Specific features of the art of primitive society - test work. "The scene with the wounded buffalo." Rock painting. Upper Paleolithic. Lasko cave. France. Deer hunting. Painting in a cave in Spain. Mesolithic

1 class. Extracurricular activities. 2 semester, January

Lesson-journey "The most ancient wonder of the world - a rock painting."(Primitive painter)

Visual row - presentation "Rock paintings" (petroglyphs).

Literary row- a) "Art History for Kids";

b) "Artistic culture of primitive society" (anthology, compiled by IA Khimik).

Musical row - calm music as a background for work.

Materials and tools:white and gray paper, cardboard, charcoal, sanguine, pastel.

Target: to form in children the ability to “look and see”, “listen and hear”, “imagine and depict”.

Tasks: develop observation, creative imagination, visual and motor memory, interest in art, emotional, aesthetic, imaginative perception.

(develop, thereby give knowledge, instill skills, practice skills)

During the classes.

1. Organizational part (setting) -1- 2 min.
2. Introduction of new knowledge (message of textbook. Mater. On presentation) - 10 min.
3. Creative practical activity - 15-18 min.

Task: to give a clear idea of ​​the work ahead!

1. Training exercises - 2-3 min.

How and how does a graphic artist work?

A) acquaintance with new expressive means: line, stroke, spot and a combination of these elements (+ outline, + tone);

b) acquaintance with graphic materials: charcoal, pastel;

c) acquaintance with the technique: end (edge, butt), flat, rubbing.

3.2. s / r - 15 min

4. Summing up - 3-4 min. Express Exhibition

(hanging works with a story of their creative idea).

1. Reflection - 1-2 min.

Slide 1.

It's winter, a blizzard outside the window. Maybe we will go on a journey to distant, warm, unexplored countries?

Your desk turns into a time machine. We adjusted the seats, sat down comfortably, fastened the seat belts. Press the start button: 5,4,3,2,1 - start! Let's go!

Slide 2.

We will be transported to distant ancient times, many thousands of years ago, when there were no cities or ancient castles on earth. It was a long time ago! The oldest man resembled a monkey. Those people didn't know how to talk yet. They communicated with each other like animals, using a variety of sounds.

Primitive people were afraid of predatory animals, thunderstorms, floods, forest fires. Why all this is happening - they did not know, they could not explain.

It's time for us to decline. Before we get out of the time machine, remember: we were in ancient times, there are no roads, only paths on which wild animals can meet. Be quiet, don't go anywhere.

Find the drop button, we land. Unfasten the belts. We are in the cave age.

Slide 3.

Before us are beautiful mountains. Stepping carefully, let's come closer and rise higher. Look at the drawings. Among those primitive ancient people were skillful artists. It’s hard to believe, but it’s true. People who could not only write and talk, but could not even mold a simple pot out of clay, but possessed the skill of an artist!

Slide 4. Let's go around the rocky part, look at the mountain from the other side. This beauty is a matter of nature itself. Take a closer look! We see a hunting scene. The image is very simple: red-brown figures of running people and animals.

Slide 5.

We go downstairs. Before us is the entrance to the cave. It was the caves that were the home (dwellings) and refuge of ancient people. There they hid from rains and cold winds, from evil people and wild animals.

Ancient people had a lot of worries. But when there was free time, they liked to paint. They painted on the walls, ceiling. They painted what they saw, what surrounded them: life and death, plants and animals. They believed that if they draw an animal in the depths of the cave, then the living predators will leave without harming them. And if you draw a wounded animal, it will help them in the hunt.

There, inside the cave, it is dark, only torches and shadows from the fire will illuminate our path. Stick together, be careful.

Slide 6.

Until we enter, raise your heads and look at the ceiling. We see images of animals.

We go into the depths of the cave and on the left on the wall we see a couple of deer. One of them is painted completely red, and the second is indicated only by an outline.

Slide 7.

Before us is a hunting scene. Everything is simple and clear: the swift deer are rushing at great speed, and the arrows of the hunters have already been aimed at them. The unknown artist used only one color, but achieved amazing liveliness.

And here he is a handsome bison (bull). The front part of the body is voluminous, and the legs seem to be short - the impression of the heaviness of the figures is created.

Slide 8.

The ancient artist, using one black color, depicted a wounded bison, struck by a hunter's spear. (This is a scene with a wounded bison in the Lascaux cave in France).

The hunter himself also perishes. A long-haired woman, standing on one knee in front of the body of her deceased husband, mourns his death and prepares to send him to the kingdom of the dead. Ancient people believed that the souls of the dead, the souls of their ancestors moved to the distant "land of the dead." And the way to the kingdom of death is sailing on a ship.

Slide 9.

A herd of bison rushes at high speed, cutting through the air with huge sharp horns. The clatter of the hooves of strong bulls is heard, their terrible roar. In this picture, there is a two-color image: black and red. Because these colors are clearly visible in the twilight of caves, which were illuminated only by torches or the fire of a smoky bonfire.

Many of the oldest drawings are very mysterious, even strange and bizarre. There is a lot of incomprehensible in them. (Sometimes each figure is significant in itself, regardless of the entire composition). The images are schematic, simplified (stylized). Sometimes only dots, stripes, images that are unclear to us. We can only guess what the primitive artist wanted to say with his drawing.

Although it is clear here that 2 people are on the hunt, they are well armed.

Slide 10.

A man in a horned helmet rides a two-wheeled cart (chariot) pulled by a goat or horse. In front of the man is a snake - a symbol (sign) of lightning. (In Scandinavian mythology, this is the God Thor in a chariot, and the image of a snake is a flash of lightning).

A scene with a praying man - a huge snake is approaching him.

Many rock paintings have been left to us by ancient artists, they have left their mark on history. Thanks to them, we can get a vivid idea of ​​the life of a person in those distant times.

It's time for us to go back. Having examined carefully the drawings inside the cave, we extinguish the fire, take coals from the fire with us, they will be useful to us, we carefully leave the cave.

Slide 11.

Close your eyes - it was dark there, open again - we are greeted by the bright sun. We put out torches. Let's look around again, see the drawings on the rock and get into the time machine. We fasten the belts, 5,4,3,2,1! - start! We fly home. Find the drop button. We landed. This is our class and our desk. Time travel in prehistoric times ended well.

Physical min. Stand up. Shake your legs. Straighten your backs. Reach for the sun. Sit down.

Do you want to become ancient artists?

You have sheets on the tables. Take a half, put it in front of you. Coals in front of you. Yes, yes, the same ones that we took from the fire in the cave. This is natural coal. And I gave you artificial, factory-made, compressed coal in the form of sticks. This is an ordinary burnt birch stick. I also added pastel crayons, what if they come in handy for you?

What do you think: where did the ancient artists get their red paint from? They knew the right plants. We took clay. Before applying paint to the wall, so that it is fixed, it was mixed with blood or an egg, so the paints.

Coal working technique.

But how did the ancient artists work with coal?

Training exercises.

Do with me.

1. End (edge, end) - will be a line.
2. Flat - the stroke is thicker.
3. Rubbing - with a finger from the center to the edge of the sheet (do not rub!)

Let's try a little man ?! A mug, a cucumber, sticks - you're done.

Let's repeat the techniques: end, flat, rubbing.

Choosing the right material.

For work, you have to choose the right sheet. When you were in the cave, did you touch the wall with your hands? Is it smooth, or maybe uneven, rough? Place a rough white or dark sheet in front of you, as desired. It is not just a leaf, it is a cave wall (mountains, rocks). You will now be ancient artists.

Close your eyes. Imagine:

Someone will draw a fast bull or deer on the rock;

Someone of a primitive man in animal skin by the fire;

Or maybe your hunter will go hunting with spear and arrows?

Open your eyes. Have you presented? How to arrange the sheet today is better: vertically or horizontally?

Physical min. Prepare your hands: rub and warm, connect your fingers, knock with your fists.

Ready? Get started.

Practical work. s / r.

Summarizing. Express Exhibition.

What have you portrayed?

Let's choose the best work (mark it on the board with something - an emoticon, a heart ...)

Reflection.

Are you satisfied with our journey to the ancient world? Wasn't it scary? Are you tired? Still going to travel?

Combarel, an Upper Paleolithic site in a cave (Combarel, near Les Eyzies in the Dordogne department (France). On the walls in the depths of the cave of a narrow corridor 237 m long, in 1901, over 400 images of various animals were found (mammoths, rhinos, horses, bison, deer , alpine lions, etc.), as well as anthropomorphic figures.The technique of drawing drawings is mainly engraving.

Zaraut-Sai, a gorge in the southwestern spurs of the Gissar ridge. Paintings with ocher were found on the rock shelters in the west and north, in niches and small grottoes. Investigated by GV Parfenov and AA Formozov in the main plot of the rock art is the hunting of people with dogs for wild bulls, gazelles, goats, wild boars; hunters are armed with bows and arrows and are clothed in camouflage clothes; there are other images. Possible date of the drawings is Neolithic Mesolithic. Later images were also found. Zaraut-Sai, a gorge in the southwestern spurs of the Gissar ridge. Paintings with ocher were found on the rock shelters in the west and north, in niches and small grottoes. Investigated by GV Parfenov and AA Formozov in the main plot of the rock art is the hunting of people with dogs for wild bulls, gazelles, goats, wild boars; hunters are armed with bows and arrows and are clothed in camouflage clothes; there are other images. Possible date of the drawings is Neolithic Mesolithic. Later images were also found.

The White Sea petroglyphs are compact - their area of ​​distribution does not exceed 1.5 square kilometers. There are 10 known locations on large (Bolshoi Malinin, Erpin Pudas, Shoyrukshin) and small nameless islands. The drawings are embossed on solid gray crystalline slates. In ancient times, they were located at the very water. Most of the knockouts are small (20-50 cm), but there are also giants 3-3.5 m long; there are also very small ones - less than 5 cm.

Cobustan. Rock carvings. Within Kobustan, in the basin of the river. Dzheyrankechmaz, more than 4 thousand ancient rock carvings (silhouette and contour engravings, painting) are known, including scenes of harvest, sacrifice, dances, images of boats with rowers, people and various animals (dated from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages). Stone Age sites have been discovered near the rock carvings, in caves and rock shelters. Cobustan. Rock carvings. Within Kobustan, in the basin of the river. Dzheyrankechmaz, more than 4 thousand ancient rock carvings (silhouette and contour engravings, painting) are known, including scenes of harvest, sacrifice, dances, images of boats with rowers, people and various animals (dated from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages). Near the rock carvings, in caves and rock shelters, sites of the Stone Age were discovered.

The rock art of Tassili the Elephant (Oued Jerat) belongs to the "buffalo period". The plot is very common in the rock art of the Sahara from the "buffalo period" to the present, especially in Air, where elephants lived less than a hundred years ago. In Oued Jerat, there are 96 images from different periods. The elephant shown here is carved into a vertical slab; the squares that line the ear should represent the folds of skin on the outside. Width 1.8 m.

The "buffalo period" drawing on a horizontal slab (wed Jerat) shows two felines; one, apparently, is about to grab the other in the back; the lower one resembles a cheetah, the upper one may represent a canine hyena or a spotted wolf, the only animal of this family that lives in the shroud, but is able to make forays into desert areas, it is the size of a hyena. Length cm.

Helmet Ram (Bu Alem, South Oran); above him is a human figure with a shield; height of about 1.5 m. This is one of the best drawings of the "buffalo period", both in terms of excellent reproduction of form and detail, and in terms of execution with the right stroke and a perfectly polished surface. Since there is a disk on the head of a ram, for a long time it was believed that it has a connection with the Egyptian god-ram Ammon, but now it is already known that this is not so and that the drawing is much older than all images of a ram in Egypt.

Ancient buffalo with a spiral on a vertical slab (Oued Jerat), height about 2 m. Bubalus antiguus is a now extinct species of buffalo, probably disappeared in the Neolithic. In the Sahara, it plays the role of a "fossil-identifier" for drawings of the ancient period, which, by virtue of this very fact, was given its name. This animal had huge horns, the distance between which could reach 3 m. In this case, its image is accompanied by a double spiral carved on the body; this symbol is very often found in the rock carvings of Ueda Jerat, but its meaning remains mysterious. There are other drawings on the same slab; many of them are polished, among the latter a horse can be distinguished. There are also drawings, the outline of which is drawn with dots, for example, a giraffe between the horns of a buffalo and a human figure to the left of them.

Rock painting (wed Jerat) depicting palm trees and a chariot, the wheels of which have been erased from the painting. Refers to the "horse period", which corresponds to about 1200 BC. e. It can be seen that the old dead trees have been cut down - therefore, the palm was cultivated. In the hands of people are something like sickles with long handles, which served, perhaps, for cutting off bunches of dates. This is the oldest image of a date palm found in North Africa and the Sahara, in this case it is modern to chariots and horses "in a flying gallop."

Painting (Takedumatin site, Tassili) depicting cattle shepherds. The ovals to the left represent huts; the first is empty; women and children are visible in front of others; it is a reflection of the life of a polygamous family, such as we can now observe among Fulbe shepherds in the cereal steppes south of the Sahara. Calves are tethered in front of the huts, and the rest of the herd grazes after them, but more cows, with udders full of milk. Some people have hairstyles in the form of helmets, others in the form of small caps, like the current Fulbe.

The image of a man in the headdress of a “magistrate”. The figure has a height of 2 m and is remarkable from a decorative point of view, although it has suffered from time and is partially destroyed. The profile is fleshy, negroid; the lower part of the face appears to be covered by a mask; the hair is rendered in white, densely applied strokes, and the face is covered with fine vertical strokes and white dots. To the right is a small human head in the same style, but the face is covered with a mask, and a ribbon with vertical multi-colored stripes written in red, yellow and white ocher is woven into the hair.

Detail of a large panel from the "bovids period", called "Court Scene". People dressed in ceremonial clothes have caps on their heads, decorated with dots, or with horizontal and vertical lines; large cloaks run down from neck to toes, covering the back. They move to the right, rounding their backs and bent slightly, depicting as if elderly respectable people who have done an act of justice; the last of them holds a bow in one hand. Above them, a person who is younger and more simply dressed is holding another.

Explain the meaning of the words: cave painting, witchcraft, soul, "land of the dead", religious beliefs.

• Cave painting - images in caves made by ancient people, one of the types of primitive art.
• Witchcraft is the practice of magic as a craft, in which the sorcerer claims contact with supernatural forces (demons, ancestral spirits, nature, and others).
• Soul - according to religious and some philosophical beliefs, an immortal substance, an immaterial entity, in which the divine nature and essence of man is expressed.
• "Land of the Dead" - according to religious beliefs, this is the afterlife, where the soul of a deceased person goes.
• Religious beliefs - beliefs in witchcraft, in the soul, in life after death that appeared among primitive people.

Check yourself

1. How was cave painting discovered?

In 1879, the Spanish amateur archaeologist Marcelino-Sanz de Sautuola, along with his 9-year-old daughter, during a walk accidentally stumbled upon the Altamira cave in northern Spain, the vaults of which were decorated with many drawings of animals made by ancient people. The unparalleled find extremely shocked the researcher and prompted him to study it closely. Subsequently, works of primitive art were found in many other caves in which ancient people lived.

2. Why did primitive artists depict mammoths, bison, deer, horses? What role did these animals play in people's lives?

The earliest artists painted the animals they hunted. The authors managed to convey the exact appearance and character of the animals: deer appeared to be sensitive and alert, horses - fast and impetuous, mammoths - massive, heavy with a high convex nape. These animals played a huge role in the life of primitive people, who used their meat for food, veins - as fastening material, bones - for making arrowheads and other tools, skins - for making clothes.

3. What are the oldest religious beliefs you know?

Ancient people believed in hunting magic, in the human soul and in the "land of the dead", where the souls of their ancestors go.

4. How did primitive people imagine the life of their ancestors in the "land of the dead"?

Primitive people imagined the life of the souls of their ancestors in the "land of the dead" analogous to their own life. The souls of the ancestors move to the distant "land of the dead", live there in tribal communities, hunt, fish and gather edible fruits. Burying a relative, people put in his grave everything necessary for traveling to the "land of the dead" and for living in this country: food and sturdy shoes, clothes, weapons, jewelry.

Think and discuss

1. What did the artist want to tell who created the scene with the bison and the defeated hunter (see the picture on p. 19)? Guess what preceded what is depicted.

Probably, the artist captured the history of one of the hunts, in which a member of the community died, but a bison was defeated, while the hunters managed to avoid meeting a rhinoceros. Perhaps this is part of the so-called primitive "hunting magic", and the drawing symbolizes and predicts a successful hunt, avoiding danger from larger animals, but also shows the inevitability of victims during the hunt.

2. Why did primitive artists sometimes depict a hand on the body of an animal painted in a cave?

Perhaps this is how primitive artists strove to show the power of man over animals, i.e. tamed animal.

3. For what purposes do archaeologists excavate ancient graves? What and why can you find in them? (See illustration on page 19.)

Primitive people believed that, dying, the soul of a kindred goes to the distant "land of the dead", where it continues to live, hunt and enjoy the fruits of hunting and gathering. In order for the soul's path to the "land of the dead" and the afterlife to be good, people put in the grave everything that the deceased might need on this path: clothes, weapons, jewelry. Archaeologists are excavating ancient graves to learn more about the deceased person. By the bones, you can determine who the person was, how he looked, how he lived, how he died. And according to the things in the grave, scientists can describe the life and level of development of the community. The totality of such data allows you to find out where and how the ancestors of modern man appeared, to determine the path that mankind has traveled in its development.

Let's sum up and draw conclusions

Who are called primitive people? Where and when, according to the assumptions of scientists, the most ancient people lived?

Representatives of numerous humanoid species that lived before the era of the invention of writing, after which the possibility of historical research based on the study of written sources, appears as primitive people. Man has come a long way of evolution from primitive apes, Australopithecus, Homo habilius, Homo erectus to Homo sapiens.

Human evolution is 5 million years old. The earliest ancestor of modern man, Homo habilius, appeared in East Africa 2.4 million years ago. He knew how to make fire, build simple shelters, gather plant food, process stone, and use primitive stone tools. Many stone tools of various shapes and sizes have been found in the Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania).

A skilled man lived only in Africa. The first to leave Africa and penetrate into Asia, and then into Europe, Homo erectus. It appeared 1.85 million years ago and disappeared 400 thousand years ago. A successful hunter, he invented many tools, acquired a home and learned how to use fire. The tools used by Homo erectus were larger than those of the early hominids (man and his closest ancestors). In their manufacture, a new technology was used - the upholstery of a stone blank on both sides. They represent the next stage of culture - the Acheulean, named after the first finds in Saint-Achel, a suburb of Amiens in France.

Compare the most ancient and intelligent people. What is the difference between them? What are the similarities?

The ancient man was very much like a monkey. He had a rough face with a wide, flattened nose, a heavy lower jaw without a chin, and a receding forehead. There was a roller over the eyebrows. The gait of the people was still not quite straight, jumping, long arms hanging below the knees. People did not know how to talk yet. Homo sapiens differed from the most ancient people in a number of anatomical features, a relatively high level of development of material and non-material culture (including the manufacture and use of tools), the ability to articulate speech and developed abstract thinking.

However, the most ancient people and intelligent people had similarities. All of them lived in groups, carried out joint activities for the extraction of food, the arrangement of houses and protection from predators.

Whom were the most ancient artists on Earth portrayed? What do you know about the religious beliefs of primitive people?

Ancient artists depicted animals, people and hunting scenes in the caves in which they lived. Due to the antiquity of the rock paintings, no reliable evidence of the reasons for the creation and significance of cave painting has survived. Modern researchers have a number of hypotheses regarding their significance; science could not develop a consensus on the purpose and meanings that ancient artists put into their works. Some scholars suggest that rock paintings served as part of the rituals of "hunting magic" and should, according to the ideas of primitive people, bring good luck in hunting. Other scholars, relying on the examples of tribes that still live by hunting and gathering, believe that cave painting is part of the shamanistic beliefs of primitive people, and that the drawings were created by shamans of the tribes who entered a state of trance and captured their visions, possibly trying to get some special powers.

Primitive people had their own religious beliefs. They believed in hunting magic, performing pre-hunting rituals. They also believed in the existence of a human soul, which flew out of the body while the person slept and lived its own life. And when a person died, his soul went to the distant "land of the dead", where it continued to live and hunt. In order to ensure the long journey of the soul to the afterlife, the ancient people put in the grave of the deceased everything that he could need in life after death: clothes, weapons, jewelry, etc.

Lesson 4. Lesson topic: The rise of art and religious beliefs

Lesson objectives:

Educational: contribute to the formation of students' knowledge of the emergence of art and religious beliefs;

Educational: contribute to the formation of a sense of respect and interest in the history of their people, humanity as a whole; the formation and development of the cognitive interest of students;

Developing: contribute to the general cultural, personal and cognitive development of students, providing the ability to learn.

Lesson Objectives:

the development of educational and communication skills in students (improving the skills of oral speech), educational and informational (working with a map, textbook), educational and logical (working with terms and concepts, a comparative characteristic of hunting techniques of ancient and ancient people, their way of life) skills and abilities ;

the formation of students' attitude to labor and cognitive activity as the main difference between humans and animals and the main factor of development;

to form students' knowledge about the origin of art, the most ancient monuments on the territory of our country;

to form students' knowledge about the emergence of religious ideas and rituals;

the formation of concepts: rock art, soul, "land of the dead", witchcraft, religious beliefs.

Lesson type: combined

Learning approach : problem-activity personality-oriented.

Teaching methods: explanatory and illustrative, problem presentation method.

Forms of students' work in the lesson: frontal, individual, steam room.

Lesson organization principles: the minimum number of scientific concepts, the use of the maximum number of channels of perception, emotional saturation, connection with needs, measurability of concepts, stimulation of students' independent activity, competitiveness.

Concepts and terms: rock art, soul, "land of the dead", witchcraft, religious beliefs.

Description of the necessary technical equipment for the lesson : textbook General history. Ancient world history. Grade 5: textbook for educational institutions / A. A. Vigasin, G. I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya; ed. A.A. Iskenderov. - M .: Education, 2012, a computer with the ability to play presentations and multimedia files on a large screen, presentation PowerPoint .

The structure and course of the lesson:

Organizational moment

The readiness of the class for the lesson is checked, absent are noted. The topic and objectives of the lesson are announced. The topic is written by the teacher on the blackboard, students in notebooks.

II. Checking the studied material.

1 Frontally, verbally, short answers from the floor to the teacher's questions

When did the first people settle on the territory of our country?

What changes did they have in comparison with the most ancient people?

How has the climate changed?

Why did it become possible for people to live in places with cold frosty winters?

What did the dwelling of people of that time look like?

2. Detailed answer at the blackboard

Hunting. Changes to the hunt.

After the answer, the student is asked to compare

3. Student message "Mammoth". Students listen, then ask questions about the subject of the message. Both the speaker's work and the quality of the questions asked are assessed.

If necessary, other students or the teacher helps the speaker, complements his answer. It is clarified that the mammoths were of different types. The smallest ones are up to 2 m in height and up to 900 kg in weight, and the largest species are about 5 meters high and weighing 12 tons, which is twice as heavy as the largest modern land animal - the African elephant. It is proposed to compare the size of the mammoth with some modern objects.

4. Detailed answer at the blackboard

Tribal communities.

Additional question ... What signs of a tribal community does the word “community” express? What are the signs of the word "generic"?

5. Execution of the test task.

Verbally, answers from the spot

Choose the correct option and complete the sentence

III ... Preparing to learn new material

Statement of a problematic question.

IV ... Learning new material

Frontally, verbally, explanatory and illustrative storytelling with elements of conversation and the use of ICT (presentation PowerPoint ).

1 Discovery of cave painting

In 1878, in Spain, the archaeologist Sautuola and his daughter went to the Altamira Cave. When Southwola lit the torch, they saw paintings painted on the walls and vault of the cave. Later, other caves with drawings by ancient artists were also discovered. Among the images, bison and deer, bears and rhinos are easily recognizable. All drawings have been done with amazing craftsmanship. There were images of animals with a large number of legs - this is how the artists tried to convey movement

The archaeologist who discovered the cave painting suggested that it was created by primitive hunters many thousands of years ago. What was his assumption based on? 1) depicts bison - animals that have become extinct long ago; 2) bones of another extinct animal - a cave bear and fragments of stone tools were found nearby; 3) the artists did not use modern paints, but colored clay - ocher, deposits of which were found in the same cave. But almost none of contemporary scientists believed that the images of bison were created by primitive people. How do you think why. What objections do scientists have? Some students can make correct guesses (“scientists believed that people did not yet know how to draw so beautifully”), which the teacher helps to justify.

2. Riddles of ancient drawings

Working with illustrations of the textbook.

Look at the rock carvings on pages 17-19 of the tutorial. What do you see on them?

Many drawings contain riddles - incomprehensible signs and objects, people with bird heads, or in a dress that looks like a spacesuit. But most importantly, we cannot understand why the hunting scenes were painted in hard-to-reach, dark caves.

3. Drawing and magic ritual

Why do you think primitive people often painted dying animals struck by spears and arrows? 30 thousand years ago, people were still dependent on the forces of nature; they did not know how to fight forest fires, floods, diseases, and often suffered from hunger. Unlike the most ancient people, "Homo sapiens" wanted to understand why people get sick and die, what determines the harvest of fruits and berries in the forest, and the success of the hunt. Sometimes the forest was full of game, the river was full of fish, but suddenly both of them disappeared. Where have the animals gone? Why is no fish caught?

There was not enough knowledge for the correct answers, people began to think that nature was controlledsupernatural strength. There is a belief that supernatural forces can be attracted to help oneself, for example, bewitch the beast, depicting him wounded and dying, and if you depict such a beast in a cave, he will surely fall into a trap.

It is possible that ritual ceremonies were played out in front of the drawings - the hunters, as it were, worked out the course of the future hunt. Look at the picture on page 24

4. The emergence of religion

In those days, people developed a belief in werewolves, in the miraculous properties of individual objects. People began to deify natural phenomena. Unable to explain the nature of the appearance of dreams, the ancient man began to believe in the existence of the soul. Fear of natural elements, the inability to explain the phenomena of the surrounding world led to the emergence of religious ideas.

5. Ancient stone structures

From primitive times, huge structures called megaliths have come down to us. The most famous of these is the Stonehenge complex in England. Ancient builders built a structure of forty stone slabs weighing tens of tons each. Scientists have been fighting over the mystery of Stonehenge for several decades.

According to one version, the complex is an astronomical calendar, since many plates are oriented towards the most important stars, and the Sun, Moon and stars are visible through the passages on key days of the year.

V ... Anchoring

1 Parallel while learning new material.

2 Discuss with students and answer the questionWhat caused the emergence of art and religion?

3 Look at the drawing “Scene with the Wounded Bison and the Hunter” on page 19. What do you think the artist wanted to show with this image? What could have preceded such an image?

4 Conversation on issues:

Why did primitive artists depict mammoths, bison, horses, deer?

What role did these animals play in their lives?

What is called religion, religious beliefs?

Has religion always existed?

When did it start?

Why did religious beliefs arise?

What are the oldest religious beliefs you know?

What word can replace the following expressions:

Faith in gods and spirits - ...(religion).

Images of revered gods and spirits - ...(painting).

Gifts to gods and spirits - ...(sacrifice).

The defeat of the drawn animal with spears - ...(witchcraft rite).

Creatures that were the fantasy of the most ancient people - ...(werewolves).

5 Describe the drawing "Witchcraft Rite before the Hunt." What are these people doing? Why and why? What phenomenon does this figure indicate?

V ... Homework

VI ... Summarizing

1. Reflection.Reflective circle.
1) All participants in the pedagogical interaction sit in a circle.
2) The teacher sets the reflection algorithm:

what have you learned?

what did you feel?

what are the reasons for this?

how would you rate your participation in the lesson?
3) All participants express their opinion.
4) The teacher completes the reflective circle by summarizing the information received.

2. Lesson summary

3. Lesson evaluation