrote two operas (of course, these works are still immature, but they show a desire to create), at the age of 13 he passed the exams at St. Petersburg Conservatory, among his teachers was N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov.

Some of the most striking works were the operas “War and Peace” and “The Tale of a Real Man”; the ballets “Romeo and Juliet” and “Cinderella”, which have become a new standard of world ballet music; oratorio "Guardian of Peace"; music for the films "Alexander Nevsky" and "Ivan the Terrible"; symphonies No. 5,6,7; piano works.
Prokofiev's work is striking in its versatility and breadth of themes; the originality of his musical thinking, freshness and originality constituted an entire era in the world musical culture of the 20th century and had a powerful influence on many Soviet and foreign composers.

Dmitry Dmitrievich SHOSTAKOVICH ( 1906 - 1975) is one of the most important and performed composers in the world, his influence on modern classical music is immeasurable. His creations are true expressions of the inner human drama and chronicle of difficult events of the 20th century, where the deeply personal is intertwined with the tragedy of man and humanity, with fate home country. Already in the early 20s, by the end of the conservatory, Shostakovich had a baggage of his own works and became one of the best composers in the country. World fame came to Shostakovich after winning the 1st International competition Chopin in 1927.
Until a certain period, namely before the production of the opera "Lady Macbeth" Mtsensk district“, Shostakovich worked as a free artist - an “avant-garde”, experimenting with styles and genres. Of all Shostakovich’s extensive work in all genres, it is the symphonies (15 works) that occupy the central place, the most dramatically intense are the 5, 7, 8, 10, 15 symphonies , which became the pinnacle of Soviet symphonic music .

EXAMINATION TICKETS FOR MUSICAL LITERATURE

Ticket 1

2. Historical operas by Russian composers.

3. Creativity M.V. Little fox.

Ticket 2

1. Musical genres: song, dance, march.

2. Russian art of the second half of the 19th century.

3. Creativity K.G. Stetsenka.

Ticket 3

1. Programmatic and visual music. Mussorgsky "Pictures at an Exhibition".

2. Creativity V.A. Mozart.

3. Choral concerts of Ukrainian composers.

Ticket 4

1 . Music in the theater. Grieg "Peer Gynt"

2. Works of M. I. Glinka

3. Symphonic creativity of Ukrainian composers

Ticket 5

1.Ballet. Tchaikovsky "The Nutcracker".

2. The work of L. Beethoven.

3. Ukrainian composers of the Radian period.

Ticket 6

2. Development of musical art during the Soviet period.

3. Creativity of M. Leontovich.

Ticket 7

1. Sonata-symphonic cycle. Symphony Orchestra.

2. The works of P. I. Tchaikovsky.

3. Ukrainian folklore.

Ticket 8

1. Sonata form. Piano works of Viennese classics.

2. Creativity of composers Soviet period.

3. A. Shtogarenko. Symphony-cantata "Ukrainemoya".

Ticket 9

1. Polyphony. Creativity of I.S. Bach.

2. Development of the romance genre in Russian music.

3. Opera works of Ukrainian composers.

Ticket 10

1. The work of F. Chopin.

2. Fairytale opera in the works of Russian composers.

3. Creativity of L. Revutsky.

ANSWERS TO EXAMINATION TICKETS

Ticket 1

In works of art, a person talks about the life around him.

The content of a song, romance, or chorus is easy to retell, since the music sounds along with the words. In an opera or ballet, events take place on the theater stage that can be seen. But in instrumental works the content is revealed only in musical sounds, it can be felt and understood. Sometimes the composer gives the work a title and thereby explains its content. The most common are:

1) theme of the historical past (opera “Ivan Susanin” by Glinka, opera “War and Peace” by Prokofiev)

2) topic folk life(Rimsky-Korsakov’s operas “The Snow Maiden”, “Sadko”, fantasy for orchestra “Kamarinskaya” by Glinka)

3) based on works of literature and folk art (romances and songs based on poems by Pushkin, Lermontov, etc.; Lyadov’s orchestral play “Kikimora”)

4) images of nature (“Dawn on the Moscow River” from Mussorgsky’s opera)

5) modern life of people (Kabalevsky’s opera “The Family of Taras”, Prokofiev’s oratorio “On Guard of the World”)

When creating a piece of music, the composer uses certain means of expression. These include:

1. Melody - the basis of musical art. A melody is a monophonic sequence of sounds of varying pitch and duration. A melody expresses a certain musical thought.

A melodious, song-like melody is called cantilena.

A melody in which melodiousness is combined with the flexibility of human speech is called recitative .

Instrumental the melody may contain large leaps, chromatic movement, and decorations.

2. Rhythm organizes the melody in time. Features of rhythm affect the character of the melody. The predominance of even durations at a calm tempo makes the melody smooth. The variety of durations gives it grace and flexibility.

3. Harmony is a sequence of chords. Supporting the melody, harmony fills it with new expressive colors.

4. Register - this is the pitch of the sound. The scale is divided into upper, middle and lower registers. The expressiveness of each register is unique. The middle register is the softest and most full-sounding. The lower sounds seem dark and booming. The upper ones sound light, transparent, ringing.

5. Timbre - a special coloring of the voice or sound of an instrument. Female voices - soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto. Male voices - tenor, baritone, bass.

You can become familiar with the timbres of various musical instruments by listening to Prokofiev’s symphonic fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf.”

2. Historical operas by Russian composers

M. I. Glinka is rightfully considered the founder of the genre of historical opera. His opera “IvanSusanin” is a heroic folk musical drama. The plot for the opera was the legend of heroic feat Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin in 1612, during the occupation of Russia by Polish invaders.

Characters: Susanin, his daughter Antonida, adopted son Vanya, Sobinin.

The main character is the people. The opera has 4 acts and an epilogue.

The opera “Ivan Susanin” is a realistic work, truthfully and sincerely telling about historical events. Created by Glinka new type folk musical drama had a huge influence on subsequent works of Russian composers (“The Woman of Pskov” by Rimsky-Korsakov, “Boris Godunov” by Mussorgsky).

At the heart of the opera "Boris Godunov" Mussorgsky - Pushkin's tragedy of the same name. The genre of the opera is folk musical drama. Consists of a prologue and four acts, which are divided into scenes. The main idea is the conflict between the criminal Tsar Boris and the people.

The main character is the people. Mussorgsky was attracted by the opportunity to recreate in opera the awakening of the power of the people, which results in a spontaneous uprising. "Boris Godunov" is a great work of Russian music. The creation of this work was important stage in the development of musical theater.

"Prince Igor" Borodin is a lyric-epic opera in four acts with a prologue. The opera is based on a work of ancient literature of the 12th century - “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”.

The music of the opera is based on the intonations of folk songs - Russian and Eastern.

The prologue and act 1 characterize the Russian people. The picture is important solar eclipse from the prologue. In folk epic poetry various dramatic events in people's lives were often compared with powerful and menacing phenomena nature.

Act II is devoted to showing the life of the eastern peoples.

The central place in Act 1Y is occupied by Yaroslavna’s lament, which arose from ancient folk voices and lamentations.

The opera “Prince Igor” is one of the best creations of opera classics. The composer dedicated it to the memory of Glinka. It glorifies the heroic spirit of the people, their resilience, patriotism, and spiritual beauty.

3. Creative ist b M . V. Little Fox

M. V. Lisenko is the most prominent Ukrainian composer. Having become the founder of Ukrainian classical music, he has gone down in the history of the national mystique as a talented leader, a thoughtful teacher, a scholar-folklorist and an important musical community What a boy.

Lisenko performed in various genres:

1)Samples of folk shsen.

M. Little Fox’s interest in folk music dates back to his childhood . Towards the end of his life, Lisenko took up the collection of people's treasures.

Folklore poems were grouped into genres and published in separate editions. Collectors enjoy all possible genres: ritual, everyday, historical and thought. Samples of Ukrainian folk songs became a creative laboratory for M. Lisenko.

2) Romance.

Little Fox has over 100 romances. It turns to the poetry of Taras Shevchenko, who loved deep nationality, Heinrich Heine, I. Frank, LesiUkrainka. Naibіlshvidomі - “Cherry Garden”, “Boundless Field”, “When the Miraculous May Comes”.

3)F orte n Anna creative і there is.

To the point of fortified creativity, M. Lisenko was exhausted by the length of his life. There are great forms here - a sonata, two concert polonaises, two rhapsodies in Ukrainian themes, and small songs - "Songs without Words", "Mriya", "Zhurba", "Elegy". 3 on one side, in the music Little Fox feels the flow of F Chopin and F. Liszt, and from the other - beware of interest in folklore.

4)Khorova creative IS t.

Created by M. Little Fox for the choir to become the bright side of his musical downfall. Most of the choirs are written on the verse of T. Shevchenko. The stench is varied in its ideological and figurative place and form. There are great vocal-symphonic canvases, choral songs, and miniatures. All stench is intrinsically associated with folklore.

Vagomy tvir at the rescue of the Little Fox - cantata "Hail, unwatered one." There is a feeling of joy, spring hopes, and faith has arrived.

5) Opera "Taras Bulba".

The opera "Taras Bulba" is the greatest treasure of musical and theatrical mystique of that time. The opera was written in a trivial hour. Prominent Radyansky composers L. Revutsky and B. Lyatoshinsky edited the opera.

The literary basis for the opera was the story of the same name by M. Gogol.

The opera "Taras Bulba" is a historical and heroic folk musical drama. There is no place in this place for the images of the people. In this song, the composer gives significant respect to the mass choral scenes. The musical characteristics of the main characters - Taras Bulbi, Ostap, Nastya, Andriy, Marilitsa - are vivid. The main idea of ​​the work is the struggle of the Ukrainian people against
social and national oppression.

The opera has five acts and begins with an overture, which concentrates it in a socially imaginative space.

Ticket 2

1. Musical genres. Song, dance, march

Genres of music are its various types. Musical genres arose during the development of musical art. Each of them has its own characteristics. Works related to words and singing belong to vocal music (these are songs, romances, arias, works for choir). Instrumental music includes a variety of compositions for individual instruments, ensembles (duets, trios, quartets) and orchestra. Among them are etudes, preludes, impromptu, nocturnes, sonatas, suites, symphonies, etc.

Musical and theatrical genres include: operas, operettas, ballets.

Song- the most popular form of musical art.

The melody in the song is repeated several times with different words, forming verses. This form is called couplet. At the end of each verse there is a chorus that does not change. If the chorus is usually performed by one singer, then the chorus is often sung in a choir.

The song may have piano, accordion or orchestra accompaniment. Such songs have an introduction, a break between verses and a conclusion. However, songs can be performed without accompaniment. This kind of singing is called a cappella. It is more typical for folk songs.

Music accompanying human movements has been known since ancient times.

Marching music performed at a walking pace. There are marches: solemn, military, marching, sports, and mourning. With all the variety of marches, they have common features. This is a two- or four-beat size and a clear rhythm of the step. The march form is most often three-part.

An example of a solemnly heroic march is the march from the opera “Aida” by the Italian composer Verdi. And the march from Tchaikovsky’s ballet “The Nutcracker” is accompanied by a cheerful children's party. Sometimes marches sound with words - these are march songs (“Aviamarsh”, “March of the Nakhimovites”).

Dance arose in ancient times and is closely connected with everyday life. The music of each dance has its own tempo, size, and rhythmic pattern. Each nation has created dances that are distinguished by their national identity.

Russian folk dances: Kamarinskaya, trepak; Ukrainian dances: hopak, cossack; Belarusian folk dance - Bulba; dance of the peoples of the Caucasus - Lezginka.

Dances of the peoples of Europe

Waltz originates from the leisurely and smooth peasant dance of the Ländler, which was common in Austria, Germany, and the Czech Republic. In the 19th century, the waltz became popular throughout Europe. Waltz music is very diverse in character. There are waltzes that are joyful and sad, bravura and calm, lightly dreamy and thoughtfully sad. The form of waltzes is also different: from small everyday plays to extensive concert works. The waltz is in three beats.

Many composers willingly composed waltzes. Wonderful examples of the waltz were created by Schubert and Chopin, Glinka and Tchaikovsky. The Austrian composer Strauss was called the “King of Waltzes”.

Polka- Czech folk dance of a lively, cheerful character, Polka is characterized by zest and humor.

Mazurka and Polonaise- Polish national dances.

Mazurka is an active and dynamic dance. His melody always has a sharp rhythmic pattern. Often sharp accents move in time from a strong beat to a weak one. Size: trilobed.

Polonaise is a solemn, stately procession dance. The movement is calm, unhurried, with an emphasis on the strong beat of the beat. k,-.. p.sho,.

The most perfect examples of mazurka and polonaise were given in his piano work by the Polish composer F. Chopin.

2. Russian art of the second half XIX century

The second half of the 19th century is a time of mighty flowering of Russian music, as well as all Russian art. Sharp exacerbation social contradictions leads to a great social upsurge in the early 60s. Russia's defeat in the Crimean War (1853-1856) showed its backwardness and proved that serfdom hampered the country's development. The best representatives of the noble intelligentsia and commoners rose up against the autocracy.

In development revolutionary movement in Russia, the role of Herzen, the activities of Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, and the poet Nekrasov were significant. The revolutionary ideas of the 60s were reflected in literature, painting, and music. Leading figures of Russian culture fought for the simplicity and accessibility of art; their works sought to clearly reflect the life of disadvantaged people.

In the second half of the 19th century, Russian painting produced such wonderful artists as Perov, Kramskoy, Repin, Surikov, Serov, Levitan. Their names are associated with the “Association of Traveling Exhibitions”, since painting exhibitions began to be organized in different cities of Russia.

There have also been changes in musical life. Music went beyond aristocratic salons. The organization of the Russian Musical Society played a great role in this.

In 1862, the first Russian conservatory opened in St. Petersburg, and in 1866 - in Moscow. The first releases gave Russian art wonderful musicians.

In the musical work of the 60s leading place occupied by Tchaikovsky and a group of composers who were part of an association called "Mighty a bunch." The inspirer of the circle was Balakirev. The composition included Cui, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Rnmsky-Korsakov. The composers saw their goal in the development of Russian national music, a true embodiment of the life of the people.

3. Creativity K.G. Stetsenka

Grigorovich Stetsenko is a classic of Ukrainian music, a follower of M. Lysenko and Russian composers of the 19th century. This creative decline, as well as directive, pedagogical, musical-critical activity is an invisible part of Ukrainian democratic culture.

During his short creative life, Stetsenko wrote a number of operas, music for theatrical performances, several cantatas, over five dozen choirs, close to fifty romances, having collected a significant number of arrangements of Ukrainian folk songs.

The creative principles of Stetsenko the composer were formed under the influx of ideas of revolutionary democrats - T. Shevchenko, G. Chernishevsky, M. Dobrolyubov, I. Frank.

The most popular works are: the choral poem "Early Young Recruits", the romance "Swim, Swim, Swan", "Evening Song", the cantatas "Shevchenko" and "United Nations".

The creative path of K. Stetsenka was short, but his musical attack became a valuable contribution to our national culture. In his lyrical, epic, lyrical-dramatic images, the composer infuses the imagery with the mood of the current hectic life. In many genres, Stetsenko is smart enough to say the word of a talented artist.

Ticket 3

1. Software-visual music. Mussorgsky "Pictures at an Exhibition"

Composers often give various instrumental works. names explaining their content. Sometimes the composer gives the work a literary preface - a program. It sets out the content. This is program music.

True and fantastic stories, pictures of nature, images of birds and animals, heroes of famous fairy tales and works of literature are vividly embodied in program works: “Children’s Album”, “The Seasons” by Tchaikovsky, “Children’s Music” by Prokofiev, “Album for Youth” by Schumann, “Carnival of the Animals” by Saint-Saëns, “Pictures at an Exhibition” by Mussorgsky.

"Pictures at an Exhibition" were written by Mussorgsky under the impression of an exhibition of works by the artist W. Hartmann, a friend of the composer, who suddenly died.

The cycle is a suite of ten independent plays, united by a common concept. Each piece is a musical picture that reflects the impression of Mussorgsky, inspired by one or another drawing by Hartmann. There are bright everyday pictures (“The Tuilerie Garden”, “Limoges Market”), apt sketches of human characters (“Two Jews”), landscapes (“The Old Castle”), and images from Russian fairy tales. (“The Hut on Chicken Legs”), epics (“The Bogatyr Gate”). Individual miniatures contrast with each other in content and means of expression. At the same time they. Connected by the theme of “Walking,” which opens the cycle and then there are more. several times, as if leading the listener from one picture to another.

“Pictures at an Exhibition” became one of the most popular works. Many pianists include this work in their concert programs.

2. Creativity V.A. Mozart « ;■.!.! . і *,■"■"" ї *.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a brilliant Austrian composer. He began his concert activity at the age of 6. Despite the fact that he lived only 36 years, he left a great creative legacy: 50 symphonies, 19 operas (The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute), requiems, concerts, a lot of instrumental and piano music.

Based on Haydn's achievements in the field of sonata-symphonic music, Mozart contributed a lot of new and original things.

The piano sonata in A major is very popular. Having a bright, cheerful character, she is distinguished by grace. The structure of the first part is peculiar - it is written in the form of variations. The second movement is a traditional minuet. The third part is the well-known “Turkish March”.

The G minor Symphony is one of Mozart's most famous last symphonies. Thanks to the unusually sincere music, the symphony is understandable to a wide range of listeners.

3. Choirs і concert ukra їн many composers і V

The main genre of professional music of the XYII-first half of the XYIII century. There will be a party concert in Ukraine. This is one-part, dosit great for obsyag tvir.

The word concert comes from the Latin word, which means “to get excited.” This musical genre originated in Italy in the morning: choral, orchestral (concerto grosso) and solo music for one instrument with an orchestra. The skin of rhinoplasty has its own peculiarities, and the principle of concertation, blurring, contrast, and contrast is common to them.

In Ukraine, the party concert dates back to the 19th century. Among the most prominent composers and concert authors are S. Pekalitsky, I. Kolyadchin, M. Diletsky.

Based on the nature of the music, the figurative place of participatory concerts, one can mentally divide into two groups: urban, glorious and lyrical-dramatic, mournful.

One of the peaks of contemporary professional music was the choral concerts of M. Berezovsky, A. Wedel, D. Bortnyansky. . "; :;;.!:> sch< ■

These composers tried to incorporate the progressive artistic ideals of their time. In its music one can hear people's protest against violence, evil, injustice, and social oppression. They are smart to embrace the reach of the modern European musical culture and say their original word in mystique.

Ticket 4

1. Music in the theater. Grieg "Peer Gynt"

Operas, ballets, and operettas are staged in the musical theater. In these genres, music is the basis of the performance. But even in the dramatic theater, music occupies a prominent place. It enhances the impact of the performance on the viewer, helps to more clearly depict this or that moment of action, and convey the mood of the hero.

Music for dramatic performances Many outstanding composers wrote - Beethoven and Mendelssohn, Grieg and Bizet, Glinka and Tchaikovsky, Khachaturian and Prokofiev. Sometimes the music they created went beyond the theater and acquired an independent concert life.

"Peer Gynt"- a play by the outstanding playwright Ibsen. Certain episodes of the performance are accompanied by Grieg's music. The composer sang the harsh and beautiful nature of Norway, fantasy and ancient life, simple and sincere human feelings.

The orchestral suite, compiled by the composer from individual numbers of music for the drama, is very popular. With

The suite consists of four rooms, contrasting in character:

1. "Morning"- paints a picture of the awakening of nature. Music conveys not only the colors of dawn, but also the spiritual mood that arises at the sight of the rising sun.

There is a small motif at the heart of the play. It resembles a shepherd's tune.

2. "The Death of Oze" accompanies in the drama the scene of the death of Peer Gynt's mother, old Ose. Full of deep sorrow, in slow measured movement, the music resembles a funeral procession.

3. "Anitra's Dance" Anitra is the girl Peer Gynt meets: during; of his journey. She performs a dance - light, elegant, graceful. The music of the dance is very changeable, like Anitra’s mocking and fickle temperament.

4. "In the Cave of the Mountain King." The music of this number vividly and vividly depicts a fantastic procession. The play is based on one theme in the nature of the march. Her accompaniment varies. The sonority intensifies, the tempo accelerates, and the whole orchestra gradually enters.

2. Creativity M.I. Glinka

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka is a brilliant Russian composer. Like Pushkin in poetry, he was the founder of Russian classical music - opera and symphony.

The origins of Glinka's music lie in Russian folk art. His best works are imbued with love for the Motherland, its people, and Russian nature. : , :

Main works: folk heroic opera “Ivan Susanin”; fairy-tale-epic opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila”; romances; symphonic fantasy “Kamarinskaya”, “Waltz-Fantasy”; piano pieces.

Opera "Ivan Susanin"- heroic folk musical drama. The plot for the opera was the legend about the heroic feat of the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin in 1612, during the occupation of Russia by Polish invaders.

Characters: Susanin, his daughter Antonida, adopted son Vanya, Sobinin. The main character is the people. The opera has 4 acts and an epilogue.

The first act is a characterization of the Russian people and the main characters;

The second act is a musical characteristic of the Poles. Dance music is playing. Four dances form a symphonic suite: a brilliant polonaise, a krakowiak, a waltz and a mazurka.

In the final chorus “Glory” from the epilogue, the music is stately and solemn. This gives it the characteristics of an anthem. The people glorify their native land and fallen heroes.

Pieces for symphony orchestra occupy an important place in Glinka's work. All his works are accessible to the wide masses of listeners, highly artistic and perfect in form. Symphonic fantasy "Kamarinskaya" represents variations on two Russian folk themes":

"Waltz Fantasy"- one of Glinka’s most poetic lyrical works. At the core is a sincere theme, impetuous and aspirational.

Romances Glinka wrote throughout his life. Everything about them captivates: sincerity and simplicity, restraint in the expression of feelings, classical harmony and severity of form, the beauty of the melody and clear harmony. Glinka composed romances based on poems by contemporary poets - Zhukovsky, Delvig, Pushkin.

Romances from the cycle “Farewell to St. Petersburg” - “Lark” and “A Passing Song” (lyrics by N. Kukolnik) are popular. The romance to the words of Pushkin “I remember a wonderful moment” is a pearl of Russian vocal lyrics. Refers to the mature period
creativity, that’s why there is so much mastery in it. " : ""- )(R: ":

IN In his romances, Glinka summarized all the best that was created by his predecessors and contemporaries.

3. Snmfo neither chna creative yes stolen їн many composers і V

The symphony "appeared in the work of composers of the Mannheim school (the friendship of Czech composers who formed a court orchestra in the German city of Mannheim). For them, the term "symphony" is assigned to an orchestral cyclical work.

The classical symphony was formed in the 70-80s of the 18th century. in the creativity of Haydn and W. Mozart.

A symphony is an important cyclical composition. ^

The first movement - a sonata allegro - will be based on a contrasting composition of two themes, the other movement will be lyrical, the third movement will be minus, the fourth will be a lively finale.

The orchestra included the following instruments: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, clarinets, 2 horns, 1-2 trumpets, timpani, first and other violins, violas, cellos, double basses. Over the course of an hour, such a warehouse was gradually updated with new tools.

In the other half of the 19th century. “Youth Symphony” is composed by M. Lysenko, “Ukrainian Symphony” by M. Kalachevsky, Symphony in G minor by V. Sokalsky.

The most significant achievements of the Ukrainian Radian symphony are associated with the names of L. Revutsky, B. Lyatoshinsky, S. Lyudkevich.

Ticket 5

1. Ballet. Tchaikovsky "The Nutcracker" shts-ishi-

Ballet is a musical and theatrical work that combines music, dance and stage action. A ballet has a plot and characters. The characters' feelings are revealed through dance moves to the music.

In addition to dancing, pantomime plays a big role in ballet, that is, silent acting, consisting of expressive gestures and facial expressions.

The creator of Russian classical ballet was Tchaikovsky (“Swan Lake”, “Sleeping Beauty”, “The Nutcracker”). Wonderful ballets were written by Delibes and Ravel, Glazunov and Stravinsky, and Soviet composers Asafiev, Gliere, Prokofiev, Khachaturian.

Tchaikovsky "The Nutcracker". The basis for the ballet was a children's fairy tale by the German writer Hoffmann about amazing adventures Masha's girls, who she dreamed of after a cheerful festive evening of the New Year tree. Real life is intertwined here with fiction and fantasy. Each of the characters has its own musical characteristic. Music truly conveys childhood experiences.

The ballet has two acts. In the second act, a colorful divertissement is presented (this is a string of various dances that are not directly related to the development of the action).

Each dance from the divertissement has its own name: chocolate ( spanish dance), coffee (Arabic dance), tea (Chinese dance), shepherdess dance, Waltz of the Flowers, dance of the Sugar Plum fairies.

2. Works of L. Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven is a German composer. In his work, classical music reached its peak. The mighty flowering of his work coincided with the beginning of the 19th century. A contemporary of the events of the French Revolution, Beethoven for the first time in music expressed with such force the heroic aspirations of the people.

Creative heritage: 9 symphonies, overtures, concerts, instrumental music, 32 piano sonatas, opera “Fidelio”.

Among the piano sonatas, the most famous are: “Pathetique”, “Appassionata”, “Moonlight”.<;;; " З УїіїРШ.t■*.:

Symphony No. 5 won the love of the people. Its structure is traditional - 4 movements. But for the first time Beethoven managed to make a four-part symphonic cycle so unified and inseparable. All parts are united by one imperative theme (the theme of fate), which initially sounds like an epigraph.

The overture from the music to Goethe’s tragedy “Egmont” is also imbued with a heroic mood. Beethoven's interest in the destinies of the people, the desire in his music to show struggle as an inevitable path to achieving a goal and future victory - the main content of the composer's heroic works.

3. Ukra ї ns ькі composer And Radyansky Lane io du m

The formation of the Ukrainian Radian composition school is in progress in the 20s. At its core were classical composers - Stetsenko, Stepovy, Leontovich. A young school of composers is taking shape - including L. Revutsky, P. Kozitsky, B. Lyatoshinsky, G. Verovka, M. Kolyada. In 1918, a graduate of the Petrograd Conservatory, V. Kosenko, a composer and pianist, came to Ukraine. Vin is widely involved in the work.

The activity of the composers' fortune-telling has already achieved significant success in the 20s. Bright musical compositions were created, which became an important stage in the history of Ukrainian culture.

The most popular works were: the opera "Bogdan Khmelnytsky" by Dankevich "Milan" Mayborodi, "The Forest Song" by Kireik, the symphony-cantata by Shtogarenko. "My Ukraine".

On the musical skyline of Ukraine 60 - 70's rocks are: names: L. Grabovsky, M. Skorik, V. Sylvestrov, V. Gubarenko, E. Stankovych, L. Dichko, Y. Ishchenko, O. Kiva and others. Just as the first ideas of young composers were related to chamber-instrumental music, apart from miniature, then young people are working in many different genres.

Ticket 6

1. Opera

Opera is a large and complex musical and theatrical work. It is performed by an orchestra, choir, singers and often dancers. Opera combines various types of art: drama and music, singing and dancing, acting and the skill of decorative painters.

The plot for an opera is most often a literary work. On its basis, the text of the opera is created - the libretto. Depending on the content, operas can be historical (“Ivan Susanin” by Glinka, “Prince Igor” by Borodin, “War and Peace” by Prokofiev), everyday (“The Bartered Bride” by Smetana, “Sorochinskaya Fair” by Mussorgsky), fairy-tale (“The Magic Flute” Mozart, “The Snow Maiden” by Rimsky-Korsakov).

The action of the opera takes place in front of the audience on a stage furnished with scenery. The main means of expression is music. It reveals the characters of the characters and the main idea of ​​the entire work.

An opera performance usually begins with an orchestral introduction - an overture. The music of the overture expresses the general mood of the work and thereby prepares listeners for its perception.

The overture and orchestral introductions to other acts of the opera are performed by a symphony orchestra. It also accompanies the singing of singers, as well as ballet scenes.

An opera performance is divided into actions (acts). Each action consists of separate scenes and numbers. Musical numbers can be solo (for one performer) - songs, arias; ensemble - duets, tercets, quartets, etc.; choral and orchestral.

Almost all the great composers wrote operas: Mozart and Verdi, Wagner and Bizet, Glinka and Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky and Rimsky-Korsakov, Rachmaninov and Prokofiev.

2. Development of musical art during the Soviet period *

Since 1918, the mass introduction of the people to musical culture began; The Bolshoi Theater opened its doors to new listeners - the center of Russian opera art. The Moscow and Petrograd Conservatories became state-owned. Daytime and evening music schools, clubs, and studios are opening. Amateur artistic activities are flourishing, helping to reveal the wealth of people's talents.

Music radio broadcasting has been developing since the mid-20s. Many classical works became accessible to huge masses of listeners.

The young performing school has achieved great success. Among the world-famous performing musicians are violinists Oistrakh and Kogan, pianists Gilels and Richter, cellists Rostropovich and Shafran.

The creativity of Soviet composers also begins to develop. Innovation is a characteristic feature. This manifests itself in the search for new means of expression and musical forms.

An important feature of Soviet musical culture is its multinational character. The most common genre is the mass song. This is a kind of chronicle of the history of the state. ->s.; ; .

Opera became one of the most important genres of Soviet music. Composers sought to create operas on modern themes. To do this it was necessary to update traditional genre, find new means of expression. The first successful Soviet operas were “ Quiet Don"Dzerzhinsky (based on the novel by Sholokhov), "Into the Storm" by Khrennikov, "Semyon Kotko" by Prokofiev. Later the operas “The Family of Taras” appeared Kabalevskog oh, “Young Guard” by Meitus, “Jalil” by Zhiganov, "War and Peace" by Prokofiev, “Katerina Izmailova” by Shostakovich.

The achievements of Soviet ballet are great. They are largely connected with the flourishing of choreographic art in our country. The ballets “Red Flower” by Gliere, “Flames of Paris” and “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai” by Asafiev, “Romeo and Juliet” by Prokofiev, “Spartacus” by Khachaturian appeared.

In the genres of symphonic music, Soviet composers were able to deeply reflect modernity and find new means of expression. N. Myaskovsky, the author of 27 symphonies, is rightfully considered the head of the Soviet symphony school. Sounds all over the world

7 symphonies by S. Prokofiev. One of the greatest symphonists in the world is D. Shostakovich.

The attention of composers is attracted by vocal and symphonic genres - cantata and oratorio, which acquire a new character. In the past, these genres were associated with religious subjects. In Soviet music they become works of heroic and patriotic content (“On the Kulikovo Field” by Shaporin, “Alexander Nevsky” by Prokofiev, “Poem in Memory of Sergei Yesenin” by Sviridov, etc.).

In the works of Soviet composers, instrumental and vocal genres- suites and concerts, chamber ensembles, romances and vocal cycles.

3. Creative IS t M. Leontovich

Mikola Dmitrovich Leontovich is a classic of Ukrainian pre-Dawn music and at the same time one of the founders of the Radian musical culture. Throughout his entire life, Leontovich worked in the genre of Ukrainian folk songs, reaching the true mystical heights. Its choral creativity is one of the most beautiful aspects of Ukrainian music. Vaughn has gone down to the treasury of ancient and light musical mysticism: The composer’s works can be heard widely in our country abroad. Yogo muzikakhviliu sikh.

Working on a sketch of a skin folk song takes a long time, often the composer comes up with three or four variations, exhausting all the internal possibilities of the performer. By making the melody unchangeable, it retains a rich arsenal of harmonious, polyphonic, textured and timbral features for creating individual images. The main masterpiece is the chorus “Small Mother of One Daughter”, “Spinning”, “Above the River Bank”, “Dudarik”, “Shchedrik”.

During the last hour, Leontovich created, in addition to samples of folk songs, several choral songs ("Ice Breaker", "Summer Tones", "My Song") and an opera-ballet "On the Mermaid's Great Day", which was left unfinished.

Leontovich’s choir works are, without a doubt, high-class images. In them there is a vibrancy, an image of Radian activity is embedded.

Music M.D. Leontovych has once gone to the treasury of our national musical mysticism.

Ticket 7

1. Sonata-symphonic cycle. Symphony. Symphony Orchestra.

The great Austrian composer Joseph Haydn is considered the founder of the classical symphony. His works are characterized by harmony and balance of form, a bright, life-affirming character. A symphonic cycle was finally formed in his work.

A symphony is a cyclic work (that is, multi-part), with a certain sequence of parts. Translated, the word “symphony” means “consonance”, “concord”. This word acquired different meanings. The symphony turned into an independent concert work in the 19th century.

І part goes at a fast tempo, in sonata form, Part II - slow, Part III - menuzt, Part IV - finale, fast tempo returns.

The symphony is intended for a mass audience. It is performed by a symphony orchestra.

The composition of the symphony orchestra was also established in Haydn's work. It is based on four groups of tools:

1) in string group includes: violins, violas, cellos and double basses;

2) the woodwind group includes: flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons;

3) a group of brass instruments consists of horns and trumpets.

4) Haydn used only timpani among percussion instruments.

2. Creativity P.I. Tchaikovsky

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky dedicated all his work to man, his love for the Motherland and Russian nature, his aspirations for happiness and a courageous fight against the dark forces of evil. And no matter what the composer talks about, he is always truthful and sincere.

Tchaikovsky wrote in almost all genres, and in each of them he said his word as a brilliant artist. But his favorite genre was opera. He paid great attention to the content, giving preference to subjects from Russian life.

At the same time, symphonic music also occupies an important place in Tchaikovsky’s work.

Main works: 10 operas (Eugene Onegin, The Enchantress, The Queen of Spades, Iolanta, etc.), 3 ballets (Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker), 6 symphonies and other symphonic works, piano pieces (including the cycles “Seasons”, “Children’s Album”), romances.

Tchaikovsky's work is the pinnacle of world musical culture of the 19th century.

First Symphony “Winter Dreams”

Tchaikovsky's First Symphony is a remarkable example of his early orchestral work. For the first time, characteristic images and techniques, deeply developed by the composer in the symphonic work of his mature period, appear in it.

Part I - “Dreams on the Winter Road” - pictures of winter Russian nature are depicted here in soft colors..

Part II - “Gloomy land, foggy land.” This music is inspired by the impressions of Tchaikovsky’s journey across Lake Ladoga.

Parts III and IV - the scherzo and the finale - do not have titles, but in their content they do not fall out of the general poetic concept.

Opera "Eugene Onegin"

Tchaikovsky called his opera “lyrical scenes.” The composer focused all his attention on revealing the inner, peace of mind their heroes. Pictures of folk life are also revealed vividly and truthfully. With great love, poetic “sketches” of Russian nature are given, against the “backdrop of which the feelings and experiences of the heroes are revealed.

Characters: Tatiana, Olga, Onegin, Lensky, Prince Gremin.

The orchestra plays an important role in revealing characters. Each of the main characters is outlined by their own special musical themes. gomshe ill-.-.:■",.. >*■ ■ ;!: ■ ■■

The characters of the characters also develop and gradually change throughout the development of the plot (for example, in the writing scene, the character main character given in motion: from a naive, dreamy girl, Tatyana turns into a passionately loving woman, gaining spiritual maturity).

The opera “Eugene Onegin” is the highest achievement of Russian operatic art. Already during the composer's lifetime, it became one of the most beloved operas.

3. Ukra їн Chinese folklore

Folklore is the greatest spiritual wealth for the people. This is due to the expressions of the souls of the people, whose cylinders are filled with plenty of light, the expressions of the soul that have been seen throughout the ages.

The people created songs for centuries. The ancient ones found are associated with the agricultural calendar and rituals.

In the XY - XYI centuries, new folklore genres were formed - thoughts and historical songs. The stinks arose under the influx of the struggle of the Ukrainian people against the Tatars, Turks, and Polish gentry. They were crowned by kobzars and bandura players.

In the 19th century, lyrical, fiery and dance songs were born. People feel a sense of confusion, confusion, joy, confusion, experiencing the beauty of the human soul.

In the 19th century there is a song-romance in which professional and popular principles come together.

Prominent literary figures - Grigory Skovoroda, Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Taras: Shevchenko, as well as composers Mykola Diletsky, Maxim Berezovsky, Artem Vedel, Dmytro Bortnyansky, Mykola Lisenko were inspired by folklore, loved yotsinuvali, vikorized their They are creative.

The scientific record of musical folklore begins in the 19th century. These are the collections of M. Maksimovich and O. Alyab'ev, O. Rubtsya, M. Lisenko, E. Linova, S. Lyudkevich, I. Kolessi and K. Kvitka.

The most ancient layer of folk songs, sung from the pores of rock, is called ritual, or calendar-ritual. These are carols and Shchedrivka (winter), vesnyanka (spring), Kupala (summer) and obzhinkov (autumn), as well as songs, pov" We are involved in the rituals of burial and burial.

Carols and generous і vki accompanied by the ritual of caroling and generosity from the blessings of the new saints.

This was a kind of theatrical musical performance. The plots of the songs are varied, but are inevitably related to the work and lives of the villagers. This is due to the success of the new farming family, happy health to the ruler, his wife and children.

I will kill a group of ritualists. write a song stoneflies(in the western regions of Ukraine they are called gaivki). The time of spring is associated with the awakening of nature, and it is full of joy, new hopes and peace. A long time ago it was respected that spring should be called, called for.

Stoneflies are important girls' songs. The song of stoneflies is often associated with a song, a round dance, and a stage performance. The nature of the melodies of the song of the spring cycle is soft, lyrical, and joyful. In all of them, the dance basis is paramount.

Summer cycle The song is dedicated to Saint Ivan Kupala in honor of the sun. On this day, until the very last hour, you have been saving yourself to shave through the water (purification), put the wines on the water, and cast a spell. This ritual was accompanied by the singing of bathing songs.

The cycle of ritual songs based on the agricultural calendar will be completed obzhinkovi(Zhnivarsky) songs. The roasting ritual itself has the following major moments:

1) by finishing work, women will deprive themselves of the stress of burning, which is caused by acne and the wasting of grain in the field, which is likely to give birth to the next generation,

2) weave a wreath from the bean and put it on the head of the closest worker. Go to the Lord's support. The girl gives her a wine wreath. Then the Lord welcomes the women, singing and music sound.

Ticket 8

1. Sonata form. Piano works of Viennese classics

Sonata called a cyclic product for one or two instruments. The word "sonata" means "to sound" in Italian.

In Haydn's work, the type of classical sonata is established. It consists of three parts: Part I is written at a fast tempo, in sonata form; Part II is at a slow pace; Part III, the finale, again in quick succession.

The parts of the cycle, contrasting with each other, reveal a single artistic concept.

Among Haydn's sonatas, the most popular sonatas are in E minor (lyrical) and D major (cheerful). Their structure is traditional. Music is clear and accessible

Haydn's younger contemporaries - Mozart and Beethoven - are also called Viennese classics. (For their sonatas, see tickets No. 3, No. 5)

2. Works of composers of the Soviet period ^

The works of Soviet composers include a variety of instrumental and vocal genres - suites and concertos, chamber ensembles, romances and vocal cycles.

The largest composers of this period are rightfully considered S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A.I. Khachaturyan, D. Kabalevsky.

Great Soviet composer Sergei Sergeevich Prokofiev is rightly called a classic of the 20th century. In his work he conveyed the feelings of his contemporaries, the sharp dramatic clashes of the era and the belief in the victory of the bright beginning in life. Prokofiev is a brave and innovative artist. He opened “new worlds” in the field of melody, rhythm, harmony, and instrumentation. At the same time, his art is firmly connected with the traditions of Russian and world classics,” “War and Peace”; “The Tale of a Real Man”, etc.); 7 ballets (“Romeo and Juliet”, “Cinderella”, etc.); oratorio “Guardian of Peace”; cantata "Alexander Nevsky"; 7 symphonies; concerts; cycles of piano pieces: “Fleetingness”, “Tales of an Old Grandmother”, “Children’s Music”; symphonic fairy tale “Peter and the Wolf”, music for films.

Seventh Symphony- last completed major work Prokofiev.

A symphony for children - that was the original idea. But in the process of work he changed. The result was a symphony “for both children and adults” - a profound composition that combined features characteristic of Prokofiev’s work of the late period.

Music Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich- the strongest artistic embodiment of his contemporary time. This is art imbued with love for man, faith in his nobility, will and reason. This is art that exposes everything hostile to man, fascism and other forms of suppression of human dignity.

Main works:

15 symphonies (among them the seventh “Leningrad”, the eleventh “1905”); opera "Katerina Izmailova"; oratorio “Song of the Forests”; concerts; instrumental music; 24 preludes and fugues for piano; songs, vocal cycles; music for films.

Seventh Symphony (“Leningrad”)- one of the most significant works of Shostakovich. The symphony was written in 1941. Most of it was composed in besieged Leningrad. The score bore the author's inscription: “Dedicated to the city of Leningrad.”

The Seventh Symphony is often compared to documentary works about the war, called a “chronicle”, “document” - it so accurately conveys the spirit of events. And at the same time, this music amazes with the depth of thought. The fight Soviet people Shostakovich revealed fascism as a struggle between two worlds: the world of creation, creativity, reason and the world of destruction and cruelty; good and evil. The idea of ​​struggle and triumph of Man is revealed in different ways by the four movements of the symphony.

Aram Ilyich Khachaturyan- an artist with a bright, unique individuality. Temperamental, cheerful, attractive with its fresh harmony and orchestral colors, his music is permeated with the intonations and rhythms of Armenian folk songs and dances. In his works he also relies on the traditions of world, and primarily Russian, music.

Main works:

2 symphonies; 2 ballets (“Gayane”, “Spartacus”); concert for violin and orchestra; pieces for piano; songs and romances; music for Lermontov's drama "Masquerade".

Violin concert- one of his most perfect works. The composer's gift for creating music, widely drawing on folk art, manifested itself here with particular force. The concert has three parts, a kind of paintings from folk life, poetic sketches of the nature of Armenia.

Dmitry Borisovich Kabalevsky- one of outstanding composers Soviet period. The composer was especially attracted to images of childhood and youth. This is what he says

most of his works.

The composer not only wrote music for his young friends. He gave lectures on the radio and from the concert stage and held fascinating conversations about music. These conversations formed the basis of his book “About Three Whales and Much More.” Kabalevsky was concerned about issues of children's musical education.

Main works:

4 symphonies; 5 operas (“Cola Brugnon”, “Taras’s Family”, “Sisters”); operetta “Spring is Singing”; 2 cantatas; requiem; concerts; instrumental music; works for piano, songs; music for films.

3. A. Shtogarenko. Sympho neither I-cantata "Ukra" їн oh my"

The versatility of Andriy Yakovich Shtogarenok as a composer began in the 1930s. Mitz’s greatest creative achievement was the majestic vocal-symphonic composition “My Ukraine” (1943). This four-part symphony-cantata is driven by a severe conflict between opposing forces. Literary. The basis of the composition was the works of A. Malishka and M. Rilsky.

The parts of the symphony-cantata have a program name. Persha - “Get up, Ukraine” - is filled with drama, bitter confusion, pity and suffering. The character of the music is indicated by two musical themes: dramatic, spiritual anger (its final choir) and taarious rage (baritone solo), which conveys the suffering of the atrocities committed by the fascists.

Another piece - "Koliskova" - is the lyrical center of the cycle. Shtogarenko created a miraculous, tender, warm-hearted song for his mother, trying to steal away her son.

The third movement - "Partizanska" - is a heroic scherzo. It is permeated with dynamism, moving forward. The symphony-cantata ends with a heroic finale.

Ticket 9

1. Polyphony. Creation I.S. Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach is a great German composer. Most of Bach's works are polyphonic. “Polyphony” in translation means polyphony. Each voice in polyphonic music is independent.

One of the main means of development in polyphony is imitation (“imitation”). In music, this is a technique of alternate entry of voices, with each voice seeming to imitate the previous one with some delay. Imitation contributes to the continuity of melodic movement, which is hallmark polyphonic music.

In Bach's work, polyphony reached its highest perfection. He wrote small preludes, fugues, 2- and 3-voice inventions.

The 48 preludes and fugues, which make up two volumes, are of great value. The work was called “The Well-Tempered Clavier.” Here the composer proved that all tones are equal and sound equally good.

Bach also wrote a lot of music for the organ, which was his favorite instrument.

2. Development of the romance genre in Russian music

One of the most beloved types of musical art at the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 19th century was romance. Many romances of that time were closely related to urban everyday songs. They were performed to the accompaniment of a piano, harp or guitar. An important role in the development of Russian romance was played by the composers Alyabyev (“The Nightingale”), Varlamov (“The Lonely Sail Whitens,” “Mountain Peaks,” “A Blizzard is Sweeping Along the Street”), Gurilev (“Mother Dove,” “The Blue-Winged Swallow Flies” , "Bell"). The work of these composers is a valuable contribution to the treasury of Russian music. . . .

Romance occupies an important place in the works of M.I. Glinka. Glinka wrote romances throughout his life. Everything about them captivates: sincerity and simplicity; restraint in expressing feelings, classical harmony and severity of form, beauty of melody and clear harmony. Romances are popular - “The Lark”, “A Passing Song”, “I Remember a Wonderful Moment”

Romances and songs occupy a prominent place in the works of Dargomyzhsky, Borodin, Mussorgsky, and Tchaikovsky.

3. Opera creative і there is stolen ї nskyh composer і V

Opera- this is a genre that combines singing (solo, ensemble, choral), instrumental music, stage acting, creative arts (costumes, makeup, lighting; artistic design of the performance).

The foundations of European musical and theatrical mystique are rooted in ancient folk theater performance (in Italy - commedia dell'arte, in Russia - the Petrushka Theater, in Ukraine - nativity scene). Opera originated in Italy. The first works were written on ancient subjects. The rest of the opera is shaped by the creativity of the renowned Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi.

Already in the second century after the century, opera became the most popular genre.

The great master of operatic mystique is B.A. Mozart. His top operas are “Vesilla Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”, “The Charming Flute”. . .And.

Ukraine їн ska opera formed in the other half of the 19th century. The first classical characters are named after S. Gulak-Artemovsky ("Zaporozhets beyond the Danube", 1862) and Mlisenko ("Natalka Poltavka", 1889 and "Taras Bulba", 1890).

The theme of the opera can be varied. These are historical scenes, pictures, experiences of people and their inner light.

The text, which is the basis of the vocal numbers, helps to reveal the opera's setting. This text is called whether bretto He is a singer, a playwright and a composer himself.

The composer creates artistic images using the methods of musical virtuosity. Among them are a clear melody, harmony, varied orchestration, and unique rhythm. An important role is played by the choice of musical forms for various numbers, scenes, and acts. Solo numbers have the following names: aria, arioso, arrieta (small in size aria), cavatina, romance.

In opera, recitatives (musical declamation) are widely used. Stinks..of the edible choirs, ensembles, choirs.

A series of solo parts in opera ensembles, choruses, ballet numbers.

Duzhe Vagoma in opera role orchestra. It not only accompanies your sleep, but also complements it and makes you rich. The orchestra is entrusted with independent numbers: overture, intermission to subsequent acts, episodes, introduction to arias.

Overture- It is necessary to wait until the end of the orchestral number, which ends until the end. In it, the composer concentrates on the main musical ideas of the opera.

Intermission- this is a small orchestral introduction to the stage, considering its size.

An example of a lyric-comic opera is the opera by S. Gulak-Artemovsky “Zalorozhets beyond the Danube.” Two storylines are intertwined here: lyrical (the married couple is Oksana IAndriy) and comical (Ivan Karas and his wife Odarka).

The characteristic feature of a comic opera is its informal dialogues. This opera has played a significant role in the history of Ukrainian opera art. Here the brightest folk types are shown, the brightest rice of the Ukrainian people is highlighted.

An example of a historical-heroic opera is Little Fox’s opera “Taras Gulba”. There is a place in it to give images to the people. In this context, the composer pays special attention to the mass choral scenes. Here the hero’s struggle and the triumph of victory are instilled.

Ticket 10

1. Works of F. Chopin

Fryderyk Chopin is a great Polish composer and pianist. He enriched music with new content and introduced new techniques of pianistic performance. His work coincides with the era of romanticism, which is characterized by the genre of miniatures.

Chopin composed exclusively for piano. His music was recognized during his lifetime, and today there are competitions named after Chopin.

Main works: mazurkas, polonaises, waltzes, nocturnes, preludes, etudes, impromptu, sonatas, ballads, scherzos, fantasies, concertos.

Chopin significantly expanded the expressive capabilities of many genres (such as mazurka, polonaise, etude, waltz, etc.), turning them into concert works.

Particularly popular are the Waltz in C sharp minor, the “Revolutionary” etude, and the cycle of 24 preludes (Chopin was the first to interpret the prelude as an independent piece)

2. Opera-fairy tale in the works of Russians composers

The fairy tale opera genre appeared in Glinka’s work with the creation of the opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila”. He reached his peak in the works of Rimsky-Korsakov (“The Snow Maiden”, “Sadko”, “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “The Golden Cockerel”).

Opera "Snow Maiden" written on the plot of the play by A.N. Ostrovsky in 1880. The composer reproduced with great warmth ancient customs and rituals. A truthful depiction of people's lives and everyday life is combined with the world of fantasy and fairy tales. Characters: Tsar Berendey, Bermyata, Kupava, Lel, Mizgir, Bobyl and Bobylikha (realistic images); Spring-Red and Father Frost are endowed with human traits; The image of the Snow Maiden - the daughter of Frost and Spring - combines real features with fantastic ones.

Nature is often depicted in opera. Sometimes images of nature have an allegorical meaning - they personify the justice and regularity of life phenomena.

Rimsky-Korsakov often uses leitmotifs - sustained musical characteristics. Scenes based on continuous (“end-to-end”) development alternate in the opera with completed numbers. The opera has many choirs, genuine folk melodies are widely used, and folk rituals are shown.

The opera consists of a prologue and four acts.

3. Creativity of L. Revutsky

Lev Mykolayovich Revutsky is involved in the history of Ukrainian Christian musical culture as a prominent composer, teacher, teacher and musical activist. The creative path began in the early 20s, although the rest of the formation of this yakmyts began much later, in the 20s.

For the formation of Revutsky’s individual style, little effort and serious work with folk songs is of great importance. The composer compiles folk songs, which is important for

Cycle "Sonechko" appeared in 1925. Here came 20 different songs depending on their character and genre: a number of stoneflies (Come out, come out, little sun, Podolyanochka, Go, go, plank), lyrical (A quail has flown in), dance songs ( Dibi-dibi), koliskikhs ("Little kitty is gray", "Oh, it's a dream to walk"), game ones ("Oh, there is a viburnum", " Get drunk, I'm drunk).

The new stage of the mystical gangway has become Symphony No. 2.

The originality of the work lies in the fact that all its thematic material is based on folklore. Composer vikoristav 7 songs: in Part I - “Oh spring, spring”, “Oh don’t feel sorry for me”, in Part II - “Oh Mikito, Mikito”, “Oh there’s a pine tree in the field”, “At the Kiev market”, in Part III - “And we were sowing millet”, “At the valley of poppies”.

The melodies of these folk songs became the “grain” of imagery, the starting point, the impulse for development.

Symphony No. 2 became the first classical example of the symphonic genre in Ukrainian Radian music.

The greatest creation of the 40s cantata-poem "Hustina"(behind the work of T. Shevchenko). Musical images arise from folklore songs, moreover, the composer does not quote folk melodies, but creates an original fabric - melody, rhythm, harmony, texture - at folklore dusi.

"Hustina" is a one-part TV. There are choral, solo and orchestral episodes.

With his cantata-singing, Revutsky developed the principles of the cantata genre, expanded by Lisenko and Stetsenko. Vin interprets this genre in a lyrical-dramatic way (classical cantatas are not important for their urban character).

Tvorchiydorobok L.M. Revutsky is not very great, he’s just a wag. The composer’s beautiful works have entered the golden fund of our culture.

Municipal autonomous institution
additional education
"Children's Art School"
Zadonsky municipal district of Lipetsk region

Toolkit
For music departments of the Children's Art School

"Short Course of Musical Literature"

Age from 8 to 16 years

Compiled by: teacher
musical theoretical disciplines
Komova Alla Vasilievna

Zadonsk
2015

“A short course in musical literature” is intended to summarize the entire course of this subject in children's music schools. Here all the basic information about composers, their most famous works is very concisely presented, the main eras in world musical culture are briefly reviewed, the basic concepts of musical genres, forms and elements of musical speech are given.

1. Polyphony is polyphony. A polyphonic work can have from two to five voices, each of which develops independently, but they are all woven into one musical fabric. Polyphony was widespread during the Renaissance (XVI – XVII centuries) by outstanding musicians and polyphonists in the 1st half of the 17th century. were: German composers Georg Friedrich Handel, Georg Philipp Telemann, English - Henry Purcell, French composer Jean Baptiste Lully.
In Italy, Antonio Vivaldi stood out. His violin concertos and the suite “The Seasons” are widely known. In France, the most famous composers are harpsichordists: Jean Philippe Rameau, Francois Couperin, Louis Claude Daquin. The harpsichord sonatas of the Italian composer Domenico Scarlatti are very popular now.
But the great German composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 – 1750) is rightfully considered the “father” of polyphony. His work is great and multifaceted.
Bach was born in the German town of Eisenach. He spent his childhood there, where he learned to play the organ, violin and harpsichord. From the age of 15, he lived independently: first in the city of Lüneburg, then, in search of work, he moved to the city of Weimar, where he served as an organist in the church and wrote his best organ works here: “Toccata and Fugue in D minor”, ​​organ chorale preludes and fugues. Then he moves to the city of Köthen.
In Köthen, he serves as a court musician for the Prince of Köthen and here he wrote the best keyboard works: the 1st volume of the HTK (well-tempered clavier), 6 English and 6 French suites, inventions, “Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue”.
Bach spent his last years in Leipzig. Here he worked as the head of the choir school (cantor) at the Church of St. Thomas and wrote many choral works: “Mass in B Minor,” “St. John Passion,” “Matthew Passion” and other best examples of cantatas and oratorios. Here he wrote the 2nd volume of the HTC.

I.S. Bach became the creator of polyphonic music. No one wrote polyphony better than him. His three sons also became famous composers, but the name of Johann Sebastian Bach went down in the history of musical art for all time! His music is eternal and understandable to people - it is alive.

2. Vienna Classical School.

This is a creative direction in music of the late 18th – early 19th centuries, which developed in Vienna (the capital of the Austrian Empire). Three composers belong to it: Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. A sonata-symphonic cycle was formed in their work. Their works are perfect in form and content (ie, classic). That is why they were called the great Viennese classics.
The music of composers of the Viennese classical school still remains an unsurpassed example of composition (classical - one of the meanings of the word - exemplary). School is the concept of succession here, i.e. continuation and improvement by one composer of the traditions and ideas of his predecessor.
The Viennese classics used a new musical structure (way of presenting musical thought) - homophono-harmonic, where there is a main melodic voice, and the other voices accompany the melody (they accompany it). Their work consists of an 8-bar (square) period. This is due to the use of Austrian and German folk themes. The harmony is dominated by triads of the main degrees T, S, D.

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) was the oldest of the Viennese classicists. The genres of sonata, symphony, concerto and quartet were finally formed in his work. He is called the “father” of symphonies (he has more than 100 of them). His music is based on themes of folk dances and songs, which he develops with great skill. In his work, the composition of a symphony orchestra was also formed, consisting of three groups of instruments - strings, winds and percussion. He served almost his entire life as a court musician for Prince Esterhazy, creating 104 symphonies, 52 sonatas, concertos and 83 quartets. But the pinnacle was his 12 London symphonies, the oratorios “The Seasons” and “The Creation of the World,” written in London at the end of his life.

The German composer W.A. Mozart (1756-1791) became a follower of Haydn’s work. His bright music is still modern - a vivid example of classicism. From an early age he began to compose sonatas, symphonies and operas. Using Haydn's sonata-symphonic cycle, Mozart developed and enriched it. If in Haydn the contrast between the main and secondary parts is not clearly expressed, then in Mozart the main part is very different in character from the secondary and the development (middle section) is therefore more intense. Mozart's music conveys with amazing power both mournful tragic moods ("Requiem"), humorous images, and beautiful nature. Mozart's music is distinguished by its beauty and grace. Mozart is the author of many operas, the most famous of which are: “The Marriage of Figaro”, “The Magic Flute”, “Don Giovanni”. He has about 50 symphonies (the most famous are G minor No. 40 and “Jupiter” No. 41), many sonatas, concertos for clavier, violin, oboe, flute, and divertiments.

Ludwig
van
Beethoven (1770-1827) - the third Viennese classic.
The great German composer was born in Bonn. A contemporary of the Great French Revolution, he embodied in his music rebellious pathos, the dream of freedom and happiness of mankind. He created 9 symphonies (the most famous: C minor No. 5, No. 9), a number of overtures (“Coriolanus”, “Egmont”, “Leonora”); 32 sonatas (“Lunar” No. 14, “Pathetique” No. 8, “Appassionata” No. 23, etc.), the opera “Fidelio”, 5 piano concertos, a violin concerto and sonatas for violin, 16 string quartets. Beethoven's work is filled with enormous energy, the contrast between themes is very bright, his music is dramatic and at the same time life-affirming and understandable to all people.

3. The era of romanticism in music.

Romanticism is an art movement that emerged at the beginning of the 19th century, during the time of reaction after the French bourgeois revolution. People of art at this time could not truthfully reflect reality and they had to either go into the world of fantasy or reflect the inner world of a person, his feelings and emotions.

In music, the first romantic composer was Franz Schubert (1797-1828), the great Austrian composer and songwriter (he has more than 600 of them).
In his youth he had to experience many losses. Finding himself alone in Vienna, he lived with friends and acquaintances and was full of hopes for a wonderful future. His songs during this period were light in content (the cycle “The Beautiful Miller's Wife”). But gradually he begins to understand that life is not as cloudless as it seemed to him, that the fate of a musician is poverty and need. In the song "Organ Grinder" he painted a portrait of himself - a singer thrown out by society. Gloomy moods are reflected in the cycle “Winter Retreat”, “Swan Song”. Such masterpieces as the ballad “The Forest King” and “Margarita at the Spinning Wheel” were written to Goethe’s words. Schubert's "Serenade" has firmly entered the repertoire of famous singers. In addition to songs, Schubert also wrote 8 symphonies (the most famous “Unfinished” in B minor No. 8 in two parts). He also has many small piano works: musical moments, impromptu, ecosaise, waltzes.
Schubert died very early - at the age of 31, but with his works he managed to prepare the emergence of followers of his work.

One of them was the Polish piano composer Fryderyk Chopin (1810 – 1849).
His music is brilliant. Despite the fact that he wrote exclusively for the piano, he nevertheless discovered a whole world - from the secret depths of human feelings to simple scenes of village life.
Turning to Polish national genres - mazurkas, polonaises, waltzes, he showed them from different sides. For example, his mazurkas can be ballroom, or they can resemble a simple village dance. Polonaises are sometimes brilliant, sometimes tragic.
Waltzes are also very diverse in character, and his etudes go beyond the scope of a purely technical work - they are already concert pieces - paintings. Chopin's preludes are small in size, but very different in the shades of feelings touched upon in them. Chopin's nocturnes are examples of melody and harmony. Chopin is the creator of a new genre of piano music - the ballad genre. He also has sonatas. Chopin's funeral march is familiar to everyone - this is the 3rd movement of the B minor sonata.
Fryderyk Chopin is a favorite composer of many pianists. Since 1927, the World Chopin Piano Competitions have been regularly held in Warsaw.

The third romantic of foreign music is Robert Schumann (1810 – 1856).
This is a great German composer - a dreamer and inventor. He had an amazing ability to portray portraits of people in music, often with humor. The piano cycle “Carnival” is his most famous work. He wrote many small pieces for piano, “Album for Youth”, “Butterflies”, 3 sonatas, “Symphonic Etudes” and other works.

4. Russian musical culture.

Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (1804-1857)
The great Russian composer is the founder of national classical music.
After graduating from the university noble boarding school, he traveled extensively throughout Europe, studying the music of foreign countries (Italy, Germany, Austria). Returning to his homeland, Glinka set out to create a Russian national music school and he managed to do it.
Glinka collected and processed Russian folk songs and wrote his works using their intonations, dressing them in strict classical forms.
Glinka is the author of about 80 romances and songs, including such masterpieces as “Doubt”, “I Remember a Wonderful Moment”, “Lark” and others.
His first opera on a historical plot was “Life for the Tsar” (“Ivan Susanin”).
From this opera came a branch of Russian historical opera (it became an example of this genre). Glinka’s second opera was written based on the fairy tale by A. S. Pushkin “Ruslan and Lyudmila”. She laid the foundation for Russian fairytale opera.
In addition, “All Russian symphonic music is contained in Glinka’s Kamarinskaya, like an oak in an acorn.” - wrote P.I. Tchaikovsky. This is true. In addition to “Kamarinskaya,” Glinka wrote two overtures on Spanish themes, “Aragonese Jota” and “Night in Madrid,” and his “Waltz Fantasy” is an example of beautiful lyrics in instrumental music.
Having summed up everything that was created before him by Russian composers, Glinka raised Russian music to a qualitatively new level and achieved recognition of Russian music at the world level.

Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky (1813 – 1869)
A follower and younger contemporary of Glinka, he entered the history of Russian musical culture as the creator of socially revealing works. Among them is an opera based on the plot of Pushkin’s tragedy of the same name “Rusalka”, where the composer conveyed the tragedy of a simple peasant girl Natasha, abandoned by the prince, to the grief of her father. Another opera is based on the text of Pushkin’s little tragedy “The Stone Guest”. This is also a socio-psychological drama. In his operas, Dargomyzhsky introduced a new principle of end-to-end musical development. It consisted in the fact that musical numbers: arias, arioso, duets, choruses smoothly and without stopping turn into recitative and vice versa, and the orchestral part often conveys what is not expressed in words.
Dargomyzhsky is the author of about 100 romances and songs. Among them are very popular: “I’m Sad”, “Old Corporal”, “Titular Councilor”, “Worm” and others.
In his music, Dargomyzhsky relied on folk songs, but at the same time on the intonations of living human speech. “I want the sound to directly express the word. I want the truth!” - this is Dargomyzhsky’s creative credo.

In the second half of the 19th century, the rise of national art began in Russia - literature, painting, music. At this time, a circle of like-minded musicians arose, called the “Mighty Handful” by the famous music critic Stasov. It is also called the “Great Russian Five” or the “New Russian School”.
The circle included 5 composers.
Its leader was Mily Alekseevich Balakirev (1837-1910) - a bright figure, musical talent. His merit is that he collected and processed Russian folk songs. Balakirev did not create very many works. The most interesting of them are the fantasy “Islamey”, 8
Russian folk songs arranged for piano, about 50 romances.

Alexander Porfirievich Borodin (1833-1887)

- an outstanding chemist, teacher, composer. Author of the opera “Prince Igor” based on the historical plot of the ancient Russian chronicle “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, the symphonic picture “In Central Asia”, wonderful 2 quartets, 3 symphonies (the most famous 2nd is called “Bogatyrskaya”) and 18 romances. The composer embodied in his work the epic epic of the Russian people, and also illuminated the world of East Asia with its beautiful melodies.

Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (1839-1881) was a tribune composer who reflected the life and history of the fair-haired people. His operas “Boris Godunov”, “Khovanshchina” and monumental folk musical dramas are the pinnacle of his creativity; the musical comedy based on Gogol “Sorochinskaya Fair” reveals living, vivid images of ordinary people; the cycle “Pictures at an Exhibition”, the song cycles “Children’s”, “Songs and Dances of Death”, romances are included in the repertoire of world theaters.

Cesar Antonovich Cui (1835-1918) – composer and music critic, author of opera-fairy tales “Little Red Riding Hood”, “Puss in Boots”, “Fool Ivan”, romances, songs, short piano pieces. His works are not as significant as those of other composers of the “Mighty Handful,” but he also made a contribution to the treasury of Russian music.

What united all the composers of the “Mighty Handful” was that they had a reverent attitude towards Russian folk song and sought to enrich Russian classical music and elevate it on a global scale. All of them are followers of the great Russian classical composers M.I. Glinka and A.S. Dargomyzhsky.

References:
Bazhenova L., Nekrasova L., Kurchan N., Rubinstein I., “World artistic culture of the 20th century: Cinema, theater, music” published. Peter 2008
Gorbacheva E. “Popular History of Music”, published. "Veche" 2002
Mikheeva L. “Musical Dictionary in Stories”, published. Moscow, "Soviet Composer" 1984
Privalov S. “Foreign musical literature. The era of romanticism"
published "Composer" 2003
5. Prokhorova, I., Skudina, G. “Musical literature of the Soviet period”
published "Music" 2003
6. Prokhorova, I. “Musical literature of foreign countries”
published "Music" 2003

7. Smirnova E. “Russian musical literature”, published. "Music" 2001
8. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 7. Art. Part 3. Music. Theater. Cinema publishing house CJSC "House of Books, Avanta+" 2000

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How to go to the opera and get only pleasure from it, and not disappointment? How can you avoid falling asleep during symphony concerts, and then only regret that it all ended quickly? How can we understand music that, at first glance, seems completely old-fashioned?

It turns out that anyone can learn all this. Children are taught this in music school (and very successfully, I must say), but any adult can master all the secrets himself. A textbook of musical literature will come to the rescue. And there is no need to be afraid of the word “textbook”. What a textbook is for a child, it is for an adult a “book of fairy tales with pictures,” which intrigues and fascinates with its “interestingness.”

About the subject "musical literature"

Perhaps one of the most interesting subjects that music school students take is musical literature. In its content, this course is somewhat reminiscent of the literature course that is studied in a regular secondary school: only instead of writers - composers, instead of poems and prose - the best musical works of classics and modern times.

The knowledge that is given in the lessons of musical literature develops erudition and unusually broadens the horizons of young musicians in the areas of music itself, domestic and foreign history, fiction, theater and painting. This same knowledge also has a direct impact on practical music lessons (playing an instrument).

Everyone should study musical literature

Based on its exceptional usefulness, the course of musical literature can be recommended for adults or beginning self-taught musicians. No one else music course does not provide such completeness and fundamental knowledge about music, its history, styles, eras and composers, genres and forms, musical instruments and singing voices, methods of performance and composition, means of expression and possibilities of music, etc.

What exactly do you cover in the music literature course?

Musical literature is a compulsory subject for study in all departments of the music school. This item is completed within four years, during which young musicians get acquainted with dozens of different artistic and musical works.

First year – “Music, its forms and genres”

The first year, as a rule, is devoted to stories about the basic musical means of expression, genres and forms, various types of orchestras and ensembles, and how to listen and understand music correctly.

Second year – “Foreign musical literature”

The second year is usually aimed at mastering a layer of foreign musical culture. The story about it begins from ancient times, from its inception, through the Middle Ages to major composer personalities. Six composers are highlighted in separate large themes and studied in several lessons. This is a German composer of the Baroque era, three " Viennese classics» – J. Haydn, V.A. Mozart and L. van Beethoven, romantics F. Schubert and F. Chopin. There are quite a lot of romantic composers; there is not enough time to get acquainted with the work of each of them in school lessons, but a general idea of ​​the music of romanticism, of course, is given.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Judging by the works, the textbook of musical literature of foreign countries introduces us to an impressive list of various works. This is the opera "The Marriage of Figaro" based on the plot French playwright Beaumarchais, and as many as 4 symphonies – Haydn’s 103rd (the so-called “With tremolo timpani”), Mozart’s 40th famous G minor symphony, Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5 with its “theme of fate” and Schubert’s “Unfinished Symphony”, from major symphonies Beethoven's Egmont Overture is also covered.

In addition, they are studying piano sonatas– Beethoven’s 8th “Pathetique” sonata, Mozart’s 11th sonata with its famous “Turkish Rondo” in the finale and Haydn’s radiant D major sonata. Among other piano works, the book introduces etudes, nocturnes, polonaises and mazurkas by the great Polish composer Chopin. Vocal works are also studied - Schubert's songs, his brilliant prayer song "Ave Maria", the ballad "The Forest King" based on Goethe's text, everyone's favorite "Evening Serenade", a number of other songs, as well as the vocal cycle "The Beautiful Miller's Wife".

Third year “Russian musical literature of the 19th century”

The third year of study is entirely devoted to Russian music from its ancient times until almost late XIX century. What questions are not touched upon by the initial chapters, which talk about folk music, about the church singing art, about the origins of secular art, about the major composers of the classical era - Bortnyansky and Berezovsky, about the romance work of Varlamov, Gurilev, Alyabyev and Verstovsky.

The figures of six major composers are again put forward as central ones: , A.S. Dargomyzhsky, A.P. Borodina, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P.I. Tchaikovsky. Each of them appears not only as a brilliant artist, but also as a unique personality. For example, Glinka is called the founder of Russian classical music, Dargomyzhsky is called the teacher of musical truth. Borodin, being a chemist, composed music only “on weekends”, and Mussorgsky and Tchaikovsky, on the contrary, left their service for the sake of music; Rimsky-Korsakov in his youth set off on a circumnavigation of the world.

M.I. Glinka opera “Ruslan and Lyudmila”

The musical material that is mastered at this stage is extensive and serious. Over the course of a year, a whole series of great Russian films is completed: “Ivan Susanin”, “Ruslan and Lyudmila” by Glinka, “Rusalka” by Dargomyzhsky, “Prince Igor” by Borodin, “Boris Godunov” by Mussorgsky, “The Snow Maiden”, “Sadko” and “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” "Rimsky-Korsakov, "Eugene Onegin" by Tchaikovsky. Getting acquainted with these operas, students involuntarily come into contact with the works of literature that form their basis. Moreover, if we talk specifically about music school, then these classical works of literature are learned before they are covered in a general education school - isn’t this a benefit?

In addition to operas, during the same period, many romances are studied (by Glinka, Dargomyzhsky, Tchaikovsky), among which again are those written to poems by great Russian poets. Symphonies are also being performed - Borodin's "Heroic", "Winter Dreams" and "Pathetique", as well as Rimsky-Korsakov's brilliant symphonic suite - "Scheherazade" based on the tales of "The Arabian Nights". Among the piano works one can name large cycles: “Pictures at an Exhibition” by Mussorgsky and “The Seasons” by Tchaikovsky.

Fourth year – “Domestic music of the 20th century”

The fourth book on musical literature corresponds to the fourth year of teaching the subject. This time, students' interests are focused in the direction of Russian music of the 20th and 21st centuries. Unlike previous editions of textbooks on musical literature, this latest one is updated with enviable regularity - the material for study is completely redrawn, filled with information about the latest achievements academic music.

S.S. Prokofiev ballet “Romeo and Juliet”

The fourth issue talks about the achievements of such composers as S.V. Rachmaninov, A.N. Scriabin, I.F. Stravinsky, S.S. Prokofiev, D.D. Shostakovich, G.V. Sviridov, as well as a whole galaxy of composers of the most recent or contemporary times - V.A. Gavrilina, R.K. Shchedrina, E.V. Tishchenko and others.

The range of works analyzed is expanding unusually. It is not necessary to list them all; it is enough to name only such masterpieces as the world’s favorite Second Piano Concerto by Rachmaninoff, the famous ballets by Stravinsky (“Petrushka”, “Firebird”) and Prokofiev (“Romeo and Juliet”, “Cinderella” "), "Leningrad" Symphony by Shostakovich, "Poem in Memory of Sergei Yesenin" by Sviridov and many other brilliant works.

What textbooks on musical literature are there?

Today there are not many options for textbooks on musical literature for school, but there is still “diversity”. Some of the very first textbooks that were used to study en masse were books from a series of textbooks on musical literature by the author I.A. Prokhorova. More modern popular authors - V.E. Bryantseva, O.I. Averyanova.

The author of textbooks on musical literature, which almost the entire country now studies, is Maria Shornikova. She owns textbooks for all four levels of school teaching of the subject. It’s nice that in the latest edition the textbooks are also equipped with a disk with a recording of the covered works in best performance- this is how the issue of finding the right one is resolved musical material for lessons, homework or self-study. Many other excellent books on music literature have appeared recently. I repeat that Adults can also read such textbooks with great benefit.

These textbooks quickly sell out in stores and are not so easy to get. The thing is that they are published in very small editions, and instantly turn into a bibliographic rarity. So as not to waste your time searching, I suggest order the entire series of these textbooks directly from this page at publisher prices: just click on the “Buy” button and place your order in the online store window that appears. Next, select a payment and delivery method. And instead of spending hours walking around bookstores looking for these books, you'll get them in just a couple of minutes.

Let me remind you that today, somehow by chance, we started talking about literature that will be useful to any aspiring musician or someone simply interested in classical music. Yes, even if these are textbooks, but try to open them and then stop reading?

Textbooks on musical literature are some kind of incorrect textbooks, too interesting to be called simply textbooks. Future crazy musicians use them to study in their crazy music schools, and at night, when young musicians are sleeping, their parents read these textbooks with gusto, because it’s interesting! Here!

In the context of transformations in various spheres of public life in our country, there has been an urgent need for the creative development of the younger generation, which is able to understand, appreciate and transform the world around them in their practical activities. Therefore, it is important to pay great attention to each individual child and the formation of his creative personality. Direct lessons of children's music schools and children's art schools in musical and artistic activities very effectively contribute to solving problems not only of musical development itself, but also to the formation of the child's general abilities and the formation of his individuality. Helping to resolve this issue is one of the tasks of a teacher of musical literature, because this discipline occupies a special place in the course of teaching theoretical disciplines at a children's art school.

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“Musical literature” as a subject of the musical theoretical cycle in institutions of additional education

In the context of transformations in various spheres of public life in our country, there has been an urgent need for the creative development of the younger generation, which is able to understand, appreciate and transform the world around them in their practical activities. Therefore, it is important to pay great attention to each individual child and the formation of his creative personality. Direct lessons of children's music schools and children's art schools in musical and artistic activities very effectively contribute to solving problems not only of musical development itself, but also to the formation of the child's general abilities and the formation of his individuality. Helping to resolve this issue is one of the tasks of a teacher of musical literature, because this discipline occupies a special place in the course of teaching theoretical disciplines at a children's art school.

The term “musical literature” was finally established in the 30s of the twentieth century. The origins of musical literature as a subject were B.V. Asafiev and B.L. Yavorsky. Since then, the course of musical literature has undergone significant changes: its content has been enriched, its methodology has been improved, and special teaching aids have appeared.

Modern program academic subject“Musical Literature” was developed on the basis of and taking into account federal state requirements for additional pre-professional general educational programs in the field of musical art “Piano”, “Folk Instruments”, “Wind and Percussion Instruments”.

Musical literature is an academic subject that is included in the compulsory part of the subject area “Theory and History of Music”; final exam in musical literature is part of the final certification.

In the “Musical Literature” lessons, students develop musical thinking, skills in perceiving and analyzing musical works, acquiring knowledge about the laws of musical form, the specifics of musical language, and the expressive means of music. The content of the subject also includes the study of world history, the history of music, and an introduction to the history of fine arts and literature. The lessons of “Musical Literature” contribute to the formation and expansion of students’ horizons in the field of musical art, cultivate musical taste, and awaken a love for music.

The educational subject “Musical Literature” continues the educational and developmental process begun in the course of the educational subject “Listening to Music”. The named discipline also closely interacts with the academic subject “Solfeggio”, with subjects in the subject area “Musical Performance”. Thanks to the acquired theoretical knowledge and auditory skills, students master the skills of conscious perception of elements of musical language and musical speech, the skills of analyzing an unfamiliar piece of music, knowledge of the main directions and styles in the art of music, which allows them to use the acquired knowledge in performing activities.

Purpose of the item is the development of the student’s musical and creative abilities based on the formation of a set of knowledge, skills and abilities that allow them to independently perceive, master and evaluate various works of domestic and foreign composers, as well as identifying gifted children in the field of musical art, preparing them for admission to professional educational institutions.

Objectives of the subject"Musical literature" are:

• developing interest and love for classical music and musical culture in general;
• upbringing musical perception: musical works various styles and genres created in different historical periods and in different countries;
• mastering the skills of perceiving elements of musical language;
• knowledge of the specifics of various musical, theatrical and instrumental genres;
• knowledge of different eras and styles in history and art;
• ability to work with musical text (clavier, score);
• the ability to use the acquired theoretical knowledge when performing musical works on an instrument;
• formation of conscious motivation among the most gifted graduates to continue vocational training and preparing them for entrance exams to educational institutions implementing professional programs.

The period for implementation of the educational subject “Musical Literature” for children who entered an educational institution in the first grade at the age of six years six months to nine years is 5 years (from 4th to 8th grade). The period for implementation of the educational subject “Musical Literature” for children who entered an educational institution in the first grade at the age of ten to twelve years is 5 years (from grades 1 to 5). The period of implementation of the educational subject “Musical Literature” for children who have not completed the educational program of basic general education or secondary (complete) general education and who are planning to enter educational institutions that implement basic professional educational programs in the field of musical art can be increased by one year.

The amount of teaching time provided for by the curriculum of the educational institution for the implementation of the academic subject

The maximum teaching load in the subject "Musical Literature" is 346.5 hours, which is 1 academic hour per week in grades 4-7 (1-4) and 1.5 hours per week in the final grade 8 (5), as well as 9 (6) class. (Appendix No. 1)

The form of conducting classes in the subject “Musical Literature” is small group, from 4 to 10 people.

Teaching musical literature at children's art schools and children's music schools is an acquaintance with the work of composers. Interesting, rich, but at the same time difficult-to-learn material of a large volume will have to be conveyed to students different age groups(children 10 - 15 years old can study in one group). And the impression that children will have about musical culture and will remain with them for the rest of their lives largely depends on what methods and approaches the teacher will use in his lessons.