The people in the Russian Federation apply. Small and large peoples of Siberia

IN modern world Russia is the largest country, occupying a vast area - more than seventeen thousand square kilometers. Two continents divide it into parts - European and Asian. Each of them is larger in territory than many not-so-small states of the Earth.

In terms of population, however, our country is only in ninth place. The number of Russians today does not reach one hundred and fifty million people. The problem is that most of the country's territory lies under deserted steppes and taiga, for example, these are the most remote regions of Siberia.

However, this is compensated by the number of peoples living here. This was predetermined by the past. Historically, Russia is a multinational state, which it became by absorbing neighboring peoples and attracting strangers large areas and riches. According to official data, almost two hundred peoples now live in the Russian state, differing sharply in numbers: from Russians (more than one hundred and ten million people) to Kerek (less than ten representatives).

How many of us are there?

How many peoples live in Russia? How to find out? Leading sources useful information about the population of our country are statistical censuses regularly conducted in last years. At the same time, according to modern methods and according to democratic approaches, data on the nationality of Russian residents by origin is not noted in documents, which is why digital material for the census appeared on the basis of self-determination of Russians.

In total, in recent years, a little more than 80% of the country’s citizens declared themselves Russian by nationality, leaving only 19.1% as representatives of other nations. Almost six million census participants were unable to identify their nationality at all or defined it as a fantastic people (elves, for example).

Summing up the final calculations, it should be noted that the total number of peoples of the country who do not consider themselves Russian population did not exceed twenty-five million citizens.

This suggests that the ethnic composition of the Russian population is very complex and requires constant special attention. On the other hand, there is one large ethnic group, serving as a kind of core of the entire system.

Ethnic composition

The basis of the national composition of Russia is, of course, Russians. This people comes from their own historical roots from Eastern Slavs who lived on the territory of Rus' since ancient times. A significant part of Russians exist, of course, in Russia, but there are large layers in a number of former Soviet republics and in the USA. This is the most significant European ethnic group. Today there are more than one hundred thirty-three million Russians living in the world.

Russians are the titular people of our country; their representatives dominate a significant number of regions of the modern Russian state. Of course, this led to side effects. The spread of this nation over several centuries over a vast territory during historical development led to the formation of dialects, as well as separate ethnic groups. For example, on the coast of the White Sea live the Pomors, who form a subethnic group of local Karelians and Russians who arrived in the past.

Among the more complex ethnic associations, groups of peoples can be noted. The largest group of peoples are the Slavs, mainly from the eastern subgroup.

In total, representatives of nine large language families live in Russia, differing greatly in language, culture, and way of life. With the exception of the Indo-European family, they are mainly of Asian origin.

This is the approximate ethnic composition of the Russian population today according to official data. What can be said definitely is that our country is distinguished by a significant diversity of nationalities.

The largest nations of Russia

The nationalities living in Russia are quite clearly divided into numerous and small. The first ones, in particular, include:

• The Russian inhabitants of the country number (according to the latest census) more than one hundred and ten million people.
• Tatars of several groups, reaching 5.4 million people.
• Ukrainians number two million. The bulk of the Ukrainian people live on the territory of Ukraine; in Russia, representatives of this people appeared in the course of historical development in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and modern periods.
• Bashkirs, another nomadic people in the past. Their number is 1.6 million people.
• Chuvash, residents of the Volga region - 1.4 million.
• Chechens, one of the peoples of the Caucasus, - 1.4 million, etc.

There are other peoples of similar numbers who played an important role in the past and, possibly, the future of the country.

Small nations of Russia

How many small nations live on the territory of Russia? There are many such ethnic groups in the country, but they are poorly represented in the total population because they are very few in number. These national groups include the peoples of the Finno-Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic, and Sino-Tibetan groups. Particularly small are the Kereks (a tiny people - only four people), the Vod people (sixty-four people), the Enets (two hundred and seventy-seven), the Ults (almost three hundred people), the Chulyms (a little more than three and a half hundred), the Aleuts (almost half a thousand) , Negidals (just over five hundred), Orochi (almost six hundred). For all of them, the problem of survival is a pressing and everyday issue.

Map of the peoples of Russia

In addition to the strong dispersion in the size of the national composition of Russia and the inability of many ethnic groups in modern times to maintain their numbers independently, there is also the problem of distribution within the country. The population of Russia is distributed very heterogeneously, which is caused primarily by economic incentives both in the historical past and in the present.

The bulk is located in the area between the Baltic St. Petersburg, the Siberian Krasnoyarsk, the Black Sea Novorossiysk and the Far Eastern Primorsky Territory, where all big cities. The reasons for this are the good climate and favorable economic background. To the north of this territory there is permafrost caused by eternal cold, and to the south there are vast expanses of lifeless desert.

In terms of population density, Siberia has one of the last places in the modern world. Its vast territory is home to less than 30 million inhabitants. This represents only 20% of the country's total population. While in its vast area Siberia reaches three-quarters of the expanses of Russia. The most densely populated areas are the directions Derbent - Sochi and Ufa - Moscow.

In the Far East, a significant population density runs along the entire length of the Trans-Siberian Highway. Increased standards of population density are also observed in the Kuznechny coal basin region. All these areas attract Russians with their economic and natural wealth.

The country's largest peoples: Russians, and to a lesser extent Tatars and Ukrainians, are mainly located in the southwest of the state. Ukrainians today are mostly located on the territory of the Chukotka Peninsula and in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, in the distant Magadan region.

Other small peoples of the Slavic ethnic group, such as the Poles and Bulgarians, do not create large compact groups and are scattered throughout the country. The Polish population is found in a fairly compact group only in the Omsk region.

Tatars

The number of Tatars living in Russia, as noted above, exceeded the level of three percent of the total Russian population. About a third of them live compactly in the region of the Russian Federation called the Republic of Tatarstan. Group settlements exist in the Volga regions, in the far north, etc.

A significant part of the Tatars are supporters of Sunni Islam. Individual groups Tatars have differences in language, culture and way of life. Mutual language located within the Turkic group of languages ​​of the Altaic language family, it has three dialects: Mishar (western), the more widespread Kazan (middle), and the slightly distant Siberian-Tatar (eastern). In Tatarstan, this language appears as an official one.

Ukrainians

One of the many East Slavic peoples is the Ukrainians. More than forty million Ukrainians live in their historical homeland. In addition, significant diasporas exist not only in Russia, but also in the countries of Europe and America.

Ukrainians living in Russia, including labor migrants, number about five million people. A significant number of them are located in cities. Especially large groups This ethnic group is located in the capital, in oil- and gas-bearing regions of Siberia, the Far North, etc.

Belarusians

In modern Russia, Belarusians, taking into account their total number in the world, constitute a large number of. As the 2010 census of the Russian population shows, there are a little more than half a million Belarusians living in Russia. A significant proportion of white people are located in the capitals, as well as in a number of regions, for example in Karelia and the Kaliningrad region.

In the pre-revolutionary years, a large number of Belarusians moved to Siberia and the Far East, and later national administrative units existed there. By the end of the eighties, there were more than one million Belarusians on the territory of the RSFSR. Nowadays, their number has been halved, but it is obvious that the Belarusian stratum in Russia will be preserved.

Armenians

There are quite a lot of Armenians living in Russia, although according to different sources, their number differs. Thus, according to the 2010 census, there were slightly more than one million people in Russia, that is, less than one percent of the total population. According to the assumptions of Armenian public organizations, the number of the Armenian stratum in the country at the beginning of the twentieth century exceeded two and a half million people. And Russian President V.V. Putin, speaking about the number of Armenians in Russia, voiced the figure of three million people.

In any case, Armenians play a serious role in the social and cultural life of Russia. Thus, Armenians work in the Russian government (Chilingarov, Bagdasarov, etc.), in show business (I. Allegrova, V. Dobrynin, etc.), and in other fields of activity. In sixty-three regions of Russia there are regional organizations Union of Armenians of Russia.

Germans

The Germans living in Russia are representatives of an ethnic group that has experienced a contradictory and in some ways even tragic history. Those migrating en masse in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by invitation Russian government, they mainly settled in the Volga region, western and southern provinces Russian Empire. Life on good lands was free, but in the twentieth century historical events hit the Germans hard. First the First World War, then the Great Patriotic War led to mass repressions. In the fifties and eighties of the last century, the history of this ethnic group was hushed up. It is not for nothing that the mass migration of Germans began in the nineties, the number of which, according to some sources, barely exceeds half a million.

True, in recent years, episodic re-evacuations from Europe to Russia have begun, but so far they have not reached large proportions.

Jews

It is difficult to say how many Jews currently live in Russia due to their active migration both to Israel and back to the Russian state. In the historical past there were many Jews in our country - in Soviet era several million. But with the collapse of the USSR and significant migration to their historical homeland, their number decreased. Now, according to public Jewish organizations, there are approximately one million Jews in Russia, half of them are residents of the capital.

Yakuts

They are a fairly numerous Turkic-speaking people, an indigenous population of the region adapted to local conditions.

How many Yakuts are there in Russia? According to the 2010 All-Russian Census of the Domestic Population, there were slightly less than half a million people, mainly in Yakutia and surrounding regions. The Yakuts are the largest (about half the population) people and the most significant of the indigenous peoples of Russian Siberia.

In the traditional economy and material culture of this people there are many close similarities with the pastoralists of southern Asia. On the territory of the Middle Lena, a version of the Yakut economy was formed, combining nomadic cattle breeding and the most important extensive types of fisheries (meat and fish production), similar to the local one. In the north of the region there is also a distinctive form of harness reindeer herding.

Reasons for resettlement

The history of the ethnic composition of the population of Russia in the course of its development is extremely ambiguous. The accelerated settlement of the Russian state by Ukrainians occurred back in the Middle Ages. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, according to instructions government agencies settlers from the southern lands headed east to develop new territories. After some time, representatives of social classes from different regions began to be sent there.

Representatives of the intelligentsia voluntarily moved to St. Petersburg in an era when this city had the status of the capital of the state. Nowadays, Ukrainians constitute the largest ethnic group in Russia in terms of number of people after, of course, the Russians.

At the other pole are representatives of small nations. The Kereks, who have the smallest numbers, are in particular danger. According to the latest census, there are only four representatives left, although fifty years ago there were only one hundred Kerek people. The leading languages ​​for these people are Chukchi and common Russian; native Kerek is found only in the form of the usual passive language. The Kereks are very close in level of culture and ordinary daily activities to Chukchi people, because of which they were in constant assimilation with him.

Problems and future

The ethnic composition of the Russian population will undoubtedly develop in the future. IN modern conditions The revival of ethnographic traditions and the culture of peoples is clearly visible. However, the development of ethnic groups experiences a number of problems:

• poor fertility and gradual decline of most peoples;
• globalization, and at the same time the influence of culture and life large nations(Russian and Anglo-Saxon);
• general economic problems that undermine the economic base of peoples, and so on.

Much in such a situation depends on the national governments themselves, including the Russian one, and on global opinion.

But I want to believe that the small peoples of Russia will further develop and grow in size in the coming centuries.

Russia has always been not only a densely populated, but also a multinational state. More than 145 million citizens permanently reside in the country.

They represent more than 160 nationalities speaking their own languages. Most peoples are small in number and live in a limited area.

Only seven peoples have a population of more than one million - Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians.

Russia ranks seventh in the world in terms of population after China, India, the USA, Indonesia, Brazil and Pakistan. In terms of population density, Russia ranks second in the world after the United States. Almost a fifth of the country’s population lives in 13 million-plus cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Samara, Omsk, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Volgograd, Perm. The population of the largest megacities in Russia was: Moscow - more than 10 million people, St. Petersburg - about 5 million people. The capital of the Russian Federation in terms of population is among the twenty most major cities peace.

The majority of the population is, of course, Russians - more than 80%. The remaining percentage is - Tatars (3,8%), Ukrainians - 3%, Chuvash — 1,2%, Belarusians - 0,8%, Mordovians - 0,7%, Germans and Chechens - 0.6% each, Avars, Armenians, Jews - 0.4% each, etc.

Tatars - the second largest people in Russia, living in the Volga region. Together with Bashkirs The Tatars constitute the largest group of Muslim peoples, located almost in the center of Russia. Chuvash - another Turkic people, numbering about two million people. They live in Siberia Altaians, Khakassians, Yakuts . The peoples of the Abkhaz-Adyghe group live in the Caucasus: Kabardians, Circassians and Circassians ; Nekh-Dagestan group: Chechens, Ingush, Avars, Lezgins ; Ossetians , belonging to the Iranian group.

Finnish people also live in Russia Ugric peoples- These include Finns, Karelians, Sami and Komi in the north European Russia, Mari and Mordovians in the Volga region, Khanty and Mansi engaged in hunting and reindeer herding - in Western Siberia.

They live in the Far North Nenets engaged in reindeer husbandry.

They live in Eastern Siberia Evenks . On the Chukotka Peninsula - Chukchi - reindeer herders and fishermen. The Mongolian group includes Buryats in Siberia and Kalmyks in the Caspian Sea.

Every nation strives to preserve its language, customs and traditions, costume, traditional activities and crafts. Most of these peoples have retained their identity and traditional activities. Wealth national cultures- the property of the whole country.

Traditions of the Russian people

Russia is a truly unique country, which, along with a highly developed modern culture carefully preserves the traditions of his nation, deeply rooted not only in Orthodoxy, but even in paganism. Russians continue to celebrate pagan holidays and believe in numerous folk signs and legends. Read more about Russian traditions...

1. Introduce children to concepts "customs",« tradition» , with the traditions and customs of the peoples inhabiting Russia.
2. To develop feelings of deep respect for the cultural and national traditions of the peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation. To foster feelings of friendship and mutual understanding between representatives of different nationalities.

Equipment: set of illustrations “Peoples of Russia”. Map of Russia

Educator: Our Motherland is very large, beautiful and rich. Russia - huge country. In terms of territory, it is larger than countries such as Canada or China, the USA or India. And France or Germany could be located on our territory more than 30 times (shows on the map). It is not surprising that people of many nationalities live in Russia. The Constitution of Russia - the main law of our country - begins with these words: "We, a multinationalpeople of the Russian Federation...» . Think about these lines. They say that there are many nationalities in Russia, but they are all one people. This is what the main law says. This is how our life works.

This is how our story turned out. I suggest opening modern encyclopedia. Look: each of two words - « people» And "nation"- used in two meanings. In some cases - as the name of a large group of people living in the same territory, united economic connections who differ from others in their own language and culture. In other cases, these words mean all citizens of a country.

Our country is inhabited by people of different nationalities - Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Karelians, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Yakuts, Dagestanis, Adygeis, Mordovians, Komi, Udmurts, Khanty, Mansi, Germans, Tajiks, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Georgians, Shors and many, many others - more than a hundred nationalities in total

Children look at posters.

But the Russian people constitute the basis of Russia, its very soul. The great Russian culture - language, science, music, painting - plays a special role in uniting the peoples of our country. A person of any nationality knows, appreciates and loves Pushkin, Tolstoy, Tchaikovsky. Russian is the official language throughout Russia. After all, different peoples have to work, study, and serve together. That is why Russian is called the language of interethnic communication.

Educator: Describe the Russian national costume. Name Russian national dishes. What kind of Russians? folk holidays You know?

The first three nationalities of Russia retained their positions

Representatives of over 160 nationalities live in the Russian Federation. The census received more than 800 various options responses of the population to the question about nationality.

The seven peoples inhabiting Russia - Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians - have a population exceeding 1 million people.

The population of 11 more nations exceeded 0.5 million people. Russians are the most numerous - 116 million people (80% of the country's population). About 1.5 million people did not indicate their nationality.

Figure 4. National composition of the population of the Russian Federation (thousands of people)

The results of the census showed that the composition of the first “twenty” peoples living in Russia has not changed much: compared to the 1989 census, only Jews are not in it, but Azerbaijanis have appeared, although the ranking places of peoples in it have undergone quite significant changes. Bashkirs, Chechens, Armenians, Avars, Kazakhs, Kabardians, Dargins increased their ranking places, and Chuvash, Mordovians, Belarusians, Udmurts, Mari, Buryats, Yakuts - lowered them (Table 1). The ranking places of Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars and Ossetians remained unchanged.

Table 1. Number of peoples of the first “twenty” (according to population censuses), thousand people

Population of Russia

Russia has always been not only a densely populated country, but also a multinational one. About 145 million people live in the country permanently, among them there are about 160 nationalities who speak their own languages. Most of of them belongs to small peoples and inhabits limited territories. And only seven nationalities have a population of more than 1 million. These include Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians.

In terms of population, Russia ranks honorably ninth in the world after China, India, the USA, Indonesia, Pakistan, Brazil, Nigeria and Bangladesh. In terms of population density, Russia ranks only 181st. Most of the country's residents are dispersed in cities with a population of over a million. These are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Rostov-on-Don and some other cities. The most populous is the country's capital, Moscow (more than 10 million people). In terms of population, Moscow is one of the twenty most populated megacities.

About 80% of the country's population are Russians. The remaining 20% ​​are Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Chuvash, Mordovians, Chechens, Germans, Armenians, Jews and Avars.

There are also Finno-Ugric peoples in Russia. These include Finns, Karelians, Komi, Sami, Mari, Khanty and Mansi. In the far north live the Nenets, whose main occupation is reindeer herding. Each nationality living on the territory of Russia strives to preserve its language, traditions, customs, national costumes, music, usual activities and crafts. Most of these nationalities managed to preserve their identity and national culture.

According to the population census, most of the country's population belongs to the Indo-European language family, in particular to its Slavic group. The Altai language family is the next largest. These are mainly peoples of the Turkic group. The religious composition of the population is characterized by the predominance of Orthodoxy. The second largest religion is Islam.

Territorial settlement on the territory of the country has always occurred in accordance with certain historical processes. Populated areas in Russia, as a rule, are divided into cities and villages. Cities are larger and more important settlements, which play an important economic, political and cultural role. According to the territorial structure, there are several other forms of settlement. These include urban-type settlements, rural settlements mixed type, agrarian-industrial villages, just rural settlements, shift camps and some others.

see also: All essays on geography

Peoples of Russia

Russia is a multinational country. The peoples of Russia, the geography of their settlement. The main religions common in Russia.

More than 160 peoples live on the territory of our country, the largest of which are Russians (115 million people or 80% of the country’s population), Tatars (5.5 million people), Ukrainians (about 3 million people), Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians, whose number exceeds 1 million.

A homogeneous composition of the population with a complete predominance of the Russian population is typical in Russia only for the Central, Central Black Earth and North-Western regions, while all other regions, especially the North Caucasus, have a complex National composition population.

The territory of the Volga-Vyatka region is inhabited by Russians, Maris, Chuvashs and Mordovians; in the Northern region - Russians, Karelians, Komi, Nenets and Sami: in the Urals - Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Udmurts, Komi-Permyaks; in the Volga region - Russians, Tatars, Kalmyks, Kazakhs; in Western Siberia - Russians, Altaians, Nenets, Selkups, Khanty, Mansi, Shors, Kazakhs, Germans; in Eastern Siberia - Russians, Buryats, Tuvinians, Khakassians, Nenets, Dolgans, Evenks; in the Far East - Russians, Yakuts, Chukchi, Koryaks, Jews, Evenks, Evens, Nanais, Udeges, Orochs, Nivkhs and other small peoples.

Russia is a unique country in terms of the religious composition of its population: representatives of all three world religions live on its territory - Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. At the same time, many peoples of our country adhere to national and traditional beliefs.

Christianity in Russia mainly represented Orthodoxy. The Russian Orthodox Church is the largest Orthodox Church in the world. Its head is the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus', whose residence is located in Moscow in the St. Daniel Monastery. Russian influence Orthodox Church noticeable throughout Russia. Orthodoxy is widespread among Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Mordovians, Mari, Udmurts, Ossetians, Karelians, Komi, Yakuts and other peoples. Occupies a certain place in Orthodoxy Old Believers. Protestant teachings are much less widespread in Russia - Baptism, Adventism, Jehovahism, Lutheranism. It is increasingly penetrating our country Catholicism.

Islam in Russia it is represented primarily by Sunnism, which is professed by Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs and all mountain peoples North Caucasus, except Ossetians. The main spiritual center of Russian Muslims is in Ufa.

Lamaist Buddhism They are practiced in Russia by Buryats, Tuvans and Kalmyks. The spiritual center of Russian Buddhists is located near Ulan-Ude,

The national religion of the Jews is Judaism

The small peoples of Siberia (Altaians, Shors, Nenets, Selkups, Dolgans, Evenks) and the Far East (Chukchi, Evens, Koryaks, Itelmens, Udege, Nanais, etc.) are characterized by traditional pagan beliefs in the form animism And shamanism.

Languages ​​of the peoples of Russia

There are about 150 languages ​​of the peoples of Russia (including approximately 80 literary ones). More than 1/3 of them are the languages ​​of peoples living mainly outside the country, and they function in Russia within a very limited framework (they are used mainly in everyday life). This does not apply to such large groups as Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and some others, whose language is also used in Russia (especially in rural areas) quite widespread.

The correlation between indicators of nationality and native language, as well as data on bilingualism contained in the 1989 population census, is interesting. 94.6% of the Russian population named their national language as their native language (this is significantly more than former USSR in general, where 92.7% of the total population called the language of their people native). 7,927 thousand people called the language of another nationality their native language. (in 1959 - 5139 thousand, in 1970 - 5855 thousand, in 1979 - 6476 thousand), of which 7495 thousand (94.6%) indicated Russian as their native language, and the rest - mainly Tatar (244 thousand .) and in a much smaller number - Yakut, Ukrainian, Komi, Belarusian and some others.

The change of native language occurs most quickly in cities, but even faster in national groups living outside their republics, surrounded by other peoples, as well as among small peoples. The compactly settled, single-ethnic rural population more often considers the language of their nationality to be their native language. Thus, among the rural population, 95.4% call their national language their native language, and among the urban population - 94.3%. Russian is considered native language by 90.5% of Jews, 74.7 - Poles, 63.5 - Belarusians, 63.1 - Finns and Koreans, 57.0 - Ukrainians and more than half of Greeks, Karelians, Latvians, and Estonians. The percentage of the peoples of the North with their native Russian language is high - about a quarter of the total population, and the smaller these people are in number, the higher the percentage of the population that considers Russian their native language. On the other hand, there are peoples where the overwhelming majority consider the language of their nationality to be their native language: more than 98% are Avars, Dargins, Ingush, Kumyks, Tuvans, Chechens, more than 97% are Kabardians, Karachais, Nogais, Tabasarans. Russians have only 55 thousand people. do not call Russian their native language.

Before October revolution only a few peoples of Russia had their own written language. Ancient writing(dates back to the 10th century) based on the Cyrillic alphabet were used by Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians; Since the 16th century, Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians have had a writing system based on the Latin alphabet. Since the 9th century, the Tajiks had a written language; at about the same time, writing was introduced (under the influence of the penetration of Islam) among various Turkic population groups, which later formed Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Turkmen, Tatar and other ethnic groups (all these writing systems were based on the Arabic alphabet) . Armenians and Georgians (from the 5th century), Buryats and Kalmyks (based on the Mongolian alphabet), Jews (with the Hebrew alphabet), and Assyrians (with the Syriac alphabet) also had their own national writing system.

After the October Revolution, writing was created for more than 50 nations, and for some of them, writing was first created on the basis of Latin or Arabic script, and in 1936-41. it began to be translated into Russian graphics (with the addition of the necessary letters and diacritics for sounds specific to various languages).

In the late 1980s - early 1990s. Most republics declared the official languages ​​of the main peoples that gave their names to the corresponding republics. At the same time, the Russian language retains the functions of the language of interethnic communication, and it is recognized as the official language throughout Russia. Russian state provides all citizens with conditions for use in various fields state and public life any languages ​​of the peoples of Russia.

As a child, my mother and I learned Barto’s poem. The same thing where it was said about the twenty-five braids of an Uzbek woman. A Yakut boy was also mentioned there - and it immediately became clear that there were many peoples in the USSR. And I wondered: What peoples live in modern Russia and how many are there?

How many peoples live in Russia

Even after reading the most important law of our country - the Constitution, you can come across the phrase that The Russian Federation is a multinational country. But the exact number of peoples is, of course, not indicated.

We can only learn it from the All-Russian Census. According to the latest data obtained in 2010, About 190 peoples live in the country.

However, it is worth considering that this number may not be 100% accurate - after all, 7% of the population did not take part in this survey, which means there may be even more of them.

What peoples live in Russia

List this here big list it would be too stupid - it would take a long time to write it, and even more so to read it. But I will list the most numerous nations our country:

Traditions of the peoples of Russia

Each nation has its own traditions, its own characteristics, which have been formed over many years.

Does everyone remember the Buranovsky babushki who conquered Eurovision? They are representatives Udmurt people. Unusual costumes of performers with beautiful embroidery are traditional for the Udmurts.

U Archintsev, residing on the territory of Dagestan, There is a funny New Year's tradition. Instead of beads, balls and tinsel they wrap the Christmas tree in sheep's coats. And instead of round dances, they dance lezginka around the tree.

There are very few Khanty and Mansi tribes left. Their culture is very close connected with nature. According to these nationalities, a person should not thoughtlessly take away wealth from nature; he should treat it with respect and care.

Honestly, this is something that each of us could learn from.

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I have very beautiful girlfriend with dark skin, shimmering copper, with black thick hair, resting on the shoulders, and brown-brown eyes, which you can look at endlessly. Her father is Uzbek, and her mother is Russian. There are millions of people living in Russia who consider themselves to be different nations. Every day representatives various peoples In our country we coexist peacefully and develop prosperously.

The peoples inhabiting our vast country

Russia is a multinational country, its history is closely intertwined with the history of the peoples inhabiting it, it is a place of unification of hundreds of millions of people with different skin color, body structure, and eye color. Tatars coexist with Russians, Maris with Udmurts, Yakuts with Buryats, etc. Our country is literally dotted with numerous nationalities (more than 190), which have their own traditions, customs, spiritual and living principles.

The diversity of the peoples of Russia is determined, first of all, by its long history, as well as a unique geographical location, suggesting close relationships between peoples since ancient times.

Some peoples of Russia, rare and interesting

There are quite a lot of peoples in the Russian Federation that are small in number, but have an exciting and fascinating history, filled with ups and downs, misfortunes and joy.

Here are some of them:

• Finns and Ingrian Finns. They live mainly in the Leningrad region, the Republic of Karelia and Western Siberia. During Soviet power many representatives of the people were repressed, and many of them died during the Great Patriotic War.
• The Nanais are an indigenous people of Russia, living in the Far East (the banks of the Amur). The Nanais are representatives of the Mongoloid race, characterized by narrow almond-shaped eyes and wide, beautiful lips. The clothes of the people are distinguished by their pretentiousness and bright colors. Personally, I really like her!

• Pomors are small people north of our country, living on the shores of the White Sea. In ancient times, they were famous as excellent sailors who sailed to Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya.

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The Russian Federation is a large state and, at the same time, multinational. I think this is obvious given the number of countries we border with and the geographic location of our state. About 190 peoples live on our territory, and I want to look at the most interesting of them for me.

Avars as residents of Russia

This people is one of the indigenous people in the Caucasus. They live in Dagestan and Eastern Georgia. This is considered the most numerous of all the peoples of Dagestan. But why are they called "Avars"? It is believed that in honor of the ancient Avars who lived in this territory in ancient times. About 1.2 million representatives of this people live on the territory of Russia. We can highlight the main regions in Russia where you can meet Avars:

• Dagestan;
• Chechnya;
• Kalmykia.

Everything is clear about the settlement territory, now I’ll move on to the language. There is a language - Avar, which, in turn, has dialects. Although these people communicate both in their native language and in Russian.

Russian people - Kabardians

Another interesting people, which is located in the Middle East and on the territory of Russia. The main regions in which this population predominates are Stavropol and Krasnodar region. National language They can be considered Kabardian-Circassian, but they also know our Russian. Large numbers of Kabardians are also found in Turkey (twice as many as in Russia). In our territories, the number of people who belong to Kabardians is about 515 thousand people.

Mari representatives in Russia

The Mari are a Finno-Ugric people who live in Russia (mainly in the Republic of Mari El). Our country is home to half of the entire world population of this nation. Their number is 557 thousand people. The Mari are divided into groups:

• mountain (left bank of the Volga);
• meadow (Volga-Vyatka interfluve);
• eastern (migrants from previous groups).

The main language of communication is Mari and Mountain Mari. By the way, in religious terms, the Mari profess Orthodoxy.

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Every day, leaving home and going to work, to the store or just for a walk, I am faced with the fact that a large number of people on the streets of the city have a variety of nationalities. I think you also noticed this feature, especially if, like me, you live in one of the megacities of Russia, for example, in Moscow or St. Petersburg. Today I will try to answer your question: “ What peoples live in Russia?».

Peoples living in Russia

No wonder they say that Russia is a multinational country, I completely agree with this expression. I myself have enough friends and acquaintances, colleagues and even relatives who are representatives of other countries and peoples. The good news is that if you believe their words, we can conclude that the attitude of the indigenous people towards them in the vast majority of cases is extremely friendly. My Ukrainian neighbor says that he doesn’t feel any sidelong glances at his work, even after the conflict between our countries. And this is definitely pleasing, since my personal opinion is that all people, regardless of race or religion, should live in complete peace and agree, we are people, not savages! I also noticed a trend that people in Lately started actively become friends, and nowadays in the same company of people you can often see representatives several nationalities at once.

Representatives of various nations with whom I communicate

Considering that the percentage of Russian people living in Russia is about 80%, also lives in our country more than 190 other nationalities. I have no desire to once again write out official statistics; I’d rather use my own example to try to tell who I personally have to deal with almost every day while living in Moscow.

• Azerbaijanis. Two large wonderful families of this people live in two neighboring apartments on my floor, I often greet and communicate with them.

• Ukrainians. One of my neighbors is Ukrainian, as are five of my colleagues. Only positive communication with everyone.

• Armenians. Extremely pleasant and polite people, who have always been famous for their hospitality.

• Bashkirs. Having been classmates in the past, we still happily keep in touch.

• Chechens. I have several distant relatives representatives of this people. We communicate with pleasure.

I would like to wish everyone reading to be wiser and think with their own heads, and not public opinion, often imposed on us by politicians. Remember - there are no bad or good peoples, there are only bad and good people!

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For a long time I lived in the student district of the city of Kuibyshev. (This is the one in Siberia). And during that period, I was surprised by the numerous students with narrow eyes. Since I was little and knew only the basics of geography, I called them Chinese. In fact, these were residents of Kazakhstan. Later, having learned about different nationalities, I thought about who else lives in Russia besides the Russians.

National composition of the Russian Federation

The abundance of peoples in Russia is associated with a huge territory. The country waged wars and negotiations for hundreds of years, annexed new territories, and lost cities. Since then, the national composition has become motley and heterogeneous. IN percentage most Russians. Less than half are occupied Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens, Armenians, Kazakhs and others.

Ethnos

All peoples living on the territory of Russia belong to nine language families.

1. Indo-European,
2. Kartvelian,
3. Ural-Yukaghir,
4. Altai,
5. Eskimo-Aleutian,
6. North Caucasian,
7. Yenisei,
8. Sino-Tibetan,
9. Chukotka-Kamchatka.

These families are divided into countless groups. They are often classified by place of residence. Most of the inhabitants of Russia and Europe belong to the Indo-European family, and the rest are few in number.

Places of residence of different peoples

Majority Tatars And Chuvash lives in the Volga region, as it already was noted by a previous commentator. Bashkirs are numerous in the Altai Territory and Tyumen. Ukrainians, Belarusians live evenly throughout Russia, and Caucasian peoples live mainly in the southern part of Russia. After the census, it was noticed that there was no city in the country with people of the same nationality. They are all mixed.

What is our country made of? One will say: “From cities and cultural monuments” - and he will be right. The second will poetically describe: “What wild rivers and mountain springs, proud forests and majestic taiga there are in it! This is pride Russia!” - and he will be right. And the third will answer: “Our country includes diverse peoples! Russians, Tatars, Tuvans, Khakassians, Azerbaijanis, Armenians live in it” - and he will also be right.
Russia is a unique country!

It is unique not only for its natural resources and attractions. It includes diverse peoples. As of June 2010, 200 different nationalities are registered in Russia! What peoples inhabit our country?
Among them there are widely famous peoples such as Tatars, Circassians, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Chechens. There are also little-known and small nationalities– Seto, Mansi, Ulchi, Kets, Tofalars and others.
A what nations have a population of more than a million? These are Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians.
Our country includes various republics in which people live.

What peoples live in Russia?

Let's talk about some large nationalities Russia.
Tatars. This is the second most popular nationality in Russia, after the Russians. They have their own language and diversity of ethnic groups: Crimean Tatars, Siberian, Astrakhan, Volga-Ural. Tatar clans, known in Russia - Timiryazev, Saltykov, Yusupov. Kutuzov, Suvorov and Ushakov have the same roots. Also Bulgakov, Gogol, Rachmaninov, Gumilyov - the list goes on! Most of them live in the Volga region. There is a whole village in Siberia, almost the entire population is representatives of this nationality.
. This name arose at the end of the 12th century from the word “outskirts” and denoted the inhabitants of the steppe region of Russia. After 5 centuries, this was the name given to the inhabitants of the Dnieper region. The crests on their heads, which Ukrainians wear, served as the reason for the name of the crests of the same name. Despite the fact that Ukrainians live in Russia, they do not forget their national traditions. On holidays they always wear Ukrainian sundresses and embroidered shirts.
. They rank 4th in number in Russia. Where do they live? Altai, Tyumen, Orenburg, Kurgan, Saratov, Sverdlovsk and many other regions. There are about 40 interpretations of this word. “Main wolf”, “brother-in-law of the Ugrians”, “ separate people" are the most common translations. Tatars, Bashkirs - these peoples are representatives of the Muslim group. Bashkir folklore is rich and diverse. folk, ritual songs, heroic epic. And what fairy tales they have! Bashkirs love throat singing, dance songs, and ditties.
Chuvash. They live in Tatarstan, Samara, Rostov, Kemerovo, Chita, Moscow regions of Russia, Krasnoyarsk Territory. Agriculture, animal husbandry, and crafts are the main occupations of this people. The Chuvash have their own mythology, very beautiful and interesting. National costumes The ones worn by the Chuvash differ in their variety of shapes and options. If all their clothing ensembles were presented on models, one fashion week would not be enough!
Chechens. They are distinguished by wit, courage, endurance, and severity. You will not find such songs as those sung by representatives of this people in any folklore. Attachment to the homeland, longing, exile are the main themes of poetry. Chechens have many similarities with Circassians and Lezgins. This is not surprising, because these peoples are representatives Caucasian group.
Armenians. Their culture has Greek traditions. Music originated before our era. And what musicians are of Armenian origin! Khachaturyan Tukhmanov Tariverdiev Gasparyan. Even the French singer Charles Aznavour is also Armenian. Representatives of this nationality have cheerful disposition, large-scale hospitality. Their national clothes amaze with splendor and luxury. The kind of costumes that small children wear in Armenia are not typical for other nationalities.
These are the most numerous peoples in our country out of 200 nationalities.
Different peoples are scattered throughout Russian soil, and sometimes Altaians, Khakassians and Russians, Kabardians and Circassians can live on the same territory. What kind of relationships develop among them? In most cases, they are quite peaceful and friendly.
All the peoples who live on Russian soil are pieces of the mosaic of our beautiful, self-sufficient, proud, multinational Russia!

Russia has always been not just a densely populated state, but also a multinational one. More than one hundred and forty-five million citizens live in the country. Among them are representatives of about one hundred and sixty nationalities who speak their own language. The people who came from other countries of the world are few in number. Only seven nationalities living on the territory of our country, in terms of the number of people, exceed a million. So what peoples live on Russian territory? The answer is quite simple, these include: Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, as well as Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens, and Armenians.

In general, Russia ranks seventh in terms of population after China, India, the United States of America, Indonesia, Brazil and Pakistan. But in terms of population density, our country ranks only second on the planet after the United States. Almost a fifth of the Russian population lives in major cities-megacities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Volgograd, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Samara, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Kazan. If we talk about the population in the largest cities, the indicators are as follows: more than ten million people live in Moscow, about five million people in St. Petersburg. In terms of population density, the capital is one of the largest cities in the world.

What peoples live on the territory of Russia: naturally, The bulk of the population is Russian - eighty percent. But the remaining percentage comes from such nationalities as: Tatars - 3.8; Ukrainians – 3; Chuvash – 1.2; Belarusians – 0.8; Mordovians – 0.7; Chechens and Germans – 0.6; Avars, Jews, Armenians – 0.4 and so on. If you ask yourself what peoples live on the territory of Crimea, then these are mainly Tatars. They occupy the second place in our country in terms of their numbers.

Together with the Bashkirs, the Tatars represent a large group Muslim peoples, which are located almost in the center of Russia. The Chuvash are a completely different Turkic people, numbering more than two million people. The peoples of the Abkhaz-Adyghe group live in the Caucasus, these include: Adygs, Circassians, Kabardians, as well as the peoples of the Nekh-Dagestan group: Ingush, Chechens, Lezgins, Avars. Yakuts, Khakassians and Altaians live in Siberia.

In addition, Finno-Ugric peoples live in Russia: Karelians, Sami, Finns, Komi. In the north of Russia there are also Mordovians, Mari, in the Volga region Mansi and Khanty, who are engaged in reindeer herding and hunting. As for the Far North, the Nenets live here, and the Evenks live in Eastern Siberia. But the Chukchi live on the Chukotka Peninsula.

Naturally, every people living on the territory of Russia strives to preserve their native language, their traditions and customs, costumes, traditional activities, crafts. And what’s most interesting is that most peoples still retained their traditions.

A little history...

The diversity of nationalities living on the territory of the Russian Federation at present is the result of centuries of history. The most interesting thing is that establishing exactly what kind of people lived on the territory of our country in ancient times is not an easy matter. Since archaeological data provide the opportunity to outline only the approximate boundaries of the territory where the tribes lived, but it is impossible to give an exact answer as to what such settlements called themselves and what language they spoke. Such information can be found using ancient monuments.

The work of the famous Gothic historian Jordan, which was written in the seventh century BC, has survived to this day. In it, the writer praised the Gothic kings, and the power, according to him, stretched from the Baltic states to the Crimea, and on the eastern side its territories reached the Volga region. According to the historian, King Ermanaric, in the middle of the fourth century, managed to conquer the tribes of the Inaunxes, Vasinabronxes, Bubegens and many others. The descendants of the Vesi - the Vepsians - currently live in Karelia, Vologda, and Leningrad regions.

So, if you draw a map of the peoples who lived in the fourth century on the territory of modern Russia, there will be practically no blue or red color on it. Only on the western side of Ukraine will it be possible to mark a small red spot and from there direct many arrows to the east, south and north. Because Slavic tribes by that time they began to populate the lands of the future Russia.

In general, linguists, historians, or rather their research, have shown that the north, the center of modern Russia, was inhabited by Finnish tribes by the beginning of the new era. A little later, they “became glorified” and played an important role in the formation of the Russian population. A little further east and north lived other Finnish tribes, who were the ancestors of modern Finns, Estonians, Karelians, and Mordovians. Siberia and the South of Ukraine were occupied by the Ugric peoples; they were the future Mansi and Khanty. To the east, the ancestors of the Samoyed peoples, who today are the Selkups and Nenets, lived on a large territory. Today in Siberia there live only a small number of people who belong to the Kets and Yukaghirs, but once upon a time these peoples occupied the entire Eastern Siberia.

Scientists assume that exactly the same people lived in the mountains of the North Caucasus as they do today. The most interesting thing is that their way of life and culture did not change almost until the nineteenth century. Yes, religion has changed, from the fourth to the fifth centuries Christianity was widespread here, from the eighth to the sixteenth centuries Christianity was gradually replaced by Islam. Various rituals and pagan beliefs have been in new religion, they have been preserved to this day. The ancient chronicles also mentioned the ancestors of the Abkhazians - the Bezes and Kasogims. The descendants of the ancient Scythians-Sarmatians roamed the steppes of the North Caucasus to the Altai region.

For a whole millennium, from the fourth to the thirteenth centuries, East Slavic tribes gradually settled in the forest-steppe and forest zones of the East European Plain. And here Turkic peoples along the steppe belt of Eurasia itself. The Slavs in those days settled from west to north, south, east, but the Turks moved mainly to the west. Naturally, there were military clashes between the Slavs and Turks. During the truce between these peoples, weddings were held, alliances were concluded, and trade was carried out.

Gradually, cities began to appear in which trade developed, as well as various crafts. Then states appeared: among the Turks and related peoples - the Volga Bulgaria, the Khazar Khaganate, among the Eastern Slavs - Kievan Rus. Volga Bulgaria was created on the banks of the Volgibulgara. Some of them decided to go to the Balkans, where the First Bulgarian Kingdom was subsequently created together with the Slavs. The Khazar Khaganate included the Lower Volga region and the lands of the Caucasian peoples. In the mid-tenth century, Kievan Rus defeated the Khaganate, as a result of which the Khazars, as well as its population, mixed with other peoples.

Of course, the state needed a religion that would help strengthen the unity of the state. Christians, Muslims, and Jews lived in Turkic and Russian cities. From the mid-eighteenth century to 1480 is an era that is known in the history of our country as the era of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. During the “Golden Horde” era, following nations: Kumyks, Bashkirs, Karachais, Crimean, Astrakhan Tatars. The Polovtsians played a significant role in their formation. But the Polovtsians themselves ceased to exist as a people. It was then that the separation of the Russian people began. After the collapse of the Golden Horde occurred, its lands and the Khanate gradually joined the Russian state.

By the time Peter the Great began to reign, and this is the end of the seventeenth century, the territory of Russia acquired the outlines that are characteristic of the modern borders of the Russian Federation. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the lands of the peoples of Ukraine, the Baltics, Belarus, Transcaucasia, and Central Asia began to join Russia.

Modern Russia

To summarize, it should be noted that Russia is the most multinational state in the world. Here all peoples live in peace and harmony. They exchange experiences with each other, but at the same time, each nationality retains its ethnic identity and identity.

Naturally, the traditions of the peoples of modern Russia are quite diverse. And they depend not just on the time of year, but also on the place of residence. The main feature, which is characteristic of one or another nationality living on the territory of Russia, is cuisine. Even among those peoples who inhabit the northern part of our state, although it is similar, it is still not the same. So, each nationality has its own characteristics.

In addition to cuisine, every nation living in Russia can boast of its own entertainment. Representatives of their nationalities are hospitable, which is why it is interesting to get acquainted with their cultures, customs, and traditions. Knowing about the way of life of a particular people, every person will be able to live in peace and harmony.

The Russian Federation is considered the largest state in the world in terms of its territory. And in terms of the number of peoples, it is in the top ten among all countries on the planet. Of course, the demographic situation in this state influences the development of Russian society as a whole.

Our country was and is a multinational state. The peoples of Russia are distinguished by their original culture, history. In general, according to various sources of information, about two hundred nationalities live on its territory. Currently, the nationality of a resident of our country is not indicated in the passport. Accordingly, census data are based on self-determination. Therefore, nationality indicators may change periodically.

The state language of Russia is Russian. Although different territories of the state have their own dialects. In general, our country is unique not only in its ethnic composition, but also in its religious composition. Representatives of Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity live on the territory. At the same time, most peoples adhere to their traditions and national beliefs.