Nature management

Nature management -the totality of human impacts on the geographical envelope of the Earth, considered in its entirety

There are rational and irrational environmental management. Rational environmental management is aimed at ensuring the conditions for the existence of mankind and obtaining material goods, for the maximum use of each natural territorial complex, for the prevention or maximum reduction of possible harmful consequences of production processes or other types human activity, to maintain and increase the productivity and attractiveness of nature, ensure and regulate the economical development of its resources. Irrational use of natural resources affects quality, waste and depletion natural resources, undermining the restorative forces of nature, pollution environment, reducing its health and aesthetic advantages.

Humanity's impact on nature has changed significantly in the process historical development society. In the early stages, society was a passive consumer of natural resources. With the growth of productive forces and changes in socio-economic formations, the influence of society on nature increased. Already under the conditions of the slave system and feudalism, large irrigation systems were built. The capitalist system, with its spontaneous economy, the pursuit of profits and private ownership of many sources of natural resources, as a rule, sharply limits the possibilities for rational use of natural resources. Best conditions for rational use of natural resources exist under the socialist system with its planned economy and concentration of natural resources in the hands of the state. There are numerous examples of improvements in the natural environment as a result of comprehensive accounting possible consequences certain transformations of nature (successes in irrigation, enrichment of fauna, creation of shelterbelt forests, etc.).

Environmental management, along with physical and economic geography, is closely connected with ecology, sociology, economics, and especially with the technology of various industries.

Rational environmental management

Rational environmental management is a system of environmental management in which:

The extracted natural resources are used quite fully and the amount of consumed resources is correspondingly reduced;

The restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured;

Production waste is fully and repeatedly used.

The system of rational environmental management can significantly reduce environmental pollution. Rational use of natural resources is characteristic of an intensive economy, that is, an economy that develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and better organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of environmental management could be a zero-waste production or a zero-waste production cycle, in which waste is completely used, resulting in reduced consumption of raw materials and minimized environmental pollution. Production can use waste as its own production process, as well as waste from other industries; Thus, several enterprises of the same or different industries can be included in the waste-free cycle. One of the types of waste-free production (the so-called recycled water supply) is the repeated use in the technological process of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc.; the used water is purified and re-entered into the production process.

The components of rational environmental management - protection, development and transformation of nature - are manifested in various forms in relation to different types of natural resources. When using practically inexhaustible resources (solar and underground heat energy, ebbs and flows, etc.), environmental management is measured primarily by the lowest operating costs, the highest coefficients useful action extractive industries and installations. For extractable and at the same time non-renewable resources (for example, minerals), the complexity and cost-effectiveness of production, waste reduction, etc. are important. The protection of resources that are replenished during use is aimed at maintaining their productivity and resource circulation, and their exploitation should ensure their economical, comprehensive and waste-free production and be accompanied by measures to prevent damage to related types of resources.

Irrational environmental management

Irrational environmental management is a system of environmental management in which large quantities and the most readily available natural resources are usually not fully utilized, resulting in rapid resource depletion. In this case it is done a large number of waste and the environment is heavily polluted. Irrational use of natural resources is typical for an extensive economy, that is, for an economy developing through new construction, the development of new lands, the use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of workers. Extensive farming initially brings good results at a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to the depletion of natural and labor resources. One of the many examples of irrational environmental management is slash-and-burn agriculture, which is still widespread in Southeast Asia. Land burning leads to the destruction of wood, air pollution, poorly controlled fires, etc. Often, irrational environmental management is a consequence of narrow departmental interests and the interests of transnational corporations that locate their hazardous production facilities in developing countries.

Natural resources

The geographical envelope of the earth has huge and diverse reserves of natural resources. However, resource reserves are unevenly distributed. As a result individual countries and regions have different resource availability.

Resource availability is the relationship between the amount of natural resources and the amount of their use. Resource availability is expressed either by the number of years for which these resources should be sufficient, or by resource reserves per capita. The resource availability indicator is influenced by the richness or poverty of a territory in natural resources, the scale of extraction and the class of natural resources (exhaustible or inexhaustible resources).

In socio-economic geography, several groups of resources are distinguished: mineral, land, water, forest, resources of the World Ocean, space, climate and recreational resources.

Almost all mineral resources belong to the non-renewable category. Mineral resources include fuel minerals, metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals.

Fossil fuels are of sedimentary origin and usually accompany the cover of ancient platforms and their internal and marginal bends. More than 3.6 thousand coal basins and deposits are known on the globe, which occupy 15% of the earth's land area. Coal basins of the same geological age often form coal accumulation belts stretching for thousands of kilometers.

The bulk of the world's coal resources are located in the northern hemisphere - Asia, North America and Europe. The main part lies in the 10 largest basins. These pools are located in Russia, the USA and Germany.

More than 600 oil and gas basins have been explored, another 450 are being developed, and the total number of oil fields reaches 50 thousand. The main oil and gas basins are concentrated in the northern hemisphere - in Asia, North America and Africa. The richest basins are the Persian and Gulf of Mexico and the West Siberian basin.

Ore minerals accompany the foundations of ancient platforms. In such areas, large metallogenic belts are formed (Alpine-Himalayan, Pacific), which serve as raw material bases for the mining and metallurgical industries and determine the economic specialization of individual regions and even entire countries. Countries located in these belts have favorable preconditions for the development of the mining industry.

They are widespread non-metallic minerals , deposits of which are found in both platform and folded areas.

For economic development, the most advantageous are territorial combinations of mineral resources, which facilitate the complex processing of raw materials and the formation of large territorial production complexes.

Land is one of the main resources of nature, the source of life. The global land fund is about 13.5 billion hectares. Its structure includes cultivable lands, meadows and pastures, forests and shrubs, unproductive and unproductive lands. Great value represent cultivated lands that provide 88% of the food needed by humanity. Cultivated lands are mainly concentrated in forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones of the planet. Meadows and pastures are of considerable importance, providing 10% of food consumed by humans.

The structure of the land fund is constantly changing. It is influenced by two opposing processes: the artificial expansion of land by man and the deterioration of land due to a natural process.

Every year, 6-7 million hectares of land fall out of agricultural production due to soil erosion and desertification. As a result of these processes, the load on the land is constantly increasing, and the availability of land resources is constantly falling. The least secure land resources include Egypt, Japan, South Africa, etc.

Water resources are the main source of satisfying human needs for water. Until recently, water was considered one of the free gifts of nature; only in areas of artificial irrigation it always had a high price. The planet's water reserves amount to 47 thousand m3. Moreover, only half of the water reserves can actually be used. Resources fresh water constitute only 2.5% of the total volume of the hydrosphere. In absolute terms, this amounts to 30-35 million m3, which is 10 thousand times more than the needs of humanity. But the overwhelming majority of fresh water is conserved in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, in the ice of the Arctic, in mountain glaciers and forms an “emergency reserve”, which is not yet suitable for use. River waters (“water ration”) remain the main source of satisfying humanity’s needs for fresh water. It is not that significant and you can realistically use about half of this amount. The main consumer of fresh water is agriculture. Almost 2/3 of water is used in agriculture for irrigation. The constant increase in water consumption creates the threat of fresh water shortage. Countries in Asia, Africa, and Western Europe experience such a shortage.

To solve water supply problems, people use several ways: for example, constructing reservoirs; saves water by introducing technologies that reduce water losses; carries out desalination of sea water, redistribution of river flow in moisture-abundant areas, etc.

River flow is also used to obtain hydraulic potential. Hydraulic potential is of three types: gross (30-35 trillion kW/h), technical (20 trillion kW/h), economic (10 trillion kW/h). Economic potential is part of the gross and technical hydraulic potential, the use of which is justified. The countries of foreign Asia have the greatest economic hydraulic potential, Latin America, North America, Europe and Australia. However, in Europe this potential has already been used by 70%, in Asia - by 14%, in Africa - by 3%.

The Earth's biomass is created by plant and animal organisms. Plant resources are represented by both cultivated and wild plants. Among wild plants, forest vegetation predominates, which forms forest resources.

Forest resources are characterized by two indicators :

1) size of forest area (4.1 billion hectares);

2) standing timber reserves (330 billion hectares).

This reserve increases annually by 5.5 billion m3. At the end of the 20th century. forests began to be cut down for arable land, plantations and construction. As a result, forest area is reduced annually by 15 million hectares. This leads to a reduction in the wood processing industry.

The forests of the world form two huge belts. The northern forest belt is located in the temperate and subtropical zones. The most forested countries in this belt are Russia, the USA, Canada, Finland, and Sweden. The southern forest belt is located in the tropical and equatorial zones. The forests of this belt are concentrated in three areas: the Amazon, the Congo basin and Southeast Asia.

Animal resources also fall into the renewable category. Together, plants and animals form the genetic fund (gene pool) of the planet. One of the most important tasks of our time is the preservation of biological diversity and the prevention of “erosion” of the gene pool.

The world's oceans contain large group natural resources. Firstly, it is sea water, which contains 75 chemical elements. Secondly, these are mineral resources, such as oil, natural gas, and solid minerals. Thirdly, energy resources (tidal energy). Fourthly, biological resources (animals and plants). Fourthly, these are the biological resources of the World Ocean. The ocean biomass includes 140 thousand species, and its mass is estimated at 35 billion tons. The most productive resources are the Norwegian, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas.

Climate Resources - This solar system, heat, moisture, light. The geographical distribution of these resources is reflected on the agroclimatic map. Space resources include wind and wind energy, which is essentially inexhaustible, relatively cheap and does not pollute the environment.

Recreational resources are distinguished not by the characteristics of their origin, but by the nature of their use. These include both natural and anthropogenic objects and phenomena that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment. They are divided into four types: recreational-therapeutic (for example, treatment with mineral waters), recreational-health-improving (for example, swimming and beach areas), recreational-sports (for example, ski resorts) and recreational-educational (for example, historical monuments).

The division of recreational resources into natural-recreational and cultural-historical attractions is widely used. Natural and recreational resources include sea coasts, banks of rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, mineral springs and therapeutic mud. Cultural and historical attractions are monuments of history, archeology, architecture, and art.

Nature management

Nature management -the totality of human impacts on the geographical envelope of the Earth, considered in its entirety

There are rational and irrational use of natural resources. Rational environmental management is aimed at ensuring the conditions for the existence of mankind and obtaining material benefits, at maximizing the use of each natural territorial complex, at preventing or maximizing the possible harmful consequences of production processes or other types of human activity, at maintaining and increasing the productivity and attractiveness of nature, ensuring and regulating economic development of its resources. Irrational use of natural resources affects the quality, waste and depletion of natural resources, undermining the restorative powers of nature, polluting the environment, and reducing its health and aesthetic benefits.

The impact of humanity on nature has changed significantly in the process of historical development of society. In the early stages, society was a passive consumer of natural resources. With the growth of productive forces and changes in socio-economic formations, the influence of society on nature increased. Already under the conditions of the slave system and feudalism, large irrigation systems were built. The capitalist system, with its spontaneous economy, the pursuit of profits and private ownership of many sources of natural resources, as a rule, sharply limits the possibilities for rational use of natural resources. The best conditions for rational use of natural resources exist under the socialist system with its planned economy and concentration of natural resources in the hands of the state. There are numerous examples of improvement of the natural environment as a result of comprehensive consideration of the possible consequences of certain transformations of nature (successes in irrigation, enrichment of fauna, creation of shelterbelt forests, etc.).

Environmental management, along with physical and economic geography, is closely connected with ecology, sociology, economics, and especially with the technology of various industries.

Rational environmental management

Rational environmental management is a system of environmental management in which:

The extracted natural resources are used quite fully and the amount of consumed resources is correspondingly reduced;

The restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured;

Production waste is fully and repeatedly used.

The system of rational environmental management can significantly reduce environmental pollution. Rational use of natural resources is characteristic of an intensive economy, that is, an economy that develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and better organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of environmental management could be a zero-waste production or a zero-waste production cycle, in which waste is completely used, resulting in reduced consumption of raw materials and minimized environmental pollution. Production can use waste from both its own production process and waste from other industries; Thus, several enterprises of the same or different industries can be included in the waste-free cycle. One of the types of waste-free production (the so-called recycled water supply) is the repeated use in the technological process of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc.; the used water is purified and re-entered into the production process.

The components of rational environmental management - protection, development and transformation of nature - manifest themselves in various forms in relation to different types of natural resources. When using practically inexhaustible resources (solar and underground heat energy, ebbs and flows, etc.), the rationality of environmental management is measured primarily by the lowest operating costs and the highest efficiency of extractive industries and installations. For extractable and at the same time non-renewable resources (for example, minerals), the complexity and cost-effectiveness of production, waste reduction, etc. are important. The protection of resources that are replenished during use is aimed at maintaining their productivity and resource circulation, and their exploitation should ensure their economical, comprehensive and waste-free production and be accompanied by measures to prevent damage to related types of resources.

Irrational environmental management

Unsustainable environmental management is a system of environmental management in which the most readily available natural resources are used in large quantities and usually incompletely, resulting in rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted. Irrational use of natural resources is typical for an extensive economy, that is, for an economy developing through new construction, the development of new lands, the use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of workers. Extensive farming initially brings good results at a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to the depletion of natural and labor resources. One of the many examples of irrational environmental management is slash-and-burn agriculture, which is still widespread in Southeast Asia. Land burning leads to the destruction of wood, air pollution, poorly controlled fires, etc. Often, irrational environmental management is a consequence of narrow departmental interests and the interests of transnational corporations that locate their hazardous production facilities in developing countries.

Natural resources

The geographical envelope of the earth has huge and diverse reserves of natural resources. However, resource reserves are unevenly distributed. As a result, individual countries and regions have different resource endowments.

Resource availability is the relationship between the amount of natural resources and the amount of their use. Resource availability is expressed either by the number of years for which these resources should be sufficient, or by resource reserves per capita. The resource availability indicator is influenced by the richness or poverty of a territory in natural resources, the scale of extraction and the class of natural resources (exhaustible or inexhaustible resources).

In socio-economic geography, several groups of resources are distinguished: mineral, land, water, forest, resources of the World Ocean, space, climate and recreational resources.

Almost all mineral resources belong to the non-renewable category. Mineral resources include fuel minerals, metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals.

Fossil fuels are of sedimentary origin and usually accompany the cover of ancient platforms and their internal and marginal bends. More than 3.6 thousand coal basins and deposits are known on the globe, which occupy 15% of the earth's land area. Coal basins of the same geological age often form coal accumulation belts stretching for thousands of kilometers.

The bulk of the world's coal resources are located in the northern hemisphere - Asia, North America and Europe. The main part lies in the 10 largest basins. These pools are located in Russia, the USA and Germany.

More than 600 oil and gas basins have been explored, another 450 are being developed, and the total number of oil fields reaches 50 thousand. The main oil and gas basins are concentrated in the northern hemisphere - in Asia, North America and Africa. The richest basins are the Persian and Gulf of Mexico and the West Siberian basin.

Ore minerals accompany the foundations of ancient platforms. In such areas, large metallogenic belts are formed (Alpine-Himalayan, Pacific), which serve as raw material bases for the mining and metallurgical industries and determine the economic specialization of individual regions and even entire countries. Countries located in these belts have favorable prerequisites for the development of the mining industry.

They are widespread non-metallic minerals , deposits of which are found in both platform and folded areas.

For economic development, the most advantageous are territorial combinations of mineral resources, which facilitate the complex processing of raw materials and the formation of large territorial production complexes.

Land is one of the main resources of nature, the source of life. The global land fund is about 13.5 billion hectares. Its structure includes cultivable lands, meadows and pastures, forests and shrubs, unproductive and unproductive lands. Cultivated lands are of great value, providing 88% of the food needed by humanity. Cultivated lands are mainly concentrated in forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones of the planet. Meadows and pastures are of considerable importance, providing 10% of food consumed by humans.

The structure of the land fund is constantly changing. It is influenced by two opposing processes: the artificial expansion of land by man and the deterioration of land due to a natural process.

Every year, 6-7 million hectares of land fall out of agricultural production due to soil erosion and desertification. As a result of these processes, the load on the land is constantly increasing, and the availability of land resources is constantly falling. The least secure land resources include Egypt, Japan, South Africa, etc.

Water resources are the main source of satisfying human needs for water. Until recently, water was considered one of the free gifts of nature; only in areas of artificial irrigation it always had a high price. The planet's water reserves amount to 47 thousand m3. Moreover, only half of the water reserves can actually be used. Fresh water resources account for only 2.5% of the total volume of the hydrosphere. In absolute terms, this amounts to 30-35 million m3, which is 10 thousand times more than the needs of humanity. But the overwhelming majority of fresh water is conserved in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, in the ice of the Arctic, in mountain glaciers and forms an “emergency reserve”, which is not yet suitable for use. River waters (“water ration”) remain the main source of satisfying humanity’s needs for fresh water. It is not that significant and you can realistically use about half of this amount. The main consumer of fresh water is agriculture. Almost 2/3 of water is used in agriculture for irrigation. The constant increase in water consumption creates the threat of fresh water shortage. Countries in Asia, Africa, and Western Europe experience such a shortage.

To solve water supply problems, people use several ways: for example, constructing reservoirs; saves water by introducing technologies that reduce water losses; carries out desalination of sea water, redistribution of river flow in moisture-abundant areas, etc.

River flow is also used to obtain hydraulic potential. Hydraulic potential is of three types: gross (30-35 trillion kW/h), technical (20 trillion kW/h), economic (10 trillion kW/h). Economic potential is part of the gross and technical hydraulic potential, the use of which is justified. The countries of foreign Asia, Latin America, North America, Europe and Australia have the greatest economic hydraulic potential. However, in Europe this potential has already been used by 70%, in Asia - by 14%, in Africa - by 3%.

The Earth's biomass is created by plant and animal organisms. Plant resources are represented by both cultivated and wild plants. Among wild plants, forest vegetation predominates, which forms forest resources.

Forest resources are characterized by two indicators :

1) size of forest area (4.1 billion hectares);

2) standing timber reserves (330 billion hectares).

This reserve increases annually by 5.5 billion m3. At the end of the 20th century. forests began to be cut down for arable land, plantations and construction. As a result, forest area is reduced annually by 15 million hectares. This leads to a reduction in the wood processing industry.

The forests of the world form two huge belts. The northern forest belt is located in the temperate and subtropical zones. The most forested countries in this belt are Russia, the USA, Canada, Finland, and Sweden. The southern forest belt is located in the tropical and equatorial zones. The forests of this belt are concentrated in three areas: the Amazon, the Congo basin and Southeast Asia.

Animal resources also fall into the renewable category. Together, plants and animals form the genetic fund (gene pool) of the planet. One of the most important tasks of our time is the preservation of biological diversity and the prevention of “erosion” of the gene pool.

The world's oceans contain a large group of natural resources. Firstly, it is sea water, which contains 75 chemical elements. Secondly, these are mineral resources, such as oil, natural gas, and solid minerals. Thirdly, energy resources (tidal energy). Fourthly, biological resources (animals and plants). Fourthly, these are the biological resources of the World Ocean. The ocean biomass includes 140 thousand species, and its mass is estimated at 35 billion tons. The most productive resources are the Norwegian, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas.

Climate Resources – this is the solar system, heat, moisture, light. The geographical distribution of these resources is reflected on the agroclimatic map. Space resources include wind and wind energy, which is essentially inexhaustible, relatively cheap and does not pollute the environment.

Recreational resources are distinguished not by the characteristics of their origin, but by the nature of their use. These include both natural and anthropogenic objects and phenomena that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment. They are divided into four types: recreational-therapeutic (for example, treatment with mineral waters), recreational-health-improving (for example, swimming and beach areas), recreational-sports (for example, ski resorts) and recreational-educational (for example, historical monuments).

The division of recreational resources into natural-recreational and cultural-historical attractions is widely used. Natural and recreational resources include sea coasts, banks of rivers, lakes, mountains, forests, mineral springs and therapeutic mud. Cultural and historical attractions are monuments of history, archeology, architecture, and art.

IN Federal law“On Environmental Protection” states that “...reproduction and rational use of natural resources... the necessary conditions ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety..."

Environmental management (use of natural resources) is the totality of all forms of human impact on nature and its resources. The main forms of influence are: exploration and extraction (development) of natural resources, their involvement in economic circulation (transportation, sale, processing, etc.), as well as the protection of natural resources. In possible cases - resumption (reproduction).

Based on environmental consequences, environmental management is divided into rational and irrational. Rational environmental management is a consciously regulated, purposeful activity carried out taking into account the laws of nature and ensuring:

Society's need for natural resources while maintaining a balance between economic development and sustainability of the natural environment;

Environmentally friendly for human health and life natural environment;

Preservation of natural resources in the interests of present and future generations of people.

Rational environmental management ensures a regime of economical and efficient exploitation of natural resources with maximum extraction from them healthy products. Rational environmental management does not lead to drastic changes in natural resource potential and does not cause profound changes in the natural environment. At the same time, the norms of permissible impact on nature are observed, based on the requirements of its protection and causing the least harm to it.

A prerequisite is legislative support for environmental management at the state level, regulation, implementation of measures aimed at solving environmental problems and monitoring the state of the natural environment.

Irrational environmental management is an activity associated with a high intensity of use of natural resources, which does not ensure the conservation of the natural resource complex, and violates the laws of nature. As a result of such activities, the quality of the natural environment deteriorates, its degradation occurs, natural resources are depleted, the natural basis of people’s livelihoods is undermined, and their health is harmed. Such use of natural resources violates environmental safety and can lead to environmental crises and even disasters.

An ecological crisis is a critical state of the environment that threatens human existence.

Ecological disaster - changes in the natural environment, often caused by the impact economic activity human, man-made accident or natural disaster, leading to unfavorable changes in the natural environment and accompanied by massive loss of life or damage to the health of the population of the region, death of living organisms, vegetation, large losses material assets and natural resources.

The reasons for irrational environmental management include:

An unbalanced and unsafe system of environmental management that developed spontaneously in the last century;

The population has the idea that many natural resources are given to people for nothing (cutting down a tree to build a house, getting water from a well, picking berries in the forest); the entrenched concept of a “free” resource, which does not stimulate frugality and encourages wastefulness;

Social conditions that caused a sharp increase in population, growth of productive forces on the planet and, accordingly, impacts human society on nature, on its resources (life expectancy has increased, mortality has decreased, production of food, consumer goods, housing, and other goods has increased).

Changing social conditions have caused a high rate of depletion of natural resources. In industrialized countries, the capacity of modern industry now doubles approximately every 15 years, constantly causing deterioration of the natural environment.

After humanity realized what was happening and began to compare economic benefits with the opportunities and environmental losses of nature, environmental quality began to be considered as an economic category (good). The consumer of this product is, first of all, the population living in a certain territory, and then industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the economy.

Many advanced countries, starting with Japan, in the middle of the 20th century embarked on the path of resource conservation, while the economy of our country continued extensive (cost-consuming) development, in which the growth of production volumes increased mainly due to the involvement of new natural resources in economic circulation. And at present, an unreasonably large volume of natural resource use remains.

The extraction of natural resources is constantly growing. For example, water consumption in Russia (for the needs of the population, industry, agriculture) has increased 7 times over 100 years. The consumption of energy resources has increased manifold.

Another problem is the fact that in finished products Only about 2% of mined minerals are transferred. The remaining amount is stored in dumps, dissipated during transportation and overloading, lost during ineffective technological processes, and replenishes waste. Into the natural environment (soil and vegetation cover, water sources, atmosphere) and pollutants are released. Large losses of raw materials are also due to the lack of economic interest in the rational and complete extraction of all useful components from them.

Economic activity has destroyed entire populations of animals and plants, many species of insects, led to a progressive decrease in water resources, to the filling of underground workings with fresh water, due to which the aquifers of groundwater that feed rivers and are sources of drinking water supply are dehydrated.

The result of irrational environmental management was an intensive decrease in soil fertility. Acid rain, the culprit of soil acidification, is formed when industrial emissions, flue gases and vehicle exhausts dissolve in atmospheric moisture. As a result, the reserves of nutrients in the soil are reduced, which leads to damage to soil organisms and a decrease in soil fertility. The main sources and causes of soil pollution with heavy metals (soil pollution with lead and cadmium is especially dangerous) are car exhaust gases and emissions from large enterprises.

From the combustion of coal, fuel oil, and oil shale, soils are contaminated with benzo(a)pyrene, dioxins, and heavy metals. Sources of soil pollution are urban wastewater, industrial and household waste dumps, from which rain and melt water are carried into the soil and The groundwater unpredictable sets of components, including dangerous ones. Harmful substances entering the soil, plants, and living organisms can accumulate there to high, life-threatening concentrations. Nuclear pollution soils are caused by nuclear power plants, uranium and enrichment mines, and radioactive waste storage facilities.

When agricultural cultivation of the land is carried out in violation of the scientific principles of agriculture, soil erosion inevitably occurs - the process of destruction of the upper, most fertile soil layers under the influence of wind or water. Water erosion is the washing away of soil by melt or storm water.

Atmospheric pollution as a result of irrational environmental management is a change in its composition due to the arrival of impurities of technogenic (from industrial sources) or natural (from forest fires, volcanic eruptions, etc.) origin. Enterprise emissions ( chemical substances, dust, gases) spread through the air over considerable distances.

As a result of their deposition, vegetation cover is damaged, the productivity of agricultural land, livestock and fisheries decreases, and changes chemical composition surface and groundwater. All this affects not only natural systems, but also the social environment.

Motor transport is the largest air pollutant of all others. Vehicle. Road transport accounts for more than half of all harmful emissions into the atmosphere. It has been established that road transport also leads in the range of harmful components in exhaust gases, which contain about 200 different hydrocarbons, as well as other harmful substances, many of which are carcinogens, i.e. substances that promote the development of cancer cells in living organisms.

A pronounced impact on humans from vehicle emissions is recorded in large cities. In houses located near highways (closer than 10 m from them), residents suffer from cancer 3...4 times more often than in houses located at a distance of 50 m or more from the road.

Water pollution as a result of irrational environmental management occurs mainly due to oil spills during tanker accidents, nuclear waste disposal, and discharges of domestic and industrial sewage systems. This is a big threat to the natural processes of water circulation in nature in its most critical link - evaporation from the surface of the ocean.

When petroleum products enter water bodies with wastewater, they cause profound changes in the composition of aquatic vegetation and wildlife, as their habitat conditions are disrupted. The surface oil film prevents the penetration of sunlight necessary for the life of vegetation and animal organisms.

Fresh water pollution poses a serious problem for humanity. The water quality of most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements. About half of the Russian population is already forced to use water for drinking purposes that does not meet hygienic regulatory requirements.

One of the main properties of fresh water as a component of the environment is its irreplaceability. The environmental load on rivers has increased especially sharply due to insufficient quality of wastewater treatment. Petroleum products remain the most common pollutants for surface waters. Number of rivers high level pollution is constantly growing. The current level of wastewater treatment is such that even in waters that have undergone biological treatment, the content of nitrates and phosphates is sufficient for intensive blooming of water bodies.

The condition of groundwater is assessed as pre-critical and tends to further deteriorate. Pollution enters them with runoff from industrial and urban areas, landfills, and fields treated with chemicals. Among the substances polluting surface and groundwater, in addition to petroleum products, the most common are phenols, heavy metals(copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury), sulfates, chlorides, nitrogen compounds, and lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury are highly toxic metals.

An example of an irrational attitude towards the most valuable natural resource - clean drinking water - is the depletion of the natural resources of Lake Baikal. Depletion is associated with the intensity of development of the lake’s riches, the use of environmentally dirty technologies and outdated equipment at enterprises that discharge their sewage (with insufficient treatment) into the waters of Lake Baikal and the rivers flowing into it.

Further deterioration of the environment poses a serious threat to the population and future generations of Russia. It is possible to restore almost any kind of destruction, but it is impossible to revive damaged nature in the foreseeable future, even for a lot of money. It will take centuries to stop its further destruction and delay the approach of an environmental catastrophe in the world.

Residents of industrialized cities experience increased level morbidity, since they are forced to constantly be in a polluted environment (the concentration of harmful substances in which can exceed the maximum permissible concentration by 10 times or more). To the greatest extent, air pollution manifests itself in an increase in respiratory diseases and a decrease in immunity, especially in children, and in the growth of cancer among the population. Control samples of agricultural food products unacceptably often show non-compliance with state standards.

The deterioration of environmental quality in Russia may cause disruption of the human gene pool. This is manifested in an increase in the number of diseases, including congenital ones, and a decrease in average life expectancy. Negative genetic consequences environmental pollution on the state of nature can be expressed in the appearance of mutants, previously unknown diseases of animals and plants, reduction in population numbers, as well as depletion of traditional biological resources.

Rational and irrational environmental management

Completed by: student of group 212

Poverty Natalya Igorevna

Scientific director: Ph.D., Art. teacher

Pavlova Natalya Vladimirovna

Shadrinsk 2013

Introduction……………………………………………………………..............3

Chapter 1. Rational and irrational environmental management..5

1.1. Rational environmental management…………………………6

1.2. Irrational use of natural resources……………………...8

Chapter 2. Recreational environmental management……………………..9

Conclusion……………………………………………………...16

List of sources used…………………………….17

INTRODUCTION

Nature is the habitat of man and the source of all the goods he needs for life and production activities. Man is a part of nature, its creation, he can produce only using its resources, and live only in those natural conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, atmospheric composition, etc.) to which he is genetically adapted. For many years, striving to conquer nature and dominate it, man unexpectedly found himself on the verge of an environmental disaster. "Greenhouse effect", "ozone hole", "acid rain", shortage clean water and food, raw materials and energy crises, pollution of the World Ocean - all these problems have faced man, threatening death and requiring immediate solutions. One can hardly name a more important global problem these days than the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. Her

a solution is possible only on the basis of environmental knowledge. The abstract is devoted to this problem, as it is relevant in our time. Nature management- this is the use of natural resources, therefore, to understand the problem posed, we will first focus on the natural resources themselves.

Many scientists (Yu.K. Efremov, V.A. Anuchin, I.Ya. Blekhmin, V.A. Minaev, N.F. Reimers, etc.) believe that the term “environmental management” includes development, use, transformation, reproduction and protection of natural conditions and resources by humanity. It should be noted that the concepts of “development”, “use”, “transformation”, “reproduction” mean not just mechanical processes, but their complex unity and are a consequence of deep interpenetration and interaction. Thus, environmental management provides not only for the economically and environmentally effective involvement of natural-territorial complexes in the process social production, but also their transformation, restoration and protection.

Humanity cannot exist without using natural resources, without influencing their quantity and quality, and, consequently, without making changes to its natural environment. These changes associated with human activity are called anthropogenic. The process of exploiting natural resources in order to satisfy the material and cultural needs of society is called environmental management. It can be rational (reasonable) and irrational. The very concept of rationality presupposes reliance on reason and knowledge. Therefore, environmental management also includes science that develops general principles carrying out any activity related to the use of natural resources and the impact on them, which will help avoid environmental disaster.

Environmental management should be based on ecology and the laws it reveals of the interaction of various natural systems. Rational environmental management means the study of natural resources, their careful exploitation, protection and reproduction, taking into account not only the present, but also the future interests of the development of the national economy and the preservation of human health. Unfortunately, current state environmental management in most cases can be characterized as irrational, leading to depletion (even extinction) of natural resources, even renewable ones; environmental pollution. There are many reasons for this. This includes insufficient knowledge of the laws of ecology, weak material interest of producers, low ecological culture of the population, etc.

CHAPTER 1. RATIONAL AND UNRATIONAL USE OF NATURE

Human impact on the environment can be either conscious or spontaneous, accidental. Direct impact associated with the direct influence of humans on nature and natural components in the process of environmental management. This includes trades (hunting, fishing, collecting wild berries and mushrooms), industrial and agricultural production (drainage, irrigation, creation of artificial reservoirs, etc.). Concept and types of environmental management

Indirect impact caused by the interaction of components and elements of nature. For example, by cutting down forests (direct impact), a person affects changes in the depth of groundwater, climate, worsens living conditions for many species of plants and animals, contributes to the development of soil erosion, etc. The most common is the combined impact of humans on nature. Depending on the forms of impact, problems of protecting one or another natural resource arise of varying degrees of complexity (with direct impact, it is easier to protect the resource).
There are rational and irrational use of natural resources. Rational environmental management involves the reasonable development of natural resources, the prevention of potentially harmful impacts of human activity, maintaining and increasing labor productivity and the attractiveness of natural complexes and individual natural objects. With rational use of natural resources, people's living conditions improve. The Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Environmental Protection” states that “the rational use of natural resources, taking into account the capabilities of the environment, the need to renew natural resources and prevent irreversible results for the environment and health” is one of the basic principles of environmental protection. The most important principles of rational environmental management include:

a) compliance of the nature and method of use of natural resources with specific local conditions;

b) anticipation and prevention negative consequences environmental management;

c) increasing the intensity and complexity of the use of natural resources;

d) preservation of scientific and aesthetic value nature;
e) reducing losses of natural resources;

f) worldwide “greening” of social production.

1. Environmental management. Examples of rational and irrational environmental management.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Western European countries.

3. Determine and compare the average population density of two countries (as chosen by the teacher) and explain the reasons for the differences.

1. Environmental management. Examples of rational and irrational environmental management.

The entire history of human society is the history of its interaction with nature. Man has been using it for his economic purposes for a long time: hunting, gathering, fishing, as natural resources.

Over the course of several millennia, the nature of humanity's relationship with the environment has undergone great changes.

Stages of society's influence on the natural environment:

1) about 30 thousand years ago - gathering, hunting and fishing. Man adapted to nature, and did not change it.

2) 6-8 thousand years ago - the agricultural revolution: the transition of the main part of humanity from hunting and fishing to cultivating the land; There was a slight transformation of natural landscapes.

3) the Middle Ages - an increase in the load on the land, the development of crafts; a wider involvement of natural resources in the economic cycle was required.

4) 300 years ago - industrial revolution: rapid transformation of natural landscapes; growing human impact on the environment.

5) from the middle of the 20th century - the modern stage of the scientific and technological revolution: fundamental shifts in technical base production; There are sharp shifts in the “society - natural environment” system.

Currently, the active role of man in the use of nature is reflected in environmental management as a special area of ​​economic activity.

Environmental management is a set of measures taken by society to study, protect, develop and transform the environment.

Types of environmental management:

1) rational;

2) irrational.

Rational environmental management is an attitude towards nature, which means, first of all, concern for maintaining ecological balance in the environment and completely excludes the perception of nature as an inexhaustible storehouse.

This concept presupposes intensive development of the economy - “in depth”, due to more complete processing of raw materials, reuse of production and consumption waste, the use of low-waste technologies, the creation of cultural landscapes, the protection of animal and plant species, the creation of nature reserves, etc.

For your information:

· There are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks in the world, which together occupy an area of ​​2.7% of the earth's land. The largest national parks by area are in Greenland, Botswana, Canada, and Alaska.

· In the most developed countries, the use of recycled materials in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass, paper, and plastics already reaches 70% or more.

Irrational environmental management is an attitude towards nature that does not take into account the requirements of environmental protection and its improvement (consumer attitude towards nature).

This approach assumes an extensive path of economic development, i.e. “in breadth”, thanks to the involvement of more and more new geographical areas and natural resources in economic turnover.

Examples of this attitude:

Deforestation;

The process of desertification due to excessive grazing;

Extermination of certain species of plants and animals;

Pollution of water, soil, atmosphere, etc.

For your information:

· It is estimated that one person “harasss” about 200 trees in his life: for housing, furniture, toys, notebooks, matches, etc. In the form of matches alone, the inhabitants of our planet burn 1.5 million cubic meters of wood annually.

· On average, each Moscow resident produces 300-320 kg of garbage per year, in Western European countries - 150-300 kg, in the USA - 500-600 kg. Each city dweller in the United States throws away 80 kg of paper, 250 metal cans, and 390 bottles per year.

Currently, most countries have environmental management policies; special environmental protection bodies have been created; environmental programs and laws and various international projects are being developed.

And the most important thing that a person must learn in his interaction with the natural environment is that all the continents of the planet are interconnected, and if the balance on one of them is disrupted, the other also changes. The slogan “Nature is a workshop, and man is a worker in it” has lost its meaning today.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Western European countries.

Western Europe is made up of more than 20 states distinguished by their historical, ethnic, natural, economic, social and cultural uniqueness.

The largest countries in the region: Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Great Britain, Sweden, etc.

Characteristics of the Western Europe region:

1) Economic-geographical location:

a) the region is located on the Eurasian continent, in the western part of Europe;

b) most of the countries have access to the seas, which are the main areas of world maritime transport (the Atlantic Ocean connects Europe with America, the Mediterranean Sea with Africa and Asia, the Baltic Sea with European countries);

c) the region in question borders on other economically developed regions, which has a positive effect on the development of its economy;

d) the region is in relative proximity to many developing countries, which means proximity to sources of raw materials and cheap labor.

2) Natural conditions and resources:

· relief: a combination of flat and mountainous terrain;

· mineral resources: unevenly distributed, some deposits have been depleted.

Industrial reserves: oil and gas (France, Netherlands); coal (Ruhr basin in Germany, Wales and Newcastle in Great Britain, etc.); iron ore (Great Britain, Sweden); non-ferrous metal ores (Germany, Spain, Italy); potassium salts (Germany, France). In general, the provision of this region is worse than that of North America and other regions.

· soils: very fertile (brown forest, brown, gray-brown);

· land resources: most of the land is occupied by arable land and pastures.

· climate: predominance of a temperate climate zone, in the south - subtropical, in the north - subarctic; summer temperatures (8-24 degrees above zero) and winter (from minus 8 to plus 8 degrees); precipitation ranges from 250 to 2000 mm per year;

· agroclimatic resources: favorable for growing crops such as rye, wheat, flax, potatoes, corn, sunflowers, sugar beets, grapes, citrus fruits (in the south), etc. As a result, we can say that the region is well provided with heat and moisture, except for the southern part.

· waters: rivers (Rhine, Danube, Seine, Loire, etc.); lakes (Geneva, etc.); glaciers (in the mountains);

· water resources: the resource provision of the total river flow per capita is 2.5-50 thousand cubic meters per year, which indicates a good, but uneven supply.

· forests: mixed, broad-leaved and coniferous;

· forest resources: forests occupy 30% of the territory, most of them have been cut down; the largest reserves are in Sweden and Finland.

· resources of the World Ocean: oil and gas are produced in the area of ​​the North Sea and the shelf zone of the Bay of Biscay; Most of the seas have significant fish resources.

· non-traditional energy resources: geothermal sources in Iceland and Italy; The use of wind energy is promising in France and Denmark.

· recreational resources:

· Western Europe is the center of world tourism, 65% of the world's tourists are in France, Spain, Italy, etc.

3) Population:

a) number - over 300 million people;

b) population density - from 10 to 200 people/sq. km;

c) II type of reproduction; fertility, mortality and natural increase are low;

d) predominance of the female population;

e) population aging;

f) Indo-European language family:

· language groups and peoples: Germanic (Germans, English), Romanesque (French, Italians);

· interethnic problems in countries: Spain (Basques), France (Corsicans), Great Britain (northern part of Ireland);

· religions: Protestantism, Catholicism;

g) urbanization level is about 80%; largest cities: Rotterdam, Paris, Rome, Madrid, etc.

h) the region of Western Europe is a global hotbed of labor migration (entry of labor);

i) labor resources: (highly qualified)

40-60% are employed in the service and trade sectors;

30-35% - in industry and construction;

5-10% - in agriculture.

4) Economy:

Western Europe is one of the economic and financial centers of the world; according to the pace of economic development in Lately the region began to lag behind the United States and Japan.

Conditions affecting development:

High technological level;

Highly qualified personnel;

Availability of unique natural resources;

Greater flexibility and adaptability of the production structure of small and medium-sized firms to the needs of the world market.

Industries:

a) energy is based on its own and imported resources. In the countries of northern and southern Europe great importance have water resources. Iceland uses geothermal energy. The region leads the world in the development of nuclear energy.

b) ferrous metallurgy:

Areas of old developments: Ruhr in Germany, Lorraine in France;

The focus on importing yellow ore led to a shift of enterprises to the sea: Taranto in Italy, Bremen in Germany.

c) non-ferrous metallurgy: uses ore concentrates from Africa and Asia (Germany, Belgium).

d) mechanical engineering determines the industrial face of Western Europe. The region produces everything from simple metal products to aircraft. The automotive industry is especially well developed: Volkswagen (Germany), Renault (France), Fiat (Italy), Volvo (Sweden).

e) chemical industry: Germany - production of dyes and plastics, France - synthetic rubber, Belgium - chemical fertilizers and soda, Sweden and Norway - forest chemicals, Switzerland - pharmaceuticals.

Agriculture is characterized by high productivity and diversity. Only tropical agricultural products and feed grains are imported. Livestock farming predominates (cattle, sheep, pig, poultry). Crops used in crop production: wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, sugar beets (France, Germany), grapes, olives (Italy, Spain).

Transport is highly developed. The role of road and sea transport is great (ports: Rotterdam, Marseille, Le Havre, etc.). The share of pipeline and air transport is increasing. A dense transport network has been developed.

5) Internal differences of the region:

Highly developed: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy;

Moderately developed: Sweden, Spain, etc.;

Less developed: Portugal, Greece.

6) External economic relations: countries are united in the European Union; There is a high level of regional integration within the Common European Economic Space.

3. Determination and comparison of the average population density of two countries (as chosen by the teacher) and explanation of the reasons.

Let's take Algeria and France for example, and compare their indicators.

· uneven population density:

From 200 to 600 people/square meter (on the coast);

From 1 person/sq. meter or less (the rest);

Factors that influenced this distribution of people across the territory:

1) natural: dry, hot climate, small amount of water, infertile soils on the predominant territory of Algeria do not contribute to high density in the given continental conditions of the northern part of the African continent; a significant increase in density on the Mediterranean coast (north of the country), is a consequence of a milder climate, large supplies of drinking water, etc.;

2) historical: since ancient times, most of Algeria has been an area of ​​nomadic residence.

· population density is high, its distribution is more uniform than in Algeria:

From 50 to 200 people/sq. meter (national average);

Up to 600 people/sq.meter or more (in the Paris area);

Factors that influenced this distribution:

1) natural: favorable climate, sufficient precipitation, no sudden temperature changes, as in the deserts of Algeria; fertile soils; abundance of rivers, lakes; access to the seas;

2) historical: how long ago this territory was developed;

3) economic: industrialized region.

The 3rd question on the ticket is most clearly examined using examples of countries that are quite contrasting in all respects (natural, economic, historical, social, etc.) - such as the countries of Africa, Asia in comparison with the countries of Western Europe.

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