Russian architecture in the first half of the 19th century. Russian architecture in the first half of the 19th century The presentation was prepared by: Romanova Zhenya Tanacheva Zhenya. Art of the first half of the 19th century architecture presentation

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Russian architecture of the first half of the 19th century

Andreyan Dmitrievich Zakharov (August 8, 1761 - August 27, 1811), one of the most prominent Russian architects, creator of the Petrograd Admiralty. A native of Petrograd, Zakharov, 6 years old, was sent to the young age of the academic school at the Imperial Academy of Arts, the course in which he graduated on September 3, 1782 with a large gold medal, production in the 14th grade and with a business trip abroad. Notable works: The building of the Admiralty in St. Petersburg.

Zakharov rebuilt the Admiralty almost completely, leaving only an elegant tower with a spire. The fortifications near the shipyard were destroyed, and a boulevard was laid out in their place (now the Aleksandrovsky Garden is located on this place). Preserving the configuration of the plan of an already existing building, Zakharov created a new, grandiose (the length of the main facade is 407 m), giving it a majestic architectural appearance and emphasizing its central position in the city (as mentioned above, the main thoroughfares converge to it in three rays). The architectural ensemble of the Admiralty consists of two U-shaped buildings (external and internal). The Admiralty Moat passed between them. The outer building was occupied by the administrative offices of the sea and river fleet of Russia, while the inner building was still occupied by production workshops.

Andrey Nikiforovich Voronikhin (1759 - 1814). The son of a serf peasant. Andrei Voronikhin was born into a Russian-Permian family of serfs of Count A.S. Stroganov, who for a long time was the president of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. He studied painting in the studio of the Ural icon painter Gavrila Yushkov. The young man's talent attracted Stroganov's attention, and in 1777 the count sent Voronikhin to study in Moscow. Presumably Voronikhin's teachers were V.I.Bazhenov and M.F. Kazakov. Since 1779 Voronikhin worked in St. Petersburg. Known work: Kazan Cathedral.

Kazan Cathedral is one of the largest temples in St. Petersburg, made in the Empire style. Built on Nevsky Prospekt in 1801-1811 by the architect A. N. Voronikhin to store the revered list of the miraculous icon of the Kazan Mother of God. After the Patriotic War of 1812, it acquired the significance of a monument to Russian military glory. In 1813, the commander M.I.Kutuzov was buried here and the keys to the captured cities and other military trophies were placed.

Carlo di Giovanni (Karl Ivanovich) Rossi was born (1775-1849) in Naples. Since 1787, together with his mother, the ballerina Gertrude Rossi, and his stepfather, an outstanding ballet dancer Charles Le Picque, he lived in Russia, in St. Petersburg, where his famous stepfather was invited. Notable works: Russian Museum with Arts Square Palace Square General Staff Building

The main building of the museum is located in the city center, on the Arts Square. It was built by the famous architect K. Rossi in 1819-1825 and is an outstanding example of a palace ensemble in the style of high classicism (or the Empire style, as it is often called). The palace was intended for the Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich - the fourth son of Emperor Paul I.

Palace Square. The square is formed by monuments of history and culture of federal significance: the Winter Palace, the Headquarters of the Guards Corps, the General Staff Building with the Triumphal Arch, the Alexander Column. Its size is about 5 hectares (according to other sources - 8 hectares; for comparison - the Red Square in Moscow has an area of ​​2.3 hectares). As part of the historical buildings in the center of St. Petersburg, the square is included in the World Heritage List.

General Staff Building The central part of the building consists of two buildings connected by an arch, making up an arc with a total length of 580 meters. The buildings, in addition to the General Staff, housed the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Finance (in the eastern building). After the October Revolution, the building housed the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, and later a police station. Currently, part of the building belongs to the Western Military District. In 1993, the eastern wing of the General Staff building was transferred to the Hermitage. From the side of Nevsky Prospect, an outbuilding was attached to the building, where the Free Economic Society was located. Until the 1840s, there was an old building at the corner of Nevsky Prospekt. In 1845-1846, on this site, the architect I.D.

Osip Ivanovich Bove was born in St. Petersburg into the family of the Neapolitan artist Vincenzo Giovanni Bove, who came to Russia in 1782 to work at the Hermitage. The name Giuseppe given at baptism was later changed into the Russian manner in Osip Ivanovich. Soon after the birth of Osip, the family moved to Moscow. He received his architectural education at an architectural school at the Expedition of the Kremlin Building (1802-1807) under F. Camporesi, then, even before the Moscow fire, worked under the guidance of M.F. Kazakov and K.I. Rossi in Moscow and Tver. Notable works: Red Square Theater Square Triumphal Gates

Red Square is the main square of Moscow, located in the center of the radial-circular layout of the city between the Moscow Kremlin (to the west) and Kitay-Gorod (to the east). A sloping Vasilievsky descent leads from the square to the bank of the Moskva River. The square is located along the northeastern wall of the Kremlin, between the Kremlin passage, the Voskresensky gate passage, Nikolskaya street, Ilyinka, Varvarka and Vasilievsky descent to the Kremlin embankment. Streets leaving the square branch out further and merge into the main thoroughfares of the city, leading to different parts of Russia.

Theater Square (in the 1820s Petrovskaya Square, in 1919-1991 Sverdlov Square) is a square in the center of Moscow. Located to the north-west of Revolution Square, between Teatralny Proezd, Petrovka and Kopyevsky Lane. The square houses the Bolshoi, Maly theaters and the Russian Academic Youth Theater.

Moscow Triumphal Gates - built in 1829-1834 in Moscow by the architect O. I. Bove in honor of the victory of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812. Now they are located on Victory Square (Kutuzovsky Prospect) in the Poklonnaya Gora region. The nearest metro station is Victory Park.

Konstantin Andreevich Ton is a Russian architect who developed the so-called. "Russian-Byzantine style" of temple architecture, which became widespread during the reign of Nicholas I, who favored him. Among the most famous buildings are the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Grand Kremlin Palace. Rector of the Imperial Academy of Arts. Brother of architects Alexander and Andrey Tonov. Notable works: Grand Kremlin Palace Leningradsky Station Cathedral of Christ the Savior

Grand Kremlin Palace. The palace is 125 meters long and 47 meters high; the total area is about 25,000 m². The ensemble of the palace includes the Terem Palace, nine churches (from the 14th, 16th, 17th centuries), a lobby and about 700 rooms. The palace building forms a rectangle with a courtyard. Five halls of the palace (Georgievsky, Vladimirsky, Alexandrovsky, Andreevsky and Ekaterininsky), named after the orders of the Russian Empire, are currently used for state and diplomatic receptions and official ceremonies, and the palace itself is the ceremonial residence of the President of the Russian Federation.

Leningradsky railway station is an architectural monument, protected by the state. The station building was built in 1844-1849 according to a single project of architects K. A. Ton and R. A. Zhelyazevich. The construction was carried out by the Board of the 4th district of railways and public buildings, the sole contractor was the merchant of the 1st guild A.L. Torletsky. Built for the St. Petersburg railway station in Moscow and the Moskovsky railway station in St. Petersburg, the Petersburg-Moscow railway, the movement along which began in 1851.

The Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow is a cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church, not far from the Kremlin on the left bank of the Moscow River (Volkhonka Street, 15-17). The existing structure is an external reconstruction of the temple of the same name, created in the 19th century, carried out in the 1990s. The names of the officers of the Russian army who died in the war of 1812 and other military campaigns close in time were inscribed on the walls of the temple.

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Russian architecture in the first half of the 19th century The presentation was prepared by: Romanova Zhenya Tanacheva Zhenya

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At the beginning of the 19th century, public interest in works of art increased significantly, which contributed to the development of artistic culture. An important feature of the development of art in this period was the rapid change in artistic directions and the simultaneous existence of various artistic styles.

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In the architecture of the first half of the century, classicism lingered longer than in other areas of artistic creation. He dominated almost until the 40s. Its peak at the beginning of the 19th century was the Empire style, which was expressed in massive forms, rich decorations, strict lines inherited from imperial Rome. An important element of the Empire style was also sculptures that complemented the architectural design of buildings. In the Empire style, palaces and mansions of the nobility, buildings of higher government institutions, noble assemblies, theaters and even temples were erected. Empire was the embodiment of the ideas of state power and military strength.

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The beginning of the 19th century was the time of rapid development of the capitals - St. Petersburg and Moscow. As well as the central part of large provincial cities. A feature of the construction of this period was the creation of architectural ensembles - a number of buildings and structures united into a single whole. In St. Petersburg during this period, the Palace, Admiralty and Senate squares were formed. in Moscow - Teatralnaya. Provincial cities were rebuilt according to special plans. Their central part now consisted not only of cathedrals, palaces of governors and mansions of the nobility, buildings of noble assemblies, but also new institutions - museums, schools, libraries, theaters.

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The largest representatives ZAKHAROV Andreyan (Adrian) Dmitrievich, Russian architect. Representative of the Empire style. The creator of one of the masterpieces of Russian architecture - the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg (1806-23).

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Zakharov created a monumental building in the strict forms of the Russian Empire style according to the traditional three-axis scheme: a tower surrounded by a colonnade at the top and crowned with a dome with a spire, and two wings, each of which has a central portico and two side six-column loggias. Numerous statues (allegorical figures) and reliefs of facades and interiors by V. I. Demut-Malinovsky, F. F. Shchedrin, I. I. Terebenev and S. S. Pimenov are organically connected with the architectural forms of the building. The Admiralty, to the tower of which three highways of the city converge, is the center of the architectural composition of St. Petersburg.

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VORONIKHIN Andrey Nikiforovich (1759-1814), Russian architect, representative of the Empire style. His works in St. Petersburg - Kazan Cathedral (1801-1811), which laid the foundation for a large urban ensemble on Nevsky Prospect, the Mining Institute (1806-1811) - are marked by monumental and strict solemnity. Participated in the creation of architectural ensembles of Pavlovsk and Peterhof.

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BOVE Osip Ivanovich (1784-1834), Russian architect. Representative of the Empire style. Chief Architect of the Commission for the Restoration of Moscow after the Fire of 1812. With the participation of Bove, Red Square was reconstructed, Teatralnaya Square with the Bolshoi Theater (1821-24), the Triumphal Gates (1827-34) were created.

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MONFERRAN August Avgustovich (1786-1858) - Russian architect, decorator and draftsman. A representative of late classicism, his work marks the transition from classicism to eclecticism. French by origin. From 1816 he worked in Russia. Montferrand's buildings such as St. Isaac's Cathedral and the Alexander Column played a significant role in the formation of ensembles in the center of St. Petersburg.

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Ton Konstantin Andreevich - (1794-1881), Russian architect, "Russian-Byzantine" style in Russian architecture. In 1838-1849, under his leadership, the Grand Kremlin Palace was erected. In 1837, according to his project, the construction of the grandiose Cathedral of Christ the Savior in memory of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 began in Moscow, in 1839 the architect designs the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin (1843-51) and becomes their main builder. In Moscow, Ton also built the first railway station in Russia on the Nikolaevskaya road (now Leningradsky station, 1849; in St. Petersburg - now Moskovsky, 1844-51).

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Russian architecture of the 19th century

ARCHITECTURE OF PETERSBURG Work on streamlining the center of the new capital began with the construction of the Admiralty building according to the project of A.D. Zakharov. The solemn rhythm of the Admiralty set the tone for the entire architecture of the city on the Neva

The construction at the beginning of the 19th century was of fundamental importance. Stock Exchange building on the Spit of Vasilievsky Island. It was this building that was supposed to unite all the ensembles that formed around the widest section of the Neva river bed.

Nevsky Prospekt acquired the form of a single ensemble with construction in 1801-1811. Kazan Cathedral. Architect - A.N. Voronikhin.

In the 40-50s of the XIX century Nevsky Prospekt was decorated with bronze sculptures by P.K. Klodt "Horse Tamers", installed on the abutments of the Anichkov Bridge over the Fontanka.

Forty years, from 1818 to 1858 St. Isaac's Cathedral was under construction. The project was designed by the French architect Auguste Montferrand. The sculptor P.K. Klodt and the artist K.P.Bryullov took part in the design of the exterior and interior decoration.

According to Montferrand's project, a 47-meter column of granite monolith was erected on Palace Square. Alexander Column

Karl Ivanovich Rossi (1775-1849), the son of an Italian ballerina, was born and lived in Russia. Completing work on the formation of St. Petersburg ensembles is associated with his work. They were built according to the project of Rossi .....

Senate and Synod building

However, the architect did not take into account the daily needs of the people living in the city, and his creations began to turn into grandiose decorations, not very connected with the life flowing against their background. In the works of Russia, Russian classicism has crossed the peak of its development. And nevertheless the old Petersburg, left to us in the legacy of Rastrelli, Zakharov, Voronikhin. Montferrand, Rossi and other outstanding architects is a masterpiece of world architecture

ARCHITECTURE OF MOSCOW

Moscow classicism was characterized by individual buildings, not ensembles. After the fire in Moscow, the following were erected: Bolshoi Theater (architect O. I. Bove)

On the whole, Moscow classicism was not as monumental as the Petersburg one. Small mansions of the estate type are typical for Moscow. One of the best Moscow mansions of that time - the Lopukhins' house on Prechistenka (now the Leo Tolstoy Museum)

Konstantin Andreevich Ton in his work tried to revive the traditions of ancient Russian architecture. In 1838-1849. under his leadership, the Grand Kremlin Palace was built.

Thanks to such architects as Rossi, Zakharov, Voronikhin, Ton, Rastrelli, Montferrand, today we can admire the beauties of St. Petersburg and Moscow. Of course, I really want to hope that the legacy of the 19th century will delight us for many, many years ...

At the beginning of the 19th century, public interest in works of art increased significantly, which contributed to the development of artistic culture. An important feature of the development of art in this period was the rapid change in artistic directions and the simultaneous existence of various artistic styles.

In the architecture of the first half of the century, classicism lingered longer than in other areas of artistic creation. He dominated almost until the 40s. Its peak at the beginning of the 19th century was the Empire style, which was expressed in massive forms, rich decorations, strict lines inherited from imperial Rome. An important element of the Empire style was also sculptures that complemented the architectural design of buildings. In the Empire style, palaces and mansions of the nobility, buildings of higher government institutions, noble assemblies, theaters and even temples were erected. Empire was the embodiment of the ideas of state power and military strength.

The beginning of the 19th century was the time of rapid development of the capitals - St. Petersburg and Moscow. As well as the central part of large provincial cities. A feature of the construction of this period was the creation of architectural ensembles - a number of buildings and structures united into a single whole. In St. Petersburg during this period, the Palace, Admiralty and Senate squares were formed. in Moscow - Teatralnaya. Provincial cities were rebuilt according to special plans. Their central part now consisted not only of cathedrals, palaces of governors and mansions of the nobility, buildings of noble assemblies, but also new institutions - museums, schools, libraries, theaters.

The largest representatives ZAKHAROV Andreyan (Adrian) Dmitrievich, Russian architect. Representative of the Empire style. Creator of one of the masterpieces of Russian architecture of the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg ().

Zakharov created a monumental building in the strict forms of the Russian Empire style according to the traditional three-axis scheme: a tower surrounded by a colonnade at the top and crowned with a dome with a spire, and two wings, each of which has a central portico and two side six-column loggias. Numerous statues (allegorical figures) and reliefs of facades and interiors by V. I. Demut-Malinovsky, F. F. Shchedrin, I. I. Terebenev and S. S. Pimenov are organically connected with the architectural forms of the building. The Admiralty, to the tower of which three highways of the city converge, is the center of the architectural composition of St. Petersburg.

VORONIKHIN Andrey Nikiforovich (), Russian architect, representative of the Empire style. His works in St. Petersburg Kazan Cathedral (), which laid the foundation for a large urban ensemble on Nevsky Prospect, the Mining Institute () are marked by a monumental and strict solemnity. Participated in the creation of architectural ensembles of Pavlovsk and Peterhof.

BOVE Osip Ivanovich (), Russian architect. Representative of the Empire style. Chief Architect of the Commission for the Restoration of Moscow after the Fire With the participation of Bove, the Red Square was reconstructed, the Teatralnaya Square with the Bolshoi Theater (), the Triumphal Gates () were created.

MONFERRAN August Avgustovich () - Russian architect, decorator and draftsman. A representative of late classicism, his work marks the transition from classicism to eclecticism. French by origin. From 1816 he worked in Russia. Montferrand's buildings such as St. Isaac's Cathedral and the Alexander Column played a significant role in the formation of ensembles in the center of St. Petersburg.

Ton Konstantin Andreevich - (), Russian architect, "Russian-Byzantine" style in Russian architecture. In under his leadership, the Grand Kremlin Palace was erected. In 1837, according to his project, the construction of the grandiose Cathedral of Christ the Savior in memory of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 began in Moscow, in 1839 the architect designs the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin () and becomes their main builder. In Moscow, Ton also built the first railway station in Russia on the Nikolaevskaya road (now Leningradsky railway station, 1849; in St. Petersburg now Moskovsky,).

Karl Ivanovich Rossi - () Russian architect. He made a new contribution to the history of Russian classicism. His largest works: the Mikhailovsky Palace in St. Petersburg (now the Russian Museum) with the entire art square, the Palace Square ensemble with the General Staff building and an arch, etc.

First half of the 19th century went down in history as the beginning of the "golden age" of Russian artistic culture. It was distinguished by: a rapid change in artistic styles and trends, mutual enrichment and close relationship of literature and other areas of art, strengthening of the public sound of the works created, organic unity and complementarity of the best examples of Western European and Russian folk culture. All this made the artistic culture of Russia diverse and polyphonic, led to an increase in its influence on the life of not only the enlightened strata of society, but also millions of ordinary people. First half of the 19th century went down in history as the beginning of the "golden age" of Russian artistic culture. It was distinguished by: a rapid change in artistic styles and trends, mutual enrichment and close relationship of literature and other areas of art, strengthening of the public sound of the works created, organic unity and complementarity of the best examples of Western European and Russian folk culture. All this made the artistic culture of Russia diverse and polyphonic, led to an increase in its influence on the life of not only the enlightened strata of society, but also millions of ordinary people.