Summary of educational activities on local history with children of the preparatory group “Peoples of the Middle Urals. Traditions of the peoples of the Urals

The Urals are known as a multinational region with rich culture based on ancient traditions. Not only Russians live here (who began to actively populate the Urals since the 17th century), but also Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Mansi, Nenets, Mari, Chuvash, Mordovians and others.

The appearance of man in the Urals

The first man appeared in the Urals approximately 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened before, but there are no finds associated with more early period, scientists do not yet have at their disposal. The oldest Paleolithic site primitive man was discovered in the area of ​​Lake Karabalykty, near the village of Tashbulatovo, Abzelilovsky district, Republic of Bashkortostan.

Archaeologists O.N. Bader and V.A. Oborin, famous researchers of the Urals, claim that the Proto-Urals were ordinary Neanderthals. It has been established that people moved to this territory from Central Asia. For example, in Uzbekistan, a whole skeleton of a Neanderthal boy was found, whose life span coincided with the first exploration of the Urals. Anthropologists recreated the appearance of a Neanderthal, which was taken as the appearance of the Urals during the settlement of this territory.

Ancient people were not able to survive alone. Danger awaited them at every step, and the capricious nature of the Urals every now and then showed its obstinate disposition. Only mutual assistance and caring for each other helped primitive man to survive. The main activity of the tribes was the search for food, so absolutely everyone was involved, including children. Hunting, fishing, and gathering are the main ways to obtain food.

A successful hunt meant a lot to the entire tribe, so people sought to appease nature with the help of complex rituals. Rituals were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this is the surviving cave drawings, including unique monument– Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) river in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan.

Inside, the cave looks like an amazing palace with huge halls connected by wide corridors. The total length of the first floor is 290 m. The second floor is 20 m above the first and stretches 500 m in length. The corridors lead to a mountain lake.

It was on the walls of the second floor that the unique drawings primitive man, created with the help of ocher. Figures of mammoths, horses and rhinoceroses are depicted here. The pictures indicate that the artist saw all this fauna in close proximity.

The drawings of the Shulgan-tash cave were created about 12-14 thousand years ago. There are similar images in Spain and France.

Indigenous peoples of the Urals

Voguls - Russian Hungarians

The original Uralian - who is he? For example, the Bashkirs, Tatars and Mari have lived in this region for only a few centuries. However, even before the arrival of these peoples, this land was inhabited. The indigenous people were the Mansi, called Voguls before the revolution. On the map of the Urals you can now find rivers and settlements called “Vogulka”.

Mansi belong to the Finno-Ugric people language group. Their dialect is related to the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Hungarians. In ancient times, this people inhabited the territory north of the river Yaik (Ural), but later they were forced out by warlike nomadic tribes. Vogulov was even mentioned by Nestor in his “Tale of Bygone Years”, where they are called “Yugra”.

The Voguls actively resisted Russian expansion. Foci of active resistance were suppressed in the 17th century. At the same time, the Christianization of the Voguls took place. The first baptism occurred in 1714, the second in 1732, and later in 1751.

After the conquest of the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals, the Mansi were obliged to pay taxes - yasak - subordinate to the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. They had to pay the treasury one tribute in two foxes, for which they were allowed to use arable and hay lands, as well as forests. They were exempted from conscription until 1874. From 1835 they had to pay a poll tax, and later perform zemstvo duties.

The Voguls were divided into nomadic and sedentary tribes. The first had canonical plagues in the summer, and spent the winter either in huts or in yurts with a fireplace equipped there. The sedentary people built rectangular huts from logs with an earthen floor and a flat roof covered with chopped logs and birch bark.

The main activity of the Mansi was hunting. They lived mainly on what they got with bows and arrows. The most desirable prey was considered elk, from whose skin it was sewn National clothes. The Voguls tried their hand at cattle breeding, but practically did not recognize arable farming. When the factory owners became the new owners of the Urals, the indigenous population had to engage in logging and burning coal.

A hunting dog played an important role in the life of any Vogul, without which, like without an ax, no man would leave the house. Forced conversion to Christianity did not force this people to abandon ancient pagan rituals. Idols were installed in secluded places, and sacrifices were still made to them.

The Mansi are a small people, which includes 5 groups isolated from each other according to their habitat: Verkhoturye (Lozvinskaya), Cherdynskaya (Visherskaya), Kungurskaya (Chusovskaya), Krasnoufimskaya (Klenovsko-Bisertskaya), Irbitskaya.

With the arrival of the Russians, the Voguls largely adopted their orders and customs. Mixed marriages began to form. Living together in villages with Russians did not prevent the Voguls from preserving ancient activities, such as hunting.

Today there are fewer and fewer Mansi left. At the same time, only a couple of dozen people live according to old traditions. Youth is looking for better life and doesn't even know the language. In search of income, young Mansi tend to go to the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug to get an education and earn money.

Komi (Zyryans)

This people lived in the taiga zone. The main occupation was hunting fur-bearing animals and fishing. The first mention of the Zyryans is found in a scroll dating back to the 11th century. Starting from the 13th century, tribes were obliged to pay tribute to Novgorod. In 1478, the Komi territory became part of Russia. The capital of the Komi Republic, Syktyvkar, was founded in 1586 as the Ust-Sysolsk churchyard.

Komi-Permyaks living in Perm region, appeared towards the end of the first millennium. Since the 12th century, Novgorodians entered this territory, engaged in the exchange and trade of furs. In the 15th century, the Permians formed their own principality, which was soon annexed to Moscow.

Bashkirs

Mentions of the Bashkirs are found in chronicles starting from the 10th century. They were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, fishing, hunting, and beekeeping. In the 10th century they were annexed to the Volga Bulgaria and during the same period Islam penetrated there. In 1229, Bashkiria was attacked by the Mongol-Tatars.

In 1236, this territory became the inheritance of Khan Batu’s brother. When Golden Horde collapsed, one part of Bashkiria went to the Nogai Horde, the other to the Kazan Khanate, the third to the Siberian Khanate. In 1557, Bashkiria became part of Russia after the Russians captured Kazan.

In the 17th century, Russians began to actively come to Bashkiria, among whom were peasants, artisans, and traders. The Bashkirs began to lead a sedentary lifestyle. The annexation of the Bashkir lands to Russia caused repeated uprisings of the indigenous inhabitants. Each time, pockets of resistance were brutally suppressed by the tsarist troops. In the Pugachev uprising (1773-1775), the Bashkirs accepted the most Active participation. During this period, the national hero of Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev became famous. As punishment for the Yaik Cossacks who took part in the riot, the Yaik River received the name Ural.

The development of these places accelerated significantly with the advent of the Samara-Zlatoust railway, which was built from 1885 to 1890 and passed through central regions Russia. An important point in the history of Bashkiria was the discovery of the first oil well, thanks to which the republic became one of the major oil regions of Russia. Bashkiria received powerful economic potential in 1941, when more than 90 large enterprises were relocated here from the west of Russia. The capital of Bashkiria is Ufa.

The Mari or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in Sverdlovsk region. They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordan. The Tatars called these people “cheremysh,” which meant “obstacle.” Before the revolution began in 1917, the Mari were usually called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then given word was considered offensive and removed from use. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world.

Nagaibaki

There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. Nagaibaks are representatives of the ethnographic group of baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. This is indigenous small people RF. Nagaibak Cossacks took part in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. Live in Chelyabinsk region.

Tatars

The Tatars are the second largest people in the Urals (after the Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals.

The Agafurovs were in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars

Culture of the peoples of the Urals

The culture of the peoples of the Urals is quite unique and original. Until the Urals ceded to Russia, many local peoples did not have their own written language. However, over time, these same peoples knew not only their own language, but also Russian.

The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious plots. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures.

It is impossible not to mention the unsurpassed skill and imagination folk craftsmen. The products of craftsmen made from Ural minerals are widely known. They can be seen in leading museums in Russia.

The region is also famous for wood and bone carvings. The wooden roofs of traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved “ridges” or “hens”. Among the Komi, it is customary to place wooden figures of birds on separate poles near the house. There is such a thing as “Permian” animal style" What are ancient figurines worth? mythical creatures, cast in bronze, found during excavations.

Kasli casting is also famous. These are amazing in their sophistication creations made of cast iron. Masters created the most beautiful candelabra, figurines, sculptures and Jewelry. This direction has gained credibility in the European market.

A strong tradition is the desire to have your own family and love for children. For example, the Bashkirs, like other peoples of the Urals, revere their elders, so the main members of families are grandparents. Descendants know by heart the names of the ancestors of seven generations.

The formation of any ethnic group occurs against the background of the natural-geographical environment, which has a decisive influence on the economic, cultural, political life peoples, their way of life and beliefs.

The Urals region is, first of all, mountains. The worldview of the population was formed under the influence of the mountain landscape. The people living here do not see themselves outside the harsh nature native land, identifying oneself with him, being a part of him. Every mountain, hill, cave is a small world for them, with which they try to live in harmony. Nature gives them amazing abilities to hear and see what is unattainable for other people.

The Ural region is populated big amount nations and nationalities, large and small. Among them we can distinguish indigenous peoples: Nenets, Bashkirs, . In the process of developing the region, they were joined by Russians, Ukrainians, Mordovians and many others.

The Komi (Zyryans) occupy the taiga zone, which in old times made it possible to live off fur trade and fishing in rivers rich in fish. For the first time written sources mention the Zyryans in the 11th century. It is known that since the 13th century they regularly paid the fur tax-yasak to the Novgorodians. Part Russian state included in the second half of the 14th century. The capital of the modern Komi Republic, the city of Syktyvkar, originates from the Ust-Sysolsky churchyard, founded in 1586.

Komi Perm people

Komi-Permyaks have lived in the area since the first millennium AD. Novgorodians, actively traveling beyond the “stone” (Ural) for the purpose of trade, came here in the 12th century. In the 15th century, statehood was formed, and subsequently the principality recognized the power of Moscow. As part of the modern Russian Federation, Permians represent the Perm region. The city of Perm arose as a center of the copper smelting industry during the time of Peter I on the site of the village of Yagoshikha.

Udmurt people

Initially they were part of the Volga Bulgaria, after the conquest by the Mongol-Tatars they were included in the Golden Horde. After its collapse, part of the Kazan Khanate. As part of Russia since the time of Ivan the Terrible, who captured Kazan. In the XVII- XVIII centuries The Udmurts actively participated in the uprisings of Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev. The city of Izhevsk, the capital of modern Udmurtia, was founded in the second half of the 18th century. Count Shuvalov at the ironworks.

Most of the peoples of the Urals have lived here for only a few centuries, being newcomers. What about them? The Ural land has been loved by people for a very long time. The Voguls, who previously had the name Voguls, are considered to be truly indigenous people. In local toponymy even now there are names associated with this name, for example, the Vogulovka river and the river of the same name locality.

Mansi belong to the Finno-Ugric language family. They are related to the Khanty and Hungarians. In ancient times, they inhabited the lands north of Yaik (Ural), but were driven out of the inhabited territories by the arriving nomads. The chronicler Nestor calls them “Yugra” in the ancient chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years”.

Mansi is a small people, consisting of 5 independent groups isolated from each other. They are distinguished by place of residence: Verkhoturye, Cherdyn, Kungur, Krasnoufimsk, Irbit.

With the beginning of Russian colonization, many traditions and cultural and everyday features were borrowed. They willingly entered into family and marriage relationships with Russians. But they were able to maintain their originality.

Currently, the people are considered to be small in number. Original customs are forgotten, the language is fading. In an effort to get an education and find a well-paid job, the younger generation leaves for the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug. Therefore, there are about two dozen representatives of the ancient tradition.

Nationality Bashkirs

The Bashkirs, like many other peoples, first appear in sources only from the 10th century. The way of life and activities are traditional for this region: hunting, fishing, nomadic cattle breeding. At the same time they were conquered by the Volga Bulgaria. Along with the conquest, they were forced to convert to Islam. In the 19th century on their territories the Russian government decided to build railways, connecting the Russian center and the Urals region. Thanks to this road, the lands were included in active economic life, and the development of peoples accelerated. The area began to develop especially quickly with the discovery of oil in the bowels of the earth. In the 20th century The Republic of Bashkiria became the largest center of the oil industry. The area played an important role during the Great Patriotic War. The territory of the region was evacuated industrial enterprises from areas threatened by fascist occupation. About 100 industrial facilities were transported. Many of them became the basis for further use. The capital of Bashkiria is the city of Ufa.

They live in many areas of the modern Urals. There are many versions of the translation of the name Cheremisy. One of them speaks of Tatar origin. According to it, the word means “obstacle.” Before October revolution This is the name of the people that was used, but later it was recognized as derogatory and replaced. Currently, especially in scientific circles, it is beginning to be used again.

Nagaibaki

There is a lot of controversy surrounding representatives of this people. According to one version, their ancestors were Turks, but they converted to Christianity. In the history of Russia, the Nagaibak Cossacks are especially famous, who took an active part in the hostilities of the 18th century. They live in the Chelyabinsk region.

They are a much debated population as there is very little reliable information about them. Most conclusions are made at the level of assumptions and hypotheses. A number of historians consider this population to be newcomers, especially many of them came with the beginning of the aggressive campaigns of the Golden Horde khans. Although, patriotic historians see in this settlement only the second wave. It is believed that the Tatars were mentioned as inhabiting the Urals back in the 11th century. Persian sources testify to this. They occupy second place in number, second only to the Russians. The largest number of them live in the territory of Bashkiria (about a million people). In many regions of the Urals there are entirely Tatar settlements. Most Tatars adhere to the Islamic religion and traditions.

The traditions of the peoples of the Urals have interested me for a long time. Do you know what I suddenly thought? The entire Internet is flooded with blogs, posts and reports about travel and exploration of traditions European countries and peoples. And if not European, then still some fashionable, exotic ones. IN Lately a lot of bloggers got into the habit of educating us about life in Thailand, for example.

I myself am attracted by super popular places of unprecedented beauty (ah, my beloved Venice!). But peoples inhabited every corner of our planet, sometimes even seemingly not entirely suitable for habitation. And everywhere they settled down, acquired their own rituals, holidays, and traditions. And surely this culture of some small nations is no less interesting? In general, I decided, in addition to my long-standing objects of interest, to slowly add new, unexplored traditions. And today I’ll take for consideration... well, at least this: the Urals, the border between Europe and Asia.

The peoples of the Urals and their traditions

The Urals is a multinational region. In addition to the main indigenous peoples (Komi, Udmurts, Nenets, Bashkirs, Tatars), it is also inhabited by Russians, Chuvashs, Ukrainians, and Mordovians. And this is still an incomplete list. Of course, I will begin my research with some general culture of the peoples of the Urals, without dividing it into national fragments.

For residents of Europe, this region was inaccessible in the old days. The sea route to the Urals could only run through the northern, extremely harsh and dangerous seas. And it was not easy to get there by land - dense forests and the fragmentation of the territories of the Urals between different peoples, who were often not on very good neighborly terms.

That's why cultural traditions The peoples of the Urals developed for quite a long time in an atmosphere of originality. Imagine: until the Urals became part of the Russian state, most local peoples did not have their own written language. But later, with intertwining national languages with Russian, many representatives of the indigenous population have turned into polyglots who know two or three languages.

The oral traditions of the peoples of the Urals, passed down from generation to generation, are full of colorful and mysterious stories. They are mainly associated with the cult of mountains and caves. After all, the Urals are, first of all, mountains. And the mountains are not ordinary, but representing - alas, in the past! – a treasury of various minerals and gems. As a Ural miner once said:

“Everything is in the Urals, and if something is missing, it means we haven’t dug it yet.”

Among the peoples of the Urals there was a belief that required special care and respect in relation to these countless treasures. People believed that caves and underground storerooms were guarded by magical powers that could bestow or destroy.

Ural gems

Peter the Great, having founded the lapidary and stone-cutting industry in the Urals, marked the beginning of an unprecedented boom in Ural minerals. Architectural structures, decorated with natural stone, jewelry in the best traditions of jewelry art has won not only Russian, but also international fame and love.

However, one should not think that the crafts of the Urals became famous only thanks to such rare luck with natural resources. The peoples of the Urals and their traditions are, first of all, a story about magnificent craftsmanship and imagination craftsmen. This region is famous for its wood and bone carving tradition. Wooden roofs look interesting, laid without the use of nails and decorated with carved “horses” and “hens”. And the Komi people also installed such wooden sculptures of birds on separate poles near their houses.

Previously, I had the opportunity to read and write about the Scythian “animal style”. It turns out that there is such a concept as “Perm animal style”. It is convincingly demonstrated by ancient bronze figurines of mythical winged creatures found by archaeologists in the Urals.

But I’m especially interested in telling you about such a traditional Ural craft as Kasli casting. And do you know why? Because not only did I already know about this tradition before, I even have my own copies of the craft! Kasli craftsmen cast creations of amazing grace from such a seemingly thankless material as cast iron. They made not only candelabra and figurines, but even jewelry, which had previously been made only from precious metals. The authority of these products on the world market is evidenced by the following fact: in Paris, a cast iron Kasli cigarette case had the same price as a silver one of equal weight.

Kasli casting from my collection

I cannot help but say about the famous cultural figures of the Urals:

• Pavel Bazhov. I don’t know if today’s children read Bazhov’s fairy tales, but my generation in childhood was in awe of these fascinating, breathtaking tales, which seemed to shimmer with all the colors of the Ural gems.
• Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. He is a native of Orenburg, and regarding his contribution to Russian literature, literature, history, and traditions of the peoples of the Urals, I think there is no need to explain anything.
• But about the next name - I would like to know more. The Stroganovs are a family of Russian merchants and industrialists, first, and from the 18th century - barons and counts Russian Empire. Back in the 16th century, Tsar Ivan the Terrible granted Grigory Stroganov vast land holdings in the Urals. Since then, several generations of this family have developed not only the industry of the region, but also its cultural traditions. Many Stroganovs were interested in literature and art, collecting priceless collections of paintings and libraries. And even - attention! - V traditional dishes In the Southern Urals, the surname left its noticeable mark. For the well-known dish “beef stroganoff” is the invention of Count Alexander Grigorievich Stroganov.

Various traditions of the peoples of the Southern Urals

The Ural Mountains are located almost along the meridian for many hundreds of kilometers. Therefore, this region in the north reaches the shores of the Arctic Ocean, and in the south it borders on the semi-desert territories of Kazakhstan. And isn’t it natural that the northern Urals and the southern Urals can be considered as two very different regions. Not only the geography is different, but also the way of life of the population. Therefore, when I say “traditions of the peoples of the Urals,” I will still single out the most numerous people southern Urals. We will talk about the Bashkirs.

In the first part of the post, I somehow became more interested in describing traditions of an applied nature. But now I want to focus on the spiritual component; it seemed to me that some traditions of the people of Bashkortostan are especially relevant in our time. At least these:

• Hospitality. Elevated to the rank of a national cult among the Bashkirs. A guest, no matter whether invited or unexpected, is always greeted with extraordinary cordiality, the best treats are put on the table, and upon parting, the following tradition is observed: giving a small gift. For a guest, there was only one essential rule of decency: to stay for no more than three days :).
• Love for children, desire to have a family- this is also a strong tradition of the Bashkir people.
• Honoring Elders. Grandfathers and grandmothers are considered the main members of the Bashkir family. Every representative of this people is obliged to know the names of relatives of seven generations!

What I was especially happy to learn was the origin of the word “Sabantuy”. Isn't it a common word? And somewhat frivolous, I thought it was slang. But it turned out that this is the name of the traditional national holiday marking the end of spring field work. It is also celebrated by the Tatars, but the first written mention of Sabantuy was recorded by the Russian traveler I. I. Lepekhin among the Bashkir people.

Peoples of the Urals The Urals are known as a multinational region with a rich culture based on ancient traditions. Not only Russians live here (who began to actively populate the Urals since the 17th century), but also Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Mansi, Nenets, Mari, Chuvash, Mordovians and others. The appearance of man in the Urals The first man appeared in the Urals approximately 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened earlier, but scientists do not yet have any finds associated with an earlier period. The oldest Paleolithic site of primitive man was discovered in the area of ​​Lake Karabalykty, not far from the village of Tashbulatovo, Abzelilovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Archaeologists O.N. Bader and V.A. Oborin, famous researchers of the Urals, claim that the Proto-Urals were ordinary Neanderthals. It has been established that people moved to this territory from Central Asia. For example, in Uzbekistan, a whole skeleton of a Neanderthal boy was found, whose life span coincided with the first exploration of the Urals. Anthropologists recreated the appearance of a Neanderthal, which was taken as the appearance of the Urals during the settlement of this territory. Ancient people were not able to survive alone. Danger awaited them at every step, and the capricious nature of the Urals every now and then showed its obstinate disposition. Only mutual assistance and caring for each other helped primitive man to survive. The main activity of the tribes was the search for food, so absolutely everyone was involved, including children. Hunting, fishing, and gathering are the main ways to obtain food. A successful hunt meant a lot to the entire tribe, so people sought to appease nature with the help of complex rituals. Rituals were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this is the preserved rock paintings, including a unique monument - the Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) River in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan. Inside, the cave looks like an amazing palace with huge halls connected by wide corridors. The total length of the first floor is 290 m. The second floor is 20 m above the first and stretches 500 m in length. The corridors lead to a mountain lake. It is on the walls of the second floor that unique drawings of primitive man, created using ocher, have been preserved. Figures of mammoths, horses and rhinoceroses are depicted here. The pictures indicate that the artist saw all this fauna in close proximity. The drawings of the Kapova Cave (Shulgan-Tash) were created about 12-14 thousand years ago. There are similar images in Spain and France. Indigenous peoples of the Urals Voguls - Russian Hungarians Original Uralian - who is he? For example, the Bashkirs, Tatars and Mari have lived in this region for only a few centuries. However, even before the arrival of these peoples, this land was inhabited. The indigenous people were the Mansi, called Voguls before the revolution. On the map of the Urals you can now find rivers and settlements called “Vogulka”. Mansi belong to the people of the Finno-Ugric language group. Their dialect is related to the Khanty (Ostyaks) and Hungarians. In ancient times, these people inhabited the territory north of the Yaik River (Ural), but later they were forced out by warlike nomadic tribes. Vogulov was even mentioned by Nestor in his “Tale of Bygone Years”, where they are called “Yugra”. The Voguls actively resisted Russian expansion. Foci of active resistance were suppressed in the 17th century. At the same time, the Christianization of the Voguls took place. The first baptism occurred in 1714, the second - in 1732, and later - in 1751. After the conquest of the indigenous inhabitants of the Urals, the Mansi were obliged to pay taxes - yasak - submitting to the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. They had to pay the treasury one tribute in two foxes, for which they were allowed to use arable and hay lands, as well as forests. They were exempted from conscription until 1874. From 1835 they had to pay a poll tax, and later perform zemstvo duties. The Voguls were divided into nomadic and sedentary tribes. The first had canonical plagues in the summer, and spent the winter either in huts or in yurts with a fireplace equipped there. The sedentary people built rectangular huts from logs with an earthen floor and a flat roof covered with chopped logs and birch bark. Mansi The main activity of the Mansi was hunting. They lived mainly on what they got with bows and arrows. The most desirable prey was considered to be elk, from whose skin national clothing was made. The Voguls tried their hand at cattle breeding, but practically did not recognize arable farming. When the factory owners became the new owners of the Urals, the indigenous population had to engage in logging and burning coal. A hunting dog played an important role in the life of any Vogul, without which, like without an ax, no man would leave the house. Forced conversion to Christianity did not force this people to abandon ancient pagan rituals. Idols were installed in secluded places, and sacrifices were still made to them. The Mansi are a small people, which includes 5 groups isolated from each other according to their habitat: Verkhoturye (Lozvinskaya), Cherdynskaya (Visherskaya), Kungurskaya (Chusovskaya), Krasnoufimskaya (Klenovsko-Bisertskaya), Irbitskaya. With the arrival of the Russians, the Voguls largely adopted their orders and customs. Mixed marriages began to form. Living together in villages with Russians did not prevent the Voguls from preserving ancient activities, such as hunting. Today there are fewer and fewer Mansi left. At the same time, only a couple of dozen people live according to old traditions. Young people are looking for a better life and don’t even know the language. In search of income, young Mansi tend to go to the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug to get an education and earn money. Komi (Zyryans) This people lived in the taiga zone. The main occupation was hunting fur-bearing animals and fishing. The first mention of the Zyryans is found in a scroll dating back to the 11th century. Starting from the 13th century, tribes were obliged to pay tribute to Novgorod. In 1478, the Komi territory became part of Russia. The capital of the Komi Republic - Syktyvkar - was founded in 1586 as the Ust-Sysolsk churchyard. Komi-Zyrians Komi-Permyaks Komi-Permyaks living in the Perm region appeared towards the end of the first millennium. Since the 12th century, Novgorodians entered this territory, engaged in the exchange and trade of furs. In the 15th century, the Permians formed their own principality, which was soon annexed to Moscow. Bashkirs Mentions of the Bashkirs are found in chronicles starting from the 10th century. They were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, fishing, hunting, and beekeeping. In the 10th century they were annexed to the Volga Bulgaria and during the same period Islam penetrated there. In 1229, Bashkiria was attacked by the Mongol-Tatars. In 1236, this territory became the inheritance of Khan Batu’s brother. When the Golden Horde disintegrated, one part of Bashkiria went to the Nogai Horde, the other to the Kazan Khanate, and the third to the Siberian Khanate. In 1557, Bashkiria became part of Russia. In the 17th century, Russians began to actively come to Bashkiria, among whom were peasants, artisans, and traders. The Bashkirs began to lead a sedentary lifestyle. The annexation of the Bashkir lands to Russia caused repeated uprisings of the indigenous inhabitants. Each time, pockets of resistance were brutally suppressed by the tsarist troops. The Bashkirs took an active part in the Pugachev uprising (1773-1775). During this period, the national hero of Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev became famous. As punishment for the Yaik Cossacks who took part in the riot, the Yaik River received the name Ural. The development of these places accelerated significantly with the advent of the Samara-Zlatoust railway, which was built from 1885 to 1890 and passed through the central regions of Russia. An important moment in the history of Bashkiria was the discovery of the first oil well, thanks to which the republic became one of the major oil regions of Russia. Bashkiria received powerful economic potential in 1941, when more than 90 large enterprises were relocated here from the west of Russia. The capital of Bashkiria is Ufa. Mari The Mari or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in the Sverdlovsk region. They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordan. The Tatars called these people “cheremysh,” which meant “obstacle.” Before the revolution began in 1917, the Mari were usually called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then this word was considered offensive and was removed from use. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world. Nagaibaki There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. Nagaibaks are representatives of the ethnographic group of baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. These are the indigenous people of the Russian Federation. Nagaibak Cossacks took part in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. They live in the Chelyabinsk region. Tatars Tatars are the second largest people in the Urals (after the Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. The Agafurovs The Agafurovs were in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars. The culture of the peoples of the Urals The culture of the peoples of the Urals is quite unique and original. Until the Urals ceded to Russia, many local peoples did not have their own written language. However, over time, these same peoples knew not only their own language, but also Russian. The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious plots. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures. It is impossible not to mention the unsurpassed skill and imagination of folk craftsmen. The products of craftsmen made from Ural minerals are widely known. They can be seen in leading museums in Russia. The region is also famous for wood and bone carvings. The wooden roofs of traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved “ridges” or “hens”. Among the Komi, it is customary to place wooden figures of birds on separate poles near the house. There is such a thing as “Perm animal style”. Just look at the ancient figurines of mythical creatures cast in bronze, found during excavations. Kasli casting is also famous. These are amazing in their sophistication creations made of cast iron. Masters created the most beautiful candelabra, figurines, sculptures and jewelry. This direction has gained authority in the European market. A strong tradition is the desire to have your own family and love for children. For example, the Bashkirs, like other peoples of the Urals, revere their elders, so the main members of families are grandparents. Descendants know by heart the names of the ancestors of seven generations.

Day national unity celebrated in Russia on November 4. For the Southern Urals, with its multinational way of life, this holiday is especially important, because about 40 peoples live in the Chelyabinsk region.

National Unity Day is celebrated in Russia on November 4. For the Southern Urals, with its multinational way of life, this holiday is especially important, because about 40 peoples live in the Chelyabinsk region.

Although the largest ethnic group in the Chelyabinsk region are Russians, these people are not indigenous: the first Russian settlements arose in Southern Urals only in late XVII century in the Techa River basin.

From the point of view of ethnography, Russian South Urals are divided into three groups: descendants of the Orenburg Cossacks, Russian mining workers (mainly workers) and simple peasants, - Associate Professor of the Faculty of History and Philology of ChelSU, Ph.D., told Gubernia historical sciences Andrey Rybalko. - The Tatars are also a non-indigenous people, consisting of several ethnographic groups. The Southern Urals are inhabited mainly by Volga Ural Tatars. They, like the Russians, came to the territory of the Southern Urals during the development of lands in the 17th century.

But the Bashkirs are an indigenous people, like the Kazakhs. In the Chelyabinsk region there are several districts where the Bashkir population predominates: Argayashky, Kunashaksky, Kaslinsky, Kizilsky. The Kazakhs appeared earlier than the Russians in the steppe regions of the Southern Urals. There they are present in almost all settlements, but there are villages in the Kizil and Nagaybak regions where they make up the majority.

The top ten peoples predominant in the Southern Urals include Ukrainians - descendants of Ukrainian settlers late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, as well as Germans, Belarusians, Armenians - they are dispersed throughout the territory. There are quite a lot of representatives of the Mordovians. In the Uisky district there is the Mordovian village of Gusary, there is also a Cossack Mordovian settlement - Kulevchi in the Varna region, there are many of them in the Troitsky, Chesme and Verkhneuralsky regions.

Top ten most large ethnic groups The Nagaibaks bring up the rear - these people live compactly only in the Chelyabinsk region. This is mainly the Nagaibaksky district - Ferchampenoise, Paris, part in the Chebarkulsky district, as well as in Uysky: Varlamovo, Popovo, Lyagushino, Bolotovo, Krasnokamenskoye. They speak a language that, from a linguistic point of view, is considered Tatar, although they themselves prefer to call it Nagaybak. By religion, the Nagaibaks are Orthodox, and before the revolution they were part of the Orenburg Cossack army,” said Associate Professor, Candidate of Historical Sciences Andrei Rybalko.

Every nation is unique, people remember and honor their national customs and traditions.

Daria Nesterova