Caucasian folk musical instruments. Traditional musical culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus: Folk musical instruments and problems of ethnocultural contacts. Duduk's modern heritage

Basic information, device Viola or violin viola is a stringed bowed musical instrument of the same device as the violin, but somewhat larger in size, which makes it sound in a lower register. Viola names in other languages: viola (Italian); viola (English); alto (French); bratsche (German); alttoviulu (Finnish). The viola strings are tuned a fifth below the violin and an octave above the cello

Basic information, the origin of Apkhyarts or Aphiarts is a stringed bowed musical instrument, one of the main folk musical instruments of the Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples. The name "apkhyartsa" by its origin is associated with the military life of the people and goes back to the word "apkhartsaga", which translated into Russian means "what encourages to go forward." Abkhazians use singing to the accompaniment of Apkhyartsa and as a remedy. Under

Basic information Arpeggione (Italian arpeggione) or guitar-cello, guitar of love is a stringed bowed musical instrument. It is close to a cello in size and sound production, but like a guitar it has six strings and frets on the fretboard. The German name for the arpeggione is Liebes-Guitarre, the French name is Guitarre d'amour. Origins, history The Arpeggione was constructed in 1823 by the Viennese master Johann Georg Staufer; a little

Basic information, the origin of Banhu is a Chinese stringed bowed musical instrument, a kind of huqin. The traditional banhu has been used primarily as an accompanying instrument in North Chinese musical drama, in northern and southern Chinese operas, or as a solo instrument and in ensembles. In the 20th century, the banhu began to be used as an orchestral instrument. There are three types of banhu - high, medium and

Basic information, history, types of viols Viola (Italian viola) is an ancient stringed bowed musical instrument of various types. Violas form a family of ancient stringed bowed musical instruments with frets on the fretboard. Viola developed from the Spanish vihuela. Viols were widely used in church, court and folk music. In the 16-18 centuries, the tenor instrument became especially widespread as a solo, ensemble and orchestral instrument.

Basic information Viola d'amore (Italian viola d'amore - viola of love) is an ancient stringed bowed musical instrument of the viola family. Viola d'amour was widely used from the late 17th to the early 19th century, then gave way to the viola and cello. Interest in viola d'amur revived at the beginning of the 20th century. The instrument has six or seven strings, on the earliest models -

Basic information Viola da gamba (Italian viola da gamba - foot viola) is an ancient stringed bowed musical instrument of the viola family, similar in size and range to modern cello. Viola da gamba was played while sitting, holding the instrument between the legs or laying it sideways on the thigh - hence the name. Viola da gamba has the largest number of instruments of the viola family.

Basic information, device, playing The cello is a stringed bowed musical instrument of bass and tenor register, known since the first half of the 16th century. The cello is widely used as a solo instrument, the cello group is used in string and symphony orchestras, the cello is an obligatory member of the string quartet, in which it is the lowest of the instruments in sound, is also often used in other compositions

Basic information Gadulka is a Bulgarian folk stringed bowed musical instrument used to accompany dances or songs and has a special soft harmonic sound. Origin, history The origin of the gadulka is associated with the Persian kemancha, the Arab rebab and the medieval European rebekah. The shape of the body and sound holes of the gadul is very similar to the so-called armudi kemenche (also known as the Constantinople lyre,

Basic information Gidzhak (gydjak) is a stringed bowed musical instrument of the peoples of Central Asia (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmens). Gijak has a spherical body and is made of pumpkin, large walnut, wood or other materials. Covered in leather. The number of gijak strings is variable, most often three. The tuning of the three-stringed gijak is quart, usually - es1, as1, des2 (E-flat, A-flat of the first octave, D-flat of the second octave).

Basic information Gudok is a stringed bowed musical instrument. The most common beep was in the 17-19 centuries among buffoons. The horn has a wooden hollowed out body, usually oval or pear-shaped, as well as a flat deck with resonator holes. The horn at the horn has a short neck without frets that holds 3 or 4 strings. You can play the dial tone by setting it

Basic information Jouhikko (youhikannel, youhikantele) is an ancient Finnish stringed bowed musical instrument. Similar to the 4-string Estonian hiyukannel. Jouhikko has a dugout birch hull of a boat-like or other figured shape, closed by a spruce or pine deck with resonator holes, and a side cutout that forms a handle. The strings are usually 2-4. As a rule, the strings are hairy or veined. Jouhikko scale is quart or quart-quint. During

Basic information Kemenche is a folk stringed bowed musical instrument, akin to an Arab rebab, a medieval European rebecque, a French poshet, and a Bulgarian gadulka. Pronunciation options and synonyms: kemenge, kemendzhesi, kemencha, kemancha, kyamancha, kemenzes, kementsia, keman, lyra, pontiaki lyra. Video: Kemenche on video + sounding Thanks to this video you can get acquainted with the instrument, watch a real game on it, listen to it

Basic information Kobyz is a Kazakh national stringed bowed musical instrument. Kobyz does not have a top board and consists of a hollowed-out, bubble-covered hemisphere, with a handle attached to it at the top and a release at the bottom to approve the stand. The strings, tied on the kobyz in the amount of two, are woven from horsehair. They play the kobyz, squeezing it at the knees (like a cello),

Basic information The contrabass is the largest stringed bowed musical instrument, combining the features of the violin family and the viola family. The modern contrabass has four strings, although the 17-18th century contrabass may have three strings. Double bass has a thick, hoarse, but somewhat muffled timbre, which is why it is rarely used as a solo instrument. Its main field of application is the symphony orchestra,

Basic information Morin khuur is a stringed bowed musical instrument of Mongolian origin. Morin khuur is widespread in Mongolia, regionally in northern China (primarily the Inner Mongolia region) and Russia (in Buryatia, Tuva, Irkutsk region and Trans-Baikal Territory). In China, morin huur is called matouqin, which means "horse-headed instrument." Origin, history One of the Mongol legends attributes

Basics Nickelharpa is a traditional Swedish stringed bowed musical instrument with several modifications as it has evolved over 600 years. In Swedish, "nyckel" means a key. The word "harpa" is usually used to refer to stringed instruments like the guitar or violin. Nickelharpa is sometimes referred to as the "Swedish keyboard violin". The very first evidence of the use of nickelharpa is the image of two musicians playing this instrument,

Basic information, the device Rabanaster is an Indian stringed bowed musical instrument, akin to the Chinese erh and distantly Mongolian morin huuru. Rabanaster has a small wooden cylindrical body, covered with a leather sounding board (most often made of snakeskin). A long neck in the form of a wooden rod passes through the body, with pegs attached to the upper end. Rabanaster has two strings. Usually the strings are silk

Basic information Rebab is a stringed bowed musical instrument of Arab origin. The word "rebab" in translation from Arabic means the combination of short sounds into one long one. The body of the rebab is wooden, flat or convex, trapezoidal or heart-shaped, with small notches on the sides. The shells are made of wood or coconut, the decks are leather (from the intestines of a buffalo or the bladder of other animals). The neck is long,

Basic information, device, origin Rebeck is an ancient stringed bowed musical instrument. Rebecque consists of a pear-shaped wooden body (no shells). The upper tapering part of the body passes directly into the neck. The deck has 2 resonator holes. Rebeck has 3 strings that are tuned in fifths. Rebekah appeared in Western European countries around the 12th century. Applied until the 3rd quarter

Basic information The violin is a high-register stringed bowed musical instrument. Violins hold a leading place among the bowed strings - the most important part of the modern symphony orchestra. Perhaps no other instrument has such a combination of beauty, expressive sound and technical mobility. In an orchestra, the violin performs various and varied functions. Very often violins, due to their exceptional melodiousness, are used for

Of course, everyone knows the violin. The most refined and sophisticated of stringed instruments, the violin is a way of conveying the emotions of a skilled performer to the listener. Being somewhere gloomy, unrestrained and even rude, she remains tender and vulnerable, beautiful and sensual.

We have prepared some fascinating facts about this magical musical instrument for you. You will learn how a violin works, how many strings it has, and what works are composed by composers for violin.

How does a violin work?

Its structure is simple: body, neck and strings. Instrument accessories vary widely in their purpose and importance. For example, one should not overlook the bow, thanks to which the sound is extracted from the strings, or the chin and bridge, which allow the performer to most comfortably arrange the instrument on the left shoulder.

And there are also accessories like a typewriter, which allows the violinist to correct the tuning that has changed for any reason without wasting time, in contrast to the use of string holders - pegs, which are much more difficult to work with.

There are only four strings themselves, always tuned to the same notes - Mi, A, Re and G. violins? From different materials - they can be veined, and silk and metal.

The first string on the right is tuned to the E of the second octave and is the thinnest of all the strings shown. The second string together with the third "personify" the notes "A" and "D", respectively. They are medium, almost the same thickness. Both notes are in the first octave. The last, thickest and most bass string is the fourth string, tuned to the G note of a small octave.

Each string has its own timbre - from shrill ("Mi") to thick ("Salt"). This allows the violinist to convey emotions so skillfully. Also, the sound depends on the bow - the cane itself and the hair pulled over it.

What kind of violins are there?

The answer to this question can be confusing and varied, but we will answer quite simply: there are wooden violins most familiar to us - the so-called acoustic ones, and there are also electric violins. The latter are powered by electricity, and their sound is heard thanks to the so-called "column" with an amplifier - a combo. There is no doubt that these instruments are arranged in different ways, although they may look the same outwardly. The technique of playing an acoustic and electronic violin does not differ significantly, but you have to get used to an analog electronic instrument in its own way.

What works are written for violin?

The works are a separate topic for reflection, because the violin is great both as a soloist and in. Therefore, for the violin, they write recitals, sonatas, partitas, caprices and pieces of other genres, as well as parts for all kinds of duets, quartets and other ensembles.

The violin can participate in almost all types of music. Most often at the moment, she is included in classics, folklore and rock. You can even hear the violin in children's cartoons and their Japanese adaptations - anime. All this only contributes to the increasing popularity of the instrument and only confirms that the violin will never disappear.

Famous violin makers

Also, don't forget about the violin masters. Perhaps the most famous is Antonio Stradivari. All of his tools are very expensive and have been prized in the past. The Stradivari violins are the most famous. During his lifetime, he made more than 1000 violins, but at the moment from 150 to 600 instruments have survived - the information in various sources is sometimes striking in its diversity.

Other surnames associated with the craftsmanship of violins include the Amati family. Different generations of this large Italian family have perfected bowed musical instruments, including improving the structure of the violin, making it strong and expressive.

Famous violinists: who are they?

Once the violin was a folk instrument, but over time, the technique of playing it became complex and from the folk environment, individual virtuoso craftsmen began to stand out, who delighted the audience with their art. Since the time of the musical Renaissance, Italy has been famous for its violinists. It is enough to name just a few names - Vivaldi, Corelli, Tartini. Niccolo Paganini also came from Italy, whose name is shrouded in legends and secrets.

Among violinists, who came from Russia, there are such great names as J. Kheifets, D. Oistrakh, L. Kogan. The modern listener knows the names of the current stars in this area of ​​the performing arts - for example, V. Spivakov and Vanessa-May.

It is believed that in order to start learning to play this instrument, you need to have at least good, strong nerves and patience, which will help you overcome from five to seven years of study. Of course, such a thing cannot do without disruptions and failures, however, as a rule, even they are only beneficial. The study time will be hard, but the results are worth the pain.

The material on the violin cannot be left without music. Listen to the famous music of Saint-Saens. You've probably heard it before, but do you know what kind of work it is?

C. Saint-Saens Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso

Musical instrument: Violin

The violin is one of the most refined and sophisticated musical instruments, with a charming melodious timbre very similar to the human voice, but at the same time very expressive and virtuoso. It is no coincidence that the violin was given the role of “ orchestra queens».

The violin's voice is similar to that of a human; the verbs “sings” and “cries” are often applied to it. She is able to cause tears of joy and sadness. The violinist plays on the strings of the soul of his listeners, acting through the strings of his powerful assistant. There is a belief that the sounds of a violin stop time and take you to another dimension.

History violins and many interesting facts about this musical instrument read on our page.

Sound

Expressive violin singing can convey the thoughts of the composer, the feelings of the characters opera and ballet more accurate and complete than all other instruments. Juicy, soulful, graceful and energetic at the same time, the sound of the violin is the basis of any piece where at least one of this instrument is used.

The timbre of the sound is determined by the quality of the instrument, the skill of the performer and the choice of strings. Bass sounds are distinguished by a thick, rich, slightly austere and harsh sound. The middle strings sound soft, soulful, as if velvety, matte. The upper register sounds bright, sunny, sonorous. The musical instrument and the performer have the ability to modify these sounds, add variety and additional palette.

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Interesting Facts

• Athira Krishna from India played the violin continuously for 32 hours in 2003 as part of the Trivandrum City Festival in 2003, making it into the Guinness Book of Records.
• Playing the violin burns about 170 calories per hour.
• Inventor of roller skates, Joseph Merlin, Belgian musical instrument manufacturer. To present a novelty, skates with metal wheels, in 1760 he drove to a costume ball in London, while playing the violin. The audience enthusiastically greeted the graceful sliding on the parquet to the accompaniment of a beautiful instrument. Inspired by success, the 25-year-old inventor began to spin faster, and at full speed crashed into an expensive mirror, smashing it into smithereens, a violin and seriously injured himself. There were no brakes on his skates then.

• In January 2007, the USA decided to conduct an experiment in which one of the brightest violinists Joshua Bell took part. The virtuoso went down to the subway and, like an ordinary street musician, played the Stradivarius violin for 45 minutes. Unfortunately, I had to admit that passers-by were not particularly interested in the genius playing of the violinist, everyone was urged on by the bustle of the big city. Only seven out of a thousand that have passed during this time paid attention to the famous musician and another 20 threw money.In total, $ 32 was earned during this time. Joshua Bell's concerts are usually sold out with an average ticket price of $ 100.
• The largest ensemble of young violinists gathered at the stadium in Zhanghua (Taiwan) in 2011 and consisted of 4645 school students aged 7 to 15 years.
• Until 1750, violin strings were made from sheep intestines. The method was first proposed by Italians.
• The first work for violin was created at the end of 1620 by the composer Marini. It was called "Romanesca per violino solo e basso".
• Violinists and violin makers often endeavor to create tiny instruments. So, in the south of China, in the city of Guangzhou, a mini-violin was made, only 1 cm long. It took the master 7 years to create this creation. Scotsman David Edwards, who played in the national orchestra, made a 1.5 cm violin.Erik Meisner in 1973 created a 4.1 cm long instrument with a melodic sound.

• There are masters in the world who make violins from stone, which sound as good as their wooden counterparts. In Sweden, the sculptor Lars Wiedenfalk, while decorating the facade of a building with diabase blocks, came up with the idea to make a violin out of this stone, because surprisingly melodic sounds came out from under the chisel and hammer. He named his stone violin "Blackbird". The product turned out to be surprisingly jewelry - the thickness of the walls of the resonator box does not exceed 2.5 mm, the weight of the violin is 2 kg. In Bohemia, Jan Roerich makes instruments from marble.
• While writing the famous "Mona Lisa", Leonardo da Vinci invited musicians playing the strings, including the violin. At the same time, the music was different in character and timbre. Many consider the ambiguity of the Mona Lisa's smile (“the smile of either an angel or a devil”) as a consequence of the variety of musical accompaniment.
• The violin stimulates the brain. This fact has been repeatedly confirmed by famous scientists who knew how and enjoyed playing the violin. So, for example, Einstein played this instrument with virtuosity from the age of six. Even the famous Sherlock Holmes (prefab) always used her sounds when thinking about a difficult problem.

• Some of the most difficult pieces to perform are "Caprices" Nicolo Paganini and his other works, concerts Brahms , Tchaikovsky , Sibelius ... And also the most mystical work - " Devil's sonata "(1713) G. Tartini, who was himself a virtuoso violinist,
• The most valuable in monetary terms are the Guarneri and Stradivari violins. The highest price was paid for Guarneri's Viétagne violin in 2010. It was sold at an auction in Chicago for $ 18,000,000. The most expensive Stradivarius violin is considered to be "Lady Blunt", and it was sold for almost $ 16 million in 2011.
• The largest violin in the world was created in Germany. Its length is 4.2 meters, width is 1.4 meters, bow length is 5.2 meters. Three people play on it. This unique creation was created by the craftsmen from Vogtland. This musical instrument is a large-scale copy of the violin by Johann Georg II Schonfelder, which was made at the end of the eighteenth century.
• A violin bow is usually strung with 150-200 hairs, which can be made of horsehair or nylon.
• The price of some bows reaches tens of thousands of dollars at auctions. The most expensive is the bow made by the master François Xavier Turt, which is estimated at about $ 200,000.
• Vanessa Mae is recognized as the youngest violinist to record Tchaikovsky's violin concerts and Beethoven at the age of 13. Vanessa-Mae made her debut with the London Philharmonic at the age of 10 in 1989. At the age of 11, she became the youngest student at the Royal College of Music.

• Episode from the opera " The Tale of Tsar Saltan » Rimsky-Korsakov "Flight of the Bumblebee" is technically difficult to execute and is played at high speed. Violinists from all over the world organize competitions for the speed of performance of this piece. So in 2007 D. Garrett got into the Guinness Book of Records, performing it in 1 minute and 6.56 seconds. Since then, many performers have been trying to overtake him and receive the title of "the fastest violinist in the world." Some of them managed to perform this piece faster, but at the same time it lost a lot in the quality of performance. For example, the "Discovery" TV channel considers the Briton Ben Lee, who performed "Flight of the Bumblebee" in 58.51 seconds, not only the fastest violinist, but also the fastest person in the world.

Popular works for violin

Camille Saint-Saens - Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso (listen)

Antonio Vivaldi: "The Seasons" - Summer Thunderstorm (listen)

Antonio Bazzini - "Round Dance of the Dwarfs" (listen)

P. Tchaikovsky - "Waltz-Scherzo" (listen)

Jules Masnet - "Meditation" (listen)

Maurice Ravel - "The Gypsy" (listen)

J.S.Bach - "Chaconne" from the partita in d-moll (listen)

Violin application and repertoire

Due to its varied timbre, the violin is used to convey different moods and characters. In a modern symphony orchestra, these instruments occupy almost a third of the composition. Violins in the orchestra are divided into 2 groups: one plays the upper voice or melody, the other lower or accompanies. They are called first and second violins.

This musical instrument sounds great both in chamber ensembles and in solo performance. The violin easily harmonizes with wind instruments, pianos and other strings. Of the ensembles, the most common is the string quartet, which includes 2 violins, cello and alto ... A huge number of works of different eras and styles have been written for the quartet.

Almost all brilliant composers did not ignore the violin with their attention; concertos for violin and orchestra composed Mozart , Vivaldi, Tchaikovsky , Brahms, Dvorak , Khachaturian, Mendelssohn, Saint-Saens , Kreisler, Wieniawski and many others. The violin was also trusted with solo parts in concerts for several instruments. For example, in Bach is a concerto for violin, oboe and string ensemble, and Beethoven wrote a triple concerto for violin, cello, piano and orchestra.

In the 20th century, the violin began to be used in various modern styles of music. The earliest mentions of the use of the violin as a solo instrument in jazz are documented in the early decades of the 20th century. One of the earliest jazz violinists was Joe Venuti, who performed with renowned guitarist Eddie Lang.

The violin is assembled from over 70 different wooden parts, but the main difficulty in manufacturing lies in the bending and processing of the wood. Up to 6 different types of wood can be present in one copy, and the craftsmen constantly experimented, using all the new options - poplar, pear, acacia, walnut. The best material is a tree that grew in the mountains, because of its resistance to temperature extremes and moisture. The strings are made of veins, silk or metal. Most often, the master makes:

1. Resonant spruce top.
2. Neck, back, maple curl.
3. Hoops of coniferous, alder, linden, mahogany.
4. Conifers.
5. Ebony neck.
6. Chin rest, tuning pegs, button, head rest from boxwood, ebony or rosewood.

Sometimes the master uses other types of wood or changes the options presented above at his discretion. The classical orchestral violin has 4 strings: from “basque” (G of a minor octave) to “fifth” (E of the second octave). On some models, a fifth alto string may also be added.

Various schools of craftsmen are identified by klots, hoops and curls. The curl stands out. It can be figuratively called "the author's painting".

The varnish used to cover the wooden parts is of no small importance. It gives the garment a golden to very dark shade with a reddish or brown sheen. The varnish determines how long the instrument will "live" and whether its sound will remain unchanged.

Did you know that it is the violin that is shrouded in many legends and myths? Even at the music school, children are told an old legend about the Cremona master and wizard. For a long time they tried to unravel the secret of the sound of the instruments of the famous masters of Italy. It is believed that the answer lies in a special coating - varnish, which was even washed off from a Stradivarius violin to prove it, but in vain.

The violin is usually played with a bow, except for the pizzicato technique, which is played by plucking the strings. The bow has a wooden base and horsehair tightly pulled over it, which is rubbed with rosin before playing. It is usually 75 cm long and weighs 60 grams.

Currently, you can find several types of this instrument - a wooden (acoustic) and an electric violin, the sound of which we hear thanks to a special amplifier. One thing remains unchanged - it is surprisingly soft, melodious and bewitching with its beauty and melodic sound of this musical instrument.

Dimensions (edit)

In addition to the standard full-size full violin (4/4), there are smaller instruments for teaching children. The violin "grows" with the student. Learning begins with the smallest violins (1/32, 1/16, 1/8), the length of which is 32-43 cm.

Dimensions of a full violin: length - 60 cm, body length - 35.5 cm, weight about 300 - 400 grams.

Violin playing techniques

The violin vibration is famous, which penetrates the soul of the listeners with a saturated wave of sound. A musician can only slightly raise and lower sounds, adding to the musical range even greater variety and breadth of the sound palette. The glissando technique is also known, this style of playing allows you to use the absence of frets on the neck.

Clamping the string not strongly, touching slightly, the violinist produces original cold, hissing sounds, reminiscent of the sound of a flute (harmonic). There are harmonics, where 2 fingers of the performer are involved, placed on a fourth or fifth from each other, they are especially difficult to perform. The highest category of mastery is the performance of harmonics at a fast pace.

Violinists also use such interesting playing techniques:

• Col Legno - strikes with a bow reed on the strings. This technique is used in "Dance of Death" by Saint-Saens to simulate the sound of dancing skeletons.
• Sul ponticello - playing with a bow on a stand gives an ominous, hissing sound characteristic of negative characters.
• Sul tasto - playing with a bow on the fretboard. Reproduces a gentle, ethereal sound.
• Ricochet - performed by throwing a bow on a string with a free bounce.

Another technique is the use of a mute. This is a wood or metal comb that reduces the vibration of the strings. Due to the mute, the violin emits soft, muffled sounds. A similar technique is often used to perform lyrical, emotional moments.

On the violin, you can take double notes, chords, perform polyphonic works, but most often its many-sided voice is used for solo parts, since a huge variety of sounds, their shades is its main advantage.

The history of the creation of the violin

Until recently, it was considered to be the progenitor of the violin viola , however, it has been proven that they are two completely different instruments. Their development in the XIV-XV centuries proceeded in parallel. If the viola belonged to the aristocratic class, then the violin came out of the people. Mostly peasants, wandering artists, minstrels played on it.

This unusually diverse sounding instrument can be called its predecessors: the Indian lyre, the Polish violin (rebeca), the Russian squeak, the Arab rebab, the British mole, the Kazakh kobyz, the Spanish fidel. All of these instruments could have been the progenitors of the violin, since each of them served the birth of the string family and rewarded them with their own virtues.

The introduction of the violin into high society and its reckoning as an aristocratic instrument began in 1560, when Charles IX ordered 24 violins from the stringmaster Amati for his palace musicians. One of them has survived to this day. This is the oldest violin in the world, it is called "Charles IX".

The creation of violins as we see them now is disputed by two houses: Andrea Amati and Gasparo de Solo. Some sources claim that the palm should be given to Gasparo Bertolotti (Amati's teacher), whose musical instruments were later perfected by the Amati house. It is only known for certain that it happened in Italy in the 16th century. They were later succeeded by Guarneri and Stradivari, who slightly increased the size of the violin body and made larger holes (f-holes) for a more powerful sound of the instrument.

At the end of the 17th century, the British tried to add frets to the construction of the violin and created a school to teach how to play a similar instrument. However, due to a significant loss in sound, this idea was quickly abandoned. The most ardent supporters of the free style of playing with a clean neck were violin virtuosos: Paganini, Lolli, Tartini and most composers, especially Vivaldi.

Video: listen to the violin

Find the stave and clef. The stave is 5 parallel lines on which the notes are written. The clef is the mark on the left-most side of the staff. It indicates the register in which you play.

• Violins are played only in the treble clef. This key is somewhat similar to the ampersand (&).

Learn the notes. Each note is written in the form of an oval on the line of the staff, or between them. If you read from bottom to top, then the notes in between will be as follows: f, la, do and mi; and on the lines are: mi, mol, si, re and fa.

• Notes outside the staff are indicated by the same ovals, but on additional lines.
• The note can be preceded by a sharp (#) or flat (b). Also, these signs can appear immediately after the treble clef. For example, a sharp immediately after the treble clef on the F line implies that all notes in F should be played as F #.