The work of Vasil Bykov is almost entirely devoted to the theme of the Great Patriotic War. Already in the first stories, the writer tried to get rid of stereotypes when showing military operations and the behavior of soldiers and officers. Bykov's works always depict acute situations at war. His heroes are usually faced with the need to make urgent decisions. Bykov develops a heroic-psychological version of the story, emphasizing in it the tragic side of the war.

The writer makes you think about the meaning of the concept of "feat". Is it possible to consider the hero of the teacher Frost from the story "Obelisk", if he only accepted death at the hands of the Nazis along with his students? Lieutenant Ivanovsky from the story "To Live Until Dawn" risked the lives of his soldiers and died with them without completing the task. Is he a hero? There is a traitor in almost every story by Bykov. This confused the critics, they preferred not to write about it.

For artistic manner the writer is characterized by the combination of contrasting characters in one work, with the help of which he conducts a moral experiment. A vivid example of this is the story "Sotnikov", written in 1970. The author puts his heroes before a difficult choice: either save their lives and betray, or die at the hands of the Nazis.

Sotnikov and Rybak are partisan scouts who went to get food for a detachment hidden in the forest. We get to know them when they make their way from the Burnt Swamp to the farm in winter to get food in order to save partisans from starvation. Their detachment caused a lot of harm to the invaders. After that, three companies of gendarmes were sent to destroy the partisans. “For a week of fighting and running around in the forests, people were exhausted, emaciated on one potato, without bread, besides, four were wounded, two were carried along on a stretcher. And then the policemen and the gendarmerie overlaid so that, perhaps, you can’t stick your head out anywhere. ”

Rybak - a strong, resourceful fighter, was a foreman in a rifle company. When he was wounded, he ended up in the remote village of Korchevka, where he was being taken out locals. After recovering, Rybak went into the forest.

We learn about Sotnikov that before the war he graduated from a teacher's institute and worked at a school. In 1939 he was drafted into the army, and when the war began, he commanded a battery. In the first battle, the battery was broken, and Sotnikov was captured, from which he fled on the second attempt.

Bykov was distinguished by his ability to build psychological and moral paradoxes. The reader cannot guess how his characters will behave in extreme conditions. The writer shows that fate several times provides the hero with an opportunity to make a choice, but what will he choose? Often a person does not know himself. Everyone has a certain opinion about himself, sometimes even confidence in how he will act in a given situation. But this is just an invented image of his own "I". In a situation of hard choice, everything that is in the depths of the soul, the true face of a person, is revealed.

In the story, the author simultaneously reveals the characters of his heroes, he wants to find out what moral qualities give a person the strength to resist death without dropping his own dignity. Bykov does not raise the question of who is a hero and who is not, he knows that anyone can become a hero, but not everyone becomes. Only a person with strong moral principles can become a hero, which are laid down in the family and strengthened throughout life, when a person does not allow himself to morally fall under any circumstances. Sotnikov reflects that "in the fight against fascism, no, even the most valid reasons can be taken into account." It was possible to win only in spite of all reasons. Those who think that you can’t jump above your head, and you can’t trample against force, will never win.

In the story, Rybak constantly helps the sick Sotnikov. He takes over negotiations with the headman so that Sotnikov warms up, drags the carcass of a sheep on himself, returns to him when the wounded Sotnikov could not escape the shelling. The fisherman could have left, abandoned his comrade, but it was his conscience that did not allow him to do so. In general, Rybak behaves correctly until the last moment when he has to choose: life or death. Rybak has no such moral values, which could be relied upon at the time of choice. He cannot pay with his life for beliefs. For him, “there was an opportunity to live - this is the main thing. Everything else - later. Then you can try to somehow get out and again harm the enemy.

Bykov in his story explores not a life situation, which always has several solutions, but a moral one, for which it is necessary to perform only one act. For Sotnikov, the last act was an attempt to take the blame so that the headman and Demchikha would not be shot for helping the partisans. The author writes: "In essence, he sacrificed himself for the salvation of others, but no less than others, this sacrifice was necessary for him." According to Sotnikov, death is better than living as a traitor.

The scene of torture and beating of Sotnikov makes a heavy impression. At this moment, the hero realizes that, compared with bodily life, there is something more significant, something that makes a person a person: “If anything else cared for him in life, then these are the last duties in relation to people, by the will of fate or chance now nearby. He realized that he had no right to perish before he determined his relationship with them, because these relationships, apparently, would be the last manifestation of his “I” before it disappeared forever.

A simple truth becomes a discovery for Rybak: physical death is not so terrible as moral. Every inhuman act brings moral death closer. Fear of physical death makes Rybak become a policeman. The hero must pass the first loyalty check new government. He executes Sotnikov, and he dies like a hero. Rybak remains to live, but to live, every day remembering the scene of the death of Sotnikov, the headman Peter, Demchikha, the Jewish girl Basya. After the execution of Sotnikov, the fisherman wants to hang himself, but the writer does not allow him to do so. Bykov does not give relief to his hero, it would be too easy death for Rybak. Now he will remember the gallows, the eyes of people, suffer and curse the day he was born. He will hear Sotnikov's words "Go to hell!" in response to a whispered request to forgive him, Rybak.

Literature lesson

Grade 11

using modern educational technologies

"Problem moral choice in the story of V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"

Gulimova T.O.

Teacher GBOU secondary school No. 210

St. Petersburg

Lesson objectives:

Personal

1. improvement of the spiritual moral qualities respectful attitude to Russian literature;
2. improving the ability to solve cognitive problems with the help of various sources information.

Metasubject

1. develop the ability to understand the problem, put forward a hypothesis;
2. develop the ability to select material for arguing one's own position, to formulate conclusions;
3. develop the ability to work with different sources of information.

subject

1. to develop the ability to understand the connection of literary works with the era of their writing, to identify the timeless moral values ​​inherent in the work and their modern sound;
2. develop the ability to analyze literary work, determine whether it belongs to one of the literary genera and genres;
3. develop the ability to understand and formulate the theme and idea of ​​the work, the moral pathos of the work;
4. develop the ability to characterize heroes, compare the heroes of one or more works;
5. consolidation of the ability to determine the elements of the plot of the work, the role of figurative and expressive means of the language;
6. strengthening the ability to understand author's position and formulate their position in relation to it;
7. strengthening the ability to answer questions on the text read, to conduct a dialogue
8. strengthening the ability to write an essay related to the problems of the studied work.

During the classes

A moral person does a lot for the sake of

their friends and for the sake of the fatherland, even if

In doing so, he had to lose his life.

Aristotle

1. Formulation of the problem

The 20th century is the century of global changes, catastrophes, the century of revolutions and the most brutal wars. This is a turning point in human history. People who fell into the millstones of history were forced to make their own moral choice: to commit a noble deed and die, to abandon their moral principles and save your life. What is more important - everyone decides for himself. Sometimes this choice was unbearably difficult, crushing a person who deviated from the concepts of honor, justice and goodness. Sometimes even decent, honest people could not cope with the natural desire to save their lives at all costs. The era was breaking human souls and crushed a person's ideas about morality, ethics, forcing them to renounce the usual moral values. And only those people who managed to save human dignity who remained true to their convictions, who did not betray their ideals, deserve to be called heroes.

In the story of Vasil Bykov, as in many other works of the 20th century, the problem of moral choice is the main one. Today we dedicate a lesson of literature to the discussion of this problem. It is impossible to reveal the theme of moral choice without comparative characteristics The main characters of the story are Sotnikov and Rybak.

(On the board) “... first of all and mainly I was interested in two moral points, which can be simplified as follows: what is a person in the face of the crushing force of inhuman circumstances? What is he capable of when the possibilities to defend his life are exhausted to the end and it is impossible to prevent death?

1. A word about a writer (student's message)

Vasil Vladimirovich Bykov (1924 - 2003)

Born in the village of Bychki, Ushachsky district, Vitebsk region, into a peasant family. In June 1941, he passed the exams for the 10th grade as an external student. The war found him in Ukraine, where he participated in defense work. During the retreat, in Belgorod, he lagged behind his column and was arrested and almost shot as a German spy. He fought as part of an army engineering battalion. Drafted into the army in 1942, he graduated from the Saratov Infantry School. In the autumn of 1943 he was awarded the title junior lieutenant. Participated in the liberation of Romania, with active army passed through Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Austria; senior lieutenant, commander of a regimental platoon, then army artillery. He recalled the war in the book of memoirs "Long Road Home" as follows:

In 1955 he finally demobilized from the army. From the end of 1997 he lived abroad in political exile in Finland, Germany, the Czech Republic. Buried in Minsk.

1. Analysis of the work

The story "Sotnikov" was written in 1970.

1. Comparative characteristics of Sotnikov and Rybak

- Compare the portraits of the heroes. What conclusion can be drawn?

What qualities of character are disposed to Rybak?

At what point does he become wary of him?

2) At the headman

How did Rybak's refusal to shoot the headman Peter, contrary to Sotnikov's demands, reveal the difference in the moral positions of his comrades? Whose side is the author on?

Tendency to compromise

1. Shootout with the police

(Only the thought of how he would explain what had happened to the commander of the detachment made Rybak return for the wounded)

Attitude towards a friend

1. In Demchikha's house

How does Dyomchikha behave during the arrest of partisans?

Compare the behavior of the woman and Rybak.

(Dyomchikha does not reproach the partisans for her tragedy, despite the fact that her children will remain complete orphans.)

- What worries each of the characters?

1. Images of policemen

How are the policemen depicted in the story: Stas, Budila, Portnov?

Find in the text words that give an expressive description of these characters.

(The author deeply despises traitors. Having deviated from moral laws, they ceased to be people. The policemen in the story “squeal”, “scream”, “bristle”, i.e. behave like mongrels who curry favor with their masters. Stas even betrayed native language, speaking in a wild mixture of Belarusian and German ":" Yavol in the basement! Bitte please!")

1. In captivity

(Concessions to evil in the name of good are impossible. Having embarked on the path of treason, you can’t turn off it later. The colonel’s refusal to make any compromises was his last victory over the enemy. The colonel’s act is the ideal behavior of a true patriot.)

- What horrified Rybak when he saw Sotnikov returning after interrogation?

(Peter: "Beasts." Fisherman: the same will happen to him.)

– What position did Rybak take during the interrogation?

(Adjust, cunning.)

- What irritates him in Sotnikov? (Principledness.)

- And Sotnikova? (Silence. At first I wanted to take over everything in order to close others.)

Why wasn't Rybak tortured?

How will his journey end?

- What does Sotnikov see as the reason for the fall (betrayal) of Rybak? (He is a good partisan, but his human qualities fall short.)

1. Moral Choice

What moral choice do Sotnikov and Rybak make?

1. Sotnikov's dream

Comment on the hero's dream.

Dream: the father says in a dream: "There was fire, and there was the highest justice in the world ...". There is a Supreme Court, before which everyone is responsible without exception. The boy in Budyonovka is the personification of the coming generation: Sotnikov must repeat the feat of the Russian colonel in the face of the future, pass on the testament to future generations.

(Sotnikov takes all the blame, trying to save other people - it is important for him to die with dignity by doing good.)

1. The final

Pay attention to how the hero's vocabulary changes in the finale. Physical weakness recedes into the background. We hear the voice of a wise, tired man. Words of high spirituality, timeless, sound in his speech.

(Conscience is the measure of actions. Mercy, endure, conscience, morality, Btbliya)

There is no word God, no prayer sounds, but the words of the prayer are read in the semantics of the text. Prophet Isaiah:

Woe to those who call evil good, and good evil, who revere darkness as light, and light as darkness, who consider bitter to be sweet, and sweet to be bitter!
Woe to those who are wise in their own eyes and prudent in their own eyes!
Wash yourself, cleanse yourself; remove your evil deeds from my eyes; stop doing evil;
Learn to do good; looking for the truth...
(Book of Isaiah: ch. 5:20-21; ch. 1:16-17)

- As if the lines from the father's Bible sound. It seems that Sotnikov ascended not to the scaffold, but to some unthinkable height from which he could even look at Rybak without anger.

- Confirm with the text this height of Sotnikov and the fall of Rybak.

– What does Sotnikov see from this height?

(Nature, the eyes of a child, the church - a world that will not betray him.)

(The fisherman executes his comrade with his own hands. And although he is saved from physical death, he dooms himself to a long, shameful death of the traitor, Judas. The fisherman, like Judas, tries to hang himself, and nowhere else but in the latrine, among the stench of human waste, is even ready to throw himself head down, but he does not dare. The humiliating existence of a slave becomes a life sentence for him.)

On the board is an image of an old church.

– Church… Describe it… (“Abandoned by people, but not far from the village” – the hope that maybe people will turn their eyes to it again, and then what their souls have lost will return again.)

- The eyes of a boy. There is an artistic device in Russian literature that Blok would later call "meeting the eyes". Spark - spiritual understanding - continuity here.

L.N. Thanks to such a meeting of the eyes, the French officer did not send Tolstoy to the death of Pierre Bezukhov. In Dostoevsky, the meeting of Sonya's bright eyes and Raskolnikov's dark ones unites them.

- AT difficult situation choice Rybak turned out to be Judas, who betrayed both Sotnikov and his comrades, he himself determined the price of his life in the face of threatened death. Sotnikov, in the face of inexorable death, makes the only possible choice for himself of his father's precepts - the salvation of honor, conscience, soul. And, who knows, maybe if Sotnikov had had his father’s Bible in the last minutes of his life, he would have reread these very lines ...

Listen to them too. Try to find an echo in your own soul:

When they betray you, do not worry about how or what to say; for in that hour you will be given something to say...
And do not be afraid of those who kill the body, but cannot kill the soul; but rather fear the One Who can destroy both soul and body in Gehenna…
Enter through the narrow gate; for wide is the gate and broad is the way that leads to destruction, and many go through it;
For narrow is the gate and narrow is the way that leads to life, and there are few who find it.
(Gospel of Matthew: ch. 10:19, 28; ch. 7:13-14)

How do you understand the ending of the story?

(Having stumbled once, a person can no longer stop, no matter how much he wants to. A life bought by betrayal is worthy of only contempt. A person who has not changed his moral convictions, even after dying, remains forever alive in the memory of his descendants.)

1. Results

A) teacher's word

Bykov's prose is characterized by the opposition of a person's physical and moral health. However, the inferiority of the soul is not revealed immediately, not in everyday life: required"moment of truth" , a situation of categorical moral choice. In guerrilla intelligencetwo are sent: Rybak, full of vitality, and the intelligent Sotnikov, who is not distinguished by power, who himself volunteered to go on a mission, despite the illness. Sotnikov is a purely civilian person who worked as a school teacher before the war. physical strength he is replaced by stubbornness and strength of character.

Rybak, from the age of 12, was engaged in hard peasant labor, he more easily endured physical exertion and hardships of partisan life. The fisherman is more inclined to moral compromise. He refuses to shoot the headman Peter, who served the Nazis. But what's good in peaceful life, disastrous in war. Sotnikov perfectly understands the laws of war, he knew what captivity, betrayal is, therefore he did not compromise with his conscience.

Bykov does not spare black colors for depicting policemen: people who deviate from moral laws cease to be people for him.

The fisherman is trying to outwit his enemy, not realizing that he has already embarked on the path of betrayal, because he put his own salvation above the laws of honor, camaraderie. Step by step, he gradually yields to the enemy, betraying first Demchikha, then Sotnikov. Sotnikov, unlike Rybak, tries to take the blame of other people in order to save them, it is important for him to die with dignity. Like Christ, Sotnikov goes to his death for "his friends", in the name of humanity. Like Christ, he will be betrayed by a comrade.

B ) Evaluation of performances and work of students in the lesson.

(A report on the decision made in the group, on how the group worked. Evaluation of work in groups is carried out by the students themselves.)

C) Assignment for those who failed to prove themselves during the seminar:

Explain the following words and expressions:morality, moral choice, honor, betrayal, nobility, patriotism.

G) Record the conclusion on the topic of the lesson in a workbook.

1. Homework:

Write a detailed answer to the following questions:

- « What is the essence of Sotnikov's feat?»

- « How does Rybak become a traitor?»

Appendix

Task for the lesson in groups

Task for all groups:

Find portraits of Sotnikov and Rybak in the text of the story, compare them. How are the characters in the story different from each other? How did each of them get into the partisans?

How do you understand the ending of the story? Explain its meaning.

1 group:

How did Rybak's refusal to shoot the headman Peter, contrary to Sotnikov's demands, reveal the difference in the moral positions of his comrades? Whose side is the author on?

How do the heroes of the story manifest themselves in the episode of the shootout with the policemen?

2 group:

Why did Rybak, who was scared, still return to the rescue of his comrade?

What role does the scene of the interrogation of the Russian colonel play in the story, witnessed by Sotnikov during the interrogation in captivity?

3rd group:

How does Dyomchikha behave during the arrest of partisans? Compare the behavior of the woman and Rybak in this situation?

How are the policemen depicted in the story: Stas, Budila, Portnov? Find in the text words that give an expressive description of these characters.

4th group:

What moral choice does Rybak make when trying to save himself?

Can he be called an inveterate villain?

What moral choice does Sotnikov make? How does he behave on the eve of death? Comment on the hero's dream.

Why does Sotnikov, looking at the noose prepared for him, think: “One for two”?

The newest period in the work of V. Bykov was revealed by his remarkable work "Sotnikov" - the deepest of the works about the war, not only by the author himself, but also in all Soviet multinational literature. "Sotnikov" is firmly connected with the previous stories of the writer. Still famous critics A. Adamovich, Naumova, Lazarev noticed the connection of "Sotnikov" with the "Kruglyansky Bridge".

Sotnikov has an inhuman choice: "It is better to die as a man than to live as a beast." About the idea of ​​"Sotnikov" V. Bykov wrote: "First of all, and mainly, I was interested in two moral issues, which can be formulated as follows: "What is a person before the annihilating force of inhuman circumstances? What is he capable of when the possibilities to protect life are exhausted by him to the end and it is impossible to prevent death?" Both front-line soldiers and partisans equally remember these questions from their combat experience, when they had to be solved not mentally, but practically, at the cost of blood, putting life at stake. But no one wanted to lose their one, and therefore dear life. And only the need to remain human to the end forced to go to death. At the same time, there were people who tried to combine the incompatible: to save life and sin against humanity, which in a tragic situation turned out to be incredibly difficult, if not completely hopeless.

In many ways, Sotnikov is an ordinary war worker. He is actually one of the ordinary representatives of the multi-million army. Sotnikov is by nature not a hero at all, and when he dies, it is, first of all, because his moral basis in such circumstances does not allow him to do otherwise, to look for another end. Sotnikov's incredulity, even cruelty towards people is noticeable. Only by the end of the work Sotnikov overcomes his straightforwardness, becomes much higher.

Sotnikov's feat, which is primarily moral, spiritual meaning, this is what it is: humanity, high spirituality, which, as an absolute value, necessarily includes devotion to the Motherland, and Sotnikov defends it to the very end, to the last breath, confirming the ideals with death itself. "For me, Sotnikov is a hero. Yes, he did not defeat the enemy, but he remained a man in the most inhuman situation." As a feat, his steadfastness is also considered by those few dozen people who were witnesses of his last minutes.

Sotnikov, too, "was sometimes afraid for his life, when he could easily and unnoticed die in battle." "Coming out of the battle alive, he concealed in himself a quiet joy that the bullet had passed him." All this was humanly understandable and natural. It is known that Sotnikov, like other heroes of V. Bykov, knew how to fight the enemy "until the last minute." In the partisans, he ceased to be afraid of death. It was important for him to live when he was an army commander. Having been captured by the Nazis, he thinks of death with weapons in his hands as a great luxury. Here he almost envied the thousands of those lucky ones who found their end on numerous battlefields.

Before the hanging, Sotnikov reappears a hatred of death that is very natural for a person, an unwillingness to say goodbye to life. Sotnikov, before his death, wanted to laugh, but he finally chuckled with his exhausted, pathetic smile. Going to his death, Sotnikov is not so much thinking about himself as he is preoccupied with "doing something for others." And also, so that death is not dirty.

Rybak is a former guerrilla comrade and now a traitor. Rybak in the first sections is shown to us as a good partisan, who behaves in a completely comradely way with Sotnikov, thinks about other partisans. In the army, Rybak, thanks to his quickness, rose from a private to the position of foreman. In a word, he is a very good person, if you take him at the household level, in ordinary, human circumstances. We can say that there is no price for him. But the fact is that the war made its cruel demands, very often offered inhuman ones. The fisherman understood this and tried to hold on. When he got into a shootout with Sotnikov, and then, when it calmed down for a while, he sighs with relief, thinking that it's all over, that Sotnikov is dead. This means that it was not the pain for his death that arose in Rybak in the first place, but a feeling of relief caused by the fact that in this case it is definitely not necessary to take risks yourself again.

The author connects betrayal with the insignificance of Rybak's moral and ethical ideas, with the insufficient development of his spiritual world. He turned out to have very little human, spiritual potential; he did not have enough moral height to be not only a good partisan, but also to endure to the end in difficult circumstances. The fisherman could not pay such a price for his life, because it was more important for him to survive, no matter what. Bykov wrote: “The fisherman is also not a scoundrel by nature: if the circumstances had turned out differently, perhaps a completely different side of his character would have manifested itself, and he would have appeared before people in a different light. But the inexorable force of military situations forced everyone to make the most decisive choice in human life - better to die or stay to live vilely. And each one chose his own." Spiritual deafness does not allow him to understand the depth of his fall. It is only at the end that he sees, irremediably belatedly, that in some cases surviving is no better than dying. In captivity, Rybak begins to cautiously approach the policemen, trick them and get out. And it rolls, rolls down, more and more losing humanity in itself, surrendering one position after another. Already inexorably sliding into the abyss of betrayal, Rybak all the time reassures himself that this is not the end, that he can still fool the policemen.

Bykov depicts Sotnikov's latest action: "Before the punishment, he knocks out a stand from under his feet in order to prevent Rybak, who betrayed him, from doing it." Sotnikov would very much like Rybak, who has not yet stained his hands with anyone's blood, to have the opportunity to come to his senses, not to lose his own soul completely and irrevocably. The nationwide ethics of philanthropic decency constantly made strict demands, in particular, categorically condemned betrayal, which entailed the death of innocent people.

The story "Sotnikov" Bykov wrote in 1969. original name works - "Liquidation". In the story, Bykov raises the existential problems of heroism and betrayal, the influence of circumstances on a person. The author reveals the struggle between good and evil in the souls of the characters, explores psychological condition people during the war. Bykov does not give final assessments of the characters, leaving this right to the reader.

main characters

Sotnikov- former commander of an artillery battalion, graduated from a teacher's institute before the war; Red Army soldier, partisan; was hanged by the police.

Fisherman- former foreman of the infantry; Red Army soldier, partisan; to avoid death, he agreed to become a policeman.

Other characters

Petr Kachan- the headman of the village of Lyasiny, involuntarily began to serve the Germans.

Avginya Demchikha- mother of four children; hid Sotinkov and Rybak, because of which she got to the policemen and was hanged.

Portkov- an investigator with the police, who interrogated the prisoners.

Chapter 1

Rybak and Sotnikov walked through the forest, "along a deaf, snow-covered road." Sotnikov could hardly drag himself: he had a severe cold and was coughing. The fisherman asked why he agreed to go on the mission. Sotnikov replied: “That’s why I didn’t refuse, because others refused.”

Chapter 2

After the recent crossing of the highway, when it fell to Rybak and Sotnikov to cover the retreat of the detachment, the Red Army men drew closer and last days kept together.

Chapter 3

The men went to the village. A woman who lived in an extreme hut said that the village was called Lyasiny and showed where the local headman, Pyotr Kachan, lives. Rybak and Sotnikov entered the headman's house without knocking. The owner was not surprised. To the question of Rybak whether he serves the Germans, Kachan replied that he "had to" . On the wall in the house hung a photograph of the headman's son, who had gone to the front. Rybak noted that the headman disgraced his son, who fought against the Germans.

The elder's wife set the table. Sotnikov refused to eat, he felt very bad. The fisherman ate with pleasure. The Red Army men were surprised that there was a Bible in the headman's house.

Chapter 4

The fisherman told the owner to go outside with him. The hostess began to lament, but Sotnikov did not succumb to this. The Red Army soldier remembered how last year “excessive gullibility in the same aunt almost cost him his life”: that woman offered to feed him, and while the soldier was eating, she called the policemen.

The fisherman took the sheep from the elder.

Chapter 5

The men moved back. Rybak had a slight dissatisfaction with his partner: without him he would have gone far. The men walked across the field for a long time, but there was still no necessary road. The fisherman noticed the approaching people and ordered Sotnikov to run. The fisherman did not have time to orient himself and ended up on the road along which the policemen were driving. With a sheep on his back, he ran forward even faster, overcame a hillock, leaving Sotnikov behind.

The pursuers started shooting. The fisherman hurried forward, but at the last moment he came to his senses, abandoned the sheep and decided to return to his friend.

Chapter 6

Sotnikov, trying to escape, was shot in the thigh. Sitting on the snow, the man began to shoot at his pursuers, trying to detain them. He was not afraid of death - "it was terrible to become a burden for others." Sotnikov was getting worse when he suddenly heard the voice of Rybak nearby.

Chapter 7

Rybak and Sotnikov crawled towards the bushes. The fisherman, helping his comrade, began to be exhausted himself. They barely reached the road and headed towards the grove.

Chapter 8

Sotnikov did not feel his foot, his thigh hurt excruciatingly, but he continued to walk. The men went to the village cemetery, went into the nearest hut. There were only four children at home. The hostess's daughter said that Demchikha's mother was not at home and treated the men to potatoes and cucumbers.

Chapter 9

The fisherman was angry with Sotnikov, because he could not leave his wounded comrade to the children, and he had to wait for the arrival of the hostess. Returning home, Demchikha was angry at the uninvited guests, but when she saw that Sotnikov was wounded, she bandaged him. The fisherman noticed three policemen through the window. Demchikha told the partisans to hide in the attic.

When the police searched the hut, Sotnikov began to cough loudly. The partisans had to surrender.

Chapter 10

Sotnikov was not afraid that he might be killed, but "he was painfully worried because he had let Rybak and Demchikha down like that." For the fact that the woman hid the "bandits", the policemen also arrested her. On the way, Rybak "cursed himself for his indiscretion." He "already clearly realized that if not for Sotnikov, not for his cold, and then for his injury, they would certainly have reached the forest."

Chapter 11

“That they were gone, Sotnikov did not doubt for a minute.” Sotnikov was taken to the investigator Portnov, they began to interrogate him. The prisoner realized that the police knew about their visit to the headman. Despite pressure from the investigator, Sotnikov refused to give information about his unit. Then Portkov called Budila - "the local police executioner".

Chapter 12

Rybak and Demchikha were locked in the basement. In the cell where the Red Army soldier was put, there was the headman Peter. Rybak tried to come up with a way, if not to avoid, then at least delay the punishment.

Rybak was summoned for interrogation. He began to lie plausibly, giving the name of the captain of another detachment and saying that supposedly their detachment was in the forest. Satisfied with the interrogation, Portnov said that he might pardon Rybak, help him join the police and serve Germany.

Chapter 13

“Sotnikov was saved by his weakness: as soon as Budila began to torture, he quickly lost consciousness.” The bones of the hands were broken to the prisoner, the nails were torn off. After half an hour of torture, Sotnikov was thrown into a cell with the elder and Rybak. Rybak thought that “if Sotnikov dies, then his chances will improve significantly. He can say whatever he wants."

Rybak tried to negotiate with Sotnikov that they give the same testimony, but he refused. Sotnikov, realizing that his comrade was being called to the police, said: “It's a car! Either you will serve her, or she will grind you to powder!” .

Chapter 14

After interrogation, Peter said that he was asked to find out from Rybak and Sotnikov about the detachment, but he refused. After interrogation, a Jewish girl and Demchikha were thrown into their cell.

Chapter 15

The fisherman began to understand that "now there was no way out", although "always and everywhere he managed to find some way out" . "No, he could not agree to death, he would not accept death in submission for anything."

Chapter 16

Sotnikov decided that "tomorrow he will tell the investigator that he went to intelligence." He dreamed of his father, who, it seemed to Sotnikov, was quoting the Bible.

Chapter 17

In the morning the five prisoners were taken outside. Sotnikov shouted to the released authorities: “I am a partisan. It was I who wounded your policeman.<…>The rest are nothing. Take me alone." But the police did not react to his words.

Rybak noticed Portnov among the authorities and personally addressed him with the words that he was not guilty of anything. Portnov called Rybak to him and asked if he agreed to join the police. The fisherman agreed. "Bastard!" Sotnikov shouted.

Chapter 18

Sotnikov was offended that he was going to save others.

On the crossbar of the street arch hung "five flexible hemp loops". One at a time, the captives "began to be bred along the gallows." Sotnikov climbed a block of wood standing under a noose. The fisherman held the stand at this time. The policeman threw a noose around his neck, nearby Demchikha was crying loudly. The fisherman said to his friend: "Forgive me brother!" “Go to hell! Sotnikov briefly threw.

Chapter 19

“The fisherman released the stand and recoiled - Sotnikov’s legs swayed nearby, the hat knocked off by them fell on the snow.” After the execution, the Germans began to disperse "in a cheerful, high spirits, as after a successfully completed,<…>interesting activity."

Seeing Rybak standing on the sidewalk, the senior policeman ordered him to line up. Confused for a moment, Rybak joined the column. He realized that “there was no longer any way to escape from this formation” and “by this liquidation they twisted him more reliably than with a belt suponya.” “Now he is an enemy to everyone and everywhere. And, apparently, to himself too.

During a smoke break, Rybak went into the closet, hoping to hang himself with a belt, but only now remembered that the belt had been taken away before the interrogation. Yesterday's dream of becoming a policeman turned into a disaster for him. “Such is fate. The insidious fate of a man who got lost in the war.

Conclusion

In the story "Sotnikov" Vasil Bykov contrasts the two main characters - Rybak and Sotnikov. From the first chapters, it seems that the active, cunning Rybak is more adapted to the conditions of war than the sickly, low-initiative Sotnikov. However, with the disclosure of the characters, it becomes clear that Sotnikov has greater morality, spiritual strength. Until his death, he remains true to his principles, unlike Rybak, who becomes an enemy to himself.

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Elena Kotynova

Elena Yurievna Kotynova - teacher of Russian language and literature, Pedagogical Lyceum, Pskov region, Velikiye Luki.

“The insidious fate of a man who got lost in the war”

The Theme of Moral Choice in Vasil Bykov's Story "Sotnikov"

I. Teacher's word

War... How many destinies it touched with its cruel, murderous wing! How many have she left lying on the vast Russian fields and how many lives have she ruined! Under the terrible wind of bullets, more than once a simple, ordinary person had to make a choice: to save the only unique thing in any way - life or give it in the name of the Motherland, loved ones or even complete strangers.

In many works of Vasily Vladimirovich Bykov, a writer in whose life war has become the main measure of human courage, this choice has to be made by his heroes. And in the story "Sotnikov", written in 1970, too.

Bykov himself fought in the infantry and artillery. Here is how he explained the idea of ​​his work: “I took up the story not because I learned too much about partisan life, and not in order to add to its image something that I personally discovered. First and foremost, I was interested in two moral points, which can be simplified as follows: what is a person in the face of the crushing force of inhuman circumstances? What is he capable of when the possibilities to defend his life are exhausted to the end and it is impossible to prevent death?

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II. Analysis of the story

1. How did Rybak and Sotnikov end up on a sortie together? What is “completely incomprehensible” to Rybak in the behavior of a partner?

(Rybak was appointed by the commander, Sotnikov had a cold, he could not go, but he did not refuse because "others refused".)

2. How does Vasil Bykov show in detail the difference in characters, the attitude of partisans to ongoing events, their goals, life positions?

• Rybak remembers Lyubka - “fire girl!” Sotnikov: “Do you still have girls on your mind?”
• At the sight of the burned farm, Rybak - “They cut it, it’s called.” Sotnikov: "Someone gave it away."
• Talk about Sotnikov's lack of a good hat. Rybak: “But in the village every man has a hat.” Sotnikov: “Well, take off the peasant?”

3. What is the attitude of Rybak and Sotnikov to the headman Peter Kachan? Why? Has it changed over time, or “it was impossible to take into account any, even the most valid reasons”?

(“You serve the Germans, therefore we are an enemy,” Rybak tells the headman. There are no good reasons for the partisans to serve the enemy, even after explaining the headman. However, Rybak does not kill Peter, thinking: “If anything, others will punish him.”)

4. Compare the behavior and thoughts of the partisans during the shootout with the police. Why didn't Rybak leave his comrade? What drove them?

(Rybak has little choice: run away, save himself, bring a sheep to the detachment or save a comrade. But, realizing that if he rushes to help, they will kill both, he comes to the conclusion: “... while there is an opportunity, we must leave: Sotnikov is no longer you will save". Sotnikov fired back as best he could, thereby saving Rybak from death, covering his retreat. "He realized that he had detained them [the policemen], and this caused a short satisfaction." Why? It would be necessary to explain something to the detachment: “But what will he say in the forest?” It is not the desire to help a comrade that drives him, but the fear of responsibility.)

5. What is the role of Sotnikov's internal monologue (Chapter 6)? How is “the degree of courage in battle, fearlessness and firmness in the face of the enemy” measured? Why, after this monologue, Sotnikov recalls the interrogation of the Russian colonel?

(“He suffered from his physical helplessness” and tried not to meet Rybak’s gaze. It is Sotnikov who talks about “the only real value of everything that exists and for a person too” - about life. Can a person extend his presence on earth after death? What is stronger - physical abilities or fortitude?The story of the interrogation of the Russian colonel resembles a scene from the story of M. h man". Both heroes: both the colonel and Andrey Sokolov - managed to arouse the respect of a tough enemy, won a spiritual victory over the fascists in power.)

6. Tell us about the Partisan Rybak. Was it by chance that he served for three years (!) as a foreman of a company? But what is alarming in the reasoning of the hero?

(The fisherman “was not an evil person”, he “liked a living, real thing”, energetic, in battle he knows how to “make a decision in time”, “felt like a full-fledged partisan fighter.” In the war it even seemed easy to him, because the goal of the struggle was clear , “and over other things t he didn't think much about it.” But in war you have to not only shoot! His attitude towards the sick and weak is also alarming. He "almost with hostility listened to the unhealthy breathing of a comrade", experienced disdain for those who "couldn't do something, didn't know how." Probably, he would absolutely justify the decision of the red commander Levinson (A. Fadeev. “Rout”) about the fate of the sick Frolov ...)

7. How do you think, what does the story of the wounded lieutenant have to do with such thoughts? And why does Sotnikov remember her?

(Sotnikov recalls the captivity and the emaciated lieutenant, whose wounded leg smelled of rot, doomed to death with all his “half-crazy appearance.” Exhausted without water and food, with a feverish gleam in his eyes, at the cost of his own life he gives others the opportunity to escape. those who are half a step away from death can be fighters in the war! This man turned out to be stronger than many more healthy! This lieutenant saved Sotnikov, and he will not be able to do otherwise in such a critical situation.)

8. How do Rybak and Sotnikov behave during the arrest? What worries the characters the most? How does their tone of conversation with the policemen characterize their attitude towards Dyomchikha?

(The fisherman suddenly wanted “Sotnikov to be the first to rise,” he On knees crawled out from under the roof, stood up and raised his hands. “Death seemed to be postponed, that was the main thing.” He does not make an attempt to protect Dyomchikha, speaks to the policemen quietly and dejectedly, lowers his head in conversation. He thinks about Sotnikov’s behavior: “What the hell is he bullying for?” Sotnikov “was painfully worried that he had let Rybak and Demchikha down like that ... he thought in despair that they had responded in vain, if the policemen had fired, they would have died, but only together.” He stands up for a woman, answers without restraint, looking into the face of the escort, calls the policemen executioners, torturers, reptiles. The only thing that worries me is “just to shield Dyomchikha”.)

9. Compare the behavior of the characters during interrogation by Portnov:

• the tone of the conversation;
• answers on questions;
• attitude to the fate of Demchikha, Peter Kachan.

Do you think Rybak is right in thinking that “the absence of any choice has narrowed his options to the limit”? Is there any way out in such a situation?

(Sotnikov immediately figured out the cunning game of the policeman and did not succumb to Portnov's tricks. He does not try to dodge, he is ready to endure torture, but says nothing about the detachment.

He is trying to negotiate with Portnov with only one goal - to save Dyomchikha.

Even before the interrogation, Rybak thinks a lot about how to “outwit the police”, thinks about ways, not excluding in his tricks “to confuse the headman”, who supposedly “this will not add too much ... guilt before the Germans, and they, the two, may be lucky.” In fact, he is ready to substitute anyone, just to save his own skin. During the interrogation, especially without thinking, he answers all the questions, exposing the Oak detachment under attack, says that Sotnikov shot one of the policemen. Quickly abandons his attempt to save Demchikha. At the end of the interrogation, he “respectfully rose from his chair”, “looked with feigned devotion into ... the policeman’s eyes.” What a trick here - sheer betrayal!)

10. What thoughts cover all the inhabitants of the “death row” after interrogations? Are the partisans blamed by those who ended up here, in general, through their fault? Why?

(Pyotr Kachan: “Beasts!”

Fisherman: Quiet! They will hear!”

Seeing the mutilated Sotnikov, Rybak “was horrified at the thought that they could do the same to him.”)

11. What was Rybak going to “bargain” with the policemen? What's on the scales? How does chapter 13 end? What does the "rat corner" symbolize? (On the scales for Rybak is his own life and own death. He does not think about anyone else and about anything else. On the one hand, like a rat, he is the first to run from a sinking ship, on the other hand, he evokes a feeling of disgust, like a cornered rat.

“A fly that does not want to be swatted feels safest on the cracker itself,” wrote Lichtenberg. It seemed to Rybak that he had found a safe place to save himself, but someday this firecracker should do its job.)

12. And what is on the scales of other heroes? What choice do they make?

(Sotnikov: own life - the fate of the detachment, Demchikha, Peter, Basya;

Peter: own life - the honor of a 68-year-old man;

Basya: her own life is the fate of the people who helped her.

And none of them makes a choice towards the left side of the scale, unlike Rybak.)

(The thirteen-year-old girl, who ended up in the "death row" through the fault of the partisans, turned out to be stronger, more courageous than Rybak, did not betray those people who hid her under torture.)

14. After the story about Bas, the story of the rescue of two girls by Rybak follows. How does this episode explain the actions of the partisan? Compare the motives of the actions of Rybak and Sotnikov (the story of his father's Mauser) and draw a conclusion what they lead to (see diagram below).

III. findings

In 1944, Vasil Bykov found himself near the assembly point for prisoners of war, and later recalled this event: “And suddenly the tanned, unshaven face of one of those who were sitting indifferently in a ditch near the fence seemed familiar to me. The prisoner also fixed his distant gaze on me, and in the next moment I recognized in him my former colleague, who had been considered dead since the autumn of 1943. Moreover, for the steadfastness shown in the heavy battle on the Dnieper bridgehead, for the skillful command of the encircled battalion, in which he was chief of staff, this man was "posthumously" awarded a high award. New recruits were told about him, conversations were held about his feat, they learned to fight from his experience. And now he was sitting in front of me in a sweaty German tunic with a tricolor chevron on the sleeve, on which three familiar letters “ROA” eloquently gleamed ...

He asked for a cigarette and briefly told a story sad and at the same time terrible in its devastating simplicity. It turns out that in that memorable battle on the bridgehead, he was not killed, but was only wounded and captured. In the camp where he later ended up, hundreds were dying of hunger, but he wanted to live and, intending to outwit the Germans, signed up for the Vlasov army with the hope of seizing the moment and running over to his own. But as luck would have it, there was no convenient moment, the front was in a tough defense, and the Nazis strictly followed the Vlasovites. From the beginning of our offensive, he had to take part in the battles against his own, although, of course, he shot upwards: is he really an enemy, he consoled himself. And in the end he was captured, of course, he surrendered himself, otherwise he would not have been sitting here.

I listened to him and believed him: he was not lying, he was telling the truth. Of course, he was not one of those who were eager to serve the enemy, his personal courage and military skill were testified to by a high award. Simply, being in captivity, he put his own life above all else and decided to outwit the Nazis. And here is the deplorable result of cunning ... "

F. Engels wrote: “The courage that is necessary in order to gather courage at a critical moment and make a bold decision is completely different from the courage that allows a person to brilliantly command a division under fire.” What lies at the heart of Sotnikov's courage? (Fortitude, a sense of responsibility for the lives of other people, honesty.)

• Does Vasil Bykov feel disgust or contempt for this captive and for the hero of the story, Rybak? Why? Is the quote title of our lesson justified?

IV. Homework. Written reasoning: "Two roads to one loop."