Educational system in China. The development of education in China. Benefits of Chinese education

The tremendous pace of development of the Chinese economy over the past decades has generated a lot of discussion among modern society, and there are more and more hypotheses and assumptions about the origins of China's powerful progress. Of course, this could not happen without a reason and serious work of the state and representatives of the economic sector.

The basis of the national idea of ​​the Celestial Empire is the principle of hard work, which will certainly lead to success. Since childhood, the Chinese have been working hard and even after achieving the goal, they do not stop working on themselves. The Chinese never stop halfway, because the main thing for them is to achieve the goal. For example, during the Olympics, the Chinese always strive to get gold, because other medals are not the equivalent of victory.

But, of course, the state played an important role in shaping the country's economy.
First, the priorities were correctly defined: most of the state budget today is invested in education. Universities that bring valuable personnel to the country are almost completely subsidized by the state. Hence the race to improve the quality of education received. The state also encourages talented students - future invaluable personnel for the country and provides grants. They also work for international students.
Secondly, primary and secondary education was declared compulsory for all. Only tough measures at the legislative level could cope with the dominance of illiteracy.

As you know, in the early 90s in China, only 4% of the population had a higher education, only 12% received a high school diploma, and 11% had no education at all. Outstanding researchers could be counted on the fingers, and it was not worth talking about prestigious universities, victories in various olympiads and competitions. Today the situation has changed dramatically.

Benefits of Chinese Education

What was the impetus that turned China into the fastest growing country? Today, the Celestial Empire overtakes the United States in terms of the number of launches into space, independently produces original and high-quality products, and is also a world center for advanced research and innovative projects. In 1998, the "Law on Higher Education of the PRC" was signed, which turned the country's universities into world-class universities, with the best professors and unique laboratories, thanks to which China can now rightfully be called an innovative miracle.

At present, every citizen of the PRC understands that the absence of a diploma of higher education means the impossibility of a normal, happy life and self-realization. This understanding determined the current situation in the country. At present, obtaining a diploma and a demanded specialization is the goal of every resident of the country. And they begin to achieve it from early childhood. Taking into account the incredible diligence and diligence, schoolchildren, and then students, study insanely a lot and perceive huge layers of information every day.

Features of education in China

The concept is that each student becomes a significant person in society and achieves all the good things in life. Therefore, from childhood, every citizen of the PRC knows what intensive study of the material is, is able to endure nine lessons every day and spends his free time studying books in the library. And all this is accompanied by iron discipline: for 12 passes, the student is expected to be expelled, for drinking alcohol within the walls of an educational institution - expulsion with a reprimand and significant difficulties in entering other schools.

Due to high workloads and iron discipline, there are quiet hours in schools. After lunch, students have 60-80 minutes to rest and recover. At the same time, before going on vacation, children study the exact sciences, and after a quiet hour they are engaged in creativity.

Education system in China

The modern Chinese education system is familiar to any European and differs little from what we are used to.

• From three to six years old, children receive preschool education in kindergartens. At this age, the accustoming to strict discipline begins.
• The child spends the next six years in elementary school. There he receives basic knowledge about the world and society and for the first time tries himself as a worker.
• It takes another three years to study in high school. At this stage, children delve into the exact sciences, study politics, computer science and foreign languages. After graduating from high school, students are considered savvy enough not to go to high school, but to get a secondary vocational education and go to work.
• The last three years of school are high school. There, children are prepared for university.

Preschool education

In China, as in Russia, preschoolers attend kindergartens. They are divided into two main types: private and public. At the same time, they differ both in the way of financing and in the teaching methods.

In private kindergartens, when teaching, they emphasize an individual approach to the child, develop his creative abilities and introduce him to science and art. In state preschool institutions, children are taught to work, taught to cope with household needs and prepared for elementary school.

The famous Chinese discipline is instilled in children from kindergarten. Every morning begins with the raising of the national flag, all games are strictly controlled by educators, and there is simply no free time for idleness. Maybe this is the secret of the exceptional industriousness and efficiency of the Chinese.

School education in China

We mentioned the three-stage structure of schooling earlier. In general, it resembles the Russian one, except that only the first nine years of study are free. You will have to pay for high school.
Primary and secondary school is a compulsory stage of education. The program includes basic study of the Chinese language, mathematics, natural history, history, geography and music. Knowledge is assessed on a 100-point scale, a test system works.

In Chinese schools, there is a single uniform for all students, the entrance gates open twice a day, and the educational process does not stop even during the holidays. After the rest, students are required to hand over the finished homework to the teachers. It is a common practice to send children abroad. But not for relaxation, but for a more in-depth study of a foreign language. It seems that every free minute in China is spent studying.

Those who want to enter a university usually go to high school. Another important point is that before the start of this stage, students take a profile test and choose a direction - vocational or academic.
In the senior school of the academic direction, students are prepared for admission to the university. Schoolchildren are waiting for training in serious and narrow-profile disciplines that they will need at the university.
The vocational high school aims to train future workers.

Higher education in China

There are over 2,000 higher education institutions in China. It should be noted that the diplomas of Chinese universities are not only quoted by employers, but are also highly valued on the world stage. And this is all thanks to the fundamental approach to higher education in China.

To enter the university, students take a national unified exam, which determines their chances of entering a university. Not only the state, but also municipalities and private companies in China are interested in the growth of the number of young people with higher education. Hence the variety of grants and scholarships for studying at universities. Loans for education are also common.
Studying in China is becoming more accessible, but the competition for state-funded places is still very high, so even admission to a paid department is a holiday for the whole family. A graduate diploma from a Chinese university is a guarantee of a successful career in the future.

The structure of higher education in China is the same as in Russia or Europe and consists of three levels: undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate.
Bachelor's studies take four years and are the main stage of higher education. A bachelor's degree allows you to get a job in leading companies in China and around the world.

A master's degree is two or three more years of study and a first academic degree. Students enrolled in the second stage of education are waiting for serious scientific work, the publication of academic materials on the chosen topic, and, finally, the writing and defense of a master's thesis.

Obtaining a PhD degree takes another three to four years of postgraduate study. Usually this training is paid, but graduate students studying important or contemporary topics can count on state assistance, which encourages the growth of scientists who benefit the country.

Study in China for foreigners

For foreigners, studying in China looks completely different. More than 400,000 students from different countries (Russia, USA, South Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan, etc.) are already studying in China today. At the same time, foreign students receive benefits and softer living conditions.

Why? Every year, Chinese educational institutions provide hundreds of programs and grants for foreign students. The more students from other countries, the higher the rating of the university. Cooperation of universities with other countries is important for the development of international business, improvement of relations with other states and popularization of Chinese culture.

The differences don't end there. Unlike Chinese, foreign students live in more comfortable conditions. On the campus of any major university there are separate dormitories for students from other countries. Usually they are newer, equipped with all the necessary equipment, and the rooms in them are designed for a smaller number of people.

But at the same time, one should not forget that foreign students do not have any privileges during their studies. Iron discipline and high demands are the same for everyone. Chinese teachers do not give indulgence to lazy students, and the students themselves treat such fellow students with misunderstanding. In addition, for poor academic performance or absenteeism without a good reason, they can be expelled.
Every year, Chinese universities win leading positions in the world rankings of educational institutions. This is facilitated by state support, and an innovative approach and international experience in the exchange of knowledge of universities in the Middle Kingdom.

China and Russia: a comparison of modern higher education

Perhaps, higher education in China today is partly similar to what we were told about Soviet universities. The priority is the unshakable authority of the teacher, mandatory attendance at all lectures and seminars, exactingness in studies and, of course, careful observance of disciplinary norms.

But one should not think that modern education in China is a rollback to the past. Along with the iron discipline and strict standards that were inherent in Russian universities 50 years ago, Chinese universities demonstrate scientific openness, the use of the latest technologies, the active implementation of practical classes and cooperation with the best universities from around the world. Most universities in China are equipped with innovative laboratories, have extensive libraries and all the conditions for making real scientific discoveries.

In addition, students live in modern campuses, on the territory of which there are cafes, gyms, shops, bank branches and everything necessary for life. Often, students living in dormitories simply do not need to go off campus. All this can become closer with China campus network.

Leading Universities

More than fifty universities in China are among the top 500 universities in the world. The ranking is updated every year and includes the most innovative, modern and influential universities from around the world. The two Chinese universities located in Beijing are consistently in the top ten of the world rankings. This once again shows how much the education received in China is highly valued on the world stage.

The most authoritative higher educational institutions in China formed into a separate group and received the name "League C9". This association is comparable to the American "Ivy League" or the British alliance "Russell". In addition to prestige and high rankings, all research and technical developments at these universities are funded by the state. The goal of creating the league was to pool scientific resources and agree to support a high level of national education. Accordingly, any of the nine universities in the group can offer the best conditions for studying in China.

The C9 League includes Peking University, Shanghai Transportation University, Fudan University, Harbin Polytechnic University, Nanjing University, Tsinghua University, China University of Science and Technology, Zhejiang University and Xi'an Transportation University.

For applicants who want to get a higher education or a scientific degree in China, there are hundreds of universities. All of them have different specializations and can provide different opportunities. But at the same time, it will be of the same quality both in large cities and federal universities, and in small budget universities located in the provinces.

The grandiose pace of the formation of the PRC over the past decades has generated a lot of discussion among modern society, there are more and more hypotheses and assumptions about the origins of China's unprecedented economic progress. Of course, this could not happen spontaneously and without the participation of real professionals in their field. We have to understand how the best employees appear who lead their country to prosperity.

Since childhood, the Chinese have worked hard and worked hard to achieve success, because it is in their blood. They believe that nothing comes without hard work and constant self-improvement. The Chinese never stop halfway, for them the main thing is the result, and not just the result, but the best. For example, during the Olympics, the Chinese always strive to get gold, if they don’t get gold, they lose.

But of course, the state played an important role in shaping the country's economy. It set the right priorities: most of the state budget was invested in education in China. As you know, in the early nineties, only four percent of the population had a college education, only 12 percent received a high school diploma, and as many as eleven percent had no education at all. Outstanding researchers could be counted on the fingers, and one could only dream of prestigious universities, victories in various olympiads and competitions.

Benefits of Chinese Education

What happened that turned China into the fastest growing country that surpassed the United States in the number of launches into space, which began to produce original and high-quality products on its own, and which turned into a world center for advanced research and innovative projects? In 1998, the PRC Higher Education Law was signed, which turned China's universities into world-class universities, with the best professors and unique laboratories, thanks to which China can now rightfully be called an innovative miracle.

At present, every citizen of the PRC understands that the lack of a diploma means the impossibility of a normal and happy life, the impossibility of fulfilling oneself in the future. As a result, from early childhood, the cherished dream of every child is a quality education. Taking into account the incredible diligence and diligence, schoolchildren, and then students, study insanely a lot and perceive huge layers of information every day.

It is not easy for the parents of the student. Budget education is paid for only nine years, all other years of study are completely on the shoulders of relatives. Many take out student loans just to get their child into a decent university.

Features of education in China

The concept of education in China is that each student becomes a significant person in society and achieves everything in life. Therefore, every little Chinese already knows what intensive study is, nine lessons every day, “free time” in the library and a million tutors. And all this is accompanied by iron discipline: for only 12 passes - expulsion, for drinking alcohol within the walls of the university they are also expelled with a strict reprimand. Studying for the Chinese, as well as sports, is an invariable part of a difficult life.

Quite young Chinese schoolchildren, after 7 years of painstaking study, take exams, on which their future depends. In case of failure, the student will not be able to enter the university and get a good job in the future. More than two hundred applicants apply for one place in Chinese universities. A very large number of students cannot withstand such pressure and cannot achieve the required score. For such situations, there is only one way out - the education of the child abroad. However, according to statistics, more than half of the guys who go to study abroad are going to return to their native lands after training, and forty percent think to work in a foreign country for some time, and only then return to China.

Study in China for foreigners

For foreigners, studying in China looks completely different. More than four hundred thousand students from different countries (Russia, USA, South Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan, etc.) study in China, but on completely different conditions. The PRC annually provides study grants for foreign students. Why? Because the more students from other countries, the higher the ranking of the university, because it is important for developing business with other countries, as well as maintaining friendly international relations and spreading Chinese culture.

The differences don't end there. Unlike the Chinese, foreign students live in rooms for 2-4 people in more comfortable conditions, while the Chinese live in rooms designed for six people.

But in teaching foreign students have no privileges. Chinese teachers do not give indulgence to lazy students, and the students themselves treat such individuals with misunderstanding. Studying is a serious process where knowledge and discipline are important. In addition, poor academic performance can be expelled.

Undoubtedly, China strives every day to improve the quality of education of the population and grow the country's intellectual elite. The whole planet can only be fascinated to follow the progress and learn the best in this inimitable and advanced state.

China and Russia: a comparison of modern higher education

Modern higher education in Russia and China cannot be compared with each other, so different is the approach to the educational process in the countries today. Perhaps the Chinese version is more similar to the version that was in our camp in Soviet times. These are strictness in relation to compulsory attendance of classes, exactingness in relation to the precise fulfillment of tasks on time, and careful observance of disciplinary norms.

But one should not think that modern education in China is only a leap backwards. Along with all of the above, there are all signs of innovation and technology used in the advanced countries of the world. These are modern laboratories, high-tech training programs and the latest equipment.

In addition, students are given the opportunity to live on campuses at universities, equipped with gyms, cafes and everything you need. In fact, there is no need for resident students to go beyond their borders. All this can become closer with China campus network.

Leading Universities

More than fifty universities in China are members of the world TOP-500, which annually summarizes its results, choosing the best educational institutions in all respects. Moreover, two Beijing ones are in the first five dozen of the list. This is an indicator of how higher education is valued in China at the level of world communities.

If you want to get a diploma for the first time or already a second higher education in China, you can choose any of hundreds of universities, giving preference to certain areas and locations. It will be of the same quality in prestigious metropolitan establishments located in metropolitan areas, or in budget cities.

The education system in China provides for compulsory schooling for every citizen of the country until the end of grade 9. Given the intensive technological and economic development of this state, many parents often think about the possibility of sending their child to study in this promising country.

For such an undertaking to be successful, it is essential to know the key features of school education in China. Moreover, its educational system is quite different from the analogue adopted in the Russian Federation.

It is customary to start training in the Celestial Empire from the age of 6 - it is then that parents will have to decide which educational institution their child will go to. After all, the educational system of China assumes that a child can be trained in several types of educational institutions.

Watch the video: how education works in China.

These include:

• ordinary public schools;
• private schools;
• international schools.

The government of the Celestial Empire strictly regulates the procedure for admitting foreigners to local schools, as a result of which such an opportunity is available only in relation to the best educational institutions.

State

Public schools vary greatly in terms of training and equipment, which requires a careful approach to choosing an educational institution. In terms of the quality of education, they are significantly inferior to private counterparts, but the prices for their services are much lower. At the same time, even for admission to the first grade, the child will need to pass exams for a certain number of points.

This is how exams are held in Chinese schools

Private

Private schools often teach using alternative methods more common in European and American educational institutions. If in traditional schools the educational process is based on mechanical memorization and further reproduction of information, then private schools are distinguished by a non-standard approach.

International

International schools in China are among the most preferred educational institutions for foreigners, as they allow you to gradually master the cultural and linguistic characteristics of the country along with native speakers of other languages. It is also worth noting that the best specialists of the Celestial Empire are often involved in teaching in such institutions, which makes them one of the most popular options.

At the Clifford International School in Guangzhou, the education program is built in accordance with the standards of the Canadian high school

Learning Features

The educational system of China presupposes the existence of a certain program according to which education is carried out. It includes 12 classes, 9 of which are compulsory. Until the end of the 9th grade, the child studies for free, after which his parents will need to pay a certain fee if they intend to continue the education of their child.

The learning structure is as follows:

• primary school from grades 1 to 6;
• incomplete secondary school from grades 7 to 9;
• complete high school (not compulsory).

The duration of the last stage can vary greatly, depending on the particular educational institution. The initial entrance exams await the child in the first grade. The subsequent tests await him when he enters an incomplete secondary school in 6 years.

Education system in China

To achieve the goal, you need to score a certain number of points. If the exam results are high, the student has the right to apply for a place in a school at a university, which significantly increases his chances of entering a specialized higher education institution in the future. At the end of grade 12, students take a special final test, the results of which are taken into account when making a decision on enrolling applicants in universities.

Important nuances

Chinese schools are characterized by an extremely high load on students, in comparison with their counterparts in Europe and the Russian Federation. The main reason for this situation lies in the complexity of the language that students will have to face. They have to memorize several thousand unique characters, and this applies not only to pronunciation, but also to writing.

Calligraphy lesson in Chinese school

The number of students in each class directly depends on the prestige of the educational institution. Classes with 70-80 students are often found in public institutions, while their number rarely exceeds 30 in private counterparts.

In order to avoid overburdening children, the government has taken steps to limit the length of the school day. It was 8 hours, and physical culture is given at least 70 hours a week.

The traditional daily routine in a Chinese school:

• from 8 to 11 - classes in basic subjects;
• from 11 to 14 - lunch break, rest;
• from 14 to 16 - secondary subjects.

Often, students attend extracurricular activities and use the services of tutors. Due to abundant homework, students most often go to bed closer to 12 o'clock at night. At the same time, at 7:30 in the morning they need to be at school.

An example of the schedule of sixth grade students in one of the Chinese schools

The academic year consists of two semesters, at the end of which, students receive special final grades that reflect their performance in the disciplines. For this purpose, a 100-point scale is used, which allows to assess the level of knowledge of the student with high accuracy.

Studying in a Chinese school has a number of other interesting features:

• absenteeism of 12 or more classes without confirmation of a good reason leads to the expulsion of the student;
• educational institutions that provide secondary education are carefully controlled by the state, receive funding for the repair of premises and technical equipment;
• often schools are a kind of educational complexes, characterized by the presence of several buildings with an impressive area.

Each of their stages of training involves certain specifics and a number of other nuances, which it is advisable to familiarize yourself with in more detail.

Pay attention to the video: education in schools in China.

Primary School

Upon reaching the age of 6, children go to grade 1, and the start date for classes in China is considered to be September 1. The main disciplines taught at the school at the initial stage are considered to be natural science, mathematics, Chinese, natural history, history and geography. In addition, the educational program includes a number of special subjects. These include information about the state itself, the peoples inhabiting it, as well as a number of political information.

Lesson in elementary school in China

In Chinese schools, students everywhere keep the classrooms clean and tidy. Starting from grade 3, students begin learning English. A year later, they begin to attend a kind of practice, which can take place both in equipped workshops and on farms.

Junior high school

High school in China refers to a period of three years of study, from 7th to 9th grade. Upon graduation, the compulsory education part ends and teenagers can choose whether to continue with further education. During this period, the main subjects are mathematics, physics, biology, computer science, physics, English and Chinese.

It is advisable to include ethics and morality, which are taught along with geography, physical education and music, to non-standard subjects of this period. In addition, the ideological education of children also continues in the secondary school, as well as their participation in various circles.

The building of the Beijing School. First of October

The education of foreign students is accompanied by additional Chinese language classes, after which, entrance exams in mathematics, English and Chinese follow. The cost of living is about 6 thousand yuan, and education - 28,500.

The school at the People's University is also popular due to the possibility of enrolling in it at any stage and the humanitarian orientation of the school. After graduation, students significantly increase the chances of enrolling in one of the university specialties.

Renmin University School of China accepts foreign students from grades 1 to 12

For foreign students, the school's educational program provides for a year of study in the local language, followed by entrance exams. The cost of getting an education here is about 25 thousand yuan, and accommodation will cost 6200.

School at East China University is considered one of the best schools in Shanghai. At the same time, it provides for the possibility of teaching foreign students from 12 to 18 years old. And just like in other educational institutions that accept foreigners, this school allows students to pre-take a language course, after which they will have to pass certain tests.

The key advantage of the school is the excellent technical and material equipment, including swimming pools, sports facilities and laboratories. In addition, there is also a hostel for students, which is reflected in the cost of education. It is 35,000 yuan, and you will have to pay 5,000 for accommodation.

The school at the famous Shanghai Jiaotong University accepts students from the age of 15 to study at the final stage. This is preceded by a six-month language course, after which students are admitted to the main program. In addition to the main disciplines, the educational program here provides for preparation for further education at the university. It will cost 34,300 yuan and accommodation costs 4,000.

(3 Votes)

The education system in China has a number of specific features.

Unlike other developing countries, China is a country with a high and rapidly growing level of literacy among the population, including the peasant population. Only 1517% of the adult population remains illiterate in China (47% in India, 61% in Bangladesh, 59% in Pakistan, 27% in Iran, 17% in Turkey). The PRC also has a better gender indicator - the proportion of illiterate women in the age group of 15-24 years: only 4% (44% in India, 63% in Bangladesh, 61% in Pakistan, 10% in Iran, 8% in Turkey).

As early as 1986, the Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China introduced compulsory primary education in most parts of the country. In large cities and some economically developed regions, compulsory secondary education of the first stage was introduced.

Today in China there are about a million educational institutions of various levels and profiles, in which more than 200 million people study. According to the Chinese Constitution, 9-year education is compulsory, the laws of China give the right to education to every person, including representatives of national minorities, children, women and the disabled. Over half of children with developmental difficulties can be educated in kindergartens and schools for the deaf and dumb, mentally retarded and children with other developmental disabilities.

The education system in the PRC includes primary and secondary schools, as well as secondary specialized and higher education. The term of study in elementary school is 6 years and 3 years in secondary school. About 99% of 6-year-old children enter primary school in China.

Approximately 73% of teenagers enter the first stage of secondary school, and 44.1% of its graduates continue their further education. The fundamental difference between Chinese school education is its paid nature. It was only in 2007 that rural children were exempted from paying tuition fees (previously such measures were taken in relation to the poor rural areas of Western China). The price for the state of such a solution is more than 10 billion yuan.

In 2001, about 12 million students were studying in the universities of the PRC. The term of study is 3-6 years. The number of higher education institutions and universities is slightly more than 1,000. Since 1981, a system of degrees has been introduced - bachelor's, master's and doctor of sciences. The term of study at the university at the 1st stage is 3 years, and for complete higher education from 4 to 6 years. About 300 thousand people study in the master's program. The most famous universities include Peking, Tsinghua, Fudan, Nankai, Nankian, Wuhan, Jimin universities. In 2005, the total number of university graduates was 4.4 million, while in all EU countries combined 2.5 million. It is also important that technical education prevails in China - about 650 thousand graduates per year. (220 thousand in the US and 100 thousand in the EU).

Over the past 20 years, more than 20,000 doctors of sciences have received academic degrees in the country. Doctoral dissertations are currently being prepared by 160,000 graduate students.

While surpassing most Asian countries in terms of the breadth of coverage of the population with basic education, China is noticeably inferior to them in terms of the relative number of students. This partly explains the relatively low (albeit growing) share of spending on education in the country's GDP (2.6%). It is necessary to mention two more circumstances. Firstly, in China there is a network of vocational, pedagogical and medical schools (over 4 million students, the term of study is 2-4 years), and secondly, various forms of continuing general education and professional development of adults are widespread (such forms training covered more than 12 million people). Only 10% of Chinese of the appropriate age have the opportunity to receive systematic vocational training. There is a system of vocational retraining for people who have lost their jobs in state-owned enterprises. Beginning in the fall semester of 2007, all rural vocational school students, as well as needy students from urban families, will receive a scholarship of 1,500 yuan per year.

Every year, 12.5 million school graduates miss out on further education, and most enter the workforce without the necessary vocational education and training. The mass media, including numerous educational television programs, play a huge role in improving the professional literacy and technical skills of the population.

During the reform years, 380,000 Chinese students were sent abroad, including about 1,000 at state expense. In 1978, more than 400,000 people left China to study abroad, and more than 10,000 returned that year. Over the past 10 years, more than 50% of PhD holders have studied abroad. Over 100,000 students who studied abroad have already returned to their homeland. China ranked first in the world in terms of the number of students studying abroad, today more than 25 thousand people go abroad every year, the largest number of Chinese study in the USA, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, Germany, France, and Japan. In US and Australian universities they joke that the university is a place where Russian teachers teach Chinese students. While abroad, Chinese students invariably attract attention with their diligence and relatively high basic training in such subjects as mathematics, physics, and biology. According to US statistics, one in five PhD students in the US is Chinese. The geography of foreign education is exceptionally wide: over 100 countries accept students from China.

In the past five years, the dynamic development of the country has begun to attract educated ethnic Chinese to return from abroad. The number of "returned from across the sea", as they are called in China, is constantly growing, and there is someone to return: according to the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the USA, out of 276,000 foreigners with doctoral degrees currently working (2007, ) in the US, 22% are from China. China is actively attracting foreign specialists and teachers to universities and technology parks. Considerable attention is paid to attracting talent from the United States.

The education system in China is often described as pragmatic and selective. The chances of reaching higher levels of education are low for the average Chinese - as a result, this opportunity is usually realized only by capable students. Admission to a university is a real holiday for a graduate of a secondary school of the highest level: competitions for individual universities reach up to 200-300 people per place. Gifted young people in China, as a rule, enjoy various benefits when moving up the educational "ladder" - state scholarships, subsidies from enterprises, organizations, etc. are at their service. The higher education reform began in 1993 with the abolition of state distribution and the gradual education. Since 1997, higher education has become paid for everyone: the fee is 15-20% of the cost of education, often the enterprise where the student worked or will work pays for the studies. The selectivity of the higher education system is manifested in one more way: the country's universities are divided into several categories. Depending on the number of points obtained in the final school exam (held in China and Belarus simultaneously throughout the country), a future applicant may qualify for admission to entrance exams only in the category (or lower category) of the university corresponding to the points scored.

The Chinese tradition is characterized by the highest prestige of education, as well as the special position of the so-called nine leading universities and universities in the country.

The basic salaries of professors at nine leading universities in the country (Beijing, Qinhua, Nanjing, Fudan, Zhongshan, etc.) are about $500 per month (against $250,300 at other universities and institutions of higher education), teachers and researchers have benefits when purchasing housing, in a number of provinces, various exemptions are granted to persons with scientific degrees, such as permission to have a second child.

Another feature of Chinese universities is a significant predominance of natural-technical and applied specialties (about 60% of student places versus 14% in the USA, 18% in the Netherlands, 22% in Thailand, 26% in Japan, 30% in Malaysia). Thus, the humanities (with the possible exception of sociologists) are a relatively small part of the student body, if we compare China with developed countries or Asian neighbors. Some see this as the CCP's unwillingness to increase the stratum of humanitarians, who often pose a threat to socio-political stability. The fact is that many of China's neighbors have long faced this problem due to the overproduction of political scientists, lawyers, journalists, etc. - many graduates with "prestigious" professions find themselves without work, joining the ranks of the active opposition and provoking youth and student riots . Maintaining the existing structure of higher education specialties in China is also dictated by considerations of economy, as well as by the desire to get engineers, technologists, and natural scientists in the first place.

Both the maintenance of the existing proportions between educational institutions of various levels, and the content of training programs are under strict state control in the PRC.

In 2007, a decision was made to restore free education in pedagogical universities of China's Ministry of Education, on the condition that after graduation, graduates work for two years in rural schools or 10 years in urban ones.

Non-state educational institutions (NOEs) in China are educational institutions created at the expense of public organizations, scientific associations of citizens, enterprises, as well as schools and universities organized by the collective contributions of the population (in particular, the parents of students). Chinese LEU policy has been shaped by the following factors:

The traditionally paternalistic role of the state, according to Confucian ideology;

The prohibition on making a profit as the purpose of the creation and operation of the NOU;

Active involvement of the public in the management and financing of the NOU;

NOU students enjoy the same rights as state students.

By 1997, all secondary and primary non-state schools in China had passed accreditation. The situation is different with universities: out of 1,200, only 21 received the right to issue state-recognized diplomas.

Thus, the main feature of the state policy towards NOUs is that, while guaranteeing them political support and control: “active encouragement, all-round support, proper orientation and enhanced management”, the state does not provide them with financial support. Although there are real state privileges that stimulate the creation of NOUs, these are tax benefits provided by the government, rental of premises, transport, and land plots. There is also an additional incentive: school-based collective enterprises enjoy a system of benefits, which includes, in particular, “permanent exemption from income and certain other taxes for enterprises established by secondary educational institutions, and the indefinite elimination of all tax payments for enterprises operated by elementary schools.” That is why it is beneficial for enterprises to open NOUs and their branches on their territories. All property and income was allowed to be used exclusively for the development of the school. Investments of enterprises in individual elite educational institutions amounted to a very impressive amount during the period of the birth of NOU. This was explained not only by prestige and tax benefits, the ability to create branches of enterprises, clubs, etc. on land bought at preferential prices, but also by the benefit of ties with the parents of students. Schools created by enterprises gradually turned together with them into a single holding center. However, few LEUs in China have been built on such a solid foundation. To open a small school, 20 thousand yuan was enough, which several people could contribute on shares.

Schools organized by private entrepreneurs or companies bear their names and names, which increases the social prestige of the company, creating good advertising for it. There are many foreign Chinese among the founders of the NOU, who, in addition to business considerations, are driven by nostalgic motives.

The legal forms for setting up an NOU in China are five main models:

The creation of a school with the support of the government, that is, at the initial stage, it provides material and technical assistance until the school itself accumulates funds. An example of such a model is Yuying Junior High School in Nashsin, established by the Retired Educators' Association. They rented the premises and some of the equipment of the public school, and since they enrolled more students than expected, the city government allocated 300,000 yuan to transfer the primary classes of the school from which the founders rented the premises to another building, and also helped with the inventory;

Independent creation of schools by a citizen or a group of persons (often on the basis of already operating educational institutions);

Establishment of schools through capital investment by individuals or organizations becoming co-founders of the NOU together with a state enterprise or institution;

Shareholder form;

Joint creation of LOU by Chinese and foreign partners.

The structure of the initial capital of the founders could include the owners' own funds, attracted capital in a share (stock) form, as well as bank loans, loans and loans from individuals.

1) The effect of LEU was quite pronounced: they lightened the financial burden of the state and by the mid-1990s. accumulated more than 10 billion yuan (over 100 million dollars) of non-state funds. Tuition fees remain the main source of cost coverage for most Chinese PEIs. Since 90% of NEIs in China are boarding schools, students' accommodation is included in the fee. The total amount of tuition fees consists of several types of contributions for school development, tuition fees, dormitory fees, etc. Contributions depend on many factors and fluctuate widely by province. Some schools vary tuition fees depending on the performance of students, reducing it for excellent students and increasing it for underachievers. Forms of collection of tuition fees are varied. Mostly across the country, this is done once a semester.

Most private and "folk" schools in China are small in size, with enrollment ranging from 100 to 200 students. There are few large schools that are not inferior to the state ones, or even surpass them in terms of the number of students (500-1000 or more students) - no more than 10% of all non-governmental educational institutions.

This article is from the section- China's innovation policy which is dedicated to the topic china education system. Hope you appreciate it!

An interesting video about the development of China

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The work is devoted to the analysis of the education system in China, the stages of education are considered: from preschool to higher education. China is the leader in the world in terms of population and the country has its own unique education system. The study showed that there is a free nine-year school education in the country, education in the senior level of the school and in higher educational institutions is paid. The main goal of general education schools in the PRC is to form working personnel with a vocational and technical bias and prepare them for entering the country's universities. Admission to universities is carried out according to the results of the unified state exam. The main goal of general education schools in the PRC is to form workers with a vocational and technical bias and prepare them for entering the country's universities. The Chinese education system makes high demands on students: high passing scores in universities and paid education.

education system

levels of study

university and vocational education

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The trend in the development of post-industrial society is an increase in the number of people with higher education. However, the labor market in many countries speaks of their oversupply and shortage of workers. How is this problem solved in China? In this regard, it is relevant to study the education system in China. The purpose of the study is to analyze the structure of education in the People's Republic of China, to find out how it meets the needs of the time.

A theoretical analysis of pedagogical, historical literature was carried out in terms of the problem under study, work experience at Henan University, interviews with Chinese students studying at the Chuvash State University, and students of the Chechen State University. I.N. Ulyanov, who completed exchange training in China.

Many countries supported the Bologna process, the transition to multi-level education, the system of bachelor's and master's degrees. China has not been left out. However, its system has a number of features that are different from other countries. The process of obtaining knowledge in China is based on the planned development of public education. The education system in China, at first glance, seems complicated, but in fact, each transition from one level of education to another helps to better understand the student's abilities and direct him in the right direction for further education (figure).

Scheme of education in the PRC

The educational system includes: pre-school education, elementary school, incomplete and complete secondary schools, university, doctoral studies.

The first stage is a kindergarten, it can be attended by children from 3 years old. There are two types of preschools: public and private. It is important to note that attending kindergarten is part of the educational process. Without his visit, children are not accepted to school, since it is here that they begin to study pinins, without which it is impossible to master Chinese writing.

Having reached the age of 6, children enter primary school or junior high school, where they study for 6 years. In elementary school, much attention is paid to the development of the child's creative potential. Children spend a lot of time on physical education classes, learn to play musical instruments, improve their knowledge of English and Russian. Lessons start at 7:00 am. Every morning, all students, together with teachers, do physical exercises. Then, from 8.00 to 12.00, natural and mathematical disciplines are studied. From 12.00 to 13.00 there is a lunch break, during which children can sleep at school, and in the afternoon there are three more lessons in the disciplines of the humanities cycle. Then the children do their homework and only by 16.00 can they go home. After graduating from elementary school, students move on to a full secondary school or a vocational high school, where they study for 4 years. Already at this stage, children, their parents must decide whether they will focus on entering a university or obtaining a working profession.

Secondary education is divided into two stages, each stage consists of three years of study. Six years of primary education and three years of lower secondary education are compulsory and free of charge. In 1986, the 9-year compulsory education law was passed in China. In areas where universal lower secondary education is generally implemented, all students who complete primary school can enroll in a secondary school in their community.

For admission to upper secondary school, students take competitive entrance examinations. Children who successfully passed the entrance exams study at the highest level. A feature of Chinese education is that this stage is paid. But if the student could not pass the exams, then no payment will save him. Thus, China's educational policy imposes strict requirements both on the knowledge of schoolchildren and weeds out those who in the future will not be able to pay for their education. The second stage of secondary education also consists of three years of study. Part of it is a two-year school, where students are divided into professional and specialized classes. Graduates of vocational secondary schools can enter secondary vocational schools, where, as a rule, training lasts three years. Researcher O.A. Mashkina points out that the two threads solve different problems. Comprehensive schools prepare students for university entrance, while vocational schools provide graduates with the knowledge that will allow them to find a job after graduation. In total, children study for 12 years in a complete secondary school, and over all these years they have several times passed the most severe selection in the form of transfer qualifying exams. At each stage, students are screened out according to their interests and abilities to study various disciplines. Students in all educational institutions in China are very disciplined. The school has a strict requirement for passes, if a student misses 12 lessons without a good reason, then he is expelled from high school. At the end of the seventh grade, students must pass the final comprehensive testing, and those who successfully pass them are waiting for a higher school (not yet a university), which is a preparatory stage for entering the university. To obtain a certificate of school education, each graduate must pass exams: mathematics, Chinese, physics, a foreign language, history, political science, biology and computer science. To enter a university, each student must pass a special exam according to the established rule. The unified state exam has been in force since 1978. Those children who did not pass the unified state exam are deprived of the opportunity to further study at universities, they are waiting for a vocational school, where they receive a working profession.

The main goal of general education schools in the PRC is to form working personnel with a vocational and technical bias and prepare them for entering the country's universities.

The vocational profile is subdivided into: technical and professional (agricultural). In special-technical schools (like colleges in the Russian Federation), students receive knowledge in various professions for 4 years. Mainly in demand are such specialties as an engineer in the fuel and energy, foundry, pharmaceutical and light industries. Vocational schools train service and agricultural workers for three years.

Only the best school graduates are recommended to the university. Applicants take four to seven entrance exams. Universities themselves appoint the number of exams and develop their programs. The biggest competition is in technical universities, the competitive selection in them is tough. From 150 to 300 applicants apply for one place. Those who are lucky enough to enter the long-awaited university cannot afford to relax and study poorly. As a result of the university management reform in 2007, there were 1,908 state universities in the country, of which 443 are complex and multidisciplinary universities, 672 are natural science and technical universities, and the rest are monospecialized universities.

Studying in all educational institutions begins in September and consists of two semesters. Accordingly, holidays are in February for one month and one month in summer. Classes at the university begin at 8.00 and continue until 18.30 with a break from 12.00 to 14.00. From half past seven to nine in the evening, various electives are held, which are mandatory for everyone.

School absenteeism is taken seriously. The number of three passes without a valid reason becomes a reason for a second year of study. A student can attend classes, but he is not allowed to take exams. He has to re-study in the same semester with other students, re-listen to disciplines, and only then will he be admitted to the session. If the student was expelled from the university, he loses the right to be restored or study at another university. Such a student can only acquire a working profession and go to work.

In order to get a higher professional education in China, you need to take special preparatory courses with a training period of 2 years, after which the graduates of the course, having passed the exams, are sent to the university. All universities have a two-level system for preparing bachelors and masters. The most talented are recommended by universities for doctoral studies, where they write a dissertation for 2-3 years and receive a doctoral degree.

Studying at universities in China is paid, it ranges from about 700 to 6000 dollars a year, depending on the prestige of the university. Payment is made in RMB. Depending on the specialty, it can vary from 5,000 to 10,000 yuan. This is a lot of money for the average citizen of the country, and therefore many parents take out a loan from banks in order to pay for the education of their children. But there is an important detail, if a university graduate goes to the countryside to work in his specialty, then the loan is written off for him. If a graduate is engaged in entrepreneurship and opens his own business, then he has to pay the loan to the bank in full. You can also get a subsidy. It may partially cover tuition. In 1993, according to the "Program for the Reform and Development of Education", the system of full state support for students was abolished. Chinese students have a saying "a smart student is a rich student". It is the students who excel in their studies who receive scholarships and thus cover their expenses.

Chinese students are distinguished by their composure, discipline and diligence. They understand that only studying at a university can give them knowledge, prestige and a future well-paid job. The state does everything for students: all classrooms are equipped with modern equipment, libraries have electronic versions of books, student libraries are open until 22.00 pm. Dormitories for students are located on campuses and are close to the place of study.

At all faculties, the study of foreign languages ​​is mandatory. The age scale of education in China is oriented from 3 to 45 years. Each university has its own publishing house. Articles of teachers and students are published in scientific journals for a certain small fee. Today, education in China has become available to foreign citizens. The Chinese government allocates thousands of scholarships each year to free education of foreign students in their country.

Thus, the educational process begins with kindergarten, where children receive their first knowledge of Chinese writing. This is followed by a nine-year free school education. This allows all children to gain general knowledge, regardless of the well-being of the family. Further, the training takes place according to the profiles, depending on the choice of the student's direction: either an orientation towards a university education, or a professional one. The state educational policy is thus aimed at early diagnosis of students' professional orientation. The presence of vocational schools makes it possible to solve the problem of professional workers. Paid university education, on the one hand, limits access to it, on the other hand, the possibility of obtaining scholarships (subsidies) for good studies encourages students to be the best in the university. The Bologna system allows Chinese students with knowledge of the Russian language to continue their studies in a master's program in Russia. Thus, the Chinese education system makes high demands on students, but also provides them with decent conditions for learning and development.

Bibliographic link

Azitova G.Sh., Krasnova M.N. FEATURES OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN CHINA // Modern problems of science and education. - 2017. - No. 5.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=26953 (date of access: 03/05/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"