Chernyakhov archaeological culture in the Donbass. Report: Three Donbass

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Lesson No. 3. Topic “Cultural life of Donbass at the beginning of the twentieth century”
Date ____________
Content of the lesson
Silver Age" of Russia and the development of culture of the Donetsk region
Enlightenment, education and patronage in the Donetsk region.
Development of sports in Donbass at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Personalities of the “Silver Age” in the Donetsk region.
.
Basic concepts and terms: philanthropist, silver age,
Lesson type: lesson on learning new material
Methods and forms of training
Methods: active, interactive
Shapes: frontal,
Techniques: lecture, work with documents, virtual excursion
Lesson Plan (For Teacher)
1. Organizational moment
2. Motivation educational activities, defining goals and objectives
lesson
3. Updating of basic knowledge (connection with the course of universal
stories)
4. Studying new material.
1.Silver Age" of Russia and the development of culture of the Donetsk region.
2. Education, education and philanthropy in the Donetsk region.
3. Development of sports in Donbass at the beginning of the twentieth century.
4. Personalities of the “Silver Age” in the Donetsk region.
Epigraph of the lesson “There is only one eternal commandment - to live in
beauty, no matter what"
D. Merezhkovsky.
Tutorial
History of Russia 9th grade, textbook for general education
organizations ed. A.V.Torkunova, in 2 parts - M.: Enlightenment,
2016
Equipment and materials
Notebooks, school board, media projector
Planned educational results
Subject
Metasubject
Personal
Will learn:
Characterize
level
development of the education system
in Donbass;
names the names of patrons and
their contribution to the development of culture
Cognitive: apply knowledge to establish causality
investigative connections and historical analogies, work with documents,
predict possible variants of historical events, sum up
results and draw conclusions. define essential characteristics
the object being studied, independently select criteria for comparison,
comparison, evaluation and classification of objects constitute a brief

Motivation
Receive
To
manifestation
active
civic position, consciously
determine their social
belonging,
own
phenomena
attitude

modern life.
abstract
Communicative: extract necessary information from sources,
created in various sign systems (text, table, audiovisual
series, etc.), separate basic information from secondary information, critically
evaluate the reliability of the information received, convey the content
information adequate for the purpose (concise, complete, selective),
translate information from one sign system to another (from text to
table, from audiovisual series into text, etc.), select symbolic
systems adequate to the cognitive and communicative situation.
Regulatory: objectively evaluate their educational achievements,
demonstrate the ability and willingness to consider other people's opinions
when determining one’s own position and self-esteem.

Donetsk region;
knows the names of the representatives
"silver
century",
outstanding athletes of the region,
their achievements
can concisely or schematically
outline the main events
describes
everyday
life of Donbass residents
front and rear;
characteristics
gives
outstanding
figures
culture of this period and
assessment of their activities;
analyzes and summarizes
information on specific
topic.
They will receive
learn to:
identify
historical
patterns, confirming
their specific facts and
events;
correlate economic
factors and changes,
happening in life
person.
opportunity

Subject and methodological content of the lesson
Actions
Teacher activities
Student activities
I. Organizational moment (2 3 min.)
Didactic task: preparing students for productive learning activities.

Lesson organization.
Greets students and notes
absent,
configures
students for a fruitful and
creative work.

Greet the teachers and check their readiness for
lesson, get ready for work.
II. Motivation of educational activities, determination of the purpose and objectives of the lesson
Didactic task of the stage: creating a favorable psychological microclimate, motivating students to master new
knowledge
Voice acting
lesson
Formulate lesson objectives independently

Topics,
Announces the topic of the lesson, reads it out
the epigraph offers to explain it,
express your personal opinion (see add.
materials), names the purpose of the lesson
III. Updating of reference knowledge
Didactic task of the stage: to check the level of preparation of students to perceive new material
Reception "Associative"
row"
Called known facts, names of patrons and their contribution to
development of culture of the Donetsk region; names of representatives
"Silver Age", outstanding athletes of the region, their
achievements
Suggests writing about the topic of the lesson in
column words associations related
with the topic of the lesson. Leave a note on
board, explain the new topic, at the end
lesson go back, add something
or erase.
IV. Setting a new learning task
The didactic task of the stage: mastering new knowledge and learning tools.
Lecture, work with
documents
Raises a problematic question, sets out
factual material accompanying
demonstration of photographic materials (see
in additional materials),
offers
read the documents and find
answer to a problematic question
Take part in the conversation during the lecture, do
conclusions about the conditions and level of development of the system
education in Donbass; philanthropy in the Donetsk region.
Development of sports in Donbass at the beginning of the twentieth century. Make up a short
abstract
V. Solving the problem

The didactic task of the stage: to test the knowledge, skills and abilities of students based on new material, to consolidate new material,
prepare students for homework.
1.
. “Silver Age” of Russia and the development of culture of the Donetsk region.
Working with notes

documents,
Sets a task: using excerpts
from
define
historical conditions of development
cultural life of Donbass at the beginning of the twentieth
century

They determine whether the territory of a region belongs to
administrative units Russian Empire, do
conclusions about the influence of Russian culture on cultural
development of the region. Make a short summary
2. Enlightenment, education and philanthropy in the Donetsk region.
"Restoration",
With
A game
Job

additional
material
Raises a problematic question: Do you agree?
whether students are of the opinion that development
enlightenment and education in
Donetsk region was associated with
economic and industrial
development of the region,
answered him
requirements.
The task is to get acquainted with
additional
material
textbook and identify the main
trends in the development of education in the region
in the beginning. XX century

3 Development of sports in Donbass at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Work with documents,
photos

familiarize
Offers
With
documents, photographs (see in
additional materials),
basis
materials to draw conclusions about
development of sports
on
Voice their thoughts on the main directions
cultural Donbass, provide facts and arguments in
confirmation.
Work with additional material, study
material on the development of education and enlightenment in
Donetsk region. Remember the names of Donetsk patrons of the arts
edges, determine their historical role (
Familiarize yourself with the contents of the document and make a brief
entry into the notes on the development of sports in the Donetsk region in
early twentieth century
4. Personalities of the “Silver Age” in the Donetsk region.
Virtual excursion Offers a virtual tour Get acquainted with outstanding cultural figures

tour and get to know
outstanding cultural figures
Donetsk region at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Donetsk region at the beginning of the twentieth century. and draw conclusions about them
contribution to the development of culture
VI. Reflection
The didactic task of the stage: to summarize the lesson, answer a problematic question, encourage students.

Ask questions to the teacher, clarify unclear points.
Draw general conclusions on the topic.
Voice their answers to a problematic question,
summarize the material studied.
Reception “Thoughts in
time"
The teacher names key words.
lesson topics (you can use
words written earlier on the board
associations. Within 1 minute
students need to continuously
write down your thoughts
"come to mind" and are associated with
given word. After
time. Students read notes about
myself. Then mentally answer
next questions.

What I have written has or does not have
meaning for me?
Knowledge assessment.
Analyzes student work on
lesson, evaluates.
Do self-assessment of work in class
VII. Lesson summary. Homework (2 – 3 min.)
The didactic task of the stage: provide instructions on how to complete homework, motivate students to complete it.
Formulation
homework.

Write down homework in diaries, clarify
unclear points. When preparing homework
the student can use additional
sources...
Writes homework on the board
task, explains what is needed
do:
Read your notes on it
basis
syncwine
"Cultural life of Donbass
beginning of the twentieth century"
draw up

Additional material
Game "Restoration":
This game develops one of the important didactic skills - the ability to take notes. A summary is a short summary of the material.
Firstly, you need to learn to shorten words, highlight the main thing and avoid the unimportant; secondly, you need to be able to
decipher the synopsis, that is, from a short recording, reconstruct the entire text as close as possible to the original. For playing on the board
a short summary is written with abbreviations, without periods, without commas, with missing words. Students need to reconstruct the text.
Technique “Thoughts in Time”
A reflective technique that promotes the development of the ability to comprehend one’s experience and give a personal assessment of the experience being lived.
The teacher names the key word. as a rule, it is closely related to the topic of the lesson. For 1 minute, students must continuously
write down your thoughts that “come to mind” and are associated with a given word. After time has passed. Students read the notes to themselves.
Then mentally answer the following questions.
Why did I write down these particular words?
What was I thinking when I wrote these words?
What would I like to change in the records?
Does what I write have or does not matter to me?
Materials for teachers and students’ independent work
Lecture material
"SILVER AGE" OF RUSSIAN CULTURE
Education. The modernization process included not only fundamental changes in the socio-economic and political spheres, but
and a significant increase in literacy and educational level of the population. To the credit of the government, they took this need into account.
Government spending on public education increased more than 5-fold from 1900 to 1915. The main focus was on initial
school. The government intended to introduce universal elementary education. However, school reform was carried out
inconsistent. Several types of primary schools have survived, the most common being parish schools (in 1905 they
there were about 43 thousand). The number of zemstvo primary schools has increased. In 1904 there were 20.7 thousand, and in 1914 28.2 thousand. In 1900 in
More than 2.5 million students studied in primary schools of the Ministry of Public Education, and in 1914 there were already about 6 million. It began

restructuring of the secondary education system. The number of gymnasiums and secondary schools grew. The number of hours in gymnasiums increased,
allocated for the study of subjects of the natural and mathematical cycle. Graduates of real schools were given the right to enter higher education
technical educational institutions, and after passing the exam in Latin language to the physics and mathematics faculties of universities. By
On the initiative of entrepreneurs, commercial 78-year-old schools were created, which provided general education and special
preparation. In them, unlike gymnasiums and real schools, joint education of boys and girls was introduced. In 1913 at 250
55 thousand people studied in commercial schools, which were under the auspices of commercial and industrial capital, including 10
thousand girls. The number of secondary specialized educational institutions has increased: industrial, technical, railway, mining,
land surveying, agricultural, etc. The network of higher educational institutions has expanded: new technical universities have appeared in St. Petersburg,
Novocherkassk, Tomsk. A university was opened in Saratov. To ensure primary school reform in Moscow and St. Petersburg
pedagogical institutes were opened, as well as over 30 higher women's courses, which laid the foundation for women's mass access to
higher education. By 1914, there were about 100 institutions of higher education, with approximately 130 thousand students. At
In this case, over 60% of students did not belong to the noble class. However, despite advances in education, 3/4 of the population
the country remained illiterate. Due to high tuition fees, secondary and higher schools were inaccessible to a significant part of the population
Russia. 43 kopecks were spent on education. per capita, while in England and Germany it is about 4 rubles, in the USA 7 rubles. (in terms of
with our money).
The science. Russia's entry into the era of industrialization was marked by successes in the development of science. At the beginning of the 20th century. the country has made a significant contribution
in world scientific and technological progress, which was called the “revolution in natural science”, since the discoveries made during this period
led to a revision of established ideas about the world around us. Physicist P. N. Lebedev was the first in the world to establish general
patterns inherent in wave processes of various natures (sound, electromagnetic, hydraulic, etc.)" made other
discoveries in the field of wave physics. He created the first physics school in Russia. A number of outstanding discoveries in theory and practice
aircraft construction was done by N. E. Zhukovsky. Zhukovsky’s student and colleague was the outstanding mechanic and mathematician S. A. Chaplygin.U
The origins of modern cosmonautics were a nugget, a teacher at the Kaluga gymnasium K. E. Tsiolkovsky. In 1903 he published a series
brilliant works that substantiated the possibility of space flights and determined ways to achieve this goal. Outstanding scientist V.I.
Vernadsky gained worldwide fame thanks to his encyclopedic works, which served as the basis for the emergence of new scientific
directions in geochemistry, biochemistry, radiology. His teachings on the biosphere and noosphere laid the foundation for modern ecology. Innovation
the ideas he expressed are fully realized only now, when the world finds itself on the brink of an environmental catastrophe. An unprecedented surge
characterized by research in the field of biology, psychology, and human physiology. I. P. Pavlov created the doctrine of the higher nervous
activities, about conditioned reflexes. In 1904 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his research in physiology
digestion. In 1908, the Nobel Prize was awarded to biologist I. I. Mechnikov for his work on immunology and infectious diseases.
The beginning of the 20th century was the heyday of Russian historical science. The largest experts in the field national history were V.O.
Klyuchevsky, A. A. Kornilov, N. P. Pavlov Silvansky, S. F. Platonov. Problems of general history were dealt with by P. G. Vinogradov, R. Yu.
Vipper, E. V. Tarle. The Russian school of Oriental studies gained worldwide fame. The beginning of the century was marked by the appearance of works

representatives of original Russian religious and philosophical thought (N. A. Berdyaev, S. N. Bulgakov, V. S. Solovyov, P. A. Florensky and
etc.). The so-called Russian idea, the problem of the originality of the historical path of Russia, occupied a large place in the works of philosophers.
the uniqueness of its spiritual life, the special purpose of Russia in the world. At the beginning of the 20th century. Scientific and technical societies were popular. They
united scientists, practitioners, amateur enthusiasts and existed on contributions from its members and private donations. Some received
small government subsidies. The most famous were: Free Economic Society (it was founded back in 1765),
Society of History and Antiquities (1804), Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (1811), Geographical, Technical, Physical
chemical, botanical, metallurgical, several medical, agricultural, etc. These societies were not only
centers of scientific research work, but also widely disseminated scientific and technical knowledge among the population. Characteristic feature
The scientific life of that time included congresses of naturalists, doctors, engineers, lawyers, archaeologists, etc.
Literature. First decade of the 20th century. entered the history of Russian culture under the name of the “Silver Age”. It was a time of unprecedented
the flourishing of all types of creative activity, the birth of new trends in art, the emergence of a galaxy of brilliant names that have become
the pride of not only Russian, but world culture. The most revealing image of the “Silver Age” appeared in literature. With one
On the other hand, the writers’ works maintained stable traditions of critical realism. Tolstoy in his last works
works raised the problem of individual resistance to ossified norms of life ("The Living Corpse", "Father Sergius", "After the Ball"). His
letters of appeal to Nicholas II, journalistic articles are imbued with pain and anxiety for the fate of the country, the desire to influence
power, block the road to evil and protect all the oppressed. The main idea of ​​Tolstoy's journalism is the impossibility of eliminating evil.
violence. During these years, A.P. Chekhov created the plays “Three Sisters” and “The Cherry Orchard,” in which he reflected important events in society
changes. Socially sensitive subjects were also favored by young writers. I. A. Bunin examined not only the external side
processes taking place in the countryside (stratification of the peasantry, gradual withering away of the nobility), but also psychological
the consequences of these phenomena, how they influenced the souls of Russian people ("Village", "Sukhodol", a cycle of "peasant" stories). A. I. Kuprin
showed the unsightly side of army life: the lack of rights of soldiers, the emptiness and lack of spirituality of the “gentlemen officers” (“The Duel”). One
One of the new phenomena in literature was the reflection in it of the life and struggle of the proletariat. The initiator of this topic was A. M. Gorky (“Enemies”,
"Mother"). In the first decade of the 20th century. a whole galaxy of talented “peasant” poets came to Russian poetry: S. A. Yesenin, N. A. Klyuev,
S. A. Klychkov. At the same time, the voice of representatives of the new generation of realism began to sound, protesting
against the main principle of realistic art of direct depiction of the surrounding world. According to the ideologists of this
generations, art, being a synthesis of two opposing principles of matter and spirit, is capable of not only “displaying”, but also “transforming”
existing world, create new reality. The founders of a new direction in art were the Symbolist poets, who declared
war on the materialistic worldview, arguing that faith and religion are the cornerstone of human existence and art. They
believed that poets are endowed with the ability to connect with the transcendental world through artistic symbols. Initially
symbolism took the form of decadence. This term meant a mood of decadence, melancholy and hopelessness, sharply expressed
individualism. These features were characteristic of the early poetry of K. D. Balmont, A. A. Blok, V. Ya. Bryusov. After 1909 a new stage begins
in the development of symbolism. It takes on Slavophile tones, demonstrates contempt for the “rationalistic” West, and foreshadows

the death of Western civilization, including official Russia. At the same time, he turns to the spontaneous forces of the people,
to Slavic paganism, tries to penetrate the depths of the Russian soul and sees the roots of the “second birth” in Russian folk life
countries. These motifs sounded especially vividly in the works of Blok (the poetic cycles “On the Kulikovo Field”, “Motherland”) and A. Bely
(“Silver Dove”, “Petersburg”). Russian symbolism has become a global phenomenon. It is with this that the concept is primarily associated
"silver Age". Opponents of the Symbolists were the Acmeists (from the Greek “acme”, the highest degree of something, flowering power). They denied
the mystical aspirations of the symbolists, proclaimed the intrinsic value of real life, called for returning words to their original meaning,
freeing from symbolic interpretations. The main criterion for assessing creativity for acmeists (N. S. Gumilyov, A. A. Akhmatova, O. E.
Mandelstam) had impeccable aesthetic taste, beauty and elegance artistic word. Russian artistic culture began
XX century experienced the influence of avant-gardeism that originated in the West and embraced all types of art. This trend has included various
artistic movements that announced their break with traditional cultural values ​​and proclaimed the ideas of creating
"new art". Prominent representatives of the Russian avant-garde were the futurists (from the Latin "futurum" - future). Their poetry was different
increased attention not to the content, but to the form of poetic construction. The futurists' program installations were focused on
causing anti-aesthetics. In their works they used vulgar vocabulary, professional jargon, document language,
posters and posters. Collections of Futurist poems bore characteristic titles: “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste”, “Dead Moon”, etc.
Russian futurism was represented by several poetic groups. The most prominent names were collected by the St. Petersburg group
"Gilea" V. Khlebnikov, D. D. Burlyuk, V. V. Mayakovsky, A. E. Kruchenykh, V. V. Kamensky. The collections enjoyed stunning success
poems and public speeches by I. Severyanin.
Painting. Similar processes took place in Russian painting. Representatives of the realistic school held strong positions,
The Society of Itinerants operated. I. E. Repin completed the grandiose canvas “Meeting of the State Council” in 1906. IN
In revealing the events of the past, V.I. Surikov was primarily interested in the people as a historical force, the creative principle in man.
The realistic foundations of creativity were also preserved by M. V. Nesterov. However, the trendsetter was the style called “modern”.
Modernist quests affected the work of such major realist artists as K. A. Korovin, V. A. Serov. Proponents of this
directions united in the society "World of Art". "Miriskusnik" took a critical position towards the Peredvizhniki, believing that
that the latter, performing a function uncharacteristic of art, harmed Russian painting. Art, in their opinion, is
an independent sphere of human activity, and it should not depend on political and social influences. Over a long period
(the association arose in 1898 and existed intermittently until 1924) the “World of Art” included almost all the largest Russian
artists A. N. Benois, L. S. Bakst, B. M. Kustodiev, E. E. Lansere, F. A. Malyavin, N. K. Roerich, K. A. Somov. "World of Art" left
a deep imprint on the development of not only painting, but also opera, ballet, decorative art, art criticism, and exhibition business. IN
In 1907, an exhibition entitled “Blue Rose” was opened in Moscow, in which 16 artists took part (P.V. Kuznetsov, N.N.
Sapunov, M. S. Saryan, etc.). These were seeking youth, striving to find their individuality in the synthesis of Western experience and
national traditions. Representatives of the "Blue Rose" were closely associated with symbolist poets, whose performance was
an indispensable attribute of opening days. But symbolism in Russian painting has never been a single stylistic direction. It included,

for example, such different artists in their style as M.A. Vrubel, K.S. PetrovVodkin and others. A number of the greatest masters V.V.
Kandinsky, A.V. Lentulov, M. Z. Chagall, P.N. Filonov and others entered the history of world culture as representatives of unique styles,
combining avant-garde trends with Russian national traditions.
Sculpture. Sculpture also experienced a creative upsurge during this period. Her awakening had a lot to do with trends
impressionism. P. P. Trubetskoy achieved significant success on this path of renewal. His sculptural works became widely known.
portraits of L. N. Tolstoy, S. Yu. Witte, F. I. Chaliapin and others. The monument became an important milestone in the history of Russian monumental sculpture
Alexander III, opened in St. Petersburg in October 1909. It was conceived as a kind of antipode to another great monument, “Copper
rider" by E. Falcone. The combination of impressionism and modernist trends characterizes the work of A. S. Golubkina. At the same time, the main
A feature of her works is not the display of a specific image or fact of life, but the creation of a generalized phenomenon: “Old Age”
(1898), “The Walking Man” (1903), “Soldier” (1907), “Sleepers” (1912), etc. He left a significant mark on Russian art of the “Silver Age”
S. T. Konenkov. His sculpture embodied the continuity of the traditions of realism in new directions. He went through infatuation
the works of Michelangelo ("Samson Breaking the Chains"), Russian folk wooden sculpture ("Lesovik", "Beggar Brethren"),
peredvizhniki traditions ("The Stonebreaker"), traditional realistic portraits ("A.P. Chekhov"). And with all this, Konenkov
remained a master of bright creative individuality. In general, the Russian sculptural school was little affected by avant-garde
trends, did not develop such a complex range of innovative aspirations characteristic of painting.
Architecture. In the second half of the 19th century. new opportunities opened up for architecture. This was due to technological progress.
The rapid growth of cities, their industrial equipment, the development of transport, changes in public life demanded new architectural
decisions; Not only in the capitals, but also in provincial cities, train stations, restaurants, shops, markets, theaters and bank buildings were built.
At the same time, the traditional construction of palaces, mansions, and estates continued. The main problem architecture began to search for something new
style. And just like in painting, the new direction in architecture was called “modern”. One of the features of this direction
Stylization of Russian architectural motifs became the so-called neo-Russian style. The most famous architect, creativity
who largely determined the development of Russian, especially Moscow Art Nouveau, was F. O. Shekhtel. At the beginning of his work he
relied not on Russian, but on medieval Gothic models. The mansion of manufacturer S.P. Ryabushinsky was built in this style (1900
1902). Subsequently, Shekhtel more than once turned to the traditions of Russian wooden architecture. In this regard, the building is very indicative
Yaroslavsky railway station in Moscow (19021904). In subsequent activities, the architect gets closer and closer to the direction received
the name "rationalistic modernism", which is characterized by a significant simplification of architectural forms and structures. The most
significant buildings reflecting this trend were the Ryabushinsky bank (1903), the printing house of the newspaper "Morning of Russia" (1907). Together with
those along with the architects" new wave"admirers of neoclassicism (I.V. Zholtovsky) held significant positions, as well as
masters who use the technique of mixing different architectural styles (eclecticism). The most significant in this regard was
architectural design of the Metropol Hotel building in Moscow (1900), built according to the design of V. F. Walcott.
Music, ballet, theater, cinema. Beginning of the 20th century this is the time of the creative rise of the great Russian composers and innovators A.N.
Scriabin, I.F. Stravinsky, S.I. Taneyev, S.V. Rachmaninov. In their creativity they tried to go beyond the traditional

classical music, create new musical forms and images. Musical performance has also reached significant growth.
culture. The Russian vocal school was represented by the names of outstanding opera singers F. I. Chaliapin, A. V. Nezhdanova, L. V.
Sobinova, I.V. Ershova. By the beginning of the 20th century. Russian ballet took leading positions in world choreographic art. Russian ballet school
relied on the academic traditions of the late 19th century, on the stage productions of the outstanding choreographer M.I. that became classics.
Petipa. At the same time, Russian ballet has not escaped new trends. Young directors A. A. Gorsky and M. I. Fokin as opposed to aesthetics
academicism put forward the principle of picturesqueness, according to which not only
choreographer and composer, but also an artist. The ballets of Gorsky and Fokine were staged in the scenery of K. A. Korovin, A. N. Benois, L. S. Bakst, N.
K. Roerich. The Russian ballet school of the “Silver Age” gave the world a galaxy of brilliant dancers: A. T. Pavlov, T. T. Karsavin, V. F.
Nijinsky and others. A remarkable feature of the culture of the early 20th century. became the works of outstanding theater directors. K. S. Stanislavsky,
founder of psychological acting school, believed that the future of theater is in-depth psychological realism, in solving super problems
actor's transformation. V. E. Meyerhold conducted searches in the field of theatrical convention, generalization, and the use of elements
folk booth and mask theater. E. B. Vakhtangov preferred expressive, spectacular, joyful performances. At the beginning of the 20th century. All
The tendency towards combining different types of creative activity became more clearly evident. At the head of this process was the "World of Art",
uniting in its ranks not only artists, but also poets, philosophers, and musicians. In 1908-1913 S. P. Diaghilev organized in
Paris, London, Rome and other capitals of Western Europe "Russian Seasons", presented by ballet and opera performances,
theatrical painting, music, etc. In the first decade of the 20th century. in Russia, following France, a new type of art appeared
cinema. In 1903, the first “electric theaters” and “illusions” appeared, and by 1914 about 4 thousand cinemas had already been built. In 1908
The first Russian feature film “Stenka Razin and the Princess” was shot, and in 1911 the first full-length film “Defense”
Sevastopol." Cinematography developed rapidly and became very popular. In 1914, there were about 30
domestic film companies. And although the bulk of film production consisted of films with primitive melodramatic plots,
World-famous film figures appeared: director Ya. A. Protazanov, actors I. I. Mozzhukhin, V. V. Kholodnaya, A. G. Koonen.
The undoubted merit of cinema was its accessibility to all segments of the population. Russian films, created mainly as
film adaptations of classical works became the first sign in the formation of “mass culture” as an indispensable attribute
bourgeois society.
Additional material for studying and drawing up a scientific report
Education
The education system in the region consisted mostly of zemstvo, parish, ministerial, factory,
railway schools. Thus, in 1910, in Bakhmut and Mariupol districts there were 304 and 240 rural villages, respectively.
primary schools, in Bakhmut - 14 and Mariupol - 25. In total, about 43 thousand children aged 8 to 15 years studied. Predominant
the type of primary school was zemstvo one-class schools - 264. By 1913, there were already 644 primary schools operating in the counties

establishments. On average, about 70% of the total number of school-age children studied in schools. In 1912, higher primary schools were established
schools. They replaced outdated city schools. They provided for a four-year course of study (based on a one-class
primary school). An attempt was made to bring the programs of higher primary schools closer to those of secondary schools. In Bakhmutskoye
and Mariupol districts during 1912-1913. 6 higher primary schools were opened. Vocational training at the beginning of the 20th century
V. carried out 26 special vocational schools, courses and classes. Not only industry and transport needed
professional personnel, they were also required by trade. At the beginning of the 20th century. Commercial schools began to be created in the Donbass. They
functioned in Yuzovka and Slavyansk. The eight-grade commercial school of the Yuzovsky society "Prosveshcheniye" opened in 1909
d. It belonged to the category of secondary educational institutions and aimed to provide students with general secondary and commercial education.
Boys of all classes and religions were accepted into the school. In 1912, a special building was built for the school. In him
there were 13 classrooms, special rooms for physics, chemistry and natural science lessons, an assembly hall and a library,
which subscribed to about 20 magazines, and its book collection was replenished annually with approximately three thousand copies. In first grade
Children 1112 years old and who had the knowledge to enter the first grade of real schools were accepted. The age limit for graduates was
2021 Education at a commercial school was paid, but there was also a “Regulation on free education vacancies” - for
children of poor parents who were allocated 30 scholarships (5 of 100 rubles each; 10 of 75 rubles each; 15 of 50 rubles each) - a total of 2 thousand rubles per
year. The network of secondary educational institutions continued to expand. There were 19 public and private gymnasiums in the region and
progymnasiums, three real schools. Secondary education was gradually democratized. In real schools and gymnasiums they studied and
peasant children (usually from wealthy families). Naturally, the expansion of the network of educational institutions influenced the increase in the overall
literacy level of the population. However, on the eve of the First World War, the literacy rate of the population on Ukrainian lands consisting of
The Russian Empire did not even reach the national average - 30%. Teaching was conducted only in Russian. More
Moreover, compulsory primary education was not introduced until 1917. Although universal education was introduced in England and Italy
in the 70s XIX century, in France - in the early 80s. The network of libraries is expanding. By the end of the 19th century, it was estimated
The Ekaterinoslav zemstvo began to contribute 4,000 rubles annually, 500 rubles for each district for opening at the expense of the provincial
Zemstvos each have two libraries and reading rooms. Libraries were organized according to the regional principle. The county was divided into districts, in the center of which
there should have been a large reading library in a separate room, with a specialist librarian. Annual maintenance
Reading libraries cost the district zemstvos 220,300 rubles. So, in Mariupol district in 1907. operated 17
library reading rooms, which contained 10,580 volumes of books. The largest number of books was in Sartan (1054 volumes) and Urzuf
(1006) libraries and reading rooms. Most of the schools in Mariupol and Bakhmut districts also had student and teacher
libraries. In addition, teacher libraries named after. Pushkin.And, although the number of opening
libraries were insufficient, they contributed to the expansion and deepening of the educational level of the population, the development of knowledge,
received at school.
Charity

A characteristic feature of the life of the population in the second half of the 19th century. - early 20th century there was charity, i.e. helping those in need with
sides public organizations, government agencies, churches and private individuals. It was caused by various motives:
compassion, awareness of solidarity between members of society, moral views, patriotism, the desire to receive
gratitude from the government, which encouraged charity. The oldest form of charity was
alms and charity for the poor, who were considered good pilgrims. In 1876, the Mariupol charitable
a society whose goal was “to provide means to improve the material and moral condition of the poor.” Facilities
the society consisted of annual membership fees in the amount of 3 rubles, subsidies from the city government, fees from concerts, performances,
evenings and private donations. The society provided those in need with a permanent benefit in the amount of 50,120 rubles and
one-time payment - from 80 to 200 rubles. According to available data, in 1893 there were 184 people in the society. Throughout the end of the 19th -
beginning of the 20th century Various charitable societies functioned in Mariupol: “Guardianship of Empress Maria
Alexandrovna about the blind”, “Guardianship of Empress Maria about the deaf-mutes”, “Russian Red Cross Society”,
“Skobelevsky Committee for the issuance of benefits to soldiers who lost the ability to work in the war”, “Society for Universal Relief
to soldiers injured in the war and their families", "Society for Relief in Shipwrecks", "Mariupol Branch
Trustee Society about Prisons.” Significant funds were allocated to help children. Thus, in Mariupol it was created
"Mariupol branch of the Ekaterinoslav Society for the Care of Children." Using the support of the City Duma, it opened
“nursery shelter”, cared for the poor students of the city’s primary schools. The Mariupol city government allocated this society for 1899
300 rubles, and in 1910 - 1000. The Duma provided significant support to the “Society for Mutual Assistance to Students and
who taught in primary public schools of the Ekaterinoslav province", as well as the "Society for Aid to Sick, Insufficient Students
in higher educational institutions of Kharkov." In addition, the city councils annually awarded scholarships to youth studying in
educational institutions of Mariupol, Kharkov, Moscow, St. Petersburg. Private donors played a large role in charity. So,
In Bakhmut, the landowners Pleshcheevs were particularly charitable. The orphanage they founded housed 72 orphan boys.
The shelter farm had 90 hectares of land. Bedrooms, a dining room, 2 classrooms, evening study and game rooms, carpentry and
blacksmith workshops. The shelter had 2 orchestras (string and brass). Abramovich's heirs in 1896-1899 allocated 1000 annually
1,500 rubles for the pavements of Bakhmut. Almshouses (nursing homes) are opened and maintained using the funds of patrons. For example, on
capital and interest from them of the collegiate adviser A. Koptev, noblewoman P. Kurdyumova in the amount of 1450 rubles was supported by the city
almshouse. In 1895, merchant Kuzmin built a stone house for the almshouse. In 1909, the Bakhmut City Duma founded
“Nadezhdinskaya” almshouse from the “capital bequeathed by General Nadezhda Ilyinichna Mazhnaya” in Ilyinovka and
Berkhovka. Funds are also allocated for the development of healthcare. For example, in 1894-1897. with money from the “Hereditary Honorary
Citizen of the city” A.D. Kharajaev, who donated 30 thousand rubles, the building of the Mariupol city hospital was built.
Since the founding of zemstvos, zemstvo charity has also begun to develop. Zemstvos in 1890 spent on charity, not counting
expenses for medical care, 10% of your budget, or 3 million rubles. Under the Bakhmut zemstvo there was a benefit fund
gymnasium students. A lottery held in October 1909 in the People's House immediately gave 9.3 thousand rubles. Zemstvos were distributed free of charge

seeds and seedlings to church parishes, rural schools, peasants for afforestation of ravines and sands. Library maintenance annually
The reading room cost the district zemstvos 220,300 rubles. The Bakhmut district zemstvo helped chronically ill people: tuberculosis patients
they sent free of charge to Yalta, rheumatic patients to Sochi and Slavyansk, disabled children to special schools.
Development of sports
The end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries is the time of the emergence of sport in its modern sense.
The first clubs to appear in the Donbass were cycling clubs. These are the “Circle of Slavic Scooters”, “Yuzovskoye Velosipedno”
Athletic Society" (SEAD), Societies of cycling enthusiasts in Druzhkovka, Mariupol. To practice this sport in Yuzovka and
Cycling tracks were built in Mariupol, where all-Russian and international competitions were held. Champions performed here
the world Frenchman Metrov, from Russia - Butylkin. Bike rides and multi-day races were also held. In contrast to the expensive and
technically complex cycling, more democratic weightlifting and wrestling were very popular in Donbass. First
The weightlifting coach was engineer V.D. Danchich, who equipped the gym in Yuzovka. Anyone could participate in the section.
In Yuzovka there was an athletic section for workers and a sports circle in the apartment of the 1903 Russian weightlifting champion P.
Grishchenko. The Sanitas circle was opened in Mariupol, the participants of which - athletes N. Yaroshchuk, Y. Tsaritsyn and others - received recognition
the country's sports community. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, there was no sports discipline more popular in the Donetsk region than
football. Football teams were formed in Mariupol - “Nikopol” and “Russian Providence”, in Bakhmut, Yenakievo, Konstantinovka,
Slavyansk, Kramatorsk, Druzhkovka, Makeevka, in Yuzovka - “USO”. The initiators of "USO" were British employees, in it
included 200 people. In the spring of 1913, in Konstantinovka, sports societies were united into the Donetsk Basin Football League.
The credit for creating the League belongs to Vufel, the leader of the Kramatorsk Sports Society. The League began to hold Cup competitions
Donbass. The development of sports went in other directions, societies involved in rowing, tennis, golf, equestrian sports were opened,
chess, speed skating, gymnastics, swimming. Between 1913 and 1915 a yacht club began to function in Mariupol.
Thus, in a short period of time, sport became an integral part of the cultural life of the region. According to some indicators, Donetsk athletes and
organizations have reached the level of leading centers of physical culture in Russia. The origin of the physical culture and sports movement in our region
happened in the early 19th century. XX century The most popular types sports of that time were: cycling, weightlifting, gymnastics, wrestling and
football. At the beginning of the twentieth century, international football meetings were already held in our city, and there were various sports
society. In 1901, for example, a cyclodrome (cycle track) was built in Yuzovka. In the autumn of 1901, on the new concrete paths,
The first training rides for cyclists were held. In those distant years, the cyclodrome was a unique phenomenon.

In October 1911, the vice-governor of the Yekaterinoslav province, chamberlain Tatishchev, granted the request to open Yuzovsky
sports society - it was the first regular sports society. In 1915 it had 200 members. Society developed
various sports, but the main thing for him was the favorite game of the British - football.
Enlighteners of the Donetsk region:

1883) belonged to the senior branch of his ancient
Nikolai Alexandrovich Korf (1834
–
to the Baltic states, and so they began Russian nobles. In the family
Germanic family. In the 15th century his ancestors moved
personalities - governors, ambassadors, generals, members of the state
Nikolai Alexandrovich had enough outstanding
Alexander boarding house, Nikolai Korf chose his
advice. At the age of 14, while studying at a private
After graduating, he served in the ministry for a year and a half
further occupation is “serving the people.” After
Neskuchnoye, married a neighbor’s daughter. Korf had children.
Justice. And then he left the service and went to the village
useful to the people, and enjoyed a quiet family life. But not
At first glance, the baron has given up his dreams of being
French, German languages. He also had literary talent. A
there it was. Korf himself knew English perfectly,
region, organizing a new type of school - zemstvo. In their,
also talent public figure. Korf traveled around
He abolished corporal punishment in Korfov schools.
He himself wrote a reading book for schoolchildren, “Our Friend,” and
other children's books, which were then actively used in Russian schools. He visited schools, checked the knowledge of students and the work of teachers.
He delved into all the problems, right down to the lack of firewood for heating. Knowing how much depends on the personality of the teacher at school, I studied
training young teachers, conducted exemplary lessons for them. Through the efforts of the restless baron in the Mariupol district of people
in 14 years there were three times as many schools as there were at the time the county was created. By the way, the first libraries also appeared in Donbass
thanks to Baron Corfu. The life of the baron, which he dedicated to his children, lasted only 49 years. History has placed him on a par with his
famous ancestors, generals and statesmen. A museum of Korf and a theater director was created in the Neskuchnoye estate
Nemirovich Danchenko. Why a “double” museum? The director was Nikolai Alexandrovich's son-in-law. From Corfu there are also the oldest
Today, the rural libraries of Donbass are Vremevskaya and Staromayorskaya.

1920).
Khristina Danilovna Alchevskaya (1841
Khristina Danilovna was born on
Chernihiv region, in the town of Borzna in the family of a city teacher
schools. She was taught science and manners by her mother, Annetta Wubch, a student of the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens. In 1869 she married
banker and industrialist Alexander Alchevsky. Kh. Alchevskaya transferred to the upbringing of her children the store of knowledge embedded in her
parents. An educated and modern woman, she was represented in the most enlightened circles of the time. She was corresponding
with many outstanding people of her era, she was friends with many. Her talents were highly valued by Leo Tolstoy, and with Ivan Franko they used to
argued heatedly. About who is considered a true patriot. She devoted more than half a century to the cause of educating the people, developing effective
adult learning methods. Organized and maintained in 1862-1919. private Sunday school for girls (officially opened in 1870),
where she taught and participated in teacher training (more than 100 teachers worked for free). Popularized the Ukrainian language,
folk song, creativity of T. Shevchenko. In her Kharkov estate, for the first time in the world in 1899, a bust of T. Shevchenko was installed
sculptor V. Beklemishev. In 1870, Khristina Danilovna again opened a free women's Sunday school in Kharkov, which
kept it at her own expense, and also founded a school for adults in the village of Alekseevka, Slavyano-Serbian district, Ekaterinoslav province.
Alchevskaya led the team of authors in creating the 3-volume manual “What should the people read?” (1884-1906), and in 1900 released
"A book for adults." Khristina Danilovna was a participant in pedagogical expositions at all-Russian and international exhibitions in
Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod- 1895, 1896, Paris - 1889, 1900, Chicago - 1893. She was elected vice-president of the International League
formations.bound by ice. Only in September 1913 was Sedov able to continue his journey north. In mid-September the ship approached the shores
Franz Joseph Lands. There was a second winter here. There was no fuel. The steam boilers on the ship went out. Frost has set in. Stoves
they drowned them with fragments of boxes and pieces of fat from sea animals - walruses. From poor nutrition, many sailors fell ill with scurvy: they became swollen
gums, teeth were loose. Sedov also fell ill. Despite this, he began to intensively prepare for the journey on dogs. To the North Pole
Sedov came out with two sailors. The road turned out to be very difficult: a storm blew up snowdrifts, and the sleds got stuck in deep, loose snow.
Seven days have passed. Sedov's health became worse and worse. The weather did not improve. The transitions became more difficult day by day. Sedov
lay in a sleeping bag on a sled and often lost consciousness. Coming to his senses, he anxiously took up the compass. Sedov was tormented by the thought that
sailors may lose their way or turn back. 3 weeks have passed. Sedov lost his last strength and died. The sailors buried him on
Cape Auk o. Rudolf, and they themselves set off on the return journey. Sedov never reached the Pole. But his journey brought great benefits.
He compiled maps of the places he visited and collected valuable information about the nature of the Arctic Ocean. In the name of G.Ya. Sedov named
two bays and a peak on Novaya Zemlya, a glacier and a cape on Franz Josef Land, an island in the Barents Sea, a cape in Antarctica and an icebreaker
steamship "Georgy Sedov". In 1940, the village of Krivaya Kosa became the village of Sedovo. A museum of the brave polar explorer was opened here in 1990.
researcher.

Vasily Vasilievich Dokuchaev, famous geologist, creator of soil science
– soil science (1846 1903).
Russian naturalist, professor at St. Petersburg University (since 1883). In classic
The work “Russian Chernozem” (1883) laid the foundations of genetic soil science. Created the doctrine of
geographical areas. He gave a scientific classification of soils (1886), called the soil a “mirror”
nature." In the book “Our Steppes Before and Now” (1892), he outlined a set of measures to combat drought.
Founded the first department of soil science in Russia (1895). Dokuchaev’s ideas influenced the development of physical geography, forestry,
reclamation. Dokuchaev’s scientific activity is devoted mainly to soil research European Russia. From 1871 to 1877 they
a number of excursions were made around the northern and

central Russia and southern Finland, in order to study the geological structure, method and time
formation of river valleys and geological activity of rivers. The result of these maps compiled by V.
Dokuchaev’s research resulted in a solid work: “Methods of formation of river valleys in European Russia.”
In 1883, Dokuchaev’s main work, “Russian Chernozem,” was published, which examined in detail
area of ​​distribution, method of origin, chemical composition of chernozem, principles of classification and
methods for studying this soil. In 1892 1893 Dokuchaev, as the head of a special forestry expedition
department, manages geological and soil surveys in experimental steppe areas of the South of Russia
and Donbass. On the initiative and with the close assistance of Dokuchaev, a soil commission was founded under the free
economic society, of which he was chairman, and natural history museums in Nizhny Novgorod
Novgorod and Poltava. The city of Dokuchaevsk is now named after this scientist.
Cultural and artistic figures of our region: (Vikenty Veresaev, Alexander Serafimovich, Boris Gorbatov, Arkhip Kuindzhi,
Sergei Prokofiev, Anatoly Solovyanenko, Alexander Khanzhenkov, Leonid Bykov).
Russian and
Soviet writer, translator and
literary critic Laureate of Pushkin
Prize (1919) and Stalin Prize
first degree
(1943).
Veresaev
Vikenty
Vikentievich
(1867-1945)
He completed medical practice at the mines in Yuzovka.
Wrote eight essays about the life of miners under
under the general name "Underground Kingdom". It's his first time
consistently depicted the twelve o'clock clock
monotonous work and joyless life of miners,
making them robots. At the same time, the author did not hide
his attitude towards the common man, the worker, with
wrote with admiration about male friendship, called his
heroes and heroes of the “underground kingdom”.

Soviet writer, correspondent
Rostov newspaper "Priazovsky
edge."
Winner of the first Stalin Prize
degrees (1943).

Serafimovich
Alexander
Serafimovich(
Popov)(1863
1949)
He travels a lot around his native land, visits factories and
mines of Donbass, Mariupol, Rostov, Lugansk,
gets acquainted with the life of peasants. In 1896-1898
the writer lived in Mariupol. Mariupol
impressions formed the basis
works “Walk”, “Revenge”,
“Mariupol Pictures”, “Underground”,
"Wind", "Little Miner".
"A brilliant landscape painter"
A. I. Kuindzhi was born in the town of Karasu
poverty.
From an early age I was interested in
walls, fences and scraps of paper. Being
nature. The real sensations were
legendary " Moonlight night on the Dnieper."
“Birch Grove” (1879) “Dnieper in the Morning”
Arkhip Kuindzhi (18421910)
near Mariupol, lost his parents early and lived in a large
painting, painted on any suitable material - on
mature artist, especially loved to paint Ukrainian landscapes
Kuindzhi’s paintings “Dnieper in the Morning”, “Birch Grove” (1879),
(1880).
(1881)

The last picture amazed contemporaries more
of all, many did not believe that it was possible so truthfully
reproduce the shine of the moon, show the bottomless
the depth of the sky, the majestic flow of the Dnieper. WITH
Kuindzhi managed with amazing skill
achieve the desired impression
extremely
generalized the shapes of trees and huts hidden in
twilight of the night, “Moonlit Night on the Dnieper” (1880)
discarded all the details in the foreground and chose
only the most basic thing - moonlight illuminating
the sky and the views illuminating with a greenish shine
Dnieper. These paintings played a colossal role in the development of landscape painting. For Russian painting it was necessary to have its own
Monet is the kind of artist who would so clearly understand the relationships of colors and would so accurately delve into their shades. Kuindzhi showed people again what
something they had forgotten since the times of the ancient Russian masters. Kuindzhi showed people color and paint. Arkhip Kuindzhi had a lot of troubles
fame and oblivion, widespread popularity and misunderstanding, but he always remained a modest and very kind person. by his students
there were later outstanding artists Ilya Repin and Nicholas Roerich.

Sergei Prokofiev (1891 – 1953)
worldwide famous musician, who became famous as a composer and performer of his own works. Sergei Prokofiev by birth
from the village of Sontsovka, Bakhmut district, Ekaterinoslav province, which is now called the village of Krasnoye, Krasnoarmeysky district
Donetsk region. Sergei Prokofiev wrote his first opera at the age of 9, performed his first concert at the age of 17, and at 27
toured Europe, America and Japan. Its brightest musical works familiar to many - this is the opera “War and Peace”,
ballets “Romeo and Juliet”, “Cinderella”. The Philharmonic Hall, recently destroyed, was named in honor of our great compatriot
Donetsk airport, and it is also planned to erect a monument to Sergei Prokofiev in Donetsk in the near future.
Conservatory Hall
international Airport
Monument to S. Prokofiev

Alexander Khanzhonkov (1877 – 1945)
Our fellow countryman Alexander Khanzhonkov was not
he was
a pioneer, one of the founders of Russian cinema. Khanzhonkov was the first to create a permanent troupe of actors and directors, built
a film factory, a cinema, produced film publications and postcards, and created a distribution network throughout the country. By 1914 he controlled a third
film distribution in Russia. A. Khanzhonkov was the first among Russian entrepreneurs to start producing popular science and documentary
And animated films. After the revolution, he worked as a consultant for Goskino. On August 8, 2008, in my small homeland in Makeevka, I was
A monument to Khanzhonkov by Zurab Tsereteli was unveiled. Once upon a time, the building of the “cinema palace” on Triumfalnaya Square looked exactly like this. - http://www.retrogorod.com/article.php?id=19
Personalities. Essays about outstanding people of Donbass. Donetsk: Eastern Publishing House, 2011. 216 p.
Lykoshin B.A. Georgy Sedov. – Rostov: Rostov Book Publishing House, 1977. – 80 p.
Melnikova L. Kuindzhi / In the series “Great Artists” - T.5 - K., 2010 48 p.
http://s30556663155.mirtesen.ru/blog/43801293046/SerebryanyiyvekRusskoyKulturyi
http://donpatriot.ru/istoria_donbassa.html

Essay
About Donetsk
Posted by_______________________________________

City `s history

Unlike many large cities, the birth of which was determined by the advantages of the transport and geographical location, Donetsk arose and developed on the basis of the mining industry thanks to its rich mineral reserves. The upper reaches of the Kalmius River, where the city is now located, contained large deposits of coal. The first coal mines appeared around the settlement of Aleksandrovka, founded in 1779. Residents of other settlements that grew up here, Semenovka, Avdotino, Lyubimovka (Zakop), Nikolaevka, Ekaterinivka, Grigorievka (Georgievka), Larinka, were also engaged in digging earthen “coal”.

In 1866, Russian engineer A. Mevius substantiated the feasibility of building an ironworks on the right bank of the Kalmius near the Aleksandrovka settlement. For this, there was everything necessary here: in the lands of the upper Kalmius - coal, not far away, in the Karakuba region (now the city of Komsomolsk, Starobeshevsky district), - iron ore, near the village of Elenovka (Volnovakha district) - limestone and very close - river water.

The tsarist government could not properly manage the wealth of the land. Having assessed all the possibilities of making huge profits from free coal with the help of cheap labor, foreign concessionaires flocked to Donbass.

One of them was an Englishman, metallurgical technician John James Hughes, who managed a small factory near London. Having profitably bought and rented land, he concluded an agreement with the Committee of Ministers of Russia on the formation of the Novorossiysk Society of Coal, Iron and Rail Production and the Society of a Railway Branch from the Kharkov-Azov Line. In April 1869, the tsarist government approved an agreement to begin work on coal mining and the construction of a metallurgical plant. The founders of the Novorossiysk society appointed John Hughes as business manager. In the summer of 1869, he settled on the banks of the Kalmius and built a forge, which was, as it were, the first auxiliary workshop of the future metallurgical plant.

Materials and equipment arrived from distant England to Taganrog and Mariupol by ship. They were transported to the plant construction site by horse-drawn vehicles.

Next to the site allocated for the construction of the plant, hired local men built dugouts, wooden barracks, and sandstone sheds for the workers. The English colony, where engineers and craftsmen settled, was built separately. The emerging settlement was named after the business manager Yuzovka. Subsequently, Yuzovka merged with the mining village of the Aleksandrovsky mine.

The reference and travel book "Russia. A complete geographical description of the Fatherland" (14th volume "Novorossiya and Crimea", published in 1910, p. 376) testifies: "In 1870, the year of the opening of the Kursk-Kharkov-Azov railway and the appearance of hard coal on the market, the first private iron smelting plant was opened in the Yekaterinoslav province, founded by the English technician D. D. Hughes.

The Yuzovsky plant (now the Donetsk Metallurgical Plant named after V.I. Lenin) marked the beginning of the large metallurgy of the Southern Industrial Region.

The commissioning of the Konstantinovka-Yasinovataya-Yuzovka-Elenovka and Elenovka-Mariupol railway lines contributed to the expansion of metallurgical production and an increase in coal production. In 1899, the Yuzovsky plant smelted 17.7 million pounds of pig iron. Nine mines were already operating on the territory of the village; in a year they produced 99.2 million pounds of coal. A machine-building and iron foundry plant began to operate (now the Donetsk Machine-Building Plant named after the Lenin Komsomol of Ukraine), which produced equipment for mines.

The population of Yuzovka also grew. In 1884, 5,494 people lived here, and in 1897 there were already 29 thousand people. The village was divided into two parts: the southern part - the factory part, where there were industrial buildings, a depot, a telegraph office, a small hospital, a school, cozy residential buildings of English craftsmen, the management's palace, and the northern part - with workers' booths, a bazaar, taverns, and pubs. In May 1917, when the village had about 70 thousand inhabitants, it was transferred to the category of cities.

In 1924, Yuzovka was renamed Stalino. The number of residents reached almost the pre-war figure - 63,708 people. Construction began on the Standard residential area for metallurgists, two- and three-story houses for miners. Schools, shops, medical and cultural and educational institutions were opened, public utility enterprises were created.

In 1932 the city became the center of the Donetsk region, in 1938 - the center of the Stalin region.

During the years of the first five-year plans, its industry received great development. By 1941, in Stalino there were 223 enterprises of union and republican subordination, 54 of local and cooperative industries, mines provided 7 percent of all-Union coal production, factories - 5 percent of steel and 11 percent of coke. The population of the city was 507 thousand people.

During the occupation of Stalino by the Nazi invaders (from October 21, 1941 to September 8, 1943), the city suffered enormous human losses. There are 175 thousand inhabitants left.

In 1949, the pre-war level of coal production was reached, and in 1950, total industrial production.

In November 1961, the city was renamed Donetsk.

In April 1978, the population exceeded the million mark and Donetsk joined the millionaire cities.

Today Donetsk is a city of regional subordination, the administrative center of the Donetsk region of Ukraine. A large industrial, scientific and cultural center. A large junction of railway, road and air lines.

CULTURE

A wide network of cultural institutions has been created in the city of Donetsk - there are 8,330 of them in total.

On the territory of the city there are three permanent theaters, a regional philharmonic society, a circus, 20 cinemas, 53 Palaces of Culture and Clubs, 140 museums and museum rooms, including a regional art museum, about 450 libraries (including school libraries), and a planetarium.

The Central Park of Culture and Recreation operates all year round. Shcherbakov and its branches - Park named after. Lenin Komsomol and park named after. Gorky.

There are 6 creative unions in Donetsk: regional organizations of the Union of Architects, Journalists, Composers, Writers and Artists of Ukraine, as well as the All-Ukrainian Musical Union.

6 educational institutions in the city train cultural and art workers for the city, region, and Ukraine.

Donetsk State Academic

Russian Opera and Ballet Theater

One of the largest cultural institutions in the city and region

It has an interesting history of its creation.

In 1932 to Donetsk (then the city of Stalino) for permanent placement full staff II Mobile Opera has arrived Right Bank Ukraine, transferred to the jurisdiction of the Donetsk Theater Trust - this was the collective of the future theater.

On September 1, 1932, the first opera season in the city opened with A. Borodin’s opera “Prince Igor”. And in April 1941, the premiere of M. Glinka’s opera “Ivan Susanin” took place on its own stage, in a building built by the architect Kotovsky. During the war, the theater staff was evacuated to Kyrgyzstan, but already in 1944 it again opened its doors to spectators.

The troupe of our theater produced such world-famous singers as Anatoly Solovyanenko and Yuri Gulyaev, ballet dancers Vadim Pisarev and Inna Dorofeeva School of Choreographic Mastery of Vadim Pisarev

Donetsk Regional Musical and Drama Theater named after. Artem.

The theater was created in the city by artists of the troupe of the First Ukrainian Krasnozavodsk Workers' Theater, which arrived to us in full force from Kharkov in 1933. Then the theater opened its season with the premiere of I. Mikitenko’s revolutionary drama “Bastille of the Mother of God.”

At first, the theater staged performances only in Ukrainian and worked in the premises of the Palace-Club "Metalist" (Palace of Culture of the Donetsk Metallurgical Plant), and later in the premises where the "Crystal" cinema is currently located. It was only in the early 60s that the Donetsk Musical and Drama Theater moved to a specially built premises in the central part of the city.

Donetsk Regional Philharmonic.

It was created in 1931. In 1957, an organ was installed in its concert hall, which was named after our fellow countryman, the outstanding Soviet composer S. Prokofiev. IN creative staff philharmonic societies are working Symphony Orchestra, a string quartet, a quintet of wind instruments and a piano trio, a concert ensemble "Imprompt", 6 groups of musical lecture artists, solo vocalists, readers, instrumentalists and pop groups.

The concert hall hosts more than four thousand concerts annually, which are attended by more than 1.5 million listeners. Tours of Ukrainian and foreign artists take place here.

Donetsk Regional Museum of Local Lore.

It was created in 1924 by enthusiastic students and teachers of the Mining Institute and then consisted of 2,000 exhibits, mainly dedicated to the mining industry and metallurgy. Currently, in the new museum premises on an area of ​​more than 3 thousand square meters. m there are more than 100 thousand exhibits, some of them are unique.

Donetsk Regional Art Museum.

Opened in 1955. Now its collection includes more than 10,000 exhibits, representing the heritage of domestic and foreign art. Its exhibition halls regularly host vernissages of brush and chisel masters and other creative exhibitions.

Planetarium.

It was opened in 1961. IN exhibition hall The planetarium presents models of the first artificial Earth satellite, the Luna-3 spacecraft, and globes of the Moon and Mars. In the Star Hall there is a Planetarium apparatus, with which you can observe the starry sky.

Circus "Cosmos".

Opened on August 26, 1969 on the eve of anniversary celebrations dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the city. Designed for 2,200 seats. The best groups of Ukrainian and foreign circuses demonstrate their art here. In addition, the circus is the methodological center of circus amateur performances region - every 2 years in the summer, amateur performances are held here circus performers, some of them have become professional arena masters today. Up to 1 million people visit the circus every year.

Regional Universal Scientific Library named after N.K. Krupskaya.

Created in 1926. Now it has a fund of about 3 million copies of books, including publications that are bibliographic rarities. Newspapers (since 1945), magazines (since 1937), interesting music literature, and gramophone records are also stored here. Readers have a wide selection of reference and bibliographic publications at their disposal. Readers are served by subscription, reading room departments and specialized departments. In 1993, a library automation specification was developed.

Currently, there is a local network consisting of 15 computers and the subsystems “Acquisition of funds”, “Electronic catalogue”, “Registration of readers”, etc. have been introduced. The library has an electronic thematic card index “Laws of Ukraine”, an information retrieval system “Legislative Acts of Ukraine” ".

A project was developed to create an information center "Open Library between East and West", the implementation of which made it possible to establish contacts with large information centers and libraries of the world off-line. The library begins implementing a project to connect to the Internet.

General information

POPULATION

1,132,700 people

The total area is 381 square kilometers, the length from north to south is 28 km, from east to west - 55 km, the area of ​​public gardens is 216.2 hectares.

Secondary schools - 2; secondary schools of 1-2 levels - 38; secondary schools of 1-3 levels - 116; children's and youth sports - 7; stations for young technicians - 2; creativity centers for children and youth - 8; children's and youth clubs - 54.

State - 7; branch - 1; private - 9 (of which 6 are licensed).

REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT

There are 10 people’s deputies in the Supreme Council of Ukraine, 15 in the regional Council, 75 in the city Council, 281 deputies in the district, Mospinsky city and Larensky village Councils.

STRUCTURE OF THE CITY COUNCIL

Donetsk is the administrative center of the Donetsk region. The Donetsk City Council includes the following cities: Donetsk (9 internal districts), Mospino, urban-type settlements Larino, Gorbochevo-Mikhailovka, 8 rural settlements.

COMMUNICATIONS

The total length of water supply lines is 2,398 kilometers, sewer lines - 1,176 kilometers.

STREETS AND SQUARE

Squares - 21, streets, boulevards, avenues - 2,220, total length of streets - 2,500 kilometers.

RIVERS AND RESERVOIRS

There are 5 rivers, the longest of which are Cherepashkina - 23 kilometers and Asmolovka - 13 kilometers. All rivers in the city flow into the Kalmius River. Reservoirs - 2: Donetsk Sea (206 hectares) and

Kalmius reservoir (60 hectares).

In the territory of Donbass, 10 years ago, the number of Jehovah's Witnesses numbered close to 1 million, and now there are more than 25 thousand people. Nowadays the attitude towards the members of this religious organization is changing. There is hope that in the future the organization of Jehovah's Witnesses will be perceived differently by Ukrainian society and the Ukrainian confessional world. The activities of Full Gospel churches, which until recently frightened researchers with the specifics of charismatic and passionary ministry, are also changing in a direction that is constructive for Ukraine.

The dynamic development of Protestantism in Ukraine, the replenishment of its communities with new members, the emergence of new denominations for Ukraine (“Church of Christ”, “New Apostolic Church”, “Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints” (Mormons) does not constitute any threat to the Orthodox and Catholic churches of Ukraine. All Christian and non-Christian denominations of Ukraine are also capable of developing in parallel on the basis of mutual assistance and complementarity, cooperation in creating relevant social projects.

The regional specificity of regions plays an important role in resolving the national issue. In the Donetsk region by 2000, out of 900 religious organizations, only 449 were Orthodox Christian churches, which is only 48.8% of all registered organizations. Therefore, the confessional map of Donecchini is motley and complex. Tables No. 2 and 3 reflect the picture of the religious situation in Donecchini. Most of them are Protestant unions and confessions of regional, all-Ukrainian and international significance, having authority and strong ties with Western centers. We are talking not only about those that appeared in the 1980-90s in Ukraine and the CIS countries in the form of the so-called expansion (missionary churches that came from Western Europe, Canada and America). Among them are the Church of the “Word of Life”, “Christians of the Evangelical Faith”, “Union of the Church of God”, etc. (see table No. 2.1., 2.2), but also those that have Ukrainian roots, starting from the era of the Reformation and modern times .

The growth of Protestant trends is due to the economic, social and spiritual crisis of Ukrainian society, which has affected all spheres of life. The social demarcation of society, the sharp impoverishment of the general population, the low level of living indicators of Ukrainians, even in comparison with neighboring countries of Eastern Europe, inevitably led to a numerical increase in the poorest strata: the urban plebs, small entrepreneurs of the ruined peasantry, with their craving for “clanism.” " As noted above, in the works of the Swiss scientist C. Jung (“Psychology and Religion”, “Archetypes and Symbols”), the scientific concept of the “collective subconscious” is developed, embedded in the sacred memory of generations and manifesting itself in moments of social cataclysms and historical breakdowns . According to K. Jung, a person is always characterized by archaic thinking, the desire to find confirmation of his own life positions in the collective. The scheme of mass thinking is simple: everything that does not meet the demands of the crowd will cause anxiety and aggression in it. Thus, Protestantism has a complex religious and social nature, which cannot be ignored in the modern process of organizing and managing spiritual production.

Currently, Protestant centers in the Donetsk region have created a branched structure of their missions, unions, associations with the aim of not only active propaganda, but also the creation of their own economic and corporate organizations (“All-Ukrainian Corporate Unions of Babtists”, “South Ukrainian Union of Adventists” seventh day”, etc.). They strive to create a strong production system, a sales market, their own consumer and much more. In a number of districts (Khartsyzsky, Slavyansky, Pershepravnevoy, etc.) they have already created their own system of economic and spiritual life of the community, which today numbers more than 700 thousand people. The internal life of such an organization is reminiscent of the historical experience of the Calvinist cantons, with their clear system of industrial, economic, social and spiritual life of communities.

Thus, the experience of Protestant organizations deserves close attention not only from philosophers and religious scholars, but, no less, from sociologists, political scientists and economists of today.

Below we present tables of religious organizations (Table 1), spiritual centers (Table 2) and monasteries (Table 3) in the Donbass, which make it possible to trace the dynamics of development and the increasing role of various religious faiths in the spiritual culture of the region.

Table 1.

Religious situation in Donbass 2000 – 2002

Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 17

Table 1.1.

Table 1.2.

Table 1.3.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 3.1.

Objective living conditions of the 20s - 30s determined the development cultural process in the country mainly in breadth. This was expressed in introducing the broad masses of workers to cultural values, raising their general cultural level, and creating conditions for carrying out mass cultural work. These trends manifested themselves most clearly in the Donbass, a large industrial center of the country, where certain cultural traditions had not yet developed, did not have its own cultural center, or personnel of the creative intelligentsia. Therefore, the Donetsk region was characterized primarily by quantitative accumulations in the field of culture.

Distinctive feature cultural development in the Donbass there were high rates of creation of the material base of culture. If the first centers of culture were clubs, rural houses, libraries, red corners, and special buildings were built for them, then in 1928, one of the first in Ukraine, the Palace of Culture of Metalworkers (now the Center of Slavic Culture), was built in Stalino. In 1936, 14 such palaces, 1916 clubs, and 1904 libraries were already operating in the Donbass. The region's cinema network developed rapidly. The number of film installations in the region increased from 159 in 1925 to 821 in 1933.

By the beginning of the 40s, 66 cinemas were built, including one of the best in Ukraine, the cinema named after. T.G. Shevchenko. During these same years, the building of the Opera and Ballet Theater and other cultural and educational buildings were erected.

In Donbass, more acutely than in other regions of Ukraine, there was a shortage of professional cultural workers. During these years, the formation of the artistic intelligentsia of the region took place; almost all of it was of worker-peasant origin. One of the first associations of the creative intelligentsia was the writer's organization "Zaboi", whose members were M.L. Slonimsky. Y.L. Cherny-Didenko, M. Golodny (M.S. Epstein), G.M. Baglyuk, II.G. Besposhchadny and others.

In 1920, the first professional theater in Donbass was created in Konstantinovka. Theaters also appeared in Lugansk - “Donbass Miner”, in Artemovsk - “Blue Blouse”. However professional level many artists were short.

There was an acute need for mass professions of cultural and educational workers, leaders of amateur artistic circles. Thus, in the Lugansk region in 1928, out of 87 cultural and educational workers surveyed, half did not have special education.

To speed up the training of leaders of amateur artistic circles and actors for workers' theaters, a theater workshop was created in Stalino in 1928.

In 1930, art workers' faculties were opened in Stalino, Lugansk, and then in Gorlovka, which helped working youth prepare for studying at universities in the republic. Classes and consultations for workers' faculty were conducted by teachers and senior students of the Kyiv Music and Drama Institute. The first art educational institutions appeared: the Artyomovsk Music College and the Art College in Lugansk.

The lack of professional cultural workers was one of the reasons that in the Donbass the call of shock workers to literature and art received widespread support and distribution. The call was a manifestation of a simplified, vulgarized approach to solving the complex problem of educating young cadres of the artistic intelligentsia. There was a lot of administration and disorganization in this matter. Nevertheless, the call attracted public attention to the problems of literature and art and caused a wide movement of literary circle members. P.A. Baidebura, Yu.A. Cherkassky, I.N. Shutov and other Donetsk writers attended the school of literary circles.

In conditions of shortage of qualified personnel, a large role in cultural revival Donbass played the role of the creative intelligentsia of the republic. During these years, N. Sosyura, 0. Vishnya, P. Tychyna, I. Mikitenko, S. Pilipenko, G. Epic and many others spoke to the Donetsk workers. In 1929 alone, 30 such meetings were organized. Much work was carried out by the Association of Artists of Chervona Ukraine (AKhU), which in 1930 organized an exhibition of artistic works in 12 settlements of the region under the motto “Cult march to Donbass”. Artists of the AKhU led 14 fine arts circles here. Leading theaters from Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, and Kharkov came to Donbass on tour. Since the end of the 20s, a branch of the Kyiv Theater named after I. Franko began to work here under the direction of G. Yura. In 1933, the troupe of the Kharkov Krasnozavodsk Theater, headed by the main director of the theater V.S. Vasilko, came to work permanently in the city of Stalino, founding the Donetsk State Drama Theater named after. Artem. By the beginning of the 40s, 16 professional theaters operated in the Donetsk region.

Development of amateur creativity in the Donetsk region in the 20-30s

Donbass is rich in industrial history, but cultural traditions did not develop here even at the beginning of the 20th century: workers came to work from all over the country - a motley ethnic picture emerged. Ethno-cultural components were brought from different parts countries: this includes rural culture of Eastern Ukrainian and Western Ukrainian; this and urban culture central Russia and Ukrainian cities. Greek, Tatar and Bulgarian settlements have long arisen on the territory of Donbass; dozens of other nationalities have settled among the predominant Ukrainian and Russian population in cities, towns and villages. As a result, by the 20s of our century, no single unit could have emerged that would unite the entire population of the region. national culture with centuries-old original foundations. People of each nation and nationality who settled in the Donbass were connected by a certain commonality of national and cultural traditions, in particular, household rituals, but common cultural traditions could not be formed.

Another feature was that until the 20s there were no centers of spiritual culture in the Donetsk region: there were no higher educational institutions, there were no theaters, concert halls, art museums. Therefore, no unified spiritual traditions of the region have been formed. Centers of cultural life began to emerge as a result of the transformations that took place in the artistic culture of the region in the 20-30s. They bear the imprint of their era.

Amateur artistic performances in Donbass were truly massive. The activities of the circles reflected the multinational composition of the working class of Donbass. At the end of the 20s, the number of Ukrainian dramatic and musical circles increased, along with them Greek, Tatar, and Armenian amateur groups worked. They were assisted by creative teams. Thus, the Kiev chapel “Rukh” took patronage over the workers’ chapel of the Makeevka Metallurgical Plant. Famous and popular composer I. Dunaevsky organized a miners' song and dance ensemble at the Rutchenkovsky Palace of Culture. It employed 130 miners and members of their families. However, not all circles worked effectively enough; their activities were of an agitation and propaganda nature; they lacked skill and culture. But some teams have achieved significant success. For example, among the winners of the All-Ukrainian Amateur Arts Olympiad was the Greek ensemble of Sartan MTS. The amateur association “Izo - slaughter” gave a start in life to the famous artist P. Kodiev.

An important place in the system of cultural and educational work in the Donbass was occupied by clubs, houses of culture, and theater clubs created at large enterprises and later called palaces of culture. To involve the villagers, red hundred corners were created: for every 100 huts, one was allocated for amateur artistic activities. The network of cultural and educational institutions grew quickly: by 1935, there were 441 clubs, 26 Palaces of Culture in the Donbass, and 804 “hundred-hundred huts” in the countryside. Cultural and educational institutions were centers of amateur performances: theater, music, and choir clubs and studios were created in them. Circles and studios of the 20s and 30s did their good work: through them thousands of workers became familiar with art, became acquainted with the achievements of theatrical and musical culture, and tried their hand at direct artistic creativity. In the 1930s, amateur theater groups increasingly began performing on the club stage. major works Soviet, as well as Russian, Ukrainian and foreign classical drama. A number of musical and dramatic groups and opera studios are emerging. Many amateur groups worked at a high artistic level.

Cultural and living conditions of Donbass workers in the 30s The working class of Donbass, despite the contradictory development of society in the 30s, made a significant contribution to the creation material assets country, which ultimately contributed to the improvement of his well-being.

A particularly acute problem in Ukraine, including in the Donbass, was the provision of housing for workers and their families. In the mid-30s, government spending on housing construction in the Donbass increased. Thus, half of all investments in housing construction in the republic were directed to Donbass. Cooperative and individual construction developed, for which industrial enterprises allocated significant funds from the fund for improving the living conditions of workers. First of all, production leaders were encouraged. At the same time, the supply of housing was still insufficient.

Along with housing construction, the improvement of cities and workers' settlements was carried out, and communal construction was carried out. It is important to note that the workers were very active in the improvement of cities and towns. Thus, the workers of Gorlovka worked 600 thousand man-days on municipal construction and improvement of the city. The experience of Gorlovka residents was widely used in all work centers of Ukraine.

Organizational work on domestic construction and improvement was carried out by deputy groups of local Soviets. Trade unions allocated special funds to reward the leaders of the improvement competition. In particular, the movement of women workers was encouraged, who took patronage over workers' dormitories.

Along with residential construction, a network of cultural and educational institutions developed: libraries, palaces of culture, etc. Workers from many industrial enterprises took an active part in the construction of theaters and cinemas. Thus, the working team of the Azovstal plant in 1934 built a summer theater in Mariupol in 46 days, for the start of the tour of the Leningrad State Bolshoi drama theater. Radio became a permanent part of workers' everyday life. In 1936, more than 4 thousand workers’ apartments were radio-equipped in Gorlovka alone.

New forms of organizing recreation and preventive treatment for workers have become widespread. Particular attention was paid to the organization of health centers directly at industrial enterprises of Donbass, as well as clinics to primarily serve workers and their families. Thus, in 1937, services provided to miners and their families amounted to more than 60% in the Makeevsky region, and more than 50% in the Gorlovsky region.

In 1937, there were 366 stationary sanatoriums with 35 thousand beds and 175 rest homes with 24 thousand beds in Ukraine. The leading workers of Donbass production enjoyed preferential rights to receive vouchers. The overwhelming majority of workers and engineers received vouchers partially or fully paid for by social insurance. A significant role in improving the health and living conditions of workers was given to the development of physical education and sports.

For these purposes, 4.2 times more funds were allocated from the budget of Ukraine in 1937 than in 1933,

The abolition of rationed supplies and lower prices in 1935-1936 contributed to the development Catering. During this period, the network of canteens and buffets in the Donbass, as well as in Ukraine as a whole, increased almost 3 times.

One of the most important measures aimed at improving the material and living conditions of workers was the creation of their own food supplies at industrial enterprises and the development of individual gardening. Trade union organizations of factories and mines ensured timely receipt of seeds and seedlings through a network of worker supply departments. Effective forms of work to create a food base were holding city, district, regional conferences for the exchange of experience, and gatherings of gardeners. Thus, at the Mariupol regional conference in 1934, the initiative to create their own fruit base was supported, and workers of Donbass metallurgical plants called for the creation of livestock bases in suburban farms. In 1934, 600 thousand workers had vegetable gardens in the Donbass; each family received an average of one ton of vegetables and potatoes. This problem remains relevant today.

Thus, the negative processes associated with the command-administrative system and the lack of democracy hampered the development of society. At the same time, in the second half of the 30s, thanks to the activity of the working class, a material base was created that made it possible to improve the cultural and living conditions of the working people of Donbass.

Education and enlightenment in Donbass in the 20s

The state of education and enlightenment in Donbass was largely determined by the state of the region’s economy. During the war years, not only industry was destroyed, but also the entire system of education and enlightenment. It should be added to this that the majority of the population of Donbass remained illiterate or semi-literate.

And, nevertheless, already in April 1920, commissions to eliminate illiteracy were created in all counties and districts of the Donetsk province. Three years later, when the food situation had somewhat stabilized, 800 people were studying in educational schools in the Yuzovsky district alone, and by the end of 1924 there were about 400 literacy centers in the Donbass. In the next 1925/26 academic year, more than 40 thousand people learned to read and write.

By the end of the 20s, the problem of eliminating illiteracy was still far from being resolved, and yet a solid foundation was laid for solving this problem. The elimination of illiteracy was only a necessary condition for obtaining an education, and advanced schools for adults, which opened at large enterprises and clubs, played a large role in this.

In the early 20s, the People's Commissariat of Education of Ukraine developed its own concept of education and enlightenment, based on hypertrophied technocratism. All the old structures of primary, secondary and high school were dissolved. Instead, new multi-stage structures for training workers and specialized specialists were created. All universities were closed, war was declared on humanities education and theoretical training, and the lecture method of teaching. Technical disciplines were compulsory for study even in pedagogical universities.

Preparation for the future specialty was carried out already in kindergarten. From the age of eight, education continued in a comprehensive school - grades 5-7. Then in industrial schools and vocational schools. From the age of 18, graduates of factory and vocational schools completed their training in technical schools and institutes, the duration of training in which was 3-4 years.

The newly created educational structures in the Donbass gradually but steadily expanded, attracting a significant number of children and adolescents to their activities. In 1924, 72 thousand children attended secondary schools in the Donbass, a year later - 89 thousand, and at the end of the 20s, more than 90% of children in the cities and working-class villages of Donbass received a systematic education.

After graduating from secondary school, education can be continued in secondary schools or vocational schools. In the fall of 1922, industrial plants were opened at the Donetsk soda and Makeevka metallurgical plants.

In the early 20s, a network of mining apprenticeships was created throughout the Donbass. By the end of the restoration period in the Donetsk province, there were 57 FZU schools, in which 4.5 thousand people studied.

At the same time, the quantitative growth of secondary schools and secondary schools did not guarantee the quality of knowledge. The training of students here was carried out at a primitive level. Therefore, the low basic training of students significantly hampered the work of higher education. The so-called workers' faculties, created everywhere at technical schools and institutes, did not save the situation either.

The first prototype of higher educational institutions on the Donetsk land were evening working technical schools (in the 20s, technical schools in Ukraine, like institutes, were considered higher educational institutions). In 1921 there were 12 of them with a total number of students of 1030 people.

In February of this year, a mining technical school named after Artyom began operating in Yuzovka. In January 1922, a Grand opening the first institute of public education in Donbass.

In the 1920s, a planned transition to teaching in schools in the native language began in Donbass, and in 1924-25, Ukrainian literature was introduced in all schools in the Ukrainian part of Donbass. In the mid-20s, hundreds of schools operating in the Donbass taught in Greek, Tatar, German, Hebrew, Assyrian and Bulgarian. A Greek pedagogical college was opened in Mariupol.

Thus, in the 1920s in the Donbass there was a process of attracting a significant number of people different ages to various forms of education and enlightenment. However, the level of training at all levels of the new structure was low. The level of knowledge was lowered to a minimum, and there was a significant decline in the intellectual level of society.

TOPIC 7. DONBASS IN 1941-1950s

1. The initial period of the war. Mobilization in the region.

2. Occupation regime in Donbass.

3. Partisan and underground movement.

4. Liberation of Donbass from the Nazi invaders.

5. Restoration of the national economy of the region.

Cultural values ​​of Donbass in the modern period.

Introduction

The Donetsk region or Donbass is famous for a large number of cultural and recreational places. It’s not for nothing that our city is called the “City of a Million Roses.” As is known, during the period when Ukraine was declared independent, the Donbass region was not only an industrial center but also a place where one could relax both physically and spiritually. Donetsk is a city with a high culture, where cultured, educated and literate people live.

Just look at the theaters of Donetsk, including the world-famous Donetsk Drama Theater and the Donetsk Opera and Ballet Theater.

The parks of Donetsk are also touching with their beauty; they are known all over the world. Thus, photographs of the park surrounding the Donbass Arena have already spread all over the world, and Shcherbakov Park after restoration looks very impressive.

The monuments of Donetsk are, like the theaters of Donetsk, a tribute to history and the pride of our city. Throughout Donetsk there are thousands of monuments erected to prominent figures in all fields of science and art, who are in one way or another connected with our glorious city.

Museums and theaters, among other things, are places where intellectual elite areas. Quite often, the theaters of our glorious city are visited by world celebrities, famous singers, dancers, and artists.

Not long ago, a new Planetarium was opened in Donetsk, which meets the highest international requirements and is equipped with last word technology.

Donetsk Drama Theater

Donetsk Academic Music and Drama Theater was founded in 1961. The theater is designed in the form of an ancient Greek temple, with the exception of its stage part. In the architectural project of the Donetsk Drama Theater in 1958, it was planned to install a pediment figure, but it was abandoned due to the 1955 resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers “On the elimination of excesses in design and construction.”

During the reconstruction of the Donetsk Drama Theater in 2005, it was decided to install the sculpture on the pediment. Since the design documents did not contain information about which figure was planned for installation, the image of the muse of tragedy from ancient Greek mythology, Melpomene, was chosen.

The Donetsk Drama Theater is located at the highest point of the transverse axis of Lenin Square. It was planned to build a new building of the House of Soviets on this site, but, fortunately, changes were made to the plan for the formation of the city's public center and the theater remained in its place.

Creative activity theater actors is known not only in our region, but also beyond its borders, as evidenced by brilliant victories at all-Ukrainian theater festivals.

In August 2001, for significant achievements in the development of Ukrainian theatrical art, the Donetsk Regional Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater was awarded Academic status for the first time in the history of the Ukrainian independent state.

The Donetsk Drama Theater is currently headed by the Honored Worker of Culture of Ukraine Mark Matveevich Brovun. He is the author of the idea and host of a monthly television program about theatrical art, “By the Fireplace.”

Donetsk Drama Theater conducts active touring activities far beyond the borders of Donbass. Today, the theater’s current repertoire includes both Ukrainian classical drama and world, modern drama.

The theater is located in the very center of the city, in close proximity to the central square of Donetsk - Lenin Square, as well as such city attractions as the Donbass Palace and the Donetsk Philharmonic. There is a restaurant in the drama theater building.

Donetsk Opera and Ballet Theater

Donetsk Academic Opera and Ballet Theater named after Solovyanenko was founded in 1941. On the opening day, the premiere of M.I.’s opera took place. Glinka "Ivan Susanin".

On October 2, 1977, the theater was awarded the title “academic” for huge contribution in the development of Soviet art. During the Great Patriotic War, a troupe of theater artists was evacuated to the village of Sazanovka, and later to the city of Przhevalsk. Concerts were held there in hospitals, military units, and in front of home front workers. Even during the war, theater actors continued to work on new performances in order to maintain the spirit of the army in such a difficult period.

At the end of January 1944, the theater troupe returned to the then Stalino (now Donetsk), where the opera premiered in September

A.P. Borodin “Prince Igor” in honor of the first anniversary of the liberation of the city from the German occupiers.

In 1992, a school of choreographic skills was founded on the basis of the theater under the leadership of People's Artist of Ukraine Vadim Pisarev. Since 1994, the theater has been organizing international festival"World Ballet Stars" The artistic director of the theater is People's Artist of Ukraine Vadim Pisarev.

The building itself Donetsk theater opera and ballet conceived in a classical style, has approaches from three sides. The auditorium and foyer are decorated with stucco details. Originally designed for 1,300, the theater now has 976 seats. Above the mezzanine and balconies of the auditorium, as well as in separate niches in the foyer, there are sculptural busts of composers, poets, playwrights and decorative vases.

The theater's repertoire includes more than 30 works of Ukrainian, Russian and Western European classics: operas, ballets, operettas.

In 2002, behind the building of the Donetsk Opera and Ballet Theater, a monument to Anatoly Solovyanenko was erected, after whom the theater is now named.

The theater is located in the very center of the city, opposite the Shevchenko cinema, not far from the Donbass Palace hotel.

Parks of Donetsk

Shcherbakov Park

The history of the current Central Park of Culture and Recreation named after Alexander Sergeevich Shcherbakov began back in 1931, when it was decided to create a city park on a section of open steppe behind the Bakhmutka River (now the First City Pond). Alexander Sergeevich Shcherbakov Shcherbakov Park occupied 120 hectares of land, but subsequently its area increased. Initially, the park was named after the Russian party leader Pavel Petrovich Postyshev, but soon after he was repressed, the park was renamed. Since then, the park has been named in honor of Alexander Sergeevich Shcherbakov, a Soviet statesman and party leader, Colonel General of the Red Army, a full member of the Communist Party, who was a member of the Central Committee of the party and served as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR throughout the entire first convocation. The establishment of Shcherbakov Park as the main place of recreation and entertainment for city residents and its guests dates back to the 60s and 70s of the last century. It was during these years that the bulk of the buildings, as well as places of recreation and entertainment, were erected. An amusement park was founded, which is still the only permanent one in the city. The diversity of the entertainment sector attracted people from all over the region. From the very beginning of its existence, Shcherbakov Park has not stood still, but continues to improve. Its borders are expanding, new structures and plantings are appearing, the reservoir is being cleaned, obsolete equipment is being replaced with new and modern ones. In addition, the entertainment area of ​​Shcherbakova Park is being transformed: new attractions, swimming facilities and a boat station are being equipped, sports and other grounds are being built, which, of course, makes the park different from its analogues in Ukraine. In 2005, a plan was developed for the reconstruction of Shcherbakov Park, during which a complete restructuring of the landscape was carried out, the embankment of the park was strengthened, recreational areas were equipped, and a huge number of ornamental flowers, shrubs and trees were planted. If earlier the entrance to Shcherbakov Park from Stadionnaya Street was depicted in the form of columns with cornices, now it is represented by a large decorative fence and forged gates. Now this entrance is the main one. After the work, Shcherbakov Park took on the appearance of a modern park made in the European style. An original fountain was erected, and for the City Day in 2008, the “Good Angel of the World” statue was erected, personifying the famous philanthropists of past years and the present. In addition, the Nemo Dolphinarium, which recently opened in Donetsk, is located on the territory of Shcherbakov Park. Currently, Shcherbakova Park has 14 modern attractions, an updated boat station, children's areas with playgrounds and swings, and much more. In the future, it is planned to build a year-round water park. In winter, New Year's holidays are traditionally held with the participation of Father Frost and the Snow Maiden, which attract a large number of children and their parents. A large New Year tree is installed in the center of the park.

Park of forged figures in Donetsk

The Park of Forged Figures in Donetsk was opened in 2001. It is located in the Voroshilovsky district behind the building of the Donetsk City Executive Committee. Initially, there were only 10 metal sculptures in the park, but their number is growing every year. Now the Donetsk park is a full member of the “Ring of European Blacksmith Cities” - an organization that unites sculptors from different countries. In addition, it was the first of all the cities in the post-Soviet space to join this organization, officially becoming one of the best forging cities on the continent. Blacksmithing in Donetsk originated a long time ago, when in 1900 in Paris at the International Industrial Exhibition a prize was awarded to a palm tree forged by Alexey Mertsalov, a blacksmith at the Yuzovsky plant. It is interesting that the palm tree was made from just one rail, and in its manufacture Mertsalov used only a chisel and a hammer. The original palm tree is in the St. Petersburg Museum of the Mining Institute. There are two copies of it in Donetsk. One of them is located opposite the ExpoDonbass exhibition center, the other near the regional state administration. The development of the park occurred rapidly and already in the next year of its existence, 19 more forged figures were added to its collection, as well as 2 gazebos: “Four Dragons” and “Ukrainian”. Later, in 2004, a “Gazebo for Lovers” appeared in the park, which became a favorite place for newlyweds. In 2005, another interesting composition appeared - the “Zodiac Signs” alley, represented by 12 forged figures. In 2005, the park of forged figures expanded its collection with the Alley of Fairy Tales, which included various fairy-tale characters: Pike, Tsokotukha the Fly, Pinocchio, Kolobok, Thumbelina and others. Every year, the park hosts blacksmith art festivals. Best works are selected and then remain in the park. Today there are more than 60 exhibits in the park, and their number continues to grow.

Forest Park

Forest Park is a modern hotel and health complex located in one of the most picturesque places in the Donetsk region, namely in the Velikoanadolsky forest, which is 65 kilometers from Donetsk. The park covers an area of ​​more than 41 hectares. You can relax and improve your health here at any time of the year. Forest Park was founded quite recently, in 2004, but even during this short period of time the park managed to become popular among residents of the Donetsk region and neighboring regions. Every year thousands of people relax in the park; there is a special excitement during the holidays, so you should plan your vacation in advance and, if possible, make a reservation. The complex itself has already been repeatedly awarded various awards, including the Donbass Tourist Award. In addition, in 2006, Forest Park became the undisputed winner of the “100 Best Products” competition. The hotel base of the complex is represented by seven comfortable buildings, which contain 26 rooms with all necessary amenities (more details here), and meets European 4-star standards. The price of your stay also includes two meals a day, use of all territorial attractions of the resort, as well as bathrooms and other accessories in the room. In addition, Forest Park has many entertainment options. The hotel and health complex presents to your attention a wonderful restaurant, whose attentive staff will do everything to create a cozy and comfortable relaxation atmosphere for you and your loved ones. Also in the park there is a comfortable Terrace cafe - an excellent place for holding all kinds of parties or corporate events. The bar will delight you with a wide selection of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. What is attractive to many people in Forest Park is the presence of a campsite with gazebos and barbecues. Here you can relax in tents, eat on fresh air, cook kebabs and other delicacies, and just be closer to nature, which is what many city residents miss. Fishing lovers will also be very pleased with their holiday in Forest Park, because here you can go fishing and get a good catch. Connoisseurs of more active pastime will also find something to do. For them, Forest Park has billiard rooms, tennis courts, a swimming pool, and paintball courts. Paintball is a game using air guns and gelatin balls with harmless paint inside. In addition, on the territory of Forest Park, children's playgrounds, a Russian bath, a sauna, mini-golf and much more are always at your service. Deserves special attention health sector Forest Park, whose activities are aimed at preventing various diseases and functional disorders, as well as improving the health of sick people. The health center is equipped with modern balneological and other modern physiotherapeutic equipment.

Monument to Solovyanenko 2002	Monuments
	Anatoly Borisovich Solovyanenko was born in Donetsk, where his creative career began. Outstanding Ukrainian opera singer, tenor, actor. People's Artist of the USSR, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes. T. G. Shevchenko, Knight of the Order of the Italian Republic. Sculptor: A.M. Skorykh, architect - V.E. Vyazovsky
Lenin monument 1967
	Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) - Russian and Soviet political and statesman, revolutionary, head of the Bolshevik Party, organizer of the October Revolution, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the USSR. Philosopher, founder of Marxism-Leninism, ideologist and creator of the Communist International, founder of the Soviet state. Sculptor E.M. Kuntsevich, architects N.K. Ivanchenko and V.N. Ivanchenko
Replica of the Bochum Bell 1997	The Bochum Bell is a bell in the city of Bochum, located at the city hall. The author of the bell, Jakob Mayer, made it using shaped steel casting in 1851. The bell took part in the 1867 World Exhibition in Paris and became a sensation.
Sculpture "Archangel Michael" 2002	The statue represents the figure of an archangel - in Christian beliefs the main angel. In the books of the Bible, only one Michael is named an archangel, but according to the views of the church, there are several archangels.