The connection between entrepreneurship and innovation. Innovative entrepreneurship in Russia

Entrepreneurship can be defined as creative activity, aimed at finding new areas of capital investment, creating new and improving existing products and industries, developing one’s own advantages, and effectively using various opportunities to make a profit. At the same time, entrepreneurship is characterized by the mandatory involvement of an innovative moment - be it the production of a new product for the market, a change in activity profile, or the founding of a new enterprise or industry.

Of particular importance for understanding the essence of entrepreneurship is the point of view of American economists K. R. McConnell and S. L. Brew, who identified four interrelated functions of an entrepreneur:

• the entrepreneur takes the initiative to combine resources - land, capital and labor - into a single process of producing goods and services;
• the entrepreneur takes upon himself the development and adoption of basic decisions in the process of doing business, i.e. those operations that determine the course of the enterprise’s activities and the direction of business development:
• An entrepreneur is an innovator, a person seeking to produce new products (services), develop new production technologies, or introduce new forms of organization and business development:
• the entrepreneur assumes the risk arising from the implementation entrepreneurial activity Since profit is not guaranteed for an entrepreneur, the reward for the time, effort and ability spent can be either profit or loss. At the same time, the entrepreneur risks not only his time, labor and business reputation, but also the invested funds.

Thus, innovation is one of the functions of an entrepreneur, and accordingly, it should always be present in entrepreneurial activity.

According to J. Schumpeter, “...the task of entrepreneurs is to reform and revolutionize the mode of production through the introduction of inventions, and more generally through the use of new technologies to produce new goods or old goods, but in a new way thanks to the discovery of a new source of raw materials or a new market finished products - right up to the reorganization of the old and the creation of a new industry..." Thus, I. Schumpeter believes that innovation and novelty are an integral feature of entrepreneurship.

Indeed, the search for new ideas and their implementation is one of the most important, but at the same time complex tasks entrepreneur, because in this case the entrepreneur is required not only to be able to think creatively and find new solutions, but also to think forward, anticipating the future needs that are emerging in society. Consequently, the task of the innovative entrepreneur is to reform the mode of production by introducing inventions, and more generally by using new technological opportunities to produce fundamentally new goods or to produce old goods using new methods through the discovery of a new source of raw materials or a new market for finished products - even to the point of creating new branch of the economy.

It should be noted that any innovative activity is entrepreneurial, as it is based on the search for new ideas (from a new product to a new structure) and their evaluation; finding the necessary resources; creation and management of an enterprise; receiving monetary income and personal satisfaction with the results achieved. However, not every business is recognized as innovative, but only one that allows entrepreneurial income to be generated as a result of creation, use or diffusion innovative product. Subjects of innovative entrepreneurship include enterprises and organizations engaged in innovative activities.

In accordance with this, two models of entrepreneurship are distinguished. The first model is classic entrepreneurship (traditional, reproductive, routine), aimed at organizing activities with the expectation of maximum return on the resources available to the business organization. It is within the framework of the classical model of entrepreneurship that the concept of managing production growth is formed, the implementation of which requires time to carry out a number of activities due to factors external to the entrepreneurial company - subsidies, support from the state. In addition, the internal reserves of the company are set in motion to improve the efficiency of its activities.

Second model - , implying a search for new ways to develop an enterprise, which allows us to talk about the concept of growth management, or innovation. Innovative entrepreneurship is entirely based on innovation, so the result of such activity is either a new product, or a product with fundamentally new characteristics or properties, or new technologies.

As a rule, the practice of carrying out entrepreneurial activity in any form includes an innovative aspect, for example, the use of a new organization of production management, product quality, or the introduction of new methods of organizing production or new technologies. The production or supply to the market of traditional goods can also be carried out using some new elements or techniques related to the organization of production itself, technical elements of production or changes quality characteristics produced goods. In this case, traditional goods are produced through the use of partial innovation.

The development of innovative entrepreneurship depends on consumer demand for innovation, the presence of developed scientific and technical potential of the national economy, the functioning of venture capital firms and investors financing risky innovative activities. In table Table 1.1 shows the factors influencing the development of innovative entrepreneurship.

Table 1.1

Factors contributing to the development of innovative entrepreneurship

Group of factors
Economic, technological	Availability of a reserve of financial, material and technical resources, advanced technologies, necessary economic and scientific-technical infrastructure, government programs for financing innovation activities; financial incentives for innovative activities
Political, legal	Legislative measures to encourage innovation, government support for innovation
Organizational and managerial	Flexibility of organizational structures, democratic management style, predominance of horizontal information flows; self-planning, allowing for adjustments; decentralization, autonomy, formation of target, problem groups, reengineering
Socio-psychological and cultural	Moral encouragement, public recognition; providing opportunities for self-realization, liberation of creative labor. Normal psychological climate in the work team

As a rule, the basis of entrepreneurial activity is innovation in the field of products or services, which makes it possible to create a new market and satisfy new needs. Innovations serve as a specific tool for entrepreneurship, and not innovations themselves, but a directed, organized search for innovations, and the constant focus of business structures on them. As P. F. Drucker notes, “...entrepreneurs are distinguished by an innovative type of thinking, and innovative activity is a special tool of entrepreneurship.”

Innovative entrepreneurship is a special innovative process of creating something new, a business process based on a constant search for new opportunities and a focus on innovation. It is associated with the entrepreneur’s willingness to take on all the risk of implementing a new project or improving an existing one, as well as the financial, moral and social responsibility that arises. In general terms, innovative entrepreneurship can be defined as an economic process that leads to the creation of goods (products, services) and technologies that are better in their properties through the practical use of innovations (innovations).

Based on the method of organization innovation process The enterprise distinguishes three models of innovative entrepreneurship (Fig. 1.1).

Innovative entrepreneurship based on internal organization – innovation will be created and (or) mastered within the company by its specialized divisions on the basis of planning and monitoring their interaction on an innovation project.

Innovative entrepreneurship based on an external organization using contracts – an order for the creation and (or) development of an innovation is placed between third-party organizations.

Rice. 1.1.

Innovative entrepreneurship based on an external organization with the help of ventures – sales company innovative project establishes subsidiary venture capital firms that raise additional third-party funds.

The second model of innovative entrepreneurship is most often used - the enterprise places an order for the development of innovations and masters them on its own.

All types of innovative entrepreneurship are based on the creation and development of new types of products (goods, services), production, creation of things, values, benefits. The main determining part of such entrepreneurship is the creation and production of scientific and technical products, goods, works, information, intellectual values ​​that are subject to subsequent sale to buyers and consumers. A typical diagram of innovative entrepreneurship is shown in Fig. 1.2.

Rice. 1.2.

To develop and manufacture a new type of product (goods, services), an entrepreneur requires working capital in the form of materials used in the process of creating scientific and technical products, energy necessary for processing materials, and other resources. In addition, there may be a need for components, semi-finished products, i.e. finished components that can be used in the manufacture of scientific and technical products. Necessary materials, raw materials and components (M) the enterprise purchases from the owners of working capital, paying their cost (Dm), which depends on the quantity of materials and their price.

To produce scientific and technical products (goods, services), the enterprise also needs fixed assets (fixed assets) in the form of structures, premises, special equipment, fixtures, tools, etc. An enterprise can purchase or rent them temporarily from the owners of fixed assets. For the fixed assets necessary for innovation activities, it is necessary to pay the owners a sum of money (D0), the size of which depends on the type and quantity of fixed assets necessary for the activity and their cost. When renting fixed assets, payment will depend on the period of their use.

To carry out innovative activities, the enterprise also needs to attract scientific and technical personnel, production personnel, i.e. labor (PC), spending certain monetary resources (DR) on it.

If the enterprise does not have its own funds or they are not enough to carry out innovative activities, then they can be obtained by the enterprise from commercial banks, with subsequent return and payments in the form of interest on the loan (Dk).

In addition, the implementation of innovative entrepreneurship is impossible without the timely receipt of the necessary information, which can be obtained on a paid basis (Dn).

An enterprise can place certain works and services necessary for the implementation of innovative activities with third-party organizations on a paid basis (DU).

Accordingly, the need for funds necessary for the implementation of innovative entrepreneurship is estimated using the formula

De = Dm + Do + Dr + Dk + Dn + Du.

The result of innovative entrepreneurship is a finished product (product, service) (T), which the enterprise sells to the consumer of innovative products at a price (Dt), which includes the costs of carrying out innovative activities and the profit of the enterprise.

So, innovative entrepreneurship is a special innovative business process. It is based on a constant search for new opportunities, a focus on innovation, and the ability to extract and use resources from a wide variety of sources to solve constant problems. This type of entrepreneurship is associated with the willingness of the entrepreneur to voluntarily take on all the risks associated with the implementation of a new project or improvement of an existing one, to assume financial, moral and social responsibility for the process, which should bring monetary income and personal satisfaction with what has been achieved. Innovative entrepreneurship is the main basis of all areas of entrepreneurial activity.

In addition, innovative entrepreneurship is both an economic phenomenon and a process. As an economic phenomenon, entrepreneurship acts as a form of industrial relations regarding the production and sale of specific goods (works, services) to consumers. required quality and obtaining the planned result. As an economic phenomenon, it expresses the entire system of relationships that an entrepreneur has in relationships with consumers in the process of selling goods (works, services), with suppliers, other business entities, employees and, finally, with government and other governing bodies.

Entrepreneurship as a process is a complex chain of actions - from the search (inception) of an entrepreneurial idea to its implementation in a specific enterprise project that allows the production of goods necessary for consumers. This process ends with receiving a certain amount of profit. Accordingly, there are four most significant stages in entrepreneurship as a process:

• searching for new ideas and evaluating them;
• drawing up a detailed business plan;
• finding the necessary resources;
• management of the established enterprise.

Since innovative entrepreneurship is recognized as a special type of entrepreneurial activity, these stages should be divided into smaller ones (Fig. 1.3).

The listed steps are not always performed sequentially one after another, as shown in Fig. 1.3. Quite often, individual stages are carried out in parallel, and this only speeds up the process of innovation. As a rule, an idea is selected and evaluated simultaneously with the development of a business plan; at the same time, state registration of the innovative enterprise being created can be carried out and an application for a patent can be filed. Stages such as the search for a new idea and the protection of the created intellectual product become important for innovative entrepreneurship. Therefore, these stages should be discussed in more detail.

To ensure economic sustainability in a market environment characterized by financial stability, competitiveness of products and technology, production and sales efficiency, large enterprises carry out reactive and strategic innovations driven by reactions to competitors' transformations and changes in the external environment. Reactive innovations are opportunistic in nature, while strategic innovations are proactive, since their implementation leads to significant competitive advantages in perspective.

Innovation activity is a systemic type of activity aimed at creating and implementing innovations into public practice - turnkey innovations.

The innovation process is based on the innovative activity of society. The innovation process is a set of intellectual work to create a new labor product. A new product can be expressed in technical, production and commercial characteristics.

The innovation process involves the inclusion of new characteristics in technology, new qualitative parameters of the finished consumer product (public and private consumption), as well as new technologies aimed at meeting public and personal needs.

Types of innovations are differentiated by industry: in the fuel, printing and metallurgy industries, technological innovations predominate; and in other industries - grocery, which accounts for almost two-thirds of all costs. They are also more knowledge-intensive - when they are implemented, a third of all invested funds are spent on R&D.

More than 70% of enterprises innovate to expand their product range in order to gain a market segment. Reducing production costs is the goal of almost half of the total number of innovatively active enterprises

Any innovative activity is entrepreneurial and is based on:

Searching for new ideas (from a new product to a new structure) and evaluating them;

Finding the necessary resources;

Creation and management of an enterprise;

Receiving monetary income and personal satisfaction with the results achieved.

Not all entrepreneurship is innovative, but only those that allow entrepreneurial income to be generated as a result of the creation of production, use or diffusion of an innovative product. Subjects of innovative entrepreneurship include enterprises and organizations engaged in innovative activities. In a market economy, the development of innovative entrepreneurship depends on consumer demand for innovation, the presence of a developed scientific and technical potential of the national economy, the functioning of venture capital firms and investors financing risky innovative activities. The first innovative enterprises on the territory of Russia existed in such organizational forms as centers for scientific and technical creativity of youth, unions of inventors and innovators, scientific and technical societies, and scientific and technical cooperatives. These enterprises used the material and technical base, scientific reserves and personnel potential of state research institutes and design bureaus. Due to the deterioration of the economic situation and the decrease in innovative demand, many of the above organizational forms ceased their activities or changed their direction.

The study of subjects of innovation activity involves considering what they are in a highly developed market economy, what economic relations they are in and what functions they perform. Without analyzing modern theoretical ideas about the nature and nature of the innovative activities of economic entities in economically developed countries, it is impossible to identify and practically implement the priorities that the processes of reforming the domestic innovation sphere should follow.

Essential Function innovative enterprises- carrying out an intermediary role between the scientific, technical and production spheres, ensuring almost automatic economic exchange between them without any failures, in competitive conditions. Innovative enterprises, in addition to bringing the product of scientific and technical activity to a state that allows it to be used in the production sector (through the creation of various objects of the innovative product), search for a commercial partner capable of satisfying a new latent social need, “fraught with” possible profit. Thus, innovative firms (enterprises) arise as a consequence of the social need to reduce costs that appear in the process of transforming a product created in the scientific and technical sphere into a product created in the economic sphere. Innovative enterprises make it possible to eliminate some of the costs and reduce production costs, i.e. they act as an institutional form that ensures effective interaction between scientific and technical institutes and private economic entities within the framework of market relations. Innovative enterprises themselves are distinguished as independent economic entities if their functioning makes it possible to reduce the costs that scientific and technical institutes and economic entities are forced to bear associated with the creation of an innovative product or bringing scientific and technical innovations to the possibility of their commercial use. Based on their content, innovations are divided into technical, economic, organizational, managerial, and social. Particular attention should be paid to research, since in many cases it is of the nature of fundamental research, which, as a rule, is organized and financed by the state. The results primarily depend on the extent to which the state organizes and finances scientific activities. basic research their implementation in the national economy, and consequently its effectiveness.

Scientific work is targeted in nature, and the research carried out in it is aimed at obtaining new discoveries or improving existing discoveries.

The scientific process carries with it the novelty of research, originality, validity - technical, economic, environmental and consumer.

For scientific activities, the advantage is the presence of experience, research skills, standard methods and techniques.

Theoretical research itself is of a general nature and is not applied research. Theoretical research is divided into new discoveries, refinement and processing of existing discoveries. Experience shows that more than 90% of theoretical studies are negative, and of the remaining 10%, not everything is acceptable for the consumer market.

Innovative entrepreneurship is a multifaceted type of economic activity. Entrepreneurs are individuals and legal entities carrying out the following types of initiative activities related to the reproduction cycle of an innovative product:

Creation of an innovative product (actually innovative entrepreneurship);

Performing intermediary functions (providing services related to the promotion of an innovative product and its transfer from the direct creator to its consumer);

Carrying out functions in the financial sector to ensure innovation activities.

Being relatively independent, these types of entrepreneurial activities in the innovation sphere complement each other, although they can differ significantly in organizational and legal form, in the content of operations and methods of their implementation. The choice of the form of an innovative enterprise depends on personal preferences, field of activity, and availability of funds.

The strengths of small innovative enterprises include the following:

Prompt management decision making, allowing to reduce the duration of the innovation cycle;

Low level of overhead costs, thanks to direct and personal contacts with them;

The absence of bureaucratic procedures in the organization due to the minimal management hierarchy of enterprises.

Difficulties in the activities of such enterprises are associated with the low professional level of management, disabilities external financing, low specialization of jobs. Due to the absence of many structural divisions, which is associated with an insignificant degree of division of labor, small innovative enterprises do not receive a synergistic effect. Many economists associate innovative entrepreneurship with the ability to promote innovation through risky business, and the subjects of innovative entrepreneurship include small risky firms that are able to implement commercially attractive innovations and make a profit on this basis. However, in addition to small forms of innovative entrepreneurship (typical representatives are venture enterprises created to test, refine and bring risky innovations to industrial implementation), there are medium and large organizational forms of innovative entrepreneurship. Both small and medium-sized forms of innovative enterprises can be represented by the following organizations:

Business center (business incubator), promoting the development of joint entrepreneurship and providing management and services in legal, accounting, economic and other activities to small businesses;

An innovation company specializing in implementation, patenting and licensing, promoting scientific and technical innovations and objects of innovative activity to the market, bringing inventions to commercial use and selling licenses. Large innovative enterprises are conservative and slow to respond to new social needs and the commercially profitable implementation of new ideas into a market product. The high efficiency of small innovative enterprises is explained by a prompt response to new scientific ideas and to solving specific problems associated with obtaining the final result from the sale of an innovative product.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Good work to the site">

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Similar documents

The influence of the intensity of innovation activity on the level of economic development. The essence of the process of creation and commercial use of technical and technological innovations. National and youth innovative entrepreneurship in Russia.

abstract, added 12/16/2010


Definition of types of innovative entrepreneurship and organizational forms in which it is carried out. Signs, life cycle phases and general order creation. Weaknesses and strengths of small innovative enterprises and their management structures.

course work, added 03/09/2011


Innovation as the main driving force in the development of the modern economy. Analysis of the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Regional aspects of strategy implementation in this area. Mechanisms and main directions for its improvement.

course work, added 12/06/2014


The concept of small business, a brief economic description of small business. Features and place of small business in the economy. Evolution and classification of problems, possible solutions. Prospects for the development of small business in Russia.

course work, added 05/06/2010


The essence and main types of small business, the dynamics of its development in the regions of Russia, state support. Volume of investments in fixed capital. Methods for solving significant problems and prospects for the development of small business.

course work, added 06/28/2011


Entrepreneurship in Russia on modern stage development, its specific features and acute problems. Entrepreneurship on a small enterprise scale. Analysis of the theory and practice of the privatization process. Demonopolization of the Russian economy.

test, added 02/23/2009


Genesis of business, its economic basis and development factors. Characteristics of the principles and conditions of entrepreneurial business and analysis of the dynamics of its development in Ukraine. Economic justification for creating your own business (garment production).

course work, added 12/05/2009


Characteristics of small business in Russia at the present stage of its development. Its types and organizational and legal forms. Revealing specific features and identification of the most pressing problems facing domestic small businesses.

course work, added 05/19/2009

Innovative entrepreneurship– this is a purposeful activity related to solving contradictions (problems) between reality and a possible state, intended to bring a new idea in the form of a product or service to the market, focused on obtaining economic benefits.

This problem has long attracted a wide range of theoreticians. Domestic scientists are exploring a wide range of theoretical and practical problems of increasing production efficiency as a result of innovative activities. Foreign researchers R. Ackoff, W. Behrens, P. Drucker, D. Clark, G. Mensch, M. Porter, R. Foster, J. Schumpeter and others developed the modern theory of economic relations, reflecting the innovative nature of entrepreneurship in the production sector.

In Kazakhstan, the works of economists Kenzheguzin M.B., Dnishev F.M., Alzhanova F.G., Abdygapparova S.B., Khamitov N.N., Kazhymurat K., Tukaev A., Kantarbaeva A. are devoted to the problems of innovative entrepreneurship K., Karenova R.S., Koshanova A.K., Baimuratova U., Sabdenova O.S., et al.

Until the 80s In the twentieth century, entrepreneurship, in contrast to factors of production such as labor and capital, was considered an element that only indirectly influenced economic development. The latest economic theories, in particular the evolutionary approach, consider innovative entrepreneurship as the main factor of socio-economic progress and a stimulator of national economic growth.

The first scientific studies of entrepreneurial activity in economics began to be carried out in the 18th century in the works of R. Cantillon, A. Thugreau, A. Smith and J.-B. Say. Let us consider some provisions in the works of these scientists.

The concept of an entrepreneur (entrepreneur) as an economic entity taking on the risk associated with the organization of a new enterprise or with the commercial introduction of a new idea, a new product or a new type of service first appeared in the book by R. Cantillon “Essay on the Nature of Commerce”.

J. Say noted that an entrepreneur moves economic resources from an area of ​​low productivity and low income to an area of ​​higher productivity and profitability. However, no one has singled out the special independent role of the entrepreneur as one of the driving factors of economic development. Theorists of scientific and technological progress K. Freeman and management P. Drucker clearly recognize that a consistent theory of entrepreneurship was first proposed by J. Schumpeter. But for a number of objective reasons, his pioneering works were not given due attention until the last quarter of the twentieth century.

J. Schumpeter made an attempt to identify the driving forces of economic dynamics. The goal of his research was to build a theory of the so-called business cycles - wave-like alternations of periods of relative prosperity and depression, which were first discovered by N. Kondratiev. J. Schumpeter put forward a hypothesis according to which the engine of economic development, which he thought of as a cyclical process of structural changes arising within the economy, is the innovative activity of the entrepreneur. Practical research in the field of scientific and technological progress has fully confirmed this vision of the function of an entrepreneur. p.189

However, even to this day, the polysemantic concept of “entrepreneurship” remains in public thought. In the scientific literature there are different ideas about this concept, often representing an eclectic mix of economic, organizational and psychological characteristics of this empirically significant phenomenon.

Following R. Cantillon, in the works of the neoclassical school, an entrepreneur began to be considered an individual who owns an enterprise and carries out trading activities on the principles of competition with its inherent risk. In this concept, the entrepreneur's income was considered as a payment for risk. This was seen as different from income on advanced capital and wages.

The limited views of R. Cantillon and representatives of the neoclassical school are due to the fact that they attributed such specific features, such as product homogeneity, technology uniformity, a large number of counterparties and competitors. This did not allow them to carry out research on the entrepreneurial function in the field of expansion or creation of demand based on the production of new products.

J. Von Thunen drew attention to the combination of risk-taking and innovation in the entrepreneurial function. In accordance with this idea, the income of an entrepreneur consists of income from risky activities and remuneration received as a result of achieving the economic effect from the application of innovation.

The substantiation of ideas about innovation activity as the main functional characteristic belongs to J. Schumpeter. According to his views, the entrepreneur is a key figure in the progress of the productive forces, carrying out “the reorganization of economic life on the basis of greater private economic expediency.”

Unlike his predecessors, who based their views on entrepreneurship on the concept of market equilibrium, J. Schumpeter substantiated the method of dynamic equilibrium, which occurs as a result of replacing the existing combination of production factors with a new one, corresponding to a higher level of development of productive forces. Justified by J. Schumpeter theoretical basis entrepreneurial activity were based on the ideas of J.-B. Say, who owns the definition of an entrepreneur as a person who connects and combines factors of production.

According to J. Schumpeter, the essence of the entrepreneurial function is to reform production; The content of entrepreneurial activity is the implementation of new factors of production and circulation through the discovery and practical use of new opportunities for the manufacture of new products, application new technology, new sources of raw materials and finding new markets, reorganization of production. Denying the obligatory status of owner for an entrepreneur, he argued that the entrepreneurial function is inherent in various categories of workers, and it can rightfully be considered a general economic function. p.123.

According to another prominent representative of the New Austrian school, F. von Hayek, entrepreneurship is associated with the search and exploration of new economic opportunities, and any individual whose activity is exploratory in nature is a potential entrepreneur.

Thus, in the works of scientists of the New Austrian school, innovative activity is recognized as the most characteristic feature of entrepreneurship. The New Austrian economic school represented by L. Mises and F. von Hayek in the market process, connecting them not with a specific subject of a certain social group, but with all the activities of economic entities implemented by them all. Entrepreneurship itself occurs not only at the individual level, but also at the level of large organizations. It manifests itself in an explicit and implicit quality in the form of decision-making and risk-taking, new combinations of production factors or innovations, resource allocation in promising areas, management, organization and execution decisions taken. Consequently, entrepreneurship is a creative activity to realize new opportunities to satisfy the potential of effective demand in a non-equilibrium state economic system.

Definition of entrepreneurial activity proposed Research Center on the History of Entrepreneurship, created at Harvard in 1940: “Entrepreneurial activity may be defined as the oriented activity of an individual or group of associated individuals designed to create, maintain a unit that seeks to make a profit for its products or for the distribution of economic benefits and services, has a goal or measure of success of monetary or other benefit, interacts with the internal situation of that unit and with the economic, political and social conditions existing at a particular period, so that a tangible measure of freedom of decision is realized. Considered in general view, this activity belongs to a category of social phenomena that can be distinguished from other social changes."

This definition notes the innovative function of the entrepreneur, highlights the connection between the entrepreneur and the enterprise, the activities of which are mediated by the social and institutional environment. Thus, American scientists draw attention to the fact that political strategy in the twentieth century. becomes a necessary function of an entrepreneur who is forced to resist not only market pressure, but also political pressure.

An entrepreneur is a subject who performs specific functions in the economy, therefore the concept of “entrepreneur” cannot be adequately replaced by the concepts of “capitalist”, or “manager”, “businessman”.

The evolution of ideas about entrepreneurship is connected with the fact that at an earlier stage of development of states with market economies, management qualifications were considered as the most important characteristic entrepreneurial activity, and the role of the manager as a higher priority in relation to the role of the innovator. However, the transition to an economy based on high technology, brought to the fore the interpretation of entrepreneurship, mainly associated with innovation processes, the dissemination on their basis of the implementation of one’s own or borrowed innovations. In this regard, for the economic development of countries with an agrarian-resource economy and those at the stage of early industrialization, imitation entrepreneurship, based on the use of existing and easily accessible resources, managerial qualifications, technical knowledge, and borrowed technology, is of particular importance.

Since the 70s. in countries with market economies, research by scientists was associated with the analysis of the role of the entrepreneur as a regulatory subject in the economic structure and the study of the mechanism of entrepreneurship in specific institutional forms.

According to the ideas of the American economist J. Carland, an entrepreneur is “an individual who creates and manages a business with the fundamental goal of achieving profit and growth, characterized by innovative behavior and using strategic management practices in business.” The latter refers to the willingness to take risks associated with the discovered opportunity for business development, active promotion of the implementation of innovations as a continuous process of change within the organization and in the external environment, and the desire to stay ahead of competitors.

American scientist P. Drucker, a specialist in the field of modern management, defines entrepreneurship as a specific activity, the content of which is innovation in all areas, including management. According to P. Drucker, “innovation is a special tool of entrepreneurs, a means by which they use changes as an opportunity to implement their plans in the field of business and services. The task of entrepreneurs includes a targeted search for sources of innovation, as well as changes and their signs that indicate the possibility of achieving success” p. thirty.

Consequently, innovation is a specific tool for an entrepreneur, with the help of which he uses innovation as a real opportunity to implement certain types of activities. To skillfully use this tool, the author believes, it is necessary to carefully study the sources of information about changes in the external and internal environments, as well as their symptoms, which outline the possibility of the innovations themselves, mastering the principles of successful implementation of innovations and applying them. 16.

Thus, in Western economic literature there is no generally accepted definition of entrepreneurial activity. The emerging empirical ideas about the specifics of entrepreneurship, which distinguish it from the activities of the owner and manager, are not accompanied by a strict distinction between the objective (function) and subjective (activity) aspects of entrepreneurship, and the existing attempts to scientifically substantiate it are reduced to only one of these aspects. Meanwhile, there is a need for a clear distinction between the objective role of entrepreneurship in the economic system (entrepreneurial function) and how this role is exercised practically through the purposeful work of an economic entity (entrepreneurial activity)

Entrepreneurial activity is the most important factor in the economic development of states with market economies, in which the increase national wealth due to the involvement in production of previously unused commercially effective resources.

Revealing economic functions entrepreneurship, i.e. forms of manifestation of the qualities of entrepreneurs when carrying out economic activities in a competitive environment were carried out by J. Schumpeter, who classified them as following functions:

1) the production of a new good unknown to consumers or the creation of a new quality of a particular good.

2) the introduction of a new, still practically unknown production method for a given industry, which is not necessarily based on a new scientific discovery, and which may also consist in a new method of commercial use of the corresponding product.

3) development of a new sales market, i.e. a market in which the given branch of industry of that country has not yet been represented, regardless of whether this market existed before or not.

4) obtaining a new source of raw materials or semi-finished products, regardless of whether this source existed before or was simply not taken into account, or was considered inaccessible, or had yet to be created.

5) carrying out appropriate reorganization, for example, ensuring a monopoly position or undermining the monopoly position of another enterprise.

Internal functions include the following:

1. Organization of production, which means the following operations:

Assessment of the economic situation;

Development of an action plan;

Organization of administrative management;

Monitoring the implementation of the plan;

2. Taking risks. An entrepreneur is a risk-taker: he produces for a market whose demand he predicts. He has no certainty regarding the marketing of his products; his success is expressed in receiving net profit; his mistakes, lack of activity or inability are punished by losses or collapse. However, the risk can be localized by the very concept of the enterprise and the development of the production plan and its implementation;

3. Execution of power functions. The entrepreneur is the head of the production unit, i.e. has coercive power over those who work under him, and his influence over them is irreversible. In any type of organization, the primary and inalienable characteristic of a leader is that he is a worker like others.

After conducting a study of the functions of entrepreneurship, we will try to highlight them as follows, presenting them in the figure.

Picture 1

Classification of forms of entrepreneurial activity can be carried out in different ways. Depending on the phases of reproduction, the forms of entrepreneurship will be:

Production and entrepreneurial activity;

Financial Entrepreneurship;

Commercial entrepreneurship (trade and purchasing activities, trading, supply and sales services);

Entrepreneurship in the field of household, socio-cultural, medical and commercial services

In Kazakhstan, the works of economists Kenzheguzin M.B., Dnishev F.M., Alzhanova F.G., Abdygapparova S.B., Khamitov N.N., Kazhymurat K., Tukaev A., Kantarbaeva A. are devoted to the problems of innovative entrepreneurship .K., Karenova R.S., Koshanova A.K., Baymuratova U., Sabdenova O.S., etc. These works are devoted to the development of innovations, innovative entrepreneurship during the formation of a market economy, starting from the 1990s. Until now.

Scientific literature During the existence of the USSR, it practically did not touch upon the problem of entrepreneurship, since this phenomenon was outside the scope of the subject of socialist political economy. Entrepreneurship is associated with the activities of private enterprises, and as is known, in the Soviet Union only state ownership was legally defined.

Over the past 15 years, numerous publications have appeared in Kazakhstan and other countries with transit economies,

touching on practical and methodological issues of business organization. Entrepreneurship theories have generally been viewed from a management perspective.

A breakthrough in the application of evolutionary ideas in the theory of transit economics belongs to Russian scientists. Abalkin L.I. a civilized approach to the development of society has been developed. Lvov D.S. , Glazyev S.Yu. , Mayevsky V.E. a theory of the evolution of technological structures has been proposed.

Such Kazakh scientists as Kenzheguzin M.B., Dnishev F.M., Alzhanova F.G. explore the economic nature of innovation processes. They came to the conclusion that in our country there is often a simplified, superficial approach to the problems of innovation and innovative activity. This is manifested, firstly, in the fact that the technocratic approach predominates; innovation is viewed as a purely scientific and technical problem, although this is to a greater extent economic and social problem. Secondly, the institutional context of innovation activity is underestimated. Those ideas that are associated with the formation of a national innovation system seem valuable; in particular, the authors have identified those areas whose development or stimulation will most effectively contribute to the technological dynamics and competitiveness of the national economy.

Kazakh scientist-economist Kantarbaeva A.K. examined entrepreneurship from the perspective of an institutional-evolutionary approach. According to the scientist, entrepreneurship is a pole of intensive economic growth, the driving cause of economic dynamics. Works by Kantarbaeva K.A. are based on the use of new methodological approaches to such fundamentally nonequilibrium processes as innovation activity, the dynamics of entrepreneurship, and the transit economy: “The evolutionary view turns out to be more adequate here than the uncritical use of “mainstream” recipes, i.e. neoclassical theory general equilibrium» .

Representatives of the economic theory of the “mainstream” are L. Walras, J. Keynes, P. Samuelson, M. Friedman. The neoclassical theory of general equilibrium is not capable of describing deep processes and such qualitative shifts as scientific and technical progress, the emergence of innovations, new institutions, and changes in the economy.

Sabdenov O.S. in his works he touches on many aspects of the innovation process in a market environment: he identifies the reasons that hinder innovative development in the republic; notes the effectiveness of creating a new innovation infrastructure; defines types of innovation activities, linking them with a comprehensive solution environmental problems, the introduction of resource-saving technologies, the development of the agro-industrial complex, the use of Western technologies, and an active investment policy. He defines innovation as “a new product or service, a method of production, an innovation in organizational, financial, scientific research or other areas, any improvement that provides cost savings or additional element for such savings..., oriented to the market, a specific consumer or need."

Kazakh scientists are studying the processes of the emergence and development of entrepreneurship in the post-Soviet transition period. Koshanov A.K. a systematic analysis of the environment for the formation of entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan and the barriers preventing its intensive development was undertaken. Proposed mechanisms economic policy supporting entrepreneurship in the transition to a market economy. .

The theory and methodology of innovation in market conditions is studied by Abdygapparova S.B., who summarized its provisions and presented them in the following enlarged blocks of theories and concepts:

Cyclicity and unevenness of innovative development, long waves, clusters and classification of innovations;

Interaction of economic growth and scientific and technological progress;

The effectiveness of scientific and technological progress;

Diffusion of innovations, innovation multiplier;

Technological systems and technological structures;

Technological forecasting;

Interaction of technology and market, technology market, technological rent, technology marketing, technological quasi-rent;

Innovative entrepreneurial activity, human factor management;

State innovation policy, organizational and economic mechanism for innovation management;

Formation of competitive strategies and stages of competitive development; formation of innovative strategies.

The priority direction for the development of the economy of Kazakhstan is the transition to industrial and innovative development based on modern achievements of science and technology. Baimuratov U.B. believes that “given the technological diversity of the republic’s economy, this strategy should be based not on a single technological path, but on technological pluralism, with the help of which it is possible to ensure the achievement of industries. This needs to be especially emphasized, because in connection with the strategy of technological development in the republic, the idea of ​​a technological breakthrough has spread, which has been embodied in the project of the corresponding national program» .

Selection of technological structures, big waves taking into account the increasing influence of innovations in the works of Kazakh scientists Dnisheva F.M. , Kazhymurat K. allows us to differentiate strategies for the development of the economic system and form separate mechanisms of innovation activity.

Kazhymurat K. defines the role of innovation as the most important link in market relations, considering it “a real force that allows not only saving enormous material values, but also creating them, and many times more efficiently than the cost of innovation itself.” He allocates 8 priority areas innovative development, such as: comprehensive automation of production, computerization and electronization, development of energy, creation of new means of transport and communication, development of membrane, laser, plasma and other technologies, creation and use of structural materials, biotechnology, development of astronautics. .

Ashimbaeva A.T. Innovative development is considered a condition for the modernization of the domestic economy, where an important role is assigned not only to the state, but also to innovative entrepreneurship: “Industrial modernization in countries of catching-up development is effective only when relying on innovative processes.”

Kazakhstani entrepreneur in the field of innovative business Aitmambetov R.M. defined innovative entrepreneurship as

“the process of organizing work to generate an innovative idea and create technical and technological capabilities aimed at improving consumer properties, reducing costs and improving other characteristics of the product, optimizing the corresponding technological process for the purpose of obtaining commercial profit."

Kazakh scientist-economist R.S. Karenov. in his work devoted to the problems of innovative management, he considers innovative entrepreneurship from the point of view of organizational forms, as firms with different innovative strategies, focused on the changing tastes and preferences of consumers, changes in the market situation, adaptation to external conditions, to competitive conditions.

Kazakh scientists and practitioners, such as V. Dzekunov, R. Perdebaeva, T. Batpenov, who studied some issues of the development of innovative activity in industrial enterprises, contributed to the development of the theory and practice of innovative entrepreneurship. They identified the factors inhibiting the innovative activities of entrepreneurs.

The works of D. Mukanov are devoted to the industrial and innovative development of industry in the extractive sectors of the economy. An objective assessment of the state of the country's mining and metallurgical complex, which is given to scientists, makes it possible to develop ways to solve problems related to innovation activities.

The works of M. Kenzheguzin, A. Zharmenov, A. Terlikbaeva, B. Sarsebaev are devoted to macroeconomic issues of the development of innovative entrepreneurship. The identified stages of industrial and innovative development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, mechanisms for implementing innovation policy, allow us to develop a clear strategy for the development of domestic innovative business.

G. Kuatbaeva pays special attention to regional and sectoral features of the formation of subjects of innovation activity. Among them, business incubators, technology parks, and venture funds, which represent one of the elements of innovation infrastructure, are becoming important.

The results obtained during the review of scientific developments concerning the theory of innovative entrepreneurship also allow us to systematize it and draw certain conclusions.

In particular, it seems possible to trace the evolution of views on innovative entrepreneurship, while highlighting the most significant ones, which is advisable to present in the form of a table.

Table 2 - Evolution of views on innovative entrepreneurship

1

The article provides several definitions of innovation. The terms “innovation” and “innovation” are used interchangeably and mean “introduction of innovation.” The conditions for the application of innovations in entrepreneurial activity are determined, which are understood as the mechanisms of entrepreneurial innovative activity as a systemic education, the principles of constructing and managing the innovation sphere. The main properties of innovations are named - scientific and technical novelty, industrial applicability, commercial feasibility. The article also defines what should be understood as entrepreneurial innovative activity and what types of entrepreneurial innovative activity and elements are distinguished. The entrepreneurial innovation process is characterized, which represents the preparation, implementation and dissemination of innovations and consists of interconnected phases that form a single complex whole. As a result of this process, a realized, materialized innovation appears. The concept of entrepreneurial innovation policy and entrepreneurial innovation potential is revealed.

innovation

entrepreneurial activity

potential

policy

1. Dunaev O. N., Ershova I. V., Kuznetsova E. Yu. Competitiveness of regional management / Ed. O. N. Dunaeva. - Ekaterinburg: IPK USTU, 2009.

2. Ivasenko A. G. Innovative management: tutorial/ A. G. Ivasenko, Ya. I. Nikonova, A. O. Sizova. - M.: KNORUS, 2009. - 416 p.

3. Kazantsev A.K., Serova L.S. Strategic management of innovations in the enterprise: Del. game "Straplane" / SPbGIEA. - St. Petersburg, 1996.

4. Leibkind A. R., Rudnik B. L. Modeling of organizational structures. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 143 p.

5. Fundamentals of commercialization of R&D results and technologies / comp. and general ed. N. M. Fonshtein. - M.: ANKh, 1999.

The concept of "innovation" comes from English word“innovation”, the translation of which into Russian is given as “new introduction”, “innovation”. In accordance with this, some authors propose to consider and use these terms as synonyms. However, I think that this is somewhat incorrect. Innovation means a new order, a new custom, a new method, a new phenomenon. And the phrase “innovation” in the literal sense of “introducing something new” means the process of using an innovation. Innovation also means the process of using an innovation. Therefore, further in the work the terms “innovation” and “innovation” will be used as identical and mean “introduction of innovation”.

When organizing a business activity, the subject of innovation can be a new or improved product, a new or improved production process, or an organization. The conditions for the use of innovation in entrepreneurial activity are understood as the mechanisms of entrepreneurial innovation activity as a systemic education, the principles of constructing and managing the innovation sphere.

When organizing business activities, scientific and technical developments and innovations act as an intermediate result of the scientific and production cycle and, as they are practically applied, they turn into scientific and technical innovations. Scientific and technical developments and inventions are the application of new knowledge for the purpose of their practical application, scientific and technical innovations (STI) are the materialization of new ideas and knowledge, discoveries, inventions and scientific and technical developments in the production process for the purpose of their commercial implementation to satisfy certain consumer requests. The essential properties of innovation are scientific and technical novelty and industrial applicability. Commercial feasibility in relation to innovation acts as a potential property, the achievement of which requires certain efforts. NTI characterizes the final result of the scientific and production cycle (SPC), which acts as a special product - scientific and technical products - and is the materialization of new scientific ideas and knowledge, discoveries, inventions and developments in production for the purpose of commercial implementation to meet specific needs.

From the above it follows that innovation - the result - must be considered taking into account the innovation process. For innovation, all three properties are equally important: scientific and technical novelty, industrial applicability, commercial feasibility.

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity, realized through the needs of the market. It is worth paying attention to two points: the “materialization” of innovation, inventions and developments into new technically advanced types of industrial products, means and objects of labor, technologies and organization of production and “commercialization”, turning them into a source of income .

Consequently, scientific and technical innovations must be novel, satisfy market demand and bring profit to the manufacturer.

Scientific, technical and innovative activities are a necessary condition for the development of innovative processes, and managing this area is one of the tasks of an innovation manager.

Scientific and technical activities are associated with the birth, development, dissemination and application of scientific and technical knowledge. It includes research and development; scientific and technical education and training; scientific and technical services.

Research and development are creative activities. Their goal is to increase the volume of knowledge about man, nature, society, and to find new ways to apply this knowledge. Scientific research and development covers: fundamental research, applied research, development.

Basic research is experimental or theoretical research aimed at obtaining new knowledge. Their result can be theories, hypotheses, methods, etc. They may end with recommendations for conducting applied research, scientific reports, and publications.

Unlike fundamental research, applied research is aimed at solving specific practical problems. They represent original works aimed at obtaining new knowledge, searching for ways to use the results of fundamental research; new methods for solving certain problems.

The main goal of scientific and technical education is to ensure the training of specialists, scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel at the world level qualification requirements, effective use of their educational, scientific, technical and innovative potential for economic development and solving social problems of the country.

Directions scientific research and innovation activities must be consistent with the priorities of federal and regional scientific, scientific, technical and innovation policies, taking into account the specifics of the education system.

Scientific and technical services cover activities related to scientific research and development and promoting the dissemination and application of scientific and technical knowledge. Scientific and technical services may be provided by scientific organizations as a non-core activity; independent organizations created for these purposes (institutes of scientific and technical information, libraries, archives, etc.).

Scientific and technical services include: provision of scientific and technical information; translation, editing and publication of scientific and technical literature; surveys (geological, hydrological, topographical, etc.); mineral exploration; collection of data on socio-economic phenomena; tests; quality control; consulting clients on the preparation and implementation of specific projects (except for scientific research and development, ordinary engineering services); patent and licensing activities.

Scientific research and development differs from other types of activity in that it contains a significant element of novelty.

Ordering fundamental research and research can only be done by the state and large companies. And when the results of this work become publicly available, they become material for innovative activities. Fundamental, applied research and science in general influence social reproduction through innovation. Any significant scientific result, having independent significance for science, acquires market value only after passing through the innovation stage. The relationship between science and the innovation sphere is obvious: research results contribute to the emergence of innovative ideas, the implementation of which through the process of commercialization, in turn, should replenish financial resources Sciences. However, organizing effective cooperation between these two intellectual spheres turns out to be a difficult problem. Questions arise in the legal, institutional and financial-economic components of the transition processes from scientific research to innovative results.

Entrepreneurial innovative activity-concept wider. It includes scientific and technical activities, organizational, financial and commercial and is the most important component of promoting innovations to consumers. This is an activity aimed at implementing accumulated scientific and technical achievements in order to obtain new goods (services) or goods (services) with new qualities.

The following types of entrepreneurial innovation activities are distinguished:

• instrumental preparation and organization of production (purchase of production equipment and tools, changes in them, as well as in procedures, methods and standards of production and quality control of a new product or the use of a new technological process);
• production launch and pre-production development, including modifications of the product and technological process, retraining of personnel to use new technologies and equipment, as well as trial production if design modifications are expected;
• marketing of new products (activities related to the release of a new product to the market, i.e. preliminary market research, adaptation of the product to different markets, advertising campaign);
• acquisition of intangible technology from outside in the form of patents, licenses, disclosure of know-how, trademarks, designs, models and technological content services;
• acquisition of materialized technology (machines and equipment, in their technological content related to the introduction of product or process innovations);
• production design (preparation of plans and drawings intended to determine production procedures, technical specifications, operational characteristics).

If the potential and degree of progressiveness of innovations are high enough, then innovative processes of innovation can reach an inter-organizational level of significance and be carried out both according to scientific and technical programs and on a competitive basis. The expediency of a competitive solution to scientific and technical problems is determined by the desire to reduce the commercial risk of investors, which is affected by the insufficiently high performance of the subjects of innovative activity. Making a decision on multi-variant implementation of work on a competitive basis will allow for a more rational use of allocated resources. It is more economically profitable to hold a competition among applied research and design work as part of R&D, the costs of which are approximately 3 times less than at subsequent stages of R&D.

The main components of the sphere of entrepreneurial innovation activity are the following:

1. The market for creating innovations and inventions exists at the intersection of scientific and innovative activities. Form specified area the market includes individual major scientists, universities, temporary research teams, associations of scientists, as well as private research laboratories. The main product at this stage is a scientific result - a discovery, invention or other product of intellectual activity. The state of this component of the innovation sphere in Russia can be assessed as favorable;
2. The capital and investment market is closely connected with the credit and financial sector of the economy. This area is formed by investors of various levels and ranks;
3. The market for scientific and technical personnel is closely connected with the system of education and training. To organize innovative activities and conduct R&D, a certain staff of research workers and engineers is required, whose training is carried out both in universities and in special scientific and technical institutes. educational institutions. The state of this segment of the innovation sphere in Russia can be characterized today as relatively favorable;
4. innovation infrastructure. This component of the sphere represents a link between the previous elements and the competitive innovation market. The formation of an effective innovation infrastructure is a necessary institutional condition for the development of innovation activity in a market economy. Innovation infrastructure includes various institutions and organizations, the main task of which is to ensure the successful implementation of innovative processes in industry. A system of innovative institutions adequate to a modern market economy is gradually being formed in Russia;
5. the innovation competition market comes from a dual position. On the one hand, economic entities of industry in the competitive struggle are forced to increase the technical level of innovations, improve their quality, reduce production costs, reduce operating costs, and improve the maintenance system. On the other hand, the market mechanism mercilessly rejects innovations, even those of great scientific and practical value, if they do not meet the commercial interests of organizations. The state of the innovation competition market in our country today can be described as extremely unfavorable.

In addition to the elements considered, the following factors have a huge impact on entrepreneurial innovation processes: technology policy, standart conditions, scientific and technical connections and the level of economic development of certain entities of the world economy. All these components are interconnected and form a kind of “innovation node”, the ends of which go deep into various sectors of the economy.

Elements of entrepreneurial innovation infrastructure are integrated at the meta level into a single entrepreneurial innovation system. Such a system can be called the national entrepreneurial innovation system (NEIS).

The concept of forming the NPIS began to be developed in the 1980s. last century. At the same time, the definition of “national” is unambiguously interpreted as “state”. New stage development of NPIS, which consists in their unification into a single network to create a single entrepreneurial innovation space, began in 2000, when at the March meeting of the European Council in Lisbon a program was proposed for creating a knowledge infrastructure, intensifying innovation and economic reforms, and modernizing the system social support and education reform. The goal of the program was to build the most competent and dynamic knowledge-based economy, which should provide the EU with global leadership.

Scientific, technical and entrepreneurial innovation activities are characterized by such related terms as entrepreneurial innovation process, entrepreneurial innovation policy, entrepreneurial innovation potential, entrepreneurial innovation climate.

The entrepreneurial innovation process represents the preparation, implementation and dissemination of innovations and consists of interconnected phases that form a single complex whole. As a result of this process, a realized, materialized innovation appears.

Innovation management is the process of managing all aspects of entrepreneurial innovation, which is carried out through the development of an organization's entrepreneurial innovation policy. IN modern literature There is no unambiguous understanding of the definition of “entrepreneurial innovation policy”. The concept of entrepreneurial innovation policy should be considered in the essential aspect as the strategy and tactics of the enterprise in terms of implementing the entrepreneurial innovation process, and in the applied aspect - as a detailed plan, program of action.

Entrepreneurial innovation policy basically sets the task of improving the system by changing its elements.

1. Long-term goals of entrepreneurial innovation policy are aimed at establishing a balance between changing the elements of the system (innovations in production), replacing resources based on the quality of use (innovations in the quality of resources) and increasing the efficiency of using existing resources (innovations in the organization of the system and use of resources ).
2. Medium-term goals are aimed at maximizing the efficiency potential of available resources.
3. Short term goals are aimed at using alternative resource options without entrepreneurial innovative development of the production system while maintaining overall efficiency.
4. Operational goals aim to compensate for losses in the production system.

The entrepreneurial innovation potential of an organization is a measure of the organization’s readiness to perform tasks that ensure the achievement of the set entrepreneurial innovation goal, i.e. a measure of readiness to implement a project or program of entrepreneurial innovative strategic change.

The entrepreneurial potential of an organization is the main criterion for the feasibility of its existence. Through the development of entrepreneurial potential, the development of the organization and its divisions, as well as all elements of the production and economic system, occurs. The development of an organization is considered as a response to changes in the external environment and is therefore strategic in nature. The entrepreneurial potential of an organization has two components: its readiness for stable production activities and its readiness for innovation.

The choice of entrepreneurial innovation strategy depends on the state of entrepreneurial innovation potential, and its development can be carried out through the components and elements of the organization’s internal environment. The assessment of entrepreneurial innovative potential is carried out according to the scheme: “resource - function - entrepreneurial project”, where an entrepreneurial project is understood as the possibility of producing a certain product.

The external environment of the organization is characterized by an entrepreneurial innovation climate, the influence of which on innovation potential is established based on the results of STEP analysis. The strategy of an organization's entrepreneurial innovative position is determined by a joint analysis of the internal and external environment, i.e. entrepreneurial innovation potential and entrepreneurial innovation climate.

When conducting entrepreneurial innovation, a company must understand the needs of the market, try to become a leader in the market sector that has been chosen for work, provide excellent performance and constantly focus on the consumer, delighting him with the quality of the product (service). Ideally, a firm would prefer to operate in an environment where customers want innovation, available technology can provide it, and there is little or no competition. Then understanding the market comes down to expanding the understanding of the conditions favorable for innovation.

Reviewers:

• Krutik A. B., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Professor of the Department of Organization of Services to the Population of St. Petersburg state university service and economics, St. Petersburg.
• Grunin O. A., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Management of the St. Petersburg Academy of Management and Economics, St. Petersburg.

Bibliographic link

Biryukova I.Yu. ENTREPRENEURIAL INNOVATION ACTIVITY: CONCEPT, FEATURES, TYPES // Modern problems of science and education. – 2012. – No. 2.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=5971 (access date: 03/31/2019). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"