Individual means of protecting human skin. The simplest means of respiratory protection, their protective properties, manufacturing and use procedures. Government of the Russian Federation, other regulations in the field of civil defense, taking into account the experience of

Such means of protection include a cotton-gauze bandage and an anti-dust fabric mask (PTM). They reliably protect the human respiratory system (and PTM - the skin of the face and eyes) from radioactive dust, harmful aerosols, and bacterial agents. However, they do not protect against chemical agents and many hazardous chemicals.

A cotton-gauze bandage is made as follows. Take a piece of gauze 100 cm long and 50 cm wide; in the middle part of the piece, on an area of ​​30 x 20 cm, place an even layer of cotton wool approximately 2 cm thick; the ends of the gauze free from cotton along the entire length of the piece are wrapped on both sides, covering the cotton; the ends of the gauze (about 30-35 cm) on both sides are cut in the middle with scissors, forming two pairs of ties; The ties are secured with stitches of thread (they are sheathed). If you have gauze but no cotton wool, you can make a gauze bandage. To do this, instead of cotton wool, place 5-6 layers of gauze in the middle of a piece of gauze.

When used, a cotton-gauze (gauze) bandage is applied to the face so that its lower edge covers the bottom of the chin, and the upper edge reaches the eye sockets, while the mouth and nose should be well covered. The cut ends of the bandage are tied: the lower ones - on the crown, the upper ones - on the back of the head. Dust goggles are used to protect the eyes.

Anti-dust fabric mask PTM-1 consists of a body and fastening. The body is made of four to five layers of fabric. Calico, staple fabric, calico, knitwear are suitable for the top layer; for the inner layers - flannel, cotton wool, brushed cotton or woolen fabric (the material for the bottom layer of the mask, adjacent to the face, should not fade). The fabric may not be new, but it must be clean and not very worn. The mask mount is made from one layer of any thin material.

^ Skin protection products

Skin protection means include insulating suits (overalls, sets), protective-filtering clothing, simple means (work and household clothing), adapted in a certain way. Designed to protect people from exposure to toxic, poisonous, radioactive substances and bacterial agents. They are divided into special and improvised. And special ones are divided into insulating (airtight) and filtering (air-permeable).

Insulating clothing is made from materials that do not allow a single drop or vapor of toxic substances to pass through, provide the necessary tightness and thereby protect a person.

Filter media are made from cotton fabric, impregnated with special chemicals. Impregnation with a thin layer envelops the threads of the fabric, and the space between them remains free. As a result, the air permeability of the material is largely preserved, and vapors of toxic and toxic substances passing through the fabric are retained. In some cases, neutralization occurs, and in others, sorption (absorption).

Structurally, these protective equipment are usually made in the form of jackets with hoods, bib overalls and overalls.

To protect against hazardous chemicals in the accident zone, mainly insulating type protective equipment is used.

For example, chemical insulating kit KIKH-4(KIKH-5) is designed to protect fighters of gas rescue teams, emergency rescue units, special units of civil defense units and formations when performing emergency, repair and restoration and other urgent work in conditions of high concentrations of gaseous hazardous chemicals (chlorine, ammonia), nitric and sulfuric acids , as well as liquid ammonia.

^ Emergency protective kit (KZA) designed for comprehensive protection of rescuers from short-term exposure to open flames, thermal radiation and some gaseous hazardous substances. It is used to protect members of rescue teams during emergency and emergency restoration work near a flame source and in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Used when fighting fire in gas condensate and oil fields. It is available to equip firefighting forces in many cities and at individual sites.

In civil organizations of a civil defense facility in civil defense units and formations, in chemical troops and other special forces Armed Forces The following insulating skin protection products have been in use for a long time, as a combined arms protective kit, light protective suit L-1, protective overalls.

We must remember that all these products are used in conjunction with filter gas masks.

Skin protection should be worn in uncontaminated areas. In insulating materials, a person overheats and gets tired quickly. To increase the duration of work at temperatures above +15°C, wet shielding (cooling) overalls made of cotton fabric are used, worn over skin protection. Shielding overalls are periodically moistened with water.

Maximum permissible periods have been established for working in insulating skin protection products depending on the air temperature.

If work is carried out in the shade, as well as in cloudy or windy weather, these periods can be increased by approximately 1.5 times.

Remove protective equipment in an uncontaminated area or outside the emergency work area in such a way as to prevent contact of unprotected parts of the body and clothing with their outer side.

^ The simplest skin protection products

They can be used, first of all, for industrial clothing: jackets, trousers, overalls, robes with hoods, sewn in most cases from tarpaulin, fire-retardant or rubberized fabric, coarse cloth. They are capable of not only protecting against contact with the skin of radioactive substances during accidents at nuclear power plants and other radiation hazardous facilities, but also against droplets, vapors and aerosols of many hazardous chemicals. Tarpaulin products, for example, protect against droplet-liquid chemical agents and hazardous chemicals for up to 1 hour in winter, and up to 30 minutes in summer.

Among items of household clothing, the most suitable for this purpose are raincoats and capes made of rubberized fabric or fabric coated with vinyl chloride film.

Winter items can also provide protection for up to 2 hours: coats made of rough cloth or drape, quilted jackets, sheepskin coats, leather coats. It all depends on specific weather and other conditions, the concentration and aggregate state of hazardous substances.

Other types may provide protection after appropriate preparation. outerwear: tracksuits, jackets, especially leather ones, denim clothes, raincoats made of waterproof fabric.

To protect your feet, it is best to use industrial or household rubber boots, rubber boots, and galoshes. You can also use shoes made of leather and leatherette, but preferably with rubber galoshes. Rubber products are capable of keeping out droplets of chemical agents and hazardous chemicals for up to 3-6 hours.

You should wear rubber or leather gloves on your hands, or canvas mittens.

Women are advised to ditch skirts and wear trousers. So that regular clothing provides better protection from vapors and aerosols AKHOV And OB, it needs to be soaked in a special solution, as is done when preparing protective filter clothing (PFC). Only clothing made from fabric materials can be impregnated. To impregnate one set of clothing and accessories (chest flap, hood, gloves, socks), 2.5 liters of solution is enough.

The impregnating solution can be prepared on the basis of aqueous synthetic detergents (OP-7, OP-10, “Novost”, “Astra”, etc.) used for washing clothes. Another option is to use mineral and vegetable oils.

With the simplest means of skin protection, you can overcome contaminated areas and leave areas where there has been a spill or release of hazardous substances. For a certain period specified funds protect the human body from direct contact with drops, aerosols and vapors of harmful and toxic substances, which can significantly reduce the likelihood of injury.

^ Medical personal protective equipment

Designed to prevent or reduce the impact of damaging factors.

These items include: an individual dressing package, an individual first aid kit, an individual anti-chemical package.

^ Individual dressing package used for applying primary dressings to wounds. It consists of a bandage (width 10 cm and length 7 m) and two cotton-gauze pads. One of the pads is sewn near the end of the bandage, and the other can be moved along the bandage.

When using the package, it is taken into left hand, with the right hand, grab the notched edge of the outer cover, jerk off the gluing and take out the package in wax paper with a pin. A pin is taken from the fold of the paper shell and temporarily pinned in a visible place to the clothing. Carefully unroll the paper shell, take the end of the bandage to which the cotton-gauze pad is sewn in your left hand, and take the rolled-up bandage in your right hand and unroll it. This releases the second pad, which can move along the bandage. The bandage is stretched by spreading the arms, as a result of which the pads straighten.

One side of the pad is stitched with red thread. If necessary, the person providing assistance can touch only this side with their hands. The pads are placed on the wound with the other, unstitched side. For small wounds, the pads are placed one on top of the other, and for extensive wounds or burns - side by side. In the case of penetrating wounds, one pad closes the entrance hole, and the second one closes the exit hole, for which the pads are moved apart to the required distance. Then they are bandaged with circular moves of the bandage, the end of which is secured with a pin.

The outer cover of the bag, the inner surface of which is sterile, is used to apply sealed dressings. For example, when a lung is shot.

^ Individual first aid kit (AI-2) contains medical protective equipment and is intended to provide self-help and mutual assistance for wounds and burns (to relieve pain), prevent or reduce damage from radioactive, toxic or chemical substances, as well as to prevent infectious diseases.

There is a kit in the first aid kit medical supplies, distributed among nests in a plastic box. Box size - 90 x 100 x 20 mm, weight - 130 g. First aid kits are located in the nests the following medications.

Socket No. 1- an analgesic (promedol) is in a syringe tube. It is used for bone fractures, extensive wounds and burns by injection into the soft tissue of the thigh or arm. In emergency cases, the injection can also be given through clothing.

Socket No. 2- a means for preventing poisoning by organophosphorus toxic substances (OA) - antidote (Taren), 6 tablets of 0.3 g each. It is located in a red round pencil case with four semi-oval protrusions on the body. If there is a threat of poisoning, take an antidote and then put on a gas mask. If signs of poisoning appear and increase (deterioration of vision, sudden shortness of breath), you should take another tablet. Repeated use is recommended no earlier than after 5-6 hours.

Nest No. 3- antibacterial agent No. 2 (sulfadimethoxine), 15 tablets of 0.2 g. It is located in a large round pencil case without coloring. The drug should be used for gastrointestinal distress that occurs after radiation injury. On the first day, take 7 tablets (in one dose), and in the next two days - 4 tablets. This drug is a means of preventing infectious diseases that may arise due to the weakening of the protective properties of the irradiated organism.

Socket No. 4- radioprotective agent No. 1 (cystamine), 12 tablets of 0.2 g each. It is located in two pink octagonal pencil cases. Take it for personal prophylaxis when there is a threat of radiation damage, 6 tablets at once and preferably 30-60 minutes before. before irradiation.

Re-taking 6 tablets is allowed after 4-5 hours if you are in an area contaminated with radioactive substances.

Nest No. 5- antibacterial agent No. 1 - broad-spectrum antibiotic (chlortetracycline hydrochloride), 10 tablets of 1,000,000 units. Located in two tetrahedral pencil cases without painting. Taken as a means of emergency prophylaxis in case of threat of infection with bacterial agents or in case of infection by them, as well as for wounds and burns (to prevent infection). First, take the contents of one pencil case - 5 tablets at once, and then after 6 hours take the contents of another pencil case - also 5 tablets.

Socket No. 6- radioprotective agent No. 2 (potassium iodide), 10 tablets. It is located in a white tetrahedral pencil case with longitudinal semi-oval cutouts in the walls of the edges. The drug should be taken one tablet daily for 10 days after a nuclear power plant accident and if a person consumes fresh milk from cows grazing in areas contaminated with radioactive substances. The drug prevents the deposition of radioactive iodine in the thyroid gland, which enters the body with milk.

Nest No. 7- antiemetic (etaperazine), 5 tablets of 0.004 g. Located in a blue round pencil case with six longitudinal protruding stripes. Take 1 tablet for head bruises, concussions and concussions, as well as immediately after radiation exposure to prevent vomiting. If nausea continues, take one tablet every 3-4 hours.

For children, doses are reduced. For example, children under 8 years of age are given 1/4 of an adult dose per dose, children from 8 to 15 years of age are given 1/2 of an adult dose. This applies to any of the listed medications except radioprotective agent No. 2 and an analgesic, which is given in full dose.

^ Individual anti-chemical packages

(IPP-8, IPP-9, IPP-10) are intended for the disinfection of droplet-liquid chemical agents and some hazardous chemicals that have come into contact with the human body and clothing, personal protective equipment and tools.

IPP-8 consists of a flat glass bottle with a capacity of 125-135 ml, filled with a degassing solution, and four cotton-gauze swabs. The entire package is in a plastic bag. When using, you need to open the package shell, remove the bottle and tampons, unscrew the cap of the bottle and moisten the tampon generously with its contents. Using a moistened swab, thoroughly wipe open areas of skin and the helmet-mask (mask) of the gas mask that are suspected of being infected. Moisten the swab again and wipe the edges of the collar and cuff adjacent to the skin with it. When treated with liquid, a burning sensation of the skin may occur, which quickly passes and does not affect well-being and performance. It must be remembered that the liquid in the package is poisonous and dangerous to the eyes. Therefore, the skin around the eyes should be wiped with a dry swab and rinsed with clean water or a 2% soda solution.

IPP-9- a cylindrical metal vessel with a screw-on lid. When using the bag, the lid is placed on the bottom of the bag. To moisten the sponge (it is here instead of cotton-gauze swabs), you need to press the punch that opens the vessel all the way and, turning the bag over, shake it 2-3 times. Use a moistened sponge to wipe the skin of the face, hands, and contaminated areas of clothing. After this, pull the punch out of the vessel back until it stops and screw on the lid. The package can be used for re-processing.

IPP-10 is a cylindrical metal vessel with a lid-nozzle with stops, which is attached to a strap. There is a punch inside the lid. When using the bag, turn the lid off the stops and, hitting it, open the container (under the lid). Remove the lid and pour 10-15 ml of liquid into your palm through the hole formed, treat the front of your face and neck. Then pour another 10-15 ml of liquid and treat the hands and back of the neck. Close the bag with a lid and store for re-processing.

If there are no anti-chemical bags, drops (smears) of the chemical agent can be removed with paper swabs, rags or a handkerchief. It is enough to treat areas of the body or clothing with plain water and soap, provided that no more than 10-15 minutes have passed since the drops hit the body or clothing.

^ Sanitizing people

Sanitation- this is the removal of radioactive substances, neutralization or neutralization of 0V, pathogenic microbes and toxins from the skin of people, as well as personal protective equipment, clothing and shoes they are wearing. Processing can be partial or complete.

^ Partial sanitization, as a rule, it is carried out directly in the zone (focus) of infection or immediately after leaving there. In this case, everyone independently removes radioactive substances, neutralizes hazardous chemicals, chemical agents and bacterial agents that have come into contact with exposed skin, clothing, shoes and protective equipment.

When contaminated with radioactive substances, it is carried out in the following order: clothes are shaken out, swept, beaten out; shoes are wiped with a damp cloth; open areas of the neck and hands are washed; The front part of the gas mask is wiped and only then removed. If a respirator, PTM, or cotton-gauze bandage were worn, these are also removed. Then wash your face, rinse your mouth and throat.

When there is not enough water, you can wipe open areas of the body and the front part of the gas mask with a damp swab, and only in one direction, turning it over all the time. In winter, uncontaminated snow can be used for these purposes.

When infected with liquid hazardous substances or chemical agents, an individual anti-chemical package is used for partial sanitization.

First, open areas of skin are treated, and then infected areas of clothing and shoes. If there is no PPI, you need to wash everything thoroughly with warm water and soap.

When infected with bacterial (infectious) agents, partial sanitization begins by shaking off clothes and sweeping shoes. Then the PPI solution is applied to exposed areas of the body. All this is carried out while wearing a gas mask (PTM, cotton-gauze bandage). If there is no bag, use disinfectant solutions and soap and water.

Partial sanitization does not provide complete disinfection and thus does not guarantee people protection from exposure to hazardous substances. Therefore, at the first opportunity, complete sanitization is carried out.

During complete sanitization, the entire body is washed with warm water and soap and a washcloth, and underwear and clothing must be changed. It is carried out at stationary washing points, in baths, shower pavilions or at specially deployed washing sites and special processing points. In summer, complete sanitization can be carried out in uncontaminated flowing water bodies.

All washing stations and areas, as a rule, have three sections: dressing room, washing room and dressing room. In addition, the washing station may have a clothing disinfection department. Persons arriving for sanitary treatment, before entering the dressing room, remove outer clothing and protective equipment (except for a gas mask) and put them in the indicated place. Here they also take off their underwear, undergo a medical examination, dosimetric control, and have their temperature taken for those who are suspected of having infectious diseases.

Clothes contaminated with radioactive substances above acceptable standards, as well as hazardous substances, chemical agents and bacterial agents, are placed in rubber bags and sent to a clothing disinfection station.

In the dressing department, everyone receives their own disinfected clothes or spare ones.

The duration of sanitation is within 30 minutes. (undressing - 5, washing in the shower - 15, dressing - 10).

If there are no well-equipped sanitary and washing stations, then complete sanitization is carried out in bathhouses and shower pavilions, retrofitted in such a way that the flow of people moves only in one direction and there are no intersections.

Basic knowledge by staff of the device and rules of use, collective and individual protective equipment available in the organization will allow, if necessary, to use them to preserve own life and the lives of colleagues.

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The simplest skin protection products

As the simplest means of protecting human skin, industrial clothing can be used, first of all: jackets, trousers, overalls, robes with hoods, sewn in most cases from tarpaulin, fire-retardant or rubberized fabric, coarse cloth. They are capable of not only protecting against contact with the skin of radioactive substances during accidents at nuclear power plants and other radiation hazardous facilities, but also against droplets, vapors and aerosols of many toxic substances. Tarpaulin products, for example, protect against droplet-liquid agents and airborne chemicals for up to 1 hour in winter, and up to 30 minutes in summer.

Among items of household clothing, the most suitable for this purpose are raincoats and capes made of rubberized fabric or fabric coated with vinyl chloride film.

Winter items can also provide protection: coats made of rough cloth or drape, padded jackets, sheepskin coats, leather coats. These items can protect for up to 2 hours. It all depends on specific weather and other conditions, the concentration and state of aggregation of potent toxic or toxic substances.

After appropriate preparation, other types of outerwear can provide protection: tracksuits, jackets, especially leather ones, denim, raincoats made of waterproof fabric.

To protect your feet, it is best to use industrial or household rubber boots, rubber boots, and galoshes. You can also use shoes made of leather and leatherette, but preferably with rubber galoshes. Rubber products are capable of preventing the passage of droplet-liquid agents and SDYAVs for up to 3–6 hours.

You should wear rubber or leather gloves on your hands, or canvas mittens.

Women are advised to ditch skirts and wear trousers. In order for ordinary clothing to better protect against vapors and aerosols of chemical exposure agents and chemical agents, it must be soaked in a special solution, as is done when preparing protective filter clothing (PFC). Only clothing made from fabric materials can be impregnated. To impregnate one set of clothing and accessories (chest flap, hood, gloves, socks), 2.5 liters of solution is enough.

The impregnating solution can be prepared on the basis of aqueous synthetic detergents (OP-7, OP-10, “Novost”, “Don”, “Astra”, etc.) used for washing clothes. Another option is to use mineral and vegetable oils.

With the simplest means of skin protection, you can overcome contaminated areas and leave areas where there has been a spill or release of toxic substances. For a certain period of time, these products protect the human body from direct contact with drops, smears, aerosols and vapors of harmful and toxic substances, which significantly reduces the likelihood of injury.